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Transcript of ميحّرلا نمحّرلا ﷲا مسب - · PDF fileNumerical order ١١ Object pronoun...
الرّحمن الرّحيمهللا بسم ا
ترجمه كامل بخش گرامر
ويژه تمامي Barron'sتافل
رشته ها و مقاطع
( كارشناسي، كارشناسي ارشد و دكترا)
و حاوي تمامي Barron'sنكته بسـيار كليـدي تافـل 170اين مجموعه شامل
(تسـت 795)مجموعه تست هاي مطـرح شـدة آن
Cumulative ، Part B ، Part A همراه با ترجمه درچهار بخش
Review Exercise و Model Test 1-8 مي باشد.
محمود رمضاني : مترجم
PROBLEM فهرست مطالب به ترتيب حروف الفبا
A and an ٢٦
A few and few ٢٦
A large (small) amount of ١٧
A large (small) number of ١٧
A little and little ٢٦
Adjective pronouns before body ٧١
Adjective pronouns before ing ٧٢
Adjectives with verbs of the senses ٥٨
Adverbs of manner ٧٦٢
Agreement- collective subject and verb ٧٨١
Agreement- impersonal pronouns ٧٨١
Agreement- indefinite subject and verb ٧٧٦
Agreement- modified subject and verb ٧٧٨
Agreement- noun and pronoun ٧٨٧
Agreement- subject and appositive ٧٨٧
Agreement- subject with accompaniment and verb ٧٧٢
Agreement- subject with appositive and verb ٧٧١
Agreement- subjective and possessive adjectives ٧٨٦
Agreement- verb subject order ٧٧٥
Alike ٥٥
Almost all of the ١٦
Among ٧١١
And …… either ٧٦٧
And …… too ٧٦١
And neither ٧٦٧
And so ٧٦١
As …… as ٦١
As a whole ٧١٢
As high as ٧١٨
As long as ٧١٨
As many as (after number) ٦١
As many as (before number) ٦٨
As much as (after number) ٦١
At (place) ٧١٧
At (time) ٧١٨
Be used to ٧٧
Because of and because ٧٧٧
Besides ٧١٢
Between ٧١١
Borrow ٧٢١
Both …… and ٧٧٢
Both …… and …… as well as ٧٧١
arron’sB /3 تافل ترجمه بخش گرامر
But ٧١١
By (means) ٧٧٧
Clause ٧١١
Clause- maker subjects ٧١٥
Comparative adjectives ٦٢
Comparative adverbs ٦٦
Conditional ( ٧ + will + ٦٦ (٧
Conditional ( ٧ + will +٦٧ (٧
Conditional (٧+٧) ٦٧
Conditional (٦) ٦١
Conditional (١) ٦٧
Conditional (were) ٦٨
Count and noncount nouns with similar meanings ٨٨
Count nouns ٨٦
Dates ٧١٧
Dead ٧٧٧
Despite ٧٧١
Differ from ٦٦
Differ from that / those ٧١٧
Different from and different ٦٧
Different from that / those ٧١٧
Do ٧٢٥
Each other ٨٧
Ed (adjectives) ٥١
Ed (verbal modifier) ٧٨٨
Enough with adjectives ١٧
Enough with nouns ١١
Ever (questions words with –ever) ٧٦٨
Except ٧١١
Fast ٧٦١
Few ٢١
For ٧١١
From (cause) ٧٧٦
From …… to ٧٧٨
Get (causative) ٧١
Had better ٧٦
گروه پی اچ دی یار / 4
Had hoped ١٦
Hard ٧٦١
Have (causative) ٧٥
Have been ١٢
Have been + ١١ ١
Help (causative) ٦١
Hyphenated adjectives ١٦
Impersonal expressions ٦٦
In (place) ٧١٧
In (time) ٧١٨
In spite of ٧٧١
Indirect questions ٧٦٧
Infinitive subjects ٨٦
Infinitives of pupose ٧٨٢
Ing (adjectives) ٥١
Ing (verbal modifier) ٧٨٨
Ing nouns (qualifying phrases) ٢١
Ing subjects ٨٦
Instead of ans instead ٧١٥
Irregular adjectives ٦٥
Irregular verbs ٨
It (anticipatory) ١٨
Kind ٨٥
Know ٧١
Know how ٧١
Late ٧٦١
Lay ٧٢١
Leave ٧٢٢
Lend ٧٢١
Less than ٦٧
Let ٧٢٢
Let (causative) ٧٦
Lie ٧٢١
Like ٥٥
Like that / those ٧١٧
Little ٢١
arron’sB /5 تافل ترجمه بخش گرامر
Logical conclusion (past) ١
Logical conclusion (present) ٥
Logical conclusion (repeat) ٦
Make ٧٢٥
Make (causative) ٧٢
Many ٢٥
Meaning all ٢٧
Missing auxiliary verb- active ٧١
Missing auxiliary verb-passive ٧٧
Missing main verb ٧
Modal + verb word ٢
More than ٦٧
Most of the ١٦
Much ٢٥
Need ١٧
Negative emphasis ٧٦٦
Negative imperatives ٧٨
No ٢٨
No longer ٧١٦
Noncount nouns ٨١
Noncount nouns that are count nouns in other language ٨٢
Not …… but ٧٧٦
Not only …… but also ٧٧٥
Nouns that function as adjectives ١٥
Nouns with count and noncount meanings ٨٧
Numerical order ١١
Object pronoun ٧٧
Object pronoun after preposition ٧٨
On (place) ٧١٧
On (time) ٧١٨
Once ٧١١
One, another, the other ١٨
One another ٨٧
One of the ٢٢
Only a few ١١
Only a little ١١
گروه پی اچ دی یار / 6
Parallel structure- after correlative conjunctions ٧٨٥
Parallel structure- in a series ٧٨١
Parts of speech ٧١١
Passives- agent ١٦
Passives- infinitives ١١
Passives- word order ١٧
Propositional idioms ٧٢٦
Purpose- for ٧٧١
Purpose- infinitives ١١
Raise ٧٢٦
Reciprocal pronouns ٨٧
Redundancy- repetition of noun by pronoun ٧٢٧
Redundancy- repetition of words with the same meaning ٧٢١
Redundancy- unnecessary phrases ٧٨٦
Reflexive pronouns ٨١
Relative pronouns (person & thing) ٧٥
Relative pronouns (persons) ٧٦
Reported speech ٧٧٦
Rise ٧٢٦
Say ٧٢٨
Set ٧٢٧
Similar to and similar ٥١
Similar to that / those ٧١٧
Since ٧١١
Singular and plural expressions of noncount nouns ٨١
Sit ٧٢٧
So ٥٧
So that ٧٦٦
Some of the ٢٢
Some, other, the other ١٢
Some, others, the others (the rest) ١٢
Sometime ٧٦٥
Sometimes ٧٦٥
Subject pronouns ٧٦
Subject pronouns (complement) ٧١
Subjunctive nouns ٦٥
Subjunctive verbs ٦١
arron’sB /7 تافل ترجمه بخش گرامر
Such ٥٦
Such as ٧١٦
Superlative adjectives ٦١
Tell ٧٢٨
Than that / those ٧١٦
That clause (nominal) ٢٧
The + noncount nouns + of ٢١
The + noun + that ٧٧١
The + one /ones + that ٧٧١
The ……. the ٧١١
The same …… as ٥٦
The same as and the same ٥٢
Too ٥١
Type ٨٥
Unless ٦٢
Used to ٧٧
Verb + ing ١
Verb + to + verb ٦
Verb phrase + ing ٧
Verbs ٧٧٧
Verbs and adverbs ٧٧١
Verbs in dependent clauses ٧١٦
Very ٥٧
When (future result) ٧٦١
While ٧١٧
Wholly ٧١٢
Will have + ١٥ ١
Would rather ٧١
Would rather that ٧٧
گروه پی اچ دی یار / 8
PATTERNS
الگوها
Patterns are the parts of a sentence. In some books, patterns are called structures. In
patterns, the words have the same order most of the time.
Some of the most important patterns are summarized in this review section. Remember,
the generalizations in the charts and explanations for each pattern refer to the structure
in the examples. There may be similar structures for which these generalizations are not
appropriate .
در الگوها لغات . در برخي كتابها الگوها ، ساختار ناميده مي شوند. الگوها بخش هايي از يك جمله هستند
برخي از اين الگوها در اين بخش مروري . داراي همان نظم و ترتيبي است كه در اكثر زمانها دارند
ر اين نمودارهـاو توضيحات مربوط به هر الگو به ساختار بخاطر داشته باشيد، تعميم ها د. خالصه شده اند
ممكن اسـت سـاختارهاي مشـابهي وجـودداشته باشد كه در مورد آنها اين تعميم ها . مثال ها اشاره دارد
. مناسب نباشند
PROBLEMS WITH SENTENCES AND CLAUSES
مسائلي در خصوص جمالت و جمله واره ها
A verb is a word or phrase that expresses existence, action, or experience.
There are two kinds of verbs in English. They are the main verb and the auxillary verb.
In some grammar books, the auxiliary verb is called a helping verb because it is used
with a main verb.
Every verb in English can be described by the following formula:
VERB = tense + (modal) + (have + participle) + (be + -ing) + verb word
Each of the parts of this formula will be summarized in one or more of the problems in
this review.Don't spend time studying it now. Just refer to it as you progress through
this review section.
فعل ، كلمه اي است كه وجود، عمل يا تجربه را بيان مي كند.
ابهـاي در برخـي كت. آنها فعل اصـل ي و فعـل كمكـي هسـتند. در زبان انگليسي دو نوع فعل وجود دارد
. گرامري، فعل كمكي يك فعل معين ناميده مي شود زيرا آن با يك فعل اصلي بكار مي رود
arron’sB /9 تافل ترجمه بخش گرامر
: در زبان انگليسي هر فعلي مي تواند از طريق فرمول زير توصيف شود
هر يك از بخش فعل = زمان+ (افعال كمكي ناقص) + have) +قسمت سوم + (be = ing) + (كلمه فعلي
خود را براي مطالعه اكنـون وقـت. ك يا چند مسئله در اين بررسي خالصه خواهند شدفرمول در يهاي اين
ه د بطور دقيق بيـد و جلـومي روياين بخش از بررسي پيشرفت مي كن وقتي شما از طريق. آن صرف نكنيد
. آن مراجعه كنيد
یارگروه پی اچ دی / 01
PROBLEM ١ : Missing Main Verb
Remember that every English sentence must have a subject and a main verb.
جمله انگليسي بايد داراي يكنبود فعل اصلي بخاطر داشته باشيد كه هر -٧
. و يك فعل اصلي باشد فاعل
S V
The sound of the
dryer bothers my concentration
صداي سشوار تمركز مرا بهم مي
.زند
Avoid using an- ing form, an infinitive, an auxiliary verb, or another part of speech
instead of a main verb.
از بكارگيري ing ، مصدر، فعل كمكي يا ديگر اجزاي كالم بجاي فعل اصلي اجتناب كنيد.
فاعل+ فعل اصلي صحيح
غلط
فاعل+ دار ing فعل
فاعل فعل + مصدر
حروف فاعل+ كمكي
فاعل+ اضافه
arron’sB /00 تافل ترجمه بخش گرامر
PROBLEM ٢: Verbs that Require an Infinitive in the Complement
Remember that the following verbs require an infinitive.
مصدر باشد افعالي كه متمم شان بايد -٦
.بخاطر داشته باشيد كه افعال زير نياز به مصدر دارند
Agree توافق كردن Fail رد شدن Plan قصد داشتن
Appear بنظر رسيدن Forget فراموش كردن Prepare آماده كردن
Arrange مرتب كردن Hesitate شك كردن Pretend تظاهر كردن
Ask سئوال كردن Hope اميدوار بودن Promise قول دادن
Claim ادعا كردن Intend قصد داشتن Refuse امتناع كردن
Consent رضايت دادن Learn ياد گرفتن Seem بنظر رسيدن
Decide تصميم گرفتن Manage اداره كردن Tend تمايل داشتن
Demand تقاضا كردن Mean معني دادن Threaten تهديد كردن
Deserve سزاوار بودن Need نياز داشتن Wait منتظر ماندن
Expect توقع داشتن Offer پيشنهاد كردن Want خواستن
S V C (infinitive) M
We had planned to leave day before yesterday
.كنيمرا ترك ( اينجا)ما قصد داشتيم پريروز
Avoid using an – ing form after the verbs listed. Avoid using a verb word after want.
want علـي بعـد ازاز بكارگيري كلمـه ف. اب نمائيدبعد از افعال ليست شده اجتن ing از بكارگيري شكل
اجتناب نمائيد.
یارگروه پی اچ دی / 01
PROBLEM ٣: Verbs that Require an Ing Form in the Complement Remember that
the following verbs require an –ing form.
فرم باشد ingافعالي كه متمم شا ن بايد -3
. فرم دارند ingبخاطر داشته باشيد كه افعال زير نياز به
Admit پذيرفتن Miss از دست دادن
Appreciate نقدردا ي كردن Postpone به تعويق انداختن
Avoid اجتناب كردن Practice تمرين كردن
Complete كامل كردن Quit ترك كردن
Consider در نظر گرفتن Recall بخاطر آوردن
Delay به تأخير افتادن Recommend توصيه كردن
Deny انكار كردن Regret تأسف خوردن
Discuss بحث كردن Risk خطر كردن
Enjoy لذت بردن Stop متوقف كردن
Finish تمام كردن Suggest پيشنهاد دادن
Keep نگهداشتن Tolerate تحمل كردن
Mention ذكر كردن Understand فهميدن
S V C (ing) M
He enjoys traveling by plane
.او از مسافرت با هواپيما لذت مي برد
Avoid using an infinitive after the verbs listed.
Forbid may be used with either an infinitive or an ing complement, but Forbid from
is not idiomatic.
. مصدر بعد از افعال ليست شده اجتناب نمائيد از بكارگيري
Forbid مي تواند يا با متمم مصدر يا با متمم ing بكار رود اما Forbid from مصطلح نيست.
arron’sB /03 تافل ترجمه بخش گرامر
PROBLEM ٤: Verbs Phrases that Require an -Ing Form in the Complement
Remember that the following verb phrases require an–ing form for a verb in the
complement.
فعل ]دارند بخاطر داشته باشيد كه ingبراي متمم بودن نياز به [ فعل بعد از آن]عبارتهاي فعلي كه -4
. دارند ing نيـاز بـهعبارت هاي فعلي زير براي اينكه يك فعل متمم واقع شوند [ بعد از
Approve of تأييد كردن Insist on پافشاري كردن
Be better off بهتر بودن كه Keep on ادامه دادن به
Can't help قادر به ترك نبودن Look forward to انتظار داشتن
Count on حساب كردن روي Object to اعتراض كردن به
Do not mind اهميت ندادن Think about فكر كردن در مورد
Forget about فراموش كردن Think of فكر كردن روي
Get through تمام كردن
S V ph C (ing) M
She forgot about canceling her appointment
او فراموش كرد قرار مالقات را لغو
. كند
Avoid using an infinitive after the verbs listed. Avoid using a verb word after look
forward to and object to.
Remember that the verb phrases BE likely does not require an –ing form but
requires an infinitive in the complement.
look از بكـارگيري كلمـه فعلـي بعـد از. از افعال ليست شده اجتنـاب نمائيـد از بكارگيري مصدر بعد
forward to و object to بخاطر داشته باشيد كه عبارت فعلي . اجتناب نمائيدBE likely
. فرم ندارد ولي نياز به مصدر دارد ingنياز به
ing + عبارات فعلي
be likely+ مصدر
یارگروه پی اچ دی / 04
PROBLEMS WITH MODALS AND MODAL- RELATED PATTERNS
مسائلي در خصوص افعال كمكي ناقص و الگوهاي مرتبط با افعال كمكي ناقص
Modals are auxiliary verbs. They are used with main verbs to give additional
meaning to main verbs. The most common modals are listed below, along with
some of the additional meanings that they add to main verbs.
اضـافي بـه فعـل اصـلي بكـار مي ا افعال اصلي براي دادن معنـاي آنها همراه ب. مدالها افعال كمكي هستند
اضافه مي كننـد در زيـر ليسـت مي رايجترين مدالها همراه با معنائي اضافي كه آنها به افعال اصلي .روند
. شوند
Can Possibility , ability , permission احتمال ، توانايي ، اجازه
Could Possibility , ability in the past احتمال ، توانايي در گذشته
May Possibility , permission احتمال، اجازه
Might Probability احتمال
Must Necessary , logical conclusion ضروري ، نتايج منطقي
Shall Future with emphasis آينده همراه با تأكيد
Should Advice, obligation, prediction يگو ي پند ، الزام ، پيش
Will Future آينده
Would Condition شرط
arron’sB /05 تافل ترجمه بخش گرامر
PROBLEM ٥: Irregular Past Forms
Remember that the past forms of the following irregular verbs are not the same as the
participles.
داشته باَشيد كه اشكال گذشته افعال بي قاعده زير بي قاعده بخاطر[ افعال]اشكال گذشته -5
.شبيه اسم مفعول شان نيستند
Verb Word Past Form Participle Be = بودن Was/were Been
Beat = Beat Beatenزدن ، كتك زدن
Become = شدن Became Become
Begin = شروع كردن Began Begun
Bite = Bit Bittenگاز گرفتن
Blow = وزيدن Blew Blown
Break = شكستن Broke Broken
Choose = Chose Chosenانتخاب كردن
Come = آمدن Came Come
Do = Did Doneانجام دادن
Draw = Drew Drawnرسم كردن ، كشيدن
Drink = نوشيدن Drank Drunk
Drive = Drove Drivenراندن ، رانندگي كردن
Eat = خوردن Ate Eaten
Fall = افتادن Fell Fallen
Fly = Flew Flownپرواز كردن
Forget = Forgot Forgot/forgottenفراموش كردن
Forgive = بخشيدن Forgave Forgiven
Freeze = يخ بستن Froze Frozen
Get = گرفتن Got Gotten or got
Give = دادن Gave Given
Go = رفتن Went Gone
Grow = رشد كردن Grew Grown
Hide = Hid Hiddenمخفي كردن
Know = Knew Knownدانستن ، شناختن
Ride = سوار شدن Rode Ridden
Run = دويدن Ran Run
یارگروه پی اچ دی / 06
See = ديدن Saw Seen
Shake = تكان دادن Shoke Shaken
Show = Showed Shownنشان دادن
Verb Word Past Form Participle Shrink = Shrank Shrunkكوچك شدن ، جمع شدن
Sing = Sang Sungآواز خواندن
Speak = صحبت كردن Spoke Spoken
Steal = دزديدن Stole Stolen
Swear = Swore Swornسوگند خوردن
Swim = شنا كردن Swam Swum
Take = گرفتن Took Taken
Tear = Tore Tornپاره كردن
Throw = انداختن Threw Thrown
Wear = پوشيدن Wore Worn
Weave = بافتن Wove Woven
Withdraw = عقب كشيدن Withdrew Withdrawn
Write = نوشتن Wrote Written
S V(past) M
The concert began at eight o'clock
.شروع شد 8كنسرت ساعت
Avoid using a participle instead of a past for simple past statements.
. بجاي گذشته اجتناب نمائيد( قسمت سوم)براي بيان گذشته ساده از بكارگيري اسم مفعول
arron’sB /07 تافل ترجمه بخش گرامر
PROBLEM ٦: Modal + Verb Word
Remember that a modal is used with a verb word. A verb word is the dictionary form of
the verb. In some grammar books, the verb word is called the bare infinitive because it
appears without the word TO. Verb words are very important in many patterns, but
they are used most often with modals.
بخاطر داشته باشيد كه يك فعل كمكي ناقص با يك [ قسمت اول فعل]كلمه فعلي + افعال كمكي ناقص - 6
يعني به شكلي كه فعل در ديكشنري آمده ]ديكشنري است كلمه فعلي شـكل فعـل در. كلمه فعلي بكار مي رود
toناميده مي شود زيرا آن بدون كلمه toفعلي مصدر بدون ي ، كلمـهدر برخي كتابهـاي گرامـر[. است
ي در بسـيار ي از الگوها خيلي مهم اند اما آنها غالباً با افعال كمكي ناقص بكار كلمات فعلـ. ظاهر مي شود
.مي روند
S modal verb word
They might visit us
. كنند آنها ممكن است ما را مالقات
Avoid using an infinitive or an ing form instead of a verb word after a modal.
زبعد ا مدال از بكارگيري مصدر يا ing فرم بجاي يك كلمه فعلي اجتناب نمائيد.
یارگروه پی اچ دی / 08
PROBLEM ٧: Logical Conclusions - Events in the Past
Remember that MUST is a modal. MUST followed by the verb word HAVE and a
participle expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an
event that happened in the past.
Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for a conclusion
about something that happened in the past. For example, "here is a message on my
desk." It may be concluded that "my friend must have called last night."
نتايج منطقي ـ حوادث در گذشته - 7
و اسم مفعول HAVEهمراه با كلمه فعلي MUST. باشددال مي يك م MUSTبخاطر داشته باشيد كه
نتيجه درباره حادثه اي است كه در گذشته . نتيجه منطقي كه مبتني بر دليل و شواهد است را بيان مي كند
. اتفاق افتاد
بخاطر داشته باشيد كه مشاهده در زمان حال ممكن است بعنوان مبنايي بـراي نتيجـه گيـري در مـوردچيزي
ممكن است نتيجه ".اينجا روي ميزم يك پيام است"براي مثال ، . كه در گذشته اتفاق افتاد باشد
".دوستم شب گذشته بايستي به من زنگ زده باشد"گرفته شود كه
S must have participle past time
My friend must have called last night
.زنگ زده باشددوستم شب گذشته بايستي به من
Avoid using an should or can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word instead of have and
a participle when referring to events in the past.
وقتي كه به حوادثي در گذشته اشاره مي كنيد. اجتناب كنيد must بجاي can يا should از بكارگيري
مفعول اجتناب نمائيداسم have از بكارگيري كلمه فعلي بجاي
Must have + 3 صحيح
غلطCan have + 3
Should have + 3
arron’sB /09 تافل ترجمه بخش گرامر
PROBLEM ٨: Logical Conclusions - Events in the present
Remember that MUST is a modal. Must followed by BE and an ING form or an
ADJECTIVE expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about
an event that happening now.
نتايج منطقي ـ حوادث درزمان حال -8
فرم يا يك صفت نتيجه INGو BEهمراه با MUST. ك مدال مي باشدي MUSTبخاطر داشته باشيد كه
نتيجه درباره حادثه اي است كه هم اكنون در حال . منطقي كه مبتني بر دليل و مدرك است را بيان مي كند
. اتفاق افتادن است
S must be - ing present tense
my friend must be calling now
.دوستم اكنون بايد در حال زنگ زدن باشد
S must be adjective present tense
He must be upset now
. او االن بايد ناراحت باشد
Avoid using a verb word instead of an -ing form after must be.
كلمه فعلي بجاياز بكارگيري ing فرم بعد از must be اجتناب كنيد.
Must be + ing صحيح
Must be + صفت
Must be + 1 غلط
یارگروه پی اچ دی / 11
PROBLEM ٩: Logical Conclusions - Events that repeat
Remember that MUST is a modal. Must followed by a verb word expresses a logical
conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly.
نتايج منطقي ـ حوادثي كه تكرار مي شوند -9
همراه با يك كلمه فعلي نتيجه منطقي كه مبتني MUST.يك مدال مي باشد MUSTبخاطر داشته باشيد كه
. نتيجه درباره حادثه اي است كه بطور مكرر اتفاق مي افتد. بر دليل و مدرك است را بيان مي كند
S must be Verb word repeated time
My friend must call often
.بزنددوستم غالباً بايد زنگ
Avoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after must.
بعد از must از بكارگيري مصدر و ing فرم بجاي كلمه فعلي اجتناب كنيد.
Must + 1 صحيح
غلطMust + مصدر
Must + ing فرم