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الزراعيالزراعيالزراعيالزراعي ررررتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفط(AgaricusAgaricusAgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporusbisporusbisporus )حمليا حمليا حمليا حمليا ًًًً
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إعداد املهندسة الزراعية إنعام الياس
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2008 /1428
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الزراعيالزراعيالزراعيالزراعي ررررتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفطتأثري أوساط التغذية يف إنتاج بذار الفط(AgaricusAgaricusAgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporusbisporusbisporus )حمليا حمليا حمليا حمليا ًًًً
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ة الزراعيةإعداد املهندس إنعام الياس
رافــــإش
حممد موفق يربق. د رياض زيدان .د. أ
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2008 /1428
TISHREEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
Effect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom Spawn at local at local at local at local
production ofproduction ofproduction ofproduction of ( ( ( (AgaricusAgaricusAgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporusbisporusbisporus) ) ) ) .
Thesis submitted for MSc. Degree in
Agricultural Engineering (Horticulture)
By
Eng. Enaam Elias
1428/2008
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TISHREEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
Effect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom SpawnEffect of the nutrient media on Mushroom Spawn at local at local at local at local
produproduproduproduction ofction ofction ofction of ( ( ( (AgaricusAgaricusAgaricusAgaricus bisporusbisporusbisporusbisporus) ) ) ) .
Thesis submitted for MSc. degree in Agricultural
Engineering
(Horticulture)
By
Eng. Enaam Elias
Supervision
Dr. Riad Zedan Dr. Mohammad Mwaffak Yabrak
Prof. of Horticulture Pathologist
Faculty of Agriculture Aleppo Sci. Agr. Research
Center
Tishreen University GCSAR
1428/2008
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�����ً� �������ت ��� در�� �� ا�)را'%� &%$ آ��%� ، �%- )ا��#%�(� (ا�*(��%� ا�)را'�%� &%$ ا����#��� ه! ا������ ا
.ت2�ی-���0�
This thesis has been submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master science in Agricultural Engineering (Horticulture), at
the Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University.
. م وأ��)ت2008/ / �72 ه! ا������ ب��ری5
��آ��ر ا ���ذ ا��آ��ر ا ا���ذ ا��آ��ر ��از ���د ا���� ر�ض ز��ان ����د ��
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CERTIFICATE
It is hereby certified that the work described in this thesis is the
result of author’s own investigation under the supervision of Prof.
Dr. Riad Zedan, the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,
Tishreen University and Dr. Mohammad Mwaffak Yabrak, General
Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR),
Aleppo Research Center. and any reference to other researchers
works has been fully acknowledged in the text. Candidate
Enaam Elias
Supervisors Dr. Mohammd Mwaffak Yabrak Dr. Riad Zedan
������
����� ��� � �� � " ���� � ���� � ����� ������ � ����� � ����� ����� ����� !
Agaricus bisporus (J. lge) Imbach" ����� �� �� ����� �� ��� � ��� ��!�"� ����� #$% �� �$� &� ���.
"�! � � إ#"م ا�&س
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DECLARATION
It is hereby declared that this work " Effect of nutrient media on
mushroom spawn production of Agaricus bisporus (J. lge) Imbach at
local production" has not already been accepted for any degree,
nor has been submitted concurrently for any other degree.
Candidate
Enaam Elias
شـكــــر وتقديــــرشـكــــر وتقديــــرشـكــــر وتقديــــرشـكــــر وتقديــــر
)ی� إ�a رئ��� ���0� ت2�ی-، و'��دة آ��� ا�)را'�، و#H ا��#%�ت�- أت�Nم ب��2�� ا�@ .��� ��7 �- ت#*�bت إداری� و'���� &$ ���� إ�@�ز ه!ا ا��?<
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اإلهداء اإلهداء اإلهداء اإلهداء
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رقم الصفحة عنوان اجلدول ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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رقم الصفحة عنوان الشكل ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Somycel A15 . 22ا��9^ ا��P(ي ا�:��ذ�� �.�`�= :1 ـ<+ M.C 450 . 22ا��9^ ا��P(ي ا�:��ذ�� �.�`�= :2 ـ<+ ل ا��ق ب��G"= :3 ـ<+ Cات =G@:� 25 . أخS خ�5= � 25 . زرا�= ا�A.� =�50 ا���e ا��SDي :4 ـ<+ 26 ت459= ا��5ر�= ا�م ب�w(اص :5 ـ<+ 26 ت.w c&G(ص � ا��5ر�= ا�م �.A ا���e ا��SDي :6 ـ<+26 . �&:= � ا��Sار ا�م :7 ـ<+ 26 . زرا�= ا��Sار ا�م �.A ا���e ا��SDي :8 ـ<+
س ا����"�(ة 10 و9 ـ<+ &w =G�),. 27
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34 . ا��5ر�= ا�م ا�:ت9= � زرا�= ا�#�9= 12 و11 ـ<+
ا��Sار ا�م :13 ـ<+ � =:&�c�Gب ا���� A.� A�:37 . ا�� 38 . تT� =459&9= ا��5ر�= ا�م ب�w(اص :14 ـ<+ �� :15 ـ<+ Gا� c�Gا� A.� A�:ار ا�م ا��S9= ا��&T� =45938 .ت �4 ب�"��ات ا��9ر�= :16 ـ<+ � 46 . بSار ا�B@( ا�:ت اR��G`ب&= �� أ�B+ ا�"��ات #�&9= ��ء ا�� :17 ـ<+ B.0ا�� q�9ت �50. 48 56 .خ.e ا��Sار ب��e ا�5را�= :18 ـ<+ 56 . اآ��ل #�s ا��A.� =9&T آ�+ و�e ا�5را�= :19 ـ<+ 57 .��.&= ا��D@&= ب�(ب= ا��"@&= :20 ـ<+ s�#. 57 ا��A.� =9&T ت(ب= ا��D@&= :21 ـ<+ ��ر ب�اءات ا���م ا��P(�= :22 ـ<+ y . 58 58 .��م ا��P(�=اآ��ل #�� ا� :23 ـ<+
فهرس املخططاتفهرس املخططاتفهرس املخططاتفهرس املخططات ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
رقم الصفحة عنوان املخطط ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
املصطلحات املستخدمةاملصطلحات املستخدمةاملصطلحات املستخدمةاملصطلحات املستخدمة
طلح اإلنكليزيطلح اإلنكليزيطلح اإلنكليزيطلح اإلنكليزياملصاملصاملصاملص املصطلح العربياملصطلح العربياملصطلح العربياملصطلح العربي
Mushroom ا��e� ا�)را'$
Mycelium ا���2@�
e@0�1: =�`9= ا��&T� ��# ل ا�B@( ا�5را����Somycel A15ة اآ��� A. bispours=B.�0� =&�� ط A.� . 45 أو�
e@0�2: =�`9= ا��&T� ��# ل ا�B@( ا�5را����M.C450ة اآ��� A. bispours =B.�0� =&�� ط A.�. 45 أو�
e@0�3: =B.�0� ت �(ارة 48 ا�:��= ا����u= ��&��= بSار ا�B@( ا�5را�� �:� در�
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Primary Mycelium ا���2@� اGو���
Nutrient Medium و�l� s!ي
Nutrient Grain و�s ح�$
Compost و�s ا�)را'�
��eب!ار ا� Spawn
Mother Spawn ا��!ار اGم
Final Spawn ا��!ار ا��@�ري
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)� �0 �1� � ��(� :;�(,8� -. )*�,�� ��17<) ���� )* ���� )* ���� ��, ���(7� ��� -. ) =���� �� ���7�� +�( ��7 � )5$("� >�, ).�?< � 1(� :��(%���)CaSO4. 2H2O (
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-. 3"(�� ����� )*��� ��� � 1( � ��( #�< ).�?< :�05�� ���� ;�(,8 ) ��*(�� )$����� 3"(�� ����� +�*�� �,% �05�� ���� ) � �1 :2 :3 :4 :5 B ����� � 161� )��"� )=�
&��� �7 ���("� ��(5�� ��% )��"�� &�. 0�� ��5( C=�(,�� +��D�) �.���� E$"(�� F 3��(�7 �F��*G ( ).�7 #$% &� �,9�
(�6��� �($7�� )������� ) �/��� 0����� )Somycel A15 �M.C 450 ( ��� � � �:) ���� )* ���� ��, ���(7� +/$� �< 14.3 :14.7�� &� +/$� -(��� ����, )%�� � � �� :
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��� ������ )=3*( ( )=3*(� ��178� )� �0 ��5( :)������� 0����� #$% (������� (�6�$� (�6��� �($7� ��� ������ )=3*(� ��178� )� �0 #$% &� �,9� E������ ��� )%�3���: �,%�
�* )* ���� ��, ���(7� ��� 0��(� I$� :)������� 0����� J )16.43 :17.20 (�� &� �� : ����, )%�� 0��(� I$� ��. )* ���� ��, )%�� � �)5.95 :5.25( ��/ �($7� ��
(� �0��:-���(�� #$% . )* �� C�, )%�� C=�(,�� +��D� ��7 ).�?< �,% �05��)15 �� ���7�� +�( ��7 K
=���� ) +15 �� ���7�� +�,���7 K/ (1 ��(7� �< �$��� �9� >0��� -����� A���� >��� I7�9� M��, )6.3 :7.0�� ().�?< J� ),���� ) �,9� ���5��) 10 ) =���� �� ���7�� +�( ��7 K
+5 �� ���7�� +�,���7 K(/1 >0� A�� I7:)* ���� ��, ��/(�� � � )11.6 :12.3 (�� &� (�6�$�)Somycel A15 �M.C 450 (-���(�� #$%.
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-���� 0���� )$��9� +$*�)�.���� ( +/$�� ��� ��0�11.4 :11.3� > (�(��� (�6�$� �. )�6��� ��5( C=�(,�� +, � ��7Somycel A15 )�6��� #$% &� �,9� M.C 450 ��� � � �
) �/��� 0����� #$% )* ���� C�,� ��, ���(7�:)������� ) ���� 0������ . C(,��� �05�� ���� � C=�(,�� +, � ��7 % 3"�����, +�*�� ����� 1 :2 :3� B D.��
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-�7%������ ) � �� 3"(�� ��� �: N(�� +��3� 3"(�� ����� )*�� +95(�� ��$7 �< ������ ) � � +?5",� ������� )*�� �,% +��9,� � #�< 5� B 3"( ����� )��"� )=�
161��� &�.
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����������������������������
Introduction
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� �3( >$0�� -���9�� )9 �� +��9�� ) %��3�� � ����� P6�(�� #$% &��D, � ��% � �3(���� :�7�P���� (�� 0/? � ,% Q��/�� A� � : �� -�� #$% � � :) ��,�� ����� >�9�
) ,/�� ����� +�� �)���(���Q��/$� ��� ���� )*(,��� -� : -� ) ��,�� �� �5�� ����� ��, � �� :N� ����(����P�0�� ) %��3�� � ����� �( ��(9 &�=��/�� ��� � ��( 0��� � -.
+3����?���� �,(�� -. �05�� )%��3 ���(&�� �7 �� �� &�+�$% :) � ���� ��$9�� � &� +�(��,�� +�5$"� #$% N*�(,R� ��(� ���9�� -. 1����� � � 17�� �"��: +�,�� ���� �S� :
�>�"�� ����,� :�� +�,�� � ����)%�3:*����� ���� . )%��3 ��(,(�05�� &� ��� � �17� -. 150���9�� -. )��� : ��� -. -���� �7�� 37�((�
������:� � �G ��� ���� ) ������ �7 ��� ) �TU� ) ���9�� )�D,��� +� =� �< � �(� :)%��3��� )FAO ( ��9�2005 N*�(,< ) �7 � � � ���9�� -. ���� 37���� �(�( �� �
) 7 ���� ���(��� +� ���� �� $ )���*1.( �� ���� ) ������ �7 ��� -. �05�� ��(9 �J����� ��� (��� �� � ;�(,8� )� � +/$� �< V"��� ����,���� :�0�0��� �9� ��?"�� � �
875 ��% ���� � $� 2002) Economic Research Service USA, 2002(. �05�� ��(9 Agaricus bisporus ) �� (��� ) ���� +�� )%��3��� @��,�� ��� �
)��, N(%��3 �7�( � � ���9�� -.80 % �����12 %�� �05$� �����)Pleurotus
ostreatus (�8 % -7�( ��� �05$�)lentinus edodes ( @��,�� ) ���)Journal. "The
Mushroom School" 2005.( %��3 +����05�� ) ) ��9�� ����� � � �9�� -. �1� :���9��� � �� �=�3*��� V,�(
�>�/���� ) ��9����&���*, N(%��3 +��� � �9� � ���� �,����� &���� ����� -. �� �7 ) ��/�� )-�����, 1994( .%��3 �9(�N(��. � ��� -. ��9�� )1 �� � � (�+#$% Y� #(�
#�< ).�?< :) �,����� )%��3�� ��0 ��D, #$% ��(9( -(�� ���7�� )%�3�Z9� @��3��� :�0��� +�D.��� -. )%3���� �� / �� ���/$�) �7 + 8�;�(, ��% 2003 ) ��� -. 1.830
[�� 0)FAO, 2004( ��% -. ) ��� � &��$% :1998 +�� 1027 �05�� � 0 -%��3��)FAO, 2001(.
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ج ا�"���: ��1ول �#g1000 ( ا 2005 � ا�B@( ا�5را�� �"م ) ,. ج ا��و�= ا���.�+�#Rج ا��و�= ا���.�+ ا�#Rا
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0.5 ا�&�#ن 48 19.73 ا��9( 17 0.5 آزاخ��ن 49 18 إ#�و#&�& 18م 19:�&� 18 50 &BتR 0.5 20 0.44 أ��.:�ا 51 12 ص(ب&
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-%��3�� �05�� J(�( � ) ��� ) �� (�� &��D, ) ��%) =��/�� N(� �: ) �0�� N(����"(��� )9 ���� N(� � ���� #�< ).�?8��:��9�� ���� #$% N*�(,< ) ,�7�<� ��. : )� ��� -��% ��(9
?�� ) , ��� Z����� �D9� #$% N=��(�� ) =��/����,8� ��*� ) ��� :� ��7 , (���N(� N���(, (��� +�-,�� ��� ��$�� ( ��, � :) %�,�� � � � -( Z ���� ��$�� �9� )1��1�� )�(�����
� � � ) �7��)-$$ ��: 2002Roys and Schisler, 1980; .(
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�7 ��(�(�100 -���� #$% ;3�0�� -%��3�� �05�� � ���T 90� Q�� K 2.07F2.09 K� +�, (���3F5 +��� ����7 K) Mattila et al., 2002.( ���(9 �05�� +��*��� �
)��0�� )?5",�� �?��� )$�� ) =��/�� �7 -09( � � 100 ���( )��0 N,� ;3�0 3� K -�����270�. �����7 )Bubnova and Shalachova, 1987 .( � � �9�� +�7� ��7
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)Chang, 1996; Borchers, 2004 .( >���)2005 (Stamets, �7 R. 100 3� K ) ��(�� +�,�7��� #$% ��(�( -%��3�� �05�� � [�* :33.84+�, (��� K ,46.17 K
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) �"� +�, ��( 5��+�, ��( . B-complexes , +�, ��( . �%��( � �)B2 :B3 :B5 ( #$%)��0$� �� �7 ��9(�( )0 �� +��7�� #�< ���9��� +��� ����7��� ������ (����� P 75( ,
�(�� #�< ).�?8�� ��( . � M�)D ( �,���� ��D9�� )� � ����?��)Dubost, 2006.( ����)2006( Duyff, �7��� -%��3�� �05�� -. ���*���� ) ,�9��� � �,9�� ) ��� #�<
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)��0 �� ) 0/(�� )%��3�� 0��) Compost ()Hartman et al., 2000; Werner and
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1# !�$ � %���� � Scientific Classification: ��(9(+� �05�� ) � +�,=�7 !�, +�� ) 0 " � 6" #$% ��(�(�� � ): 0��(� � 6"��
)%�5(���)hyphae ( ��(�( ) �$" ��*� ��%��,� �D9�� ��� $7 �� : ( 7�� �� :3�$$ ��� #$%:&�9� (( &�� ��( �7� �7 -. )9 �0�� -. ��(,(� :) �,* �� ) �,* )� �0� �1�7) Q����� Q�����
)��(��� (.... � T ���D9� � ��7 :-= ��� ��D,�� -. )����� +�,�7��� � ��05�� ��(9( P��� ) ���$� &� ���? ��(9 �� ��?)Nicholas and Kerry, 2006.(
# �'�!!(����� � : Kingdom Fungi
:)� ���� Q� ��� � � �9�� )7$���� M�� �?(-���� [ �( 7�� [�� )=� )%3�� @�, [�5 ��% #$% *��� 3 .� ) � ��(� ) *���.��� +�5 #$% &����(%� @��,�� M�� [$("( :)
�� �7 !�"� @��,�� :��*���� �< !�( � �� / @��,� � �� @3�(( �< �*��� � � � )��7��� ��05�� ��(9(� :�*���Mushrooms �05�� �(� � :)7$���� M�� ��0. ��� �
-%��3�� Agaricus bisporus (J.lge) Imbach )��7��� ��05�� � � #���� )�(���� N=��T -. ��(9 � :) ���� ��05�� � ��(9 � :���9�� -. 0�� -. )$$�(��� ) �?9�� ������ #$%
)%��3�� )-$% :1995� Chang, 1999; .( #�� � %� (�����!�) � ) ��)���� � (: Basidiomycetes
���[ �� ��� -���� 30000@�, :)9�� +�� ��0. ���D9�:� ��( K����� �� . � �"����� ) $"�� J?�(( �� #$%+���%� :� ) $" � )��%��� �7(( � � � #$% ���( ���
) ��%��� K����� ��(�� ) :�������1997.( F %� ( �Holobasidiomycetidae:
) *��"�� +���%��� >(� )%��*� �? �Exobasidiales � +���%��� >(� )%��*���0/��� Gasteromycetidae�� >(� )%��*�� >� "8� ) ��0 +���%�
Hymenomycetidae+�(��,�� � ��� #$% &̂����(� ��%��,� �D9� S 9 -(�� �� :)��(�� -. �(�(��� -�(,(� :��*��� #$% &650(�Agaricales� Aphyllophorales )%��*��� M�� #�<
)����/� ,1974-�6��� _,1957.(
# ���� Agaricales: ����� )�(��� M�� 3 �(( �� 5,� ) A=�5 ��Lamellae����� �� Tubes Q�3*� ) �� % #$% ��(�(� :���1�� ��*��16 )$ . ) :-$%1995>.(
# ����� Agaricaceae:
#$% )$ 5�� M�� ��(�(200 ��?9� % [$("(� :)������ )��7��� ��05�� �?( :V,* �� -. [6("�� #�< ).�?< �$��� �*���� :�7��� � � � Z9������ �� :K����� :
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V,*��Agaricus *� -. ��, ������)5$("� ) = � + ) :+�����7�� :>��%�� :+���/��) �����( )Encyclopedia of plant life, 1976(.
# ,�� � Agaricus bisporus:
[�9 @�,�� ��� � Q���(��9��: ��,� ���05-%��3�� Z ��� )White button
mushroom( : �[�9 &� ���� A. brunnescens.) 3 $7,��� #%� ��7 Mushroom �5���� ) �, de couches Champignon) :���%� -�$%1992( J*�(��� N( ��(
A. bisporus�,� �� Q���� #�< : V,*�� ��� ��9 �< Agaricus ) ,�,� �� )�$7�� #�< Agarikon )�$7 � )�(���� Agaricum� -(����� -,9((��,�� ���"(��� �(���� E�" :+�
) �0 ����7 ��05���:��� @�,�� ��� bisporus � :K����� -=�,1 -,9 .-��@�,�� P��7 �� )��%� �7 +���%� )9���� A=�5 ���( -.��6%� 0�. T�� V,*�� @��,� -���� &�.6"
Agaricus &���% K���� )9��� ���( -(�� )Stamets and Chilton, 1983.( 2# -� ����! � %�� �:
�05$� ) ��1�� ���*�� [�(( A. bisporus ��"G� ��$* �.�)1995( ,� �� 3 ���)2005( ,�:
�����::��%���� �,% &6 $� )"5(,� �$�� Q�? � )(� � ��� % ����% -�� � ����0 ����( 5F15���0�� �� � 2F3 :�� (��� )$(7� �5��� � � (:)* �� � J�((#$%�� ),�7�
)9���� #%�( )? �% )��0. )9����:� ���0� ����( � 2F10 (��0 � ),�7� ��: ) *��" )��0Q�? � ) ��� )��0�) $"�� )� " )A=�5 �� ( #�< ���(( �$�� ) ����� �$�� -,��� �,% K����� ��,� 0���(( 7��
�05$� ��(�� C?,�� 3#.��)� ���'� � .�� � :
������ #�$% K������ �7�(( -(��� :) ��%��� K������ &� �,* ) ��%��� ��05�� �1�7(( >�� K���� ) ,��1 #(�� : ,1� T�� � ����(( K����� � &���% ���� �7 ��� � :) ��%�
�05�� -. ��7 @�,��Common Chantarelle K���� ) ,��1 #$% ��(� ���� )Stamets and
Chilton, 1983 .( @�,$� )��,��� ���A. bisporus �,1� T��� -��%� ���� �7 ��� . )Singer,1961( ���( � � :95 % -���� ��,� : T�� +���%��� �25 % )�$1��(� &�T����
!�,��� -����70 % )��, ��� :!�,�� ), ��(� &�T���� ��,�5 % )161 ���(. +���%��� � ) �����K���� )9��� ��) Elliott, 1979 .( :> " � T &� ��� &� * �� &�0 " &� 09� -��%��� K���� +�,
) ?�% ��* +�� �� �% � 6" � [�( )0 �� ) /� �� )/ �� ) ���� ��(��,�)1n(: -��($ >*�� �"Y�� :>��� 0 " Z9��� ��?9� J� 5$("� ��� )* �� �0 " )* �� 0 " 67� �
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�( � � :> " ��,�1 -���� 0 "�� -. ) $" #�< ���� -���� 0 "�� � ) $" !�(�� ���(,�-,�1�� . )� =�,1 ) $" �7�((� ���, ���(� �� (�.��(� �(��,�� #��(� : ( $"�� !�(�� C��, .
)/ ��� �� �< ��� !�,��)n+n( :)� �,�1�� )* ����� #�� �� &� �?" ���1�7(� -09( -(��� :� "�� M�� �7�(� ) ��1�� ���*�� +�Q��� ) �,�1�� 0)Esser, 1979; Flegg, 1989 ( -��(,(�
����, 67��(� :�(��,�� C��,( � � ���,�� ;���,��� -%��3�� �05$� -�,*�� �1�7(�� )$��� ) /� �� )/ �� ) =�,1 �����)2n ( ������,� ��� � � :&�5%�?� &�����,� ���,( � ��$( �
, -��3("� ������ ) /� �� )/ �� ) ���� !�, J��� N,% C()1n( #��< !��,�� M��� �*��( : !��,�� ) =�,1 &�T���� !�,$� ) =���9�� ��*��� �7�( � � :K����� ���( -(�� ) ��%��� ������� ,
-���� 7� :�3�� � )$ �0 ��(. ) � K����� M�� #��(�20F30 % � � :)� �% �7( ��,� 6� -%��3�� �05�� C(, ������ +��� )$ =? )��, !�� ��,� +�, �� :) ��%��� K�����
1.3 – 3.8) % Flegg et at., 1985.( 4#��� � ��� � ���'� :
����) 2001(Lucia et al., � )2001(Salwin et al., � #�< ) 1����� E��"����� >9$( )�6�$�&���� &� -. <)* ���� ;�(,:*�� �7�(� � ��1�� ��) , #�<� �� ("� ) ���
+�5 �� +�� +�6���@�,�� +�5 � )� ���� ) 1����� Agaricus bisporus ;�(,< �,%M����. �� )1982 (Flegg and smith, &�0��(�� 0�(�( �05�� �� �� ) �7� ) %�, �
)%��3��� )�6��� ����� &�� �7 .� �� ��7�3�� �05�� ��17< ) $�% Q�� ) ,�7�< #�< -%�: ��< &� �,*� K����� )%��3 :) � 3���� #$% ���1�� ��*�� � @3" )%��3� &� �,* � �� ��/� 0��>��,� ��� )%�3��� #$% �� �$�Mother culture: �1 )%�3��� M�� ��17<��� )=3*(�
��(� ���0� #$% ��(%��3� )* ����: ���( ���("� > ��,� �? �� )���,� ) �/� 0����)���+ F ��TG ,A�� F ��TG ,�.�� F ��TG( )Eind, 1987; Devochkin, 1989; Siden,
1990; Wozniak et al., 2001; Niir, 2004 .( � � �)1985(Dodileva, #$% [��( ���*�� ) ��% )* �� ;�(,< ) ,�( � #�<
�05�� +�6�� ) *��� ��� E��"�� )�������)GDR1, GDR2, GDR3, GDR4,
GDR13, 273, A-311 ( M�� K���� ��, -. 35���� M�1�� :��/��� 0���� > 7�(� :)�* � +�6��� K���� � C=�(,�� +, � � � :!�"� )�* � +�6���GDR� 1F4 )%��� +3 �(
�0�0��� -0�� #$% ����,–�.����� :��*G F��*G . ���� ��7)2000 (Stamets, #�<� �=���� ���$�� ) ,�( )Liquid Inoculation ( +(�1�
��, )%�� ��� 3 -. ����*, )* ����05��>��"�� #$% ��,( -(�� :) $���� � ����� � ���� ,;�(,< 7� �< ���$�� ��� K����� � ��<: )*�,�� )%��3 � )*(�,�� )* ���� )=3*( � ��
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>$ ��/� 0�� #$% &����� ���,���� ,=�� ��/� 0�� -. #�,( � �� ,A�$( P�� �9��#$% -�� 0������ ������� #�� �� C(,( , �� A�$��� ���*�� ;�(,8 &������ )%��3�� 0��
) ��1�� . ��)1996(Kawai et al., #�< !�� )%��3�� 0�� A �$(� �=���� ���$�� ���"(�� � ���9�� ������ ���"(��� ),���� ���18� J ��()Spawn ( -�����25 %$� @�,Shiitake. ��7
C=�(, +, �)2000 (Mary et al., @�,�� ���� ;�(,8 �=���� ���$�� ���"(�� � A. bisporus )���,� � T )� �0:M��178 >$/(�� 7� ��=���� ���$�� � ?�( Q�,1� +�� �9(�� Z9� #$%
� )���,(� +��(5� 3�3� #$% ������� J?�� )* ���� )=3*( � C(�,��;��� �7���� ) )%��;�� ����� 23�� �7 �7� )%�� .(
���� ��7)2005(Nwanze et al., � ����� >��� @�,� ��/��� 0��$� � ) -(��)* ���� �� $% +$�� (@�,� ) *�(,8� ��� 3 -. &� ��* < &�����05�� Lentinus. Squarrosnlus
a � � �� ���"(�� ��� >��� #$% )$����� )* ���� Q��5 �� �� ) ��1�� ���*�� ��, +9*� ) �/(�� 0��� � ��7 :"��� �� A���� #$% )$����� P$( J� &),���� ��,3� -. ��� 3 #�< +��� 3� ��� 3 -��(���� :)* ���� ��, ��� 3 -. &� ��* < &��1� 3��� S�� :A���� S� � �7���
, ��( 5��� ����,T #�< P�� �3%� :) ��1�� ���*�� -, ��� Z���� ) �"� :+�, (������ +� �� �)Leucine.(
7� &� �?" -%��3�� �05�� ��17< ;�(,8���������*( ��0, #$% )D.����� J� #$% /( �� ) 1����� )�6��� +�5 -1��� � � �7 . ��"(�( � -�,*�� ��178� )� �0 � � -.
;�(,8�����*(�� ���� :�6� ;�(,8 ��,<��05�� � �� �* +: ���D #�< ��]( �� ��,� 39,��) 1��� +�:)�6��� ����( -��(���� )Elliot, 1979; Devochkin, 1989; Siden,
1990; Wozniak et al., 2001; Pardo et al., 2001.( ;�(,< �( )* �� ($��� #$% �05�� :
4#1# �� �! �/� (�����0�: 0���� � ?�( ��(9 �����/) �05�� )* ���� ��,� >��,��� #���� ��0"�� ;�(,< -.
���� #�< ).�?8�� ) (�3G ����� ) (��� ����7 ���� #$% 0���� ��� ��(� � �� :�05�� ���� ) , (6 *)Agar (�1�7(�� Q�3*� A�$( �1 ��/��� 0���� >$ (� )) * �, @3" :K����( #�<
)5$("� ) �/� 0���� .�% +���� ��� 7��� ��% � ) * �,�� @3"�� �"� ) ,�7�< #�< +����� � ����� J� )9���� �� (� )�0,� � �� :)9���� � ��<)Buchalo, 1988; Stamets, 2000;
Oie, 2003.(K����� ���( : �� ) * �,�� @3"�� )%��3��� � �9� ��,��3F7�� � )%��3�� � ��, ?�( �,%#$% )*���� 25F27� B , � � �9� ��/��� 0���� #$% )* ���� ��, ��(73
J ���� ,�� �7���� � �*�� � )* ���� ��, )%�� ���3( �9� ������� )*�� Z5" �,%
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#�< ���� @�����22F23 � B) Staunton, 1989; Heitz and Mateescun, 1990;
Verfaillie, 1998; Belitskiy and Krasnopolskaya, 2000; Marozav, 2005 .( ��� V��)1985 (Dodileva,��/��� 0���� �1� PDA -. )%�� ��, )* �� ��%
�05�� � +�6�0���� ��� #$% ��T���� +%�3 ,��, C=�(,�� +��D��>$T� &�9 �� &� M�� :+�6�����, ���(7���� �? ���� ��% )9��� �9� ���0&� � )%��3�� .*(,� �(� �� �05��
�9( ��0 ��* < -.��, ��� � $�( #$% �)* ���� +���� � � -���� +��,(��� )$��� �6" 3 7�(� �� , $ ��� +��7�� ).�?< � #�< )1 �� +�����10F4K / #�< �(��� !�� ��/��� 0��
��� 3 #�<��, )%��)* ���� ��9��4.2�� /�� ������ J� ),����)3.5�� /�� ( )Blinohvatov et al., 2004; Poluboyarinov et al., 2005.(V�� ��7 )1986(Dodileva, -,�� � �� � +�� ) �?% +��7�� ).�?< �1� ) �� [� �����
+�,�� ��� ��$* ( M�� ).�?< �9� )* ���� ��, )%�� ��� 3 �(� :) �/��� 0����� #�< ��,�� ���(7� ��� +?5",� � � :) �?9�� +��7����4F5��� 0���� J� ),���� �� � ���) ��
) �?% +�.�?<( �0�0��� �� 0����� �?.� � �*�� :–�.�� F ����� ).�?< J� ��*G ��$*�� [� . +����!�"� )���� #�< ��� 3-. )* ���� ��, )%�� )* (, ����� ).�?< �� ���7��
) �/��� 0����� #�< �� 3,/����)Jonathan and Fasidi, 2001.(�7� ��, � )2006 (Donine et al., ) �"� � ����� >��� Z9� )��", � ), 9� >�, ).�?< �
@�,$� ) ���� )* ���� ��, �� � 9���� A����A. brasiliensis . +, � ��7C=�(, )2005 (Hanai et al., ��, )%�� � � 3( ��/��� 0���� #�< 3��� ���� ).�?< <
)* ����. � �( ��7) 2000(Tanaschuk, ,�( #�< #$% -7�( ��� �05�� )* �� ;�(,< )>,9�� � % +�5$"� ,)�6��� [6("�� [$("( ��,�� )%�� � �*��: )�6��� +��� � � 369
#$%�)������� +�6��� J� ),���� ) ��1�� ���*�� �7�( -. � 7�(�� #�< ).�?< ��, )%�� . +���� 0���� )?��� ��� � !�"� +����� �1] )* ���� ��, -. 0����� #$% &�? � ) �/��� , )?��� ��� �,% ��,( -%��3�� �05�� @��,� �D9�� ��*��� �?pH =5.5–
7.5, �� ��, �?.� �7 )* ��@�,�� A. bisporus �,% )?����� ���pH= 7 )Stamets
and Chilton, 1983; Stamets, 2000; Kim et al., 2002.( V��)1987(Balasz et al., *�� �1� ?�(�� ����� +� 10 :15 :20 :25 :30 :
35 � B ��05�� @��,� )* �� ��, )%�� -. ) -7�( �����������( �0� � C=�(,�� +, �� :�� I$� ���9(��2.57 :8.53 : 21.81 : 28.05 : 18.97 Z5",� � -. :> (�(�� #$% �� �<# 1.4 #�< ������� )*�� J.� �,% �� 35� B .
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����)1985 (,. Kuck et al ��D( �� :����, 0��( ) ��� +�,=�7�� �77 ��05�� � #�< �< :@�,$� ) *��� 3 5��� :) 1����� +�5 �� #�< ��9 ���� :)"�" ��� �=6% �� $% [$("( )9 �0
)* ���� ��,) -����� :-$�� :-0 " :-,0� (....�05�� @�,� &�9�( ) �/��� 0����� #$%. ��� ��,)* ��� -9 �0�� -%��3�� �05�� �� -0 "�� 0�,�� � ��, ��� #$% &6 �� ��(9 ����
P��� :)* ����&6 �� ��,�� 0�, -. ���( �� ��(9 )�6��� ����( ) ��� #$% )��"(����. 0�,�� ��9�(�� >* ����(�� ��� ���5(��:-9 �0�� � T -0 "�� 0�,�� ��17<� )Stoller, 1962
; Stamets and Chilton, 1983; Stamets, 2000.( ���� )2003 (Oie, �=6% ���D #�< V5, #$% ��( �,(� :+��� +� � �17� )=3*(��� ����17< �,% ) �05�� )* ���� #$% ����(��
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+�(� 1��* 0/? ) Stoller, 1962; Leatham and Stahlman, 1989; Kozokin
and Pilipovich, 1990; Safrag, 2000; Stamets, 2000; Blinohvatov et al.,
2004; Feedrochinko, 2004; Nicholas and Ogame, 2006 .( #�< +���9�� ���()*��24 – 25:� B �� 0����� #$% ) ��,�� ) ���� )* ����� A�$(� �) �/) Mother Culture (
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�� A�$ � 7� �5F10[�9?� N�*� � -=��,�� ������ )Final Spawn) (Stamets and
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� ��7) 1985( Shallachova and Marteniko, �05�� ���� ;�(,< ) ,�( ��*, �0��(�� 0�(�(&�� �7 &�>����� � �9( ) $�9� : ) �7�� +��3 ��$7 �< ��� 3� ������� )*�� J.� >*
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� � 3 �)�6��� ����( )%� . 3�� +�����:) 1989 ( #$% &�� * �7 )* ���� ��, � #�< �"�� �T���� 0��J� ),����"���� Q��5 �� ����� -0�� : 3� E�, #�< P�� +3%�
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6#��� � �-�"! 1� Conservation of mycelium : 05�� )* �� 3"(� :D5� 7� > ��,� �? ��( �,(� ��< �)Stock Cultures ( ��(�(
����(( ���� )?5",� ����� +�*�� #$% ���9� D5�( � � :>��,��� ��/��� 0���� #$% -,�9� + 3 ).�?R� D5��� 7� �� :���� )(� #�< ��� ���)Mineral Oil( > ��,� #�<
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)1979 (Perrin, ���� )� �0�� M��� �05�� � @��,� ��% )* �� D5� 7�� N,� #�< 27),� . )9� +�*�*3 �9( � � ��9��� �0���� Q���� )� �0� D5��� 7� ��7100 -����� �� 75 ��
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&�� ��()Ellis, 1979 .( �����)2003 (Oie, )%��3�� 0�� � #�< )Compost (� #$% ��( )* ���� D5�� &����,� &�0�� �7 � 7� P��� :�05�� ��,� ) ���?�� ) =��/�� � �,9�� J �* #$% +�6��� )* �� D.��( � 7� ��7�� :��(�� � �9(��� ��(���� ) $�% �9� P��� N $%
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����� � T� :)$ �0 ��(5� )� �0�� M���)Sanantonio, 1979; Smith, 1982 .( 3"( 7� ) ��9�� � ��(�� [��D +�( �3�� � ��(5� �05�� ����.��)* �� (���, J��( +�( @�0�,� �� �
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�(��(��(��(�))))� *+��,& � *+��,& � *+��,& � *+��,& !" �!" �!" �!" � Materials & Methods
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1# ������ � .)�! �:
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F )�6��� Somycel A15��,�. ���� � 3��� +�6��� �?.� � ��(9( : �7 ��� -. )%���������: +��� :)%��3�� 0�� +�,�7� � /(� )?5",��� ) ������ +�� +�6��� � ��(9(� ) ���� ) �*�� )��0��� Z�5",� ) ��%: )0��(� �$�� Q�? � ) ��1�� ���*�� :�� * ��( *�(,< �*���) �7�1 (�� &�%�, ), "1 ������ :V�$��� )�%�, �7��� ) �=�� )9�����.
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4#4 � � (A!�$! : �*�V�" + -��(�� �.� >��*( : 4#1# (������ �-��/� ����� ���� �� �/� �-�"! � Primary Mycelium
Production Stage by Tissue Culture: � 1( )���� !�* � � 0���� )9�( �/�) ��(�� +6��9��� �.� ):
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)$��9� �7 +,�?(��7� �7� ���0� ��%� +���7� )161 .
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4. )10 KCaSO4.2H2O +15 KCaCO3 ( �7�1 >0� 3� >��� I7. 5. )10 KCaSO4.2H2O +10 KCaCO3 ( �7�1 >0� 3� >��� I7. 6. )10 KCaSO4.2H2O +5 KCaCO3 ( �7�1 >0� 3� >��� I7.
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Spawn Mushroom Stage :
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of Conservation Period and temperature on the Final Spawn
Viability: ����� +�*�� V�" #$% ������ ?� 1 :2 :3 :4 :5 ����� :� B 15 :30 :45 :60 :75 :
90 :105 :120 :135&��� .
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# ���'� �� �! � �� �/� �-�"! �: �( E������ ��� )%�3��� )* �� )=3*( )� �0� i� �"E����) 5�� (���9(�� [��0� � ��� )%�3��� $5�� >��1 )0���� ) Cork Borer( +$�,�
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4. )%�� ��,��)��/ �� ����( ���"(��� ���� � �(� :) ��(�� )���9��� : ��,�� )%�� = ���9(���� �0�)��/( �� �� ��%�� ��, Q�� � &����(%�)* �� ���(7� #(�
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5#2# <��� ! � 2�� ��> �: A���� >��� +9�,-����� ���� -$/� Q��� 24��5 D,( �9� )%�� : ������ � ��$�T�
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3# .���� � ���! Pasteurization Stage:
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5# ����� � Casing Stage:
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#�< ������� )*�� +?5"16� B :&� * ��( ( �(�).�/�� ) ��� * �7�� ��(��� ��� 3� 7�(� ����?�� *�7��� )��,�) ��1�� ���*�� .) ��1�� ���*�� �7�( Q�� D��� �9�
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: ا�q(ا��
1. 3)�)�� ,M���) .1974 .(+� ����� .+�%��0���� >(7�� ) � ��:���� )9��* .���� ,��*��) ����� ) ��9�� ) �� .300)�5 .
2. ?�)�! ?���! V)! � 5<��- �?�)�� W���) .1995 .() ����� )%��3�� , >(7�� ) � ��+�%��0���� ,)%��3�� ) $7 , ��( )9��* ,) ��6��, ) ��� .419)�5 .
3. ?���5���- V)�"� � )�� ?����� ���- ) .1996( .+��,��� )��(�� � $�( , � �����("�.����7 < .>$� ,) ���. 172)�5 .
4. W��� 5?�)���?� )�! !) .2005.(-%��3�� �05�� ;�(,< . ��� ) ����< ���,466 .-%��3�� ����8� ) � �� ,-%��3�� �6 8�� )%��3�� ���3� ,���� , ) ��9�� ) ����*��
) ����� .24 )�5.
5. ?�� �5.��!� ) .1989.(� � �57( -(�� ����9�� � ��( �? -,�(���� �05�� )%��3 @���9�� @��3�� +�,�7�< .� (�*�� )����,)%��3�� ) $7 ,>$� )9��*. (����� ��� . 168
)�5.
6. .)� " �5?!�� 5.)�$ � ) .1997.(-%��3�� �05�� ;�(,<� )%��3� ) ,5�� > ����� . ��� ).�9���FAO .���� .157)�5 .
7. ��5?���! .�.)� )�! !. )1992( .-%��3�� �05�� ;�(,< .����� ��� +����,�. >$� ,) ��� .264)�5 .
8. �5)! � ) .1995X .( ��7��� ����� >��/�� S % )V�.�(�� .()%��3�� ) $7 +����,� ,V�� % )9��* ,) ��9�� � � ) ����* .407)�5 .
9. �5)! � ) .19952 .(>��/�� S % )%��3 .)%��3�� ) $7 +����,� ,��* % )9V��:) ��9�� � � ) ����* .284)�5 .
10. .) �! � :!Y ���� �� ���R/� �!1�! ����� � ��B�� @� ��!-! �FAO. :��/
)2001 ,2003 ,2004 ,2006.(
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11. �� 3��� 5 ��)!) .1994.(D5���� ;�(,8� >��/�� S % . )��9�� ����8� +����,�) %��3�� ).��1$�:�� � � ) ����* ) ��9 .208 )�5 .
12. ?�� � 5����!. )2002.( ��0 ��D5� ��0 ��*�(,< ��7��� -%��3�� �05�� ��=��$� �����%< . ��� Q6% ��� .) ����� ) ��9�� ) ����*�� .185)�5 .
13. AC �5 �� Q�� . )1957 .(�05�� .������� )9��*. 500 )�5 .
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Summary:
The effect of nutrient media on the growth of primary mycelium
(Mother culture) of two Agaricus bisporus (J. Lange) Imbach strains
(Somycel A15 and M.C 450) have been studied, by using tissue culture
method, and determine the effect of two primary mycelium production
methods on the growth completion time and growth rate of the two
strains, and effect of adding different rates of hydrous calcium sulphate
(CaSO4.2H2O) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the growth
completion time of the mycelium on durum wheat grain, and testing of
different cereal grain species on the growth of mycelium in the
commercial production of spawn. In addition to determining the effect
of duration and temperature of storage on the spawn viability at the
storage temperature (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) ْC for a period of 135 day probationary
period every 15 days.
Results revealed significant superiority of the medium (Oat extract
- dextrose - agar) over all nutrient media studied and for both strains
SomycelA15 and M.C 450, where the completion growth time of the
two strains were 14.3, 14.7 days respectively, while the growth rates
were 7.5, 7.2 mm/day, for the two strains respectively.
They also showed the results of the use of two methods (1-
fragmenting mother culture by disks; 2- dividing the mother spawn), on
growth time and mycelium growth rate on the nutrient media studied,
results showed that the best primary mycelium fragmentation method
was the mother culture dividing method. Where the growth time
completion were 16.43, 17.20 days for the two methods respectively,
and the average growth rates were 5.95, 5.25 mm/day for the two
methods respectively.
The results showed that mycelium growth rate when adding the
treatment (15 g CaSO4.2H2O + 15 g CaCO3)/1 kg wet weight of durum
wheat, for both strains (Somycel A15 and M.C 450), it was competed at
6.3, 7.0 days for both strains respectively, and with moral differences
compared with the treatment (10 g CaSO4.2H2O + 5 g CaCO3)/1 kg wet
weight of durum wheat where the growth took 11.6, 12.6 days
respectively.
Results showed the significant superiority of durum wheat
treatment over other treatments, where the completion growth time was:
6.0, 7.2 days for the two strains Somycel A15 and M.C450,
respectively. While growth on the oat grain medium took the longest
time (11.4, 11.3 days) for the two strains respectively.
Previous results showed superiority the strain Somycel A15, from
French origin over the strain M.C450 in growth time completion and
growth rate on both nutrient and grains studied.
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The results showed that the spawn product which stored at the
temperatures 1, 2 and 3 ْ C maintained its vitality by 100% for two
months of storage, while the vitality value fell down to 88% and 71% at
store temperatures 4 and 5 Cْ respectively. and the results showed there
is a contrast between the storage temperature and the vitality of the
spawn, whenever temperature storage and period storage increased the
spawn vitality decreased. Until was no vitality at 5 ْC temperature and
storage period 135 days.