© McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Evaluating Aerobic Fitness.

© McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter 11

Evaluating Aerobic Fitness


Chapter 11 Outline• Essential Definitions• Aerobic Fitness and Health• Evaluation of Aerobic Fitness• Risk Stratification for Exercise• Laboratory-based Aerobic Fitness Tests• Laboratory-based Maximal Tests of Aerobic

Fitness• Laboratory-based Submaximal Tests of Aerobic

Fitness• Field Tests of Aerobic Fitness• Nonexercise Estimates of Aerobic Fitness


Aerobic Fitness – ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to working muscles and ability of the muscles to use the available oxygen to continue work or exercise


Importance of Aerobic Fitness

• Related to health outcomes

• Mortality risk

• Cardiovascular health

• Ability to meet demands of physical work


Definition of Aerobic Fitness

• Capacity to meet the energy demands of sustained, submaximal work

• Capacity to deliver oxygen to working muscles

• Capacity to extract oxygen at working muscles

• VO2 max – maximal volume of oxygen one can consume during exhaustion exercise– best index of aerobic capacity


VO2 max

• Delivery factors:– Blood supply (cardiac output, redistribution of

blood flow) – Carrying capacity (Hb, RBC)

• Extraction factors:– Muscle mass– Capillary density


Aerobic Exercise

• Important for health promotion• Efficient exercise mode for expending

calories (large muscle groups)• Examples:

– Walking– Jogging– Cycling– Swimming– Group classes (Step, Spin)


VO2 max

• Measured during maximal exercise

• Incremental test

• Components:– O2, CO2, VE

• Can be expressed in absolute or relative terms– Absolute – l·min-1 or ml·min-1

– Relative - ml·kg-1·min-1


VO2 max – Fit vs. Less fit

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Minutes

VO

2 m

ax (m

l. kg-1

. min

-1)

Fit ManLess Fit Man

VO2 max

VO2 max

Stage I1.7 mph, 10%

Stage II2.5 mph, 12%

Stage III3.4 mph, 14%

Stage IV4.2 mph, 16%

(Fig 11.1)


VO2 max - criteria

• Plateau in O2

• RER 1.15

• RPE > 17

• No increase in heart rate

• Use of age-predicted maximal heart rate is discouraged


VO2 max – Average vs. Athlete

0

20

40

60

80

VO

2 m

ax (m

l. kg-1

. min

-1)

Average Athlete

Group

Males

Females


VO2 max Quintile Norms - Women (ACSM, Jackson et al.)

Age Poor Fair Average Good Excellent

20-29 ≤30.6 30.7-33.8 33.9-36.7 36.8-41.0 ≥41.1

30-39 ≤28.7 28.8-32.3 32.4-34.6 34.7-38.6 ≥38.7

40-49 ≤26.5 26.6-29.5 29.6-32.3 32.4-36.3 ≥36.4

50-59 ≤24.3 24.4-26.9 27.0-29.4 29.5-32.3 ≥32.4

60-69 ≤22.8 22.9-24.5 24.6-27.3 27.3-31.2 ≥31.3

(Table 11.1)


VO2 max Quintile Norms - Men (ACSM, Jackson et al.)

Age Poor Fair Average Good Excellent

20-29 ≤37.1 37.2-41.0 41.1-44.2 44.3-48.2 ≥48.3

30-39 ≤35.5 35.5-38.8 39.0-42.4 42.5-46.8 ≥46.9

40-49 ≤33.0 33.1-36.7 36.8-39.9 40.0-44.1 ≥44.2

50-59 ≤30.2 30.3-33.8 33.9-36.7 36.8-41.0 ≥41.1

60-69 ≤26.5 26.6-30.2 30.3-33.6 33.7-38.1 ≥38.2

(Table 11.1)


Age-adjusted VO2 max Standards*

Age Group Men Women

45 35 32

50 34 31

55 32 29

60 31 28

65 30 27

*Developed from data of Jackson et al. (1995; 1996)(Table 11.2)


Risk Stratification forExercise Testing

• Exercise testing carries low risk

• Higher risk for maximal than submaximal testing, and for persons “at risk”

• ACSM Guidelines for stratifying risk


ACSM Risk FactorsPositive• Family history – MI or sudden death before age 55 in father,

brother, or son; before age 65 in mother, sister, or daughter• Smoking• Hypertension (SBP 140 mm Hg or DBP 90 mm Hg) • Dyslipidemia – Total (> 200 mg/dL), HDL (< 40 mg/dL), or

LDL (> 130 mg/dL)• Fasting glucose – (> 100 mg/dL)• Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2 or waist girth > 102 cm for men

and > 99 cm for women, or waist/hip ratio 0.95 for men and 0.86 for women)

• Sedentary Lifestyle - (Surgeon General’s recommendations)

Negative• High HDL cholesterol (HDL > 60 mg/dL)


Pre-Screening - PAR-Q

• Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire

• Minimum for beginning moderate exercise program

• Series of Yes/No questions (see Fig 2-1 in text)

• If all “No” answers, can begin exercise program or fitness testing (with caveats regarding temporary illness, pregnancy, or change in status)


Laboratory-based Aerobic Fitness Tests

• Treadmill protocols

• Cycle ergometer protocols

• Arm ergometer protocols

• Maximal vs. Submaximal

• Data: – gas exchange; heart rate; RPE; BP


Test Selection• Match intended/existing exercise modeTreadmill:• Often yield higher maximal values• More familiar mode for most people• Running protocols may be unsuitable for some

medical conditions (e.g., osteoarthritis, obese)Cycle ergometer:• Often yield lower maximal values (local muscular

fatigue)• Some people may feel safer than on treadmill

(balance/falling)


Test Selection

Arm ergometer:

• Usually yields lowest maximal values (local muscular fatigue, smaller muscle mass)

• Suitable for people with medical conditions affecting the legs (paraplegia, amputation, severe osteoarthritis)


Cycle Protocols

• Power output – cadence, resistance, flywheel distance/revolution

• ACSM equations used to estimate O2 cost• Submaximal data used to estimate maximal

work output or VO2 max– Based on linear heart rate/workload relationship

(beyond approximately 40% VO2 max)

• Different prediction models (single-stage, multi-stage)


Cycle Ergometer Power Output

kg.m.min-1 = kg x m.rev -1 x rev.min -1

watts = kg.m.min-1 6


ACSM Cycling Equation

VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) =

1.8 ml.kg-1.m-1 x kg.m.min-1 body weight in kg) + 7 ml.kg-1.min-1


Treadmill Protocols

• Power output – speed, grade

• ACSM equations used to estimate submaximal O2 cost (walking, running)

• VO2 max can be estimated from total time in maximal test protocols (different equations for different protocols)– Balke, Bruce


ACSM Walking Equation


0.1 (speed) + 1.8 (speed)(fractional grade) + 3.5

speed in in m.min-1 (1 mph = 26.8 m.min-1)

fractional grade is treadmill grade expressed as a fraction (e.g., 8% = 0.08)


ACSM Running Equation


0.2 (speed) + 0.9 (speed)(fractional grade) + 3.5

speed in in m.min-1 (1 mph = 26.8 m.min-1)

fractional grade is treadmill grade expressed as a fraction (e.g., 8% = 0.08)


Laboratory-based Maximal Tests of Aerobic Fitness

• Goal is to systematically increase exercise intensity until participant reaches exhaustion.

• VO2 max can be measured by open-circuit spirometry.– expired gases are measured with metabolic

measurement system.

• VO2 max can be estimated from maximal treadmill time.– Bruce protocol– Balke protocol


The Bruce Protocol

Stage Time Speed (mph) Grade (%) 1 1-3 1.7 10 2 4-6 2.5 12 3 7-9 3.4 13 4 10-12 4.2 16 5 13-15 5.0 18 6 16-18 5.5 20 7 19-21 6.0 22


Equation to Estimate VO2 max from Bruce Protocol Maximal Treadmill Time


17.50 - (0.30*TT) + (0.297*TT2) - (0.0077*TT3)

where TT is maximal treadmill time in minutes, TT2 is maximal treadmill time squared, TT3 is maximal treadmill time cubed.


The Balke Protocol

Time (min) Speed (mph) % Grade

1 3.3 0

2 3.3 2

3 3.3 3

• Speed is constant at 3.3 mph

• Elevation increases

• 1% each minute

22 3.3 22


Equation to Estimate VO2 max from Balke Protocol Maximal Treadmill Time

VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) = 14.99 + (1.44*TT)

where TT is maximal treadmill time in minutes.


Conversion Table to Estimate VO2 max

Time (min) Balke Bruce

2 18.0

3 19.3 19.1

4 20.8 20.6

5 22.2 22.5

6 23.7 24.7

7 25.1 27.3

8 26.5 30.3

9 28.0 33.3

10 29.4 36.5

11 30.9 39.9

12 32.3 43.4

13 33.8 46.9

14 35.2 50.4

15 36.7 53.8

16 38.1 57.2

17 39.5 60.4


Laboratory-based Submaximal Tests of Aerobic Fitness

• Less accurate, but more practical method to estimate aerobic capacity than maximal tests.


Submaximal Tests Principles

• Heart rate increases in proportion to VO2 during aerobic exercise.

• VO2 max is reached at maximal heart rate.

• A less fit person will have a higher heart rate at any given submaximal exercise intensity than a more fit individual.


HR/VO2 Relationship

50

100

150

200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Percent VO2max

Hea

rt R

ate

(b/m

in)


SV/VO2 Relationship

35404550556065707580859095

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Percent VO2max

Per

cent

SV

max


Submaximal Models to Estimate VO2 max

• Single-Stage Model

• Astrand-Ryhming Single-Stage Test

• Multi-Stage Model


Single-Stage Model


SMVO2 * (220-age-k) * (SMHR – K)

where SMVO2 is VO2 in ml.kg-1.min-1 at the submaximal exercise intensity, 220-age is the estimate of maximal heart rate, SMHR is the submaximal heart rate at SMVO2, and k is a constant of 63 for men and 73 for women.


Submaximal VO2

• When using Submaximal Models, submaximal VO2 (SMVO2) is estimated from ACSM cycling, walking, or running models.


Astrand-Ryhming Single-Stage Test

• Can be administered on a cycle ergometer, treadmill, or step.

• Cycle protocol last 6 minutes.

• Pedal rate is 50 rpm.

• Heart rates between 125 and 170 bpm are used for prediction.


Multi-Stage Model

• Heart rate and power output must be measured at two or more submaximal levels.

• YMCA is best known multi-stage test.– Heart rates between 100 and 150 bpm are used.– 3-minute exercise stages are used.

– VO2 max is estimated by plotting heart rate – power output relationship.


Estimating Maximal Workload - for a 40-yr-old client

If client weighs 50 kg:

2.0 L/min = 40 ml/kg/min;




YMCA Protocol

750kp.m.min-1

900kp.m.min-1

1050kp.m.min-1

600kp.m.min-1

750kp.m.min-1

900kp.m.min-1

450kp.m.min-1

600kp.m.min-1

750kp.m.min-1

300kp.m.min-1

450kp.m.min-1

600kp.m.min-1

150kp.m.min-1

HR<80

HR80-89

HR90-100 HR

>100

1st

Power Output

2nd

Power Output

3rd

Power Output

4th

Power Output

3 MinuteStages


Multi-Stage Model


VO2.2 + b(220 – age - HR2)

b = (VO2.2 - VO2.1) (HR2 – HR1)

where VO2.1 is VO2 at stage I, VO2.2 is VO2 at stage II, HR1 is heart rate at stage I and HR2 is heart rate at stage II.


Submaximal Treadmill Models

• Both single-stage and double-stage models can be used to estimate VO2 max from treadmill tests.


Single-Stage 4-minuteTreadmill Walking Test

• Participant walks for 4 minutes at at treadmill speed of either 2, 3, 4, or 4.5 mph at 5% grade.

• Speed should be a brisk, but comfortable pace.


Single-Stage 4-minuteTreadmill Walking Test

VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) = 15.1 + 21.8(speed) – 0.327(submaximal HR) – 0.263(speed * age) + 0.00504(submaximal HR * age) + 5.98(gender)

where speed is mph, submaximal HR is submaximal heart rate at the submaximal exercise level used in the test, age is in years, and gender is coded as 1 = male and 0 = female.

(R = .93, SEE = 4.85 ml.kg-1.min-1)


Single-StageTreadmill Walking Test

• Two prediction models were developed.– Percent fat model– BMI model


Single-Stage Treadmill Walking Test – Percent Fat Model for Men

VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) = 42.338

- 0.252(age)

+ 1.08(PAR)

- 0.06702(submaximal HR) + 0.708(submaximal VO2)

- 0.316(% fat)

(R = .87, SEE = 4.0 ml.kg-1.min-1)


Single-Stage Treadmill Walking Test – BMI Model for Men

VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) = 47.34

- 0.306(age)

+1.117(PAR)

- 0.08166(submaximal HR) + 0.793(submaximal VO2)

- 0.381(BMI)

(R = .86, SEE = 4.1 ml.kg-1.min-1)


Single-Stage Treadmill Walking Test – Percent Fat Model for Women

VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) = 54.801

- 0.270(age)

+ 1.088(PAR)

- 0.081(submaximal HR) + 0.185(submaximal

VO2)

- 0.386(% fat)(R = .85, SEE = 4.2 ml.kg-1.min-1)


Single-Stage Treadmill Walking Test – BMI Model for Women

VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) = 59.808

- 0.323(age)

+ 1.284(PAR)

- 0.093(submaximal HR) + 0.265(submaximal

VO2)

- 0.589(BMI)(R = .84, SEE = 4.4 ml.kg-1.min-1)


Steady State Exercise

• Subjects need to be at steady state for submaximal estimates to be accurate.

• Steady state heart rate is defined as two successive heart rates within 5 beats.min-1.


Field Tests of Aerobic Fitness• Can be conducted “in the field” on large

numbers of people.• Extensive technical equipment or expertise not

required.• Generally less accurate than laboratory tests.• Most involve maximal or strenuous effort.

– Risks involved

• Suitable for young people in good physical condition, without significant CVD risk factors.


Field Tests of Aerobic Fitness

• Distance run/walk– 12-minute run/walk for distance

• Timed run/walk– 1.5-mile run– 1-mile run/walk

• 20-meter shuttle run (e.g., PACER)• Rockport 1-mile walk test• BYU Jog test


12-Minute Run/Walk Test

• Developed on 115 men, 17-52 years.

• High correlation with VO2 max (r = .90).

• Practice required, need to learn pacing.

• Run/walk for 12 minutes.

• Measure distance traveled in miles.

• VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = (Distance – 0.3138) 0.0278


Knowledge check

• A 42-year old man ran 1870 meters in 12 minutes. Estimate his VO2 max (1 mile 1609 meters).

• VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) =

(Distance - 0.3138) 0.0278

• VO2 max = (1.1622 – 0.3138) 0.0278

• VO2 max = (.8484) 0.0278

• VO2 max = 30.5 ml·kg-1·min-1


1.5-mile Run Test

• Everyone runs same distance.

• Same start and finish point.

• Performance time in minutes and fractions of a minute (not seconds) is outcome score.

• VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 3.5 + (483 time)


Knowledge check

• A 29-year old woman ran 1.5 miles in 12 minutes, 27 seconds. Estimate her VO2 max.

• VO2 max = 3.5 + (483 time)

• VO2 max = 3.5 + (483 12.45)

• VO2 max = 3.5 + (38.80)

• VO2 max = 42.30 ml·kg-1·min-1


Generalized 1-mileRun/Walk Test

• Participants cover the 1 mile distance as fast as possible.

• Developed on 8- to 25-year-old (n = 750), males and females.


Generalized 1-mileRun/Walk Test

VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 108.94- 8.41(time) + 0.34(time2) + 0.21(age*gender) - 0.84(BMI)

(Gender: male = 1; female = 0)

(R = .72; SEE = 4.8 ml·kg-1·min-1)


Knowledge check

• A 12-year-old boy with BMI = 27.8 walked a mile in 17 minutes, 24 seconds. Estimate his VO2 max.

• VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 108.94 – 8.41(time) + 0.34(time2) + 0.21(age*gender) – 0.84(BMI)

• VO2 max = 108.94 – 8.41(17.4) + 0.34(17.42) + 0.21(12*1) – 0.84 (27.8)

• VO2 max = 108.94 – 146.33 + 102.94 + 2.52 – 23.35

• VO2 max = 44.71 ml·kg-1·min-1


PACER (20-meter Shuttle Run)

• Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run.

• Participants run together (same pace).

• Paced by audio tape.

• Pace increases with time.

• Less fit finish first, fittest finish last.

• Record individual’s fastest speed (km·hr-1).


PACER (20-meter Shuttle Run)

VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = - 32.678

+ 6.592(max speed)

(R = .90; SEE = 4.4 ml·kg-1·min-1)


Knowledge check

• A 25-year old woman stopped running the PACER at a speed of 10.5 km·hr-1. Estimate her VO2 max.

• VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = - 32.678 + 6.592(max speed)

• VO2 max = - 32.678 + 6.592(10.5)

• VO2 max = - 32.678 + 69.216

• VO2 max = 36.54 ml·kg-1·min-1


Distance Runs – Important Considerations

• Select appropriate test.

• Be sure participant is motivated – accurate score depends on maximal exertion.

• Provide practice.

• Discuss pacing.


Walking and Jogging Tests

• Do not require maximal exertion.

• Pace is self-determined.

• Post-test heart rate response is measured.


Rockport 1-Mile Walk Test

• Developed on 343 males and females 30-69 years of age.

• Requires accurate measurement of heart rate.

• Participants walk as fast as possible for 1 mile.

• Heart rate monitor was used in original study.

• Pace should be brisk (> 120 beats·min-1), and constant.



• Not suitable for highly fit or people on HR-altering medications (anti-hypertensives, beta-blockers).

• Measure time (minutes), post-walk HR, weight (lb).



VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 132.853 - 0.3877(age) - 0.0769(weight) - 3.2649(time) - 0.1565(heart rate) + 6.315(gender)

gender (male = 1; female = 0)

(R = .88; SEE = 5.0 ml·kg-1·min-1)


Knowledge check

• A 61-year old man walked a mile in 15 minutes, 53 seconds. His weight was 217 lb, and post-walk HR was 137 b·min-1. Estimate his VO2 max.

• VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 132.853 – 0.3877(age) – 0.0769(weight) – 3.2649(time) – 0.1565(HR) + 6.315(gender)


Knowledge check

• VO2 max = 132.853 – 0.3877(61) – 0.0769(217) – 3.2649(15.88) – 0.1565(137) + 6.315(1)

• VO2 max = 132.853 – 23.6497 – 16.6873 – 51.8466 – 21.4405 + 6.315

• VO2 max = 25.54 ml·kg-1·min-1


BYU Jog Test

• Similar to the 1-Mile Walk Test, but participant jogs instead of walks.

• To ensure a submaximal pace, run times of 8 minutes per mile for males and 9 minutes per mile for females.– Heart rates should be 180 bpm.

• Developed on 54 males and females 18 to 29 years of age.


BYU Jog Test

VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 100.5

- 0.1636(weight)

- 1.438(jog time)

- 0.1928(heart rate)

+ 8.344(gender)gender (male = 1; female = 0)

(R = .87; SEE = 3.0 ml·kg-1·min-1)


Knowledge check

• A 23-year old woman jogged one mile in 9 minutes, 30 seconds. Her weight was 130 lb, and post-jog HR was 168 b·min-1. Estimate her VO2 max.

• VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 100.5 – 0.1636(130) – 1.438(9.5) – 0.1928(168) + 8.344(0)

• VO2 max = 100.5 – 21.268 – 13.661 – 32.3904 + 0



Non-Exercise Estimates ofAerobic Fitness

• Can accurately estimate VO2 max without exercise testing.

• Include age, sex, body composition (BMI or % fat), and self-reported physical activity (SRPA).– 30-day physical activity recall (7-point scale)

• Suitable for people on HR-altering medication.

• Accuracy is similar to many exercise tests.

• Less accurate for highly fit (top 5%).


30-day Physical Activity Recall

Use the appropriate number (0 to 7) that best describes your general

ACTIVITY LEVEL for the PREVIOUS MONTH ______________________________________________________________________________ Do not participate regularly in programmed recreation, sport or heavy physical activity. 0 - Avoid walking or exertion, e.g., always use elevator, ride whenever possible instead of

walking. 1 - Walk for pleasure, routinely use stairs, occasionally exercise sufficiently to cause heavy

breathing or perspiration. Participate regularly in recreation or work requiring modest physical activity, such as gymnastics, horseback riding, calisthenics, gymnastics, table tennis, softball, baseball, weight lifting, yard work. 2 - Spend 10 to 60 minutes per week in these types of physical activity. 3 - Spend over 1 hour per week in these types of physical activity. Participate regularly in heavy physical exercise, e.g., running or jogging, swimming, cycling, rowing, jumping rope, or engaging in vigorous aerobic activity type exercise such as tennis, basketball, soccer, or other similar sports activities.s 4 - Run less than 1 mile per week or spend less than 30 minutes per week in comparable

physical activity. 5 - Run 1 to 5 miles per week or spend 30 to 60 minutes per week in comparable physical

activity. 6 - Run 5 to 10 miles per week or spend 1 to 3 hours per week in comparable physical

activity. 7 - Run over 10 miles per week or spend over 3 hours per week in comparable physical

activity. Note: This scale was developed for use in the Cardio-pulmonary Laboratory, NASA/Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX.


University of HoustonNon-exercise Percent Fat Model

Men:

VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 47.820

- 0.259(age)

- 0.216(%fat)

+ 3.275(SRPA)

- 0.082(%fat*SRPA)

(R = .79; SEE = 4.9 ml·kg-1·min-1)


University of HoustonNon-exercise Percent Fat Model

Women:

VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 45.628

- 0.265(age)

- 0.309(%fat)

+ 2.175(SRPA)

- 0.044(%fat*SRPA)

(R = .85; SEE = 4.4 ml·kg-1·min-1)


Knowledge Check

• A 37-year-old woman has 27.5% fat, and reports a score of 3 on the 30-day SRPA. Estimate her VO2

max.

• VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 45.628 – 0.265(age) – 0.309(% fat) + 2.175(SRPA) – 0.044(%fat*SRPA)

• VO2 max = 45.628 – 0.265(37) – 0.309(27.5) + 2.175(3) – 0.044(27.5*3)

• VO2 max = 45.628 – 9.805 – 8.50 + 6.53 – 3.63



University of HoustonNon-exercise BMI Model

Men:

VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 55.688

- 0.362(age)

- 0.331(BMI)

+ 4.310(SRPA)

- 0.096(BMI*SRPA)

(R = .74; SEE = 5.4 ml·kg-1·min-1)


University of HoustonNon-exercise BMI Model

Women:

VO2 max (ml·kg-1·min-1) = 44.310

- 0.326(age)

- 0.227(BMI)

+ 4.471(SRPA)

- 0.135(BMI*SRPA)

(R = .82; SEE = 4.7 ml·kg-1·min-1)


Summary• Aerobic fitness is important for health.• Aerobic fitness can be tested in the lab or in

the field.• Lab tests are generally more accurate than

field tests.• Maximal effort tests are generally more

accurate than submaximal effort tests.• Non-exercise models are as accurate as

many submaximal exercise tests.


Formative Evaluation ofChapter Objectives

• Define aerobic fitness.• Explain the relationship between aerobic fitness

and health.• Explain the idea of risk stratification prior to

exercise testing.• Define the methods used to determine power

output from cycle ergometer and treadmill tests.• Identify laboratory-based methods used to assess

VO2 max during maximal exercise testing.• Identify laboratory-based methods used to assess

VO2 max during submaximal exercise testing.


Chapter 11

Evaluating Aerobic Fitness

© McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Evaluating Aerobic Fitness.

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Transcript of © McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Evaluating Aerobic Fitness.