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Premodern Slavery Modes of Acquisition Sources of slaves Status in society Roles in Society Economic Function
Patterson: social death, cut off from history
Davis: dehumanization and coercion
Pre-Modern Slavery Ancient: Babylon
Hebrew Slavery
Egypt
Hammurabi’s Code
Scriptural Sanctions
Public Works
The number of spoil taken in them ..... of vile Naharina who were as defenders among them, with their horses, 691 prisoners, 29 hands [of slain], 48 mares ... in that year 295 male and female slaves, 68 horses, 3 gold dishes, 3 silver dishes, .....Report from the 42nd (?) year of the reign of Thutmose IIIW.M.F. Petrie A History of Egypt Part II p.122
Premodern Slavery
Ancient Greece
Aristotle: natural subordination: “He who is by nature not his own but another's man, is by nature a slave.”
Slaves worked in agriculture, mines, crafts, and as domestics.
Most Families had one or two. Plato owned five. Large scale holdings were rare. Small agricultural holdings were the norm.
Spartans had a class of workers, helots, akin to serfs, and they also had some designated as slaves.
Greece The common ground was the deprivation of civic
rights. Citizens had
right to own property authority over the work of another power of punishment over another
Slaves had restricted legal rights restricted familial rights and privileges (marriage,
inheritance, etc.) possibility of social mobility (manumission or
emancipation, access to citizen rights) religious rights and obligations military rights and obligations (military service as
servant, heavy or light soldier, or sailor)
Premodern Slavery
Free urban population: 7MSlave urban 1.3-1.9 M
Free rural: 42MSlave rural: 3.5-6.5
Slaves represented between 7-13% of population. The raw numbers would average between 5-8M slaves.
Sources: war and reproduction
Ancient: Rome
“All slaves are enemies”
Premodern Slavery
African slavery Internal and
External Kinship and
assimilation Privileges Disabilities
Arab/Islamic Female to male 2:1
Summary Premodern Slavery
Justifications: captives in a just war, judicial (penal or debt), social (voluntary self-sale, poverty)
Slaves can sometimes exercise administrative/social power/status (Babylon, Rome, Egypt)
Many forms of limited duration (set terms, manumission was frequent, though not necessarily full freedom)
Commodification: some, e.g. Saharan trade, but not large scale market (warfare was sporadic)
Summary Premodern Slavery
Enslavement: typically an “other,” tribe, ethnicity, religion, nationality, but often indistinguishable, i.e. need for branding and/or other identifiers, sometimes internal, e.g. Greek adoption of abandoned infants.
Assimilation: African kinship assimilation, subsequent generations in Mediterranean cultures.
Slave labor: domestic, craft production, civil works, managerial, agricultural (though not for industrialized production for export)
Origins of Racism Chicken or Egg ? Subhuman (Genetics) Blackness/Labor Childlike (limited intelligence, knowledge) Animalistic (instinctive and lascivious, not
rational) Bible: Noah’s Curse (sin) Blackness (evil)
Darkness, Danger, Evil, the Devil, Chaos, Witches
Uncivilized (pagan, literacy, technology, custom)