© Nuffield Foundation 2011 Animal Ethics Animal Testing.
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Transcript of © Nuffield Foundation 2011 Animal Ethics Animal Testing.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Animal Ethics
Animal Testing
© Nuffield Foundation 2011
What animals?Part 1
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
“Animal testing hits a
14-year high”
“Small rise in animal tests reveals ideological splits”
Headlines
“Animal experiments rise exposes gulf in attitudes”
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Hundreds of sheep
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Animals groups used in research
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Monkeys, dogs and other mammals
Animals drawn to show which groups are most used
Monkeys, dogs and other mammals are too small to show.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Animals of each type used in research in 2005
Total number of animals used =
2.89 million
Other mammals includes:
Monkeys 4652Dogs 7670Sheep 29,329Cats 500
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Does the number of animals matter?
Does the type of animal matter?
© Nuffield Foundation 2011
What do we know?Part 2
© Nuffield Foundation 2011
It is uncertain that ……..
It is likely that …….
It is certain that …….
© Nuffield Foundation 2011
It is uncertain that ……..
It is likely that …….
It is certain that …….
© Nuffield Foundation 2011
What is animal research?Part 3
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Advancing scientific knowledge
Studying disease and developing medicines
Assessing the safety of chemicals
Breeding
Destroying a gene in mice and studying how this affects their development and behaviour.
Developing a vaccine for polio using mice.
Testing a weedkiller on rats and dogs.
Animals need to be bred with special characteristics for use in research.
What is animal research?
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Advancing scientific knowledge
Destroying a gene in mice and studying how this affects their development and behaviour
Studying disease and developing medicines
Developing a vaccine for polio using mice
Assessing the safety of chemicals
Testing a weedkiller on rats and dogs
Breeding
Animals need to be bred with special characteristics for use in research
So chemicals don’t do any harm to people who use them.
To gain an understanding of how genes work. This might help develop treatments for genetic disorders.
So vaccines can be developed to protect people from illness
So lots of animals with the same characteristics are available for research
Why?
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Advancing scientif ic
knowledge 32% (939,766)
Studying disease and developing
medicines 27% (781,162)
Assessing the safety of
chemicals 4% (103,822)
Breeding 35% (1,027,150)
Other 2%(44,289)
Number of animals used for different types of research in 2005
© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Are animal experiments painful?Part 4
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Are animal experiments painful?
• What might lead to pain and distress in an animal used in experiments?
• Do you think animals experience pain and distress in the same way as humans?
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
The law divides experiments into four classes:
Mild: slight adverse effects, e.g. taking blood samples
Moderate: includes injections that cause a reaction and many surgical procedures, provided that suffering is controlled by effective pain relief and care
Substantial: includes major surgery and testing chemicals which cause a significant level of pain or death
Unclassified: when animals are put under anaesthetic before the experiment and are killed before they recover consciousness
Are animal experiments painful?
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
• An experiment that uses many animals but does not cause much pain or distress?
or• An experiment that uses one or two animals
but is very painful?
Which is worse?
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Number of projects at each level of severity in 2005
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
How many experiments in the US are mild, moderate and substantial?
We don’t know.We only know the numbers of mild, moderate and substantial projects, which is an average of many
experiments e.g.
100 mild experiments + 10 substantial experiments = a moderate project
Is this enough information?
© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Reducing the impactPart 5
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Understanding animal behavior so scientists know when an animal is in pain or distressed. Steps can then be taken to relieve this.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Understanding animal behavior so scientists know when an animal is in pain or distressed. Steps can then be taken to relieve this.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Using liver cells that have been grown in a laboratory instead of live animals in experiments.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Using liver cells that have been grown in a laboratory instead of live animals in experiments.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Sharing data to make sure that tests are not duplicated by different organizations carrying out similar work.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Sharing data to make sure that tests are not duplicated by different organizations carrying out similar work.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
The minimum amount of a substance should be injected into an animal and the smallest needle should be used.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
The minimum amount of a substance should be injected into an animal and the smallest needle should be used.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Tests to check whether a substance will irritate the eyes of humans used to be carried out on rabbits. Most of these tests are now done in a test tube.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Tests to check whether a substance will irritate the eyes of humans used to be carried out on rabbits. Most of these tests are now done in a test tube.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Ensuring that scientists have a good understanding of statistics, so they don’t use more animals than are necessary to get reliable results.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Ensuring that scientists have a good understanding of statistics, so they don’t use more animals than are necessary to get reliable results.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Using computer programs to predict how human cells will react to a chemical rather than testing it on animals.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Using computer programs to predict how human cells will react to a chemical rather than testing it on animals.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Rats live together in communities in the wild, so they should be kept in groups in large cages rather than alone in shoebox-sized cages.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Refinement
Finding different ways of carrying out procedures in order to reduce the pain, suffering and distress felt by animals used in research and testing—without reducing the quality of the evidence collected.
Reduction
Finding ways of reducing the number of animals that are used in research or testing, without reducing the quality of the evidence collected or reducing the quality of animal welfare.
Replacement
Finding ways of replacing animal research with other methods that do not use live animals.
Rats live together in communities in the wild, so they should be kept in groups in large cages rather than alone in shoebox-sized cages.
© Nuffield Foundation 2011
What do people think?Part 6
© Nuffield Foundation 2011
© Nuffield Foundation 2011
Part 1:Choose three perspectives and summarize them.
Part 2:What’s your side? Justify your position.
Include a picture!!