Move! Leave plantations, find lost relatives, find jobs, travel “just because” they now could!! ...
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Transcript of Move! Leave plantations, find lost relatives, find jobs, travel “just because” they now could!! ...
Move! Leave plantations, find lost relatives, find jobs, travel “just because” they now could!!
Establish independent black communities Churches, schools
Marriage Pursue an Education
Freedmen’s Schools By 1869 more than 150,000 students were
attending 3,000 schools By the end of Reconstruction about 10% of the
South’s African-American population could read
Freed people really wanted to own land – why?
General William T. Sherman made a suggestion:That abandoned Southern land
should be split into 40-acre parcels and given to freedmen
This turned into a rumor that freedmen were going to get “40 acres and a mule”
Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner pushed for land reform but most Congressmen were against the plan
Jourdon Anderson letter Speaker
Ex-slave from Tennessee Occasion
1865 – end of Civil War and slavery, African-Americans in need of work, former slaveholders need new workers
Audience Colonel P.H.Anderson (his ex-master) letter also published
in newspaper Purpose
replying to Anderson request to have him come back to work for him
Significance illustrates labor needs of ex-slave owners and position of
freed African-Americans
AMENDMENT
13th 14th 15th
YEAR RATIFIED
1865 1867 1870
WHO IT WAS RATIFIED UNDER
President Lincoln
Congress (even though Johnson vetoed
it)
President Grant
DETAILS
•Banned slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime•Necessary because the emancipation proclamation did not free all slaves
•All citizens were granted “equal protection of the laws”•It defined a citizen as “all persons born or naturalized in the United States” •It did not include Native Americans•It forbade states to “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.”•If a state denied any male citizen who was 21 years old (or older) the right to vote, that state would have its representation in Congress reduced
•It forbade any state to deny any citizen the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous servitude.”•It did not apply to Native Americans or women
Administrators of test were white locals who had complete discretion over what questions were and who would pass and fail
Some questions had no “right” answer, and some were extremely difficult even for the most educated to answerEX: Name all 60 county judges in the state!
Exempt if you could prove your grandfather had the right to vote “Grandfather Clause” (Obviously ex-slaves could not prove this!)
Real questions taken from Alabama state literacy test
To “pass” you must get at least 7 of the 10 correct
If the majority of your classmates pass the test you will be allowed to vote on whether you want HW or not
GOOD LUCK!
Sería mejor no tener tarea esta noche It would be best not to have homework
tonight
Me encantaría tarea esta noche I would love HW tonight
No me importa de cualquier manera, vamos a elegir la señora Bernardini It doesn’t matter to me either way, let Mrs.
Bernardini choose
What is an amendment? What were the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments?
13 – end slavery14 – civil rights 15 – voting rights
How were African-Americans disenfranchised (kept from voting) despite the 15th amendment?Grandfather clauseLiteracy testsPoll taxes
When did many of these restrictions to voting finally end? 1965 - Voting Rights Act
Vigilante hate group begun in South following the end of Reconstruction
Wanted to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder, against free black population and their allies
Adopted masks and robes to hide their identities
Anti-Klan bill passed during Grant’s Administration would help to put a stop to some of the violence for a limited
time
Membership grows under Wilsonadministration (1913-1921) and then again during Civil Rights movement(1950s – 1960s) Burning of the cross introduced to intimidate and as a symbol “to illuminate” their Christian fellowship
Southern trees bear a strange fruitBlood on the leaves and blood at the rootBlack bodies swingin' in the Southern breezeStrange fruit hangin' from the poplar trees
Pastoral scene of the gallant SouthThe bulgin' eyes and the twisted mouthScent of magnolias sweet and freshThen the sudden smell of burnin' flesh
Here is a fruit for the crows to pluckFor the rain to gatherFor the wind to suckFor the sun to rotFor the tree to dropHere is a strange and bitter crop
African-American journalist and activist
First crusader against lynching
Worked closely with Du Bois to found the
NAACP