Endocrine

SystemKacie Cavin, Laurna Todd, Cassidy Sheppard

What is the Endocrine System?

The endocrine system is made up of glands that release their products into the blood stream. These products broadcast messages throughout the body.

Endocrine System The endocrine

system is in charge of body processes that happen slowly, such as cell growth.

The endocrine system works with the urinary system, nervous system, and digestive system. The nervous system works to maintain homeostasis

Hormones Hormones are

chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of other cells.

Hormones are able to do this by binding to specific cells called Target Cells.

A bodies response to hormones are slower and longer lasting than a nerve impulse

Glands A gland is a organ

that produces and releases a substance or secretion.

Major Glands: Hypothalamus, Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreas, and Thymus.

Pituitary Gland The Pituitary

Gland make hormones.

It is a pea-sized structure that is located at the base of the brain.

Pituitary Anterior Lobe The anterior lobe secretes several

hormones that are essential for the growth and development.

• The Growth Hormone is essential for the growth and development of bones, muscles, and other organs.

• Hyposecretion of the growth hormone can cause dwarfism and Simmonds disease. Hypersecretion can cause gigantism during child years and acromegaly during adult years

Adrenocorticotropin and Follicle-Stimulating Hormones

Adrenocorticotropin is needed for growth and development for the middle and inner zones of the adrenal cortex

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone is a gonadotropic hormone that is essential for the growth of ovarian follicles in the female reproductive system and production of sperm in the male

Luteinizing Hormone & Prolactin

As with the Follicle-Stimulating Hormones, the luteinizing hormone is a gonadotropic hormone that is essential in the maturation of the ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum in the female & the production of testosterone in males

Prolactin is a gonadotropic hormone that stimulates the growth and development of the mammary glands

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

This hormone regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanin in the skin after exposure to sunlight

Pituitary: Posterior Lobe

This lobe stores and secretes two very important hormones: antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone stimulates the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules & has a pressor effect that elevates blood pressure. Hyposecretion can result in diabetes insipidus

Oxytocin helps the release of milk during suckling & stimulates the uterus

Pineal Gland The Pineal gland releases melatonin,

which is involved in rhythmic activities

Melatonin can be used to help regulate the release of gonadotropin

Serotonin is a hormone that is a neurotransmitter, vasoconstrictor, etc & it acts to inhibit gastric secretion

Thyroid Gland Thyroid has the major role in

regulating the bodies metabolism levels. This gland also produces thyroxine.

Thyroxine (T4) helps maintain and regulate the basal metabolic rate. It has 4 iodine atoms which are attached to its nucleas

Thyroid Triiodothyronine (T3) is a thyroid hormone

that contains 3 iodine atoms Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin)

is a hormone that influences bone and calcium metabolism

Hyposecretion of hormones T3 and T4 results in cretinism during child years, myxedema during adulthood, and Hashimotos disease which is a chronic thyroid disease

Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 results in hyperthyroidism (also known as thyrotoxicosis and Graves Disease)

Parathyroid Gland These glands are small, yellowish

bodies that are located on the dorsal surface and lower thyroid gland

Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroid gland maintain homeostasis in the blood calcium levels

This gland also promotes proper nerve and muscle function, and also bone structure

Parathyroid Gland Part of this gland is to secrete the

parathyroid (PTH) PTH is short fo parathormone hormone,

which is essential for the maintenance of a normal serum levels. It can also help with the metabolism of phosphorus

Hyposecretion can result in hypoparathyroidism, and hypersecretion can result in hyperparathyroidism

Pancreas The Pancreas is a cluster of cells that

resemble islands which is called islet of Langerhans

Pancreas gland produces insulin and glucagon. It also regulates in the level of glucose in the blood.

There are three major types of cells: Alpha, Beta, and Delta

Pancreas • Alpha cells secretes Glucagon, which breaks

down glycogen to glucose and elevates blood sugar

• Beta cells secretes Insulin which is needed to maintain normal blood sugar, and also for life. It regulates metabolism of glucose, and of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

• Delta cells secrete Somatostatin, which lessens the release of glucagon and insulin.

Adrenal Gland Two pyramid-shaped structures that

sit on top of the kidneys Helps the body prepare for and deal

with stress The outer part is called the adrenal

cortex and the inner part is called the adrenal medulla

Adrenal Cortex More than 80% of the Adrenal Gland

is located here The cortex secretes the

Glucocorticoids, the Mineralocorticoids, and the Androgens.

• The Glucocorticoid has two hormones: cortisol and corticosterone

Glucocorticoid The Glucocorticoid has two

hormones: cortisol and corticosterone

• Cortisol is the main hormone that is secreted by the cortex

• Corticosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex

Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone is a principle of

Mineralocorticoid secreted by the Adrenal Cortex

Is essential in regulating electrolyte and water balance by promoting sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion

Reduced plasma volume can be a result of hyposecretion, and Primary aldosteronism can be a result of hypersecretion

Adrenal Medulla The Medulla synthesizes, secretes, and stores

catecholamines, specifically Dopamine, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine

• Dopamine dilates systemic arteries, elevates systolic blood pressure, etc

• Epinephrine acts as a vasoconstrictor. Its main function is to regulates the sympathetic branch of the automatic nervous system

• Norepinephrine acts as vasopressor, etc. It elevates systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increase heart rate & cardiac output

Adrenal Gland

Ovaries Ovaries produce estrogens and

progesterone, which are female hormones

Estrogen is the female hormone and Progesterone is a steroid hormone

Both are essential for promoting growth, development, and maintenance

Testes The Testes produce the male

hormone Testosterone, which helps with normal growth and development for the male sex organs

Placenta The placenta serves as a endocrine

gland. It connects the mother and child together during the pregnancy.

Produces chorionic gondaotropin hormone, estrogen, and progesterone

Gastrointestinal Mucosa

This mucosa area of the pyloric area of the stomach makes the hormone Gastrin, which stimulates the gastric acid secretion.

It affects the gallbladder, pancreas, and small intestine secretory activities

The mucosa of the duodenum makes the hormone secretin, which stimulates pancreatic juice, bile, and intestinal secretion

Gastrointestinal Mucosa

Pancreozymin-cholecystokinin is also secreted by Duodenum. It stimulates the pancreas

Enterogastrone, which regulates gastric secretions, is also secreted by the Duodenal Muscosa

Gastrointestinal Mucosa

Thymus Thymus is located in the mediastinal

cavity in front of and above the heart. Secretes the hormones Thymosin and

Thymopoietin Thymosin promotes the T lymphocytes

and Thymopoietin produces lymphocytes precursors and aids in the process of becoming T lymphocytes

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Diseases The Endocrine has many diseases.

Some of them are: • Addison’s Disease• Diabetes Mellitus• Hypothyroidism• Hyperthyroidism

Addison's Disease Addison's disease - It is caused due

to hyposecretion of hormones by the adrenals.

It is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones

Diabetes Mellitus Disease

Diabetes Mellitus is the most common Endocrine Gland disease in childern

It occurs the most in 5-7 year olds and 11-15 year olds

Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia are symptoms of this disease

Hypothyroidism Disease

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.

Hyperthyroidism Disease

Hyperthyroidism is an excessive secretion of thyroid hormone. It is a conditon that can affect many body systems

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Abdominal pain and cramping, changes in bowel movements, and other symptoms

Peptic Ulcer Disease A peptic ulcer is a defect in the lining of

the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, an area called the duodenum.

Citations Rice, J. (2008). Medical terminology: A

word building approach. (6 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education

Postlehwait, J. H., & Hopson, J. L. (2009`). Modern biology. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Miller, K. R., & Levine, J. (2002). Prentice hall biology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education

Citations BrainPOP. (n.d.). Endocrine system.

Retrieved from http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/endocrinesystem

Ashlesha, B. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/endocrine-system-diseases-list.html

Pictures from Google Images