Internet/Intranet

: . . . : -10-011. , 2. 3.Internet- = TCP/IP:, , 4. TCP UDP 5. OSI 6. 7. TCP/IP OSI8. - - .9. , , 10. WWW11. -.12. HTML - , 13. : URL14. DNS, , , , 15. , , 16. " "17. E-mail - , , 18. FTP, Nelnet - // -19. Usenet, News, ICQ - // -20. Internet-21. Internet22. 23.FTP-, Gopher-24.-, 25.Web-26. Intranet , , 27./ Intranet1. ,

, - .

, , . , , ( , ), .

, . 20 , . e-mail ( ), , .2.

TCP/IP ARPANET.

ARPANET BBN 1968 . 1971 . : - ; - ; - .

NCP (Network Control Program), .

1974 . ARPANET NCP , TCP/IP: ; ; ; .

4 TCP/IP 1981 . , RFC (Request For Comment). ARPANET 1982 . "" Internet, TCP/IP.

TCP/IP BSD4.2 BSD4.3 UNIX. ( "de facto") .3.Internet- = TCP/IP:, , , - TCP/IP. , TCP/IP , . , . TCP/IP . , TCP/IP, internet. , TCP/IP, . , TCP/IP-, , , . , 7 : , , , , , . (. . ). .

1. () . , . , . . . . .

, , . , . ; , .

2. . ? , . , . . . . , , . , . . , , , , : Web-, FTP-, NNTP (Net News Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP3 (Post Office Protocol) . .3. . . . , * , . , , , , , : . . . . , . , .4. . , . . , . . , TCP. , , . , , , . . TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol). , , , , TCP.

5. . , TCP, , e . . , , , . , . , . IP (Internet Protocol) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol). , , , IP-.6. ( ). , , . , , , , (). , . , . c , () . , . SLIP (Serial line Interface Protocol) (Point to Point Protocol). .

7. . . ( ) . , , . . , . , , . . ( ) - ().4. TCP UDP

TCP UDP . TCP TCP-, . UDP , , UDP-. TCP UDP , . TCP UDP , . , , . TCP UDP , TCP , , . ( TCP-) . UDP ( ), , , .

5. OSI

(Open System Interconnection, OSI) , , . OSI , , , 70- . 1000 . OSI (. 6.6) : , , , , , . .

(Physical layer) , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . , . (Data Link layer) . . , (frames). , , , , . , . , . , . , .

(Network layer) , , "" . , , . (Transport layer) , . OSI , . : , , , , , .

(Session layer) : , , . , , . , , . : ( ); ; " " . (Presentation layer) , . , , . , ASCII EBCDIC. , . Secure Socket Layer (SSL), TCP/IP. (Application layer) , , , Web-, , . , , (message). , : , ; - -, , ...

6. . , , , , , . , , .

7. TCP/IP OSITransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)- , .

TCP/IP UNIX, (Windows NT 3.5, NetWare 4.1, Windows 95) TCP/IP., TCP/IP : , . TCP/IP. Internet. intranet- , Internet WWW, Internet. TCP/IP. , . -.

TCP/IP. TCP/IP 2.1. TCP/IP 4 .

( IV) OSI. TCP/IP , : Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fast Ethernet, 100VG-AnyLAN, - "-" SLIP PPP, X.25, frame relay. , ATM . TCP/IP RFC, IP .

( III) - , . ( OSI) IP, , , , . IP . IP , , . , , RIP(Routing Internet Protocol) OSPF(Open Shortest Path First), ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol). - . ICMP , , , , .

( II) . TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) UDP(User Datagram Protocol). TCP . UDP , IP, .

( I) . FTP(File Transfer Protocol) . , , FTP - TCP. FTP . , , , . TCP/IP FTP , . , FTP, , - TFTP(Trivial File Transfer Protocol). , , TCP, - UDP.telnet , . . telnet , , . SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol) . SNMP Internet, . . SNMP-, , SNMP-, , . , . , . , , . SNMP .

8. - - . TCP/IP Internet, , . TCP/IP , , . , . Amazon.com; - : Internet . . TCP UDP, , Internet, .TCP/IP , . TCP/IP , . TCP/IP , TCP/IP Windows UNI

9. , , , . . , . , . , , , , .

, , , . , , ( .. , ). () / , ( , ). , : , . , , - , , .

(.hyperlink) , (, , , , ) , (,, ), , . . HTML- , , , . . , .

(hypermedia) - , . , . -, , .

10. WWWWWW "-". - Internet. , telnet, . 1989 , , , , . . - , , , .

, : HTML(HyperText Markup Lan-guage); URL(Universal Resource Locator); HTTP(HyperText Transfer Protocol). NCSA : CGI(Common Gateway Interface).

11. -.-,(.Web browser; [1][2]) -, -( ), , . FTP-. . - - . :Internet Explorer( Microsoft Windows),Mozilla Firefox(, , Linux, Ubuntu),Safari( Mac OS X Microsoft Windows),Google Chrome(),Opera( 8.50

Internet ExplorerMozilla FirefoxGoogle ChromeOpera

12. HTML - , HTML-- . : , .HTML ( )SGML( ) ISO8879.XHTML XML. HTML . , , , , , , , . , HTML .

13. : URL WWW .Universal Resource Identification (URI) , e-mail, Gopher, WAIS, telnet, ftp . . , URI, WWW Universal Resource Locator (URL). HTML . URL . URL HTML, e-mail, telnet, ftp, Gopher, WAIS, . . , Netscape, , HTTP, WWW, , Chimera, . , , HTML, URL. ,

14. DNS, , , ,

DNS (. Domain Name System ) . IP- ( ), , (SRV-). DNS DNS- , . DNS . , , ( ), (), .

, . . DNS . - (-, , ) . , , . , ru.wikipedia.org. ru, wikipedia, org, . .

- , . . , . , , , . , , . , yandex.ru - , mail.yandex.ru - yandex.ru

( . host , ) , - - . , , . , . , . , , , .

15. , ,

, . : , WWW, , , FTP, IRC, , . , , . 1. (off-line) . 2. (on-line) , . , .

: 1) E-mail - ; 2) Word Wide Web (WWW); 3) - FTP; 4) - Archie; 5) USENET, News - , ( ) ; 6) WAIS (WAIS - ); 7) Whois - Internet. ; 8) - Telnet; 9) Gopher - ( ). 10) : VoIP .

16. " "

Word Wide Web (WWW) - " " Web (. , ) . , (Word Wide Web) - . , . WWW - , , (), , . 1991 (CERN) World Wide Web. " ", HTTP Web-, Internet. Web- HTML. HTML Hyper Text Markup Language , (tags). , , .. WWW . Web- - . : Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, MyIE Web Browser, Opera .. Web-

17. E-mail - , ,

(. email, e-mail, . electronic mail) ( ) ( ) .

() , (, , , , , ), - , , .

: _@_ ( somebody@example.com); , , ; ( ); ; .

: , ( ); ; ( ); ( ).18. FTP, Telnet .

FTP - - FTP, , TCP/IP, (File Transfer Protocol), . FTP - . FTP (), , .. . FTP , . .

FTP FTP- ftptool. , FTP , Total Commander . , . , ftp- ( ), , .. . , (free) - (shareware) (ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/). FTP- , http://www.filesearch.ru/. , FTP , FTP E-mail.

TELNET (. TErminaL NETwork) ( TCP). telnet , . RFC 854. TELNET , , - . , . , - () - ( ).19. Usenet, News, ICQ Usenet USENET news - ( , .. ) . USENET 1970 UNIX. USENET , , . . NNTP (Net News Transfer Protocol). on-line, off-line. on-line , off-line ( Outlook Express Usenet). . .

ICQ. - ICQ (I seek you - ).ICQ - , ICQ . , ICQ, ICQ- (, www.freeware.ru) . ICQ: SMS-; (chat); ; , , e-mail; - ( , , ) .

20. Internet-

Internet- : ; ; (, , ); ; .

HTML- WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get). , , . , "" . , .

. . , , .

, . Helper-.

VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language). , , . Web- VRML- , : WebSpace Silicon Graphics VRML- Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator.

( VBScript JavaScript) ( Java), . . (Visual Basic, C/C++, Java), (UNIX-shell, REXX .) JavaScript, VBScript Perl. , ActiveX Plug-in, .

, , Web- , Web-, , , .

Internet- : Firewall Proxy-, .

Internet " ", Web- Web- . HTML Web-. (Computer Graphical Interface - CGI).

Internet (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions - MIME). , Web- http, FTP, File, Gopher, Mailto, NNTP, Telnet, WAIS.

URL , , .21. Internet - - , -. . , , , . , . . - , CPU. .

- , , , , . . , , .

(. ) Telnet, FTP, Gopher, HTTP ., (. ), Netscape Navigator. , (, ), (. ) .

22.

20 000 , Usenet ( , ). (, , INN News Server), (Network News Transfer Protocol, NNTP) USENET , (, Agent Outlook Express). .

. , . , . . , , . , , .23.FTP-, Gopher-

- . , (File Transfer Protocol, FTP), ( , , , ZBServer Pro). FTP -. ( , , FTP Voyager) Gopher- FTP-, . Gopher . , Gopher , FTP-.

24.-,

, ( ) , , . . ( , ) , , (, , , -, (COM/LPT)). ( ), . , , ( ).

- - . . . (. . ). , (). , -. ( , ), (), ( ) .

25.Web-Web- - , Internet, , ( , ). Web- , , ( ) . , , , Web-, .

26. Intranet , ,

Web- . , . , . , , , . . , , , , , , , , , .

-. , . , , . . . . . . .

-. , , , . , . , , - . , , . . " ", " ", " " , .

27./ Intranet

Intranet - . Web- - , . Web- ( ), , , LotusNotes. Web- - . . Web . HTML- Web-.

intranet- . Web- . , , , Web-, , , . intranet- , LotusNotes . HTML HTTP -. Web, , , Java, .