Journal: Where is DNA found inside a cell?. Usually DNA inside the nucleus is wrapped around...
Transcript of Journal: Where is DNA found inside a cell?. Usually DNA inside the nucleus is wrapped around...
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FEBRUARY 20, 2015
Journal: Where is DNA found inside a cell?
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CHROMOSOMES AND KARYOTYPES
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CHROMOSOMES
Usually DNA inside the nucleus is wrapped around proteins to form an ‘X’ shape
These ‘X’ shaped coils of DNA are called chromosomes
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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION
Why is DNA coiled up and not just a big clump in the nucleus?
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CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE P arm: Short arm of the chromosome Q arm: Long arm of the chromosome Centromere: midpoint where the two
sides of the ‘X’ cross
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SISTER CHROMATIDS
Two identical halves of a single replicated chromosome
Contain the same DNA on each half
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NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES
The same for each cell in the body, except sex cells which only have half a set of chromosomes.
Each individual has the same number of chromosomes their entire life
The number of chromosomes is the same across an entire species.
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Organism Chromosome numbers
Human 46
Chimpanzee 48
House Mouse 40
Corn 20
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HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
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TYPES OF CHROMOSOMES
Autosomes 22 pairs Contain all other traits
Sex Chromosomes One pair Determines your gender
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IDENTIFYING CHROMOSOMES
Chromosomes can
be identified by their: Size Shape Gene Banding
Pattern
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KARYOTYPE An organized arrangement of a
person’s chromosomes. Allows you to determine gender and
chromosomal abnormalities.
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DETERMINING GENDER USING A KARYOTYPE
Female: XX Male: XY
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DETERMINING CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES USING A KARYOTYPE
If the number of chromosomes in a karyotype does not equal 46, then a chromosomal abnormality has occurred.
Differences in chromosome number causes disease.
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CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
Trisomy 21 also known as Down’s Syndrome
Extra chromosome #21
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CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
Trisomy 18 also known as Edward’s Syndrome
Extra chromosome #18 Results in heart and mental defects and
overlapping fingers
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CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
Turner’s Syndrome: XO Females with underdeveloped ovaries Typically have short stature
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CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
Klinefelter’s Syndrome – XXY Males with little body hair present. Typically tall. Some development of breast tissue
normally seen in females.