Large molecules are built from many similar, smaller molecular units called monomers

(mono= one, only) Our cells link monomers into long chains

called polymers(poly= many)

Macromolecules are vital to cell structure and function

Membranes

For Work and Structure

Capture & Convert Energy

Genetic Information

Lipids

Proteins

Sugars

Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates - sugarsCarbohydrates - sugars

Proteins – amino acidsProteins – amino acids

Lipids – glycerol and fatty acidsLipids – glycerol and fatty acids

Nucleic Acids - nucleotidesNucleic Acids - nucleotides

The covalent bonds between the monomers are formed The covalent bonds between the monomers are formed by a reaction called Dehydration Synthesis (making by a reaction called Dehydration Synthesis (making something while losing water). something while losing water).

water molecule is released

To break down a polymer into a monomer, a water molecule is added

WATER IS REMOVED TO BUILD A POLYMER

WATER IS ADDED TO BREAK DOWN A POLYMER

Carbon is commonly found in living things and can bind with other atoms up to 4 times.

*do electron config for C and you will see.

Carbon can produce endless variety of carbon “skeletons”

Carbon based molecules are organicEx: C6H12O6

Organic molecules made of only C and H are hydrocarbons

Ex: CH4

Non-carbon based molecules are inorganic Ex: H2O NH3

Sugars:Sugars: Contain the elements oxygen, carbon, and Contain the elements oxygen, carbon, and

hydrogen hydrogen 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen Molecular formula single unitMolecular formula single unit

CHCH22OO Most sugar molecules are in ring shapeMost sugar molecules are in ring shape

Simple carbs

Monosaccharide:Monosaccharide: Simple sugarSimple sugar Contains Contains singlesingle sugar unit (mono-) sugar unit (mono-) Quickly absorb into body for energyQuickly absorb into body for energy Examples:Examples:

Glucose, Fructose(fruit), Galactose(milk)

“double sugar” (two monosaccharides) Bonded by dehydration reaction

Ex: glucose + fructose = sucrose-found in a lot of plant sap

*cane sugar, maple syrup

Refined simple sugars found in foods you likeCandy, cake, syrups, fruit juice, soda,

condiments“empty calories” ….can provide a lot of

energy (maybe), but no nutrients (vitamins/minerals)

Check food labels High fructose corn syrup Brown sugar Table sugar Dextrose Malt syrup Molasses

52g sugar!

4 grams= 1 teaspoon

13 teaspoons of sugar!!

Coca Cola 12 oz Can Sugars, total: 39g

20 oz (590 ml) Bottle Sugars, total: 65g

1 Liter (34 oz) Bottle Sugars, total: 108g

Mountain Dew 20 oz (590 ml) Bottle Sugars, total: 77g

1 L (34 oz) Bottle Sugars, total: 124g

Long polymer chains (macromolecules) made of monosaccharides

Complex carbs must be broken down before they can be used

All made from glucose

1.Starches2.Glycogen3.Cellulose (fiber)

Food source for plants Energy storage

Sugars get stored as glycogen in animals and humans (our form of “starch”)

Stored mainly in liver and muscle Body breaks it down into glucose when

it needs energy

Cellulose- used by plants to give strength and rigidity to cell walls (keeps shape)

Undigestable Bulks up wastes, moves it thru colon

more rapidlypreventing constipation

Most carbs are hydrophilic (water loving) because the “OH” group attracts water.-it readily dissolves in water

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Glucose is primary source of energy for living things and building block for bigger molecules

Animals have too much glucose, gets stored as glycogen. Plants store as starch

Cellulose: undigestable plant polymer (FIBER)

What is the function of Lipids (Fats)?

Energy storagefats are source of long-term energy storage

Cell structuremajor component in cell membranes

Provide signals between cells steroid hormones can be used as intercellular signal

Structure of Fats:Structure of Fats: Glycerol:Glycerol: 3 Carbon Backbone 3 Carbon Backbone 3 Fatty Acids 3 Fatty Acids (long hydrocarbon chains)(long hydrocarbon chains)

GlycerolThree fatty acids

Hydrophilic:Hydrophilic: Water lovingWater loving Glycerol headsGlycerol heads

•Hydrophobic:

•Water fearing

•Fatty acid tails

Saturated fats are solid at room tempEx: butter, lard, animal fatall fatty acid chains have max # of

H

Unsaturated fats liquid at room tempEx: oils, fruit, veggie and fish fats fatty acids contain less than max #

of H and form “kinks” in the fat

Carbon skeleton forms 4 fused rings Differ in functional groups Examples:

sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)Cholesterol

Contain C, O, H, N, P Composed of monomers called nucleotides

5-carbon sugarphosphate groupnitrogenous base

TRANSMIT GENETIC INFORMATION

Contain C, H, O, N Monomers called amino acids (AA)

Peptide bonds link AA to make a protein (polypeptide) 20 different amino acids in nature

+ + proteinAA AA AAmonomer monomer monomer

Control rate of reactions (enzymes) Regulate cell processes Form important cell structures Transport substances into/out of cells Help fight disease Hair, muscle, nails

Hydrophilic/hydrophobic side groups (R Hydrophilic/hydrophobic side groups (R groups)groups)

Bonds between R groupsBonds between R groups Denature:Denature:

When a protein unravels, no longer When a protein unravels, no longer functionsfunctions

What could cause this?What could cause this? pH changespH changes Temperature changesTemperature changes