Describing chemical substances and chemical structures: we ...
In a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into new/different substances According to...
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![Page 1: In a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into new/different substances According to the Law of Conservation of Mass a skeleton chemical.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f275503460f94c3ec4b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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In a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into new/different substances
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass a skeleton chemical equation must be balanced by placing COEFFICIENTS in front of chemical formula(s)
NOTE – correct chemical formula can not be changed!!!!
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Lets look at a sample reaction:
magnesium and hydrochloric acid react to form hydrogen gas and magnesium chloride
Equations are used to describe chemical reactions
Word Equation
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid hydrogen gas + magnesium chloride
Chemical Equation
Mg + 2 HCl H2 + MgCl2
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Chemical Equation
Mg + 2HCl H2 + MgCl2
Reactants Products
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When looking at a chemical equation, we often do not know what state the reactants or products are in
State symbols are used to indicate the physical state of the chemicals in your equation at SATP.
(s) = Solid (l) = Liquid (g) = Gas (aq) = aqueous, (dissolved in water)
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Chemical equation
Mg + 2HCl H2 + MgCl2
Balanced chemical equation with state symbols
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) H2(g) + MgCl2 (aq)
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Although there are MILLIONS of possible chemical reactions, we
are able to use patterns to identify/predict some general
TYPES of reactions.
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SynthesisSynthesis DecompositionDecomposition Single DisplacementSingle Displacement Double DisplacementDouble Displacement CombustionCombustion
(complete & (complete & incomplete)incomplete)
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The direct combination of 2 substances (elements or compounds) to form a compound.
General equation:A + B → ABA and B can be elements or compounds, AB is a
compound.
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EXAMPLES OF SYNTHESIS Reactions: P4 (s) + 5 O2 (g) 2 P2O5 (s)
2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g) 2 NaCl (s)
2 Al (s) + 3 I2 (g) 2 AlI3 (s)
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Decomposition Reactions- The splitting up of a larger molecule into
simpler substances (elements or compounds).
- often require heat, light or electricity
General Equation:AB→ A + B AB is a compound, A and B can be elements or
compounds
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Electrolysis of water:2 H2O (g) 2 H2 (g)+ O2 (g)
Nitrogen triiodide decomposing: 2 NI3 (s) N2 (g)+ 3 I2 (s)
Breaking down of sugarC12H22O11 (s) 12 C (s) + 11 H2O (l)
Electrolysis: the decomposition of
a compound by an electric current
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-one element takes the place of (displaces) another element in a compound
-usually metals displace metals, and non metals displace non metals
We use the metal activity series and halogen displacement series to help us predict single displacement reactions.
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General equation:A + BC → B + AC (A is a metal)orN + BC → B + CN (N is a non-metal) A, B, and N are elements/diatomic
molecules. BC, AC and CN are compounds.
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EXAMPLES of Single Displacement Reactions:
2 Mg (s) + CO2 (s) C (s) + 2 MgO (s)
Cu (s) + 2 AgNO3 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 Ag (s)
thermite (steel making)Fe2O3 (s) + 2 Al (s) 2 Fe (s) + Al2O3 (s)
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-Involves the displacement of “partners”-the metal cations in each reactant
exchange places, elements in different compounds displace each other or exchange places.
- a precipitate, a gas or a molecular compound is usually formed
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General equation:AB + CD → AD+ CB
A,C = metal cations (simple or polyatomic cations) B,D = non metallic anions (simple or polyatomic anions )
*Remember, metals can only switch with metals, and non-metals can only switch with non-metals!
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2 NaOH (aq) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq)
Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq)
Colour of the precipitate formed: light blue
2 NaI (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq)
PbI2 (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq)
Colour of the precipitate formed: yellow
Note – We use the solubility rules to predict the subscript of new products formed
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A chemical reaction in which a substance (often hydrocarbons like
propane (C3H8), methane (CH4) and kerosene (C10H22)) reacts rapidly with OXYGEN and releases heat and light
energy.
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The word equation for the COMPLETE COMBUSTION of a hydrocarbon: ΔHydrocarbon +Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water Vapour
+ Energy (light & heat)
The general equation: CxHy+O2 →CO2 +H2OEg. Propane in a BBQ ΔC3H8 (g) +5 O2 (g)→3 CO2 (g)+4 H2O (g)
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Incomplete Combustion occurs when there is not enough O2 available for
complete combustion produces a mixture of CO, C, CO2, and H2O vapour
depending on the oxygen supply available
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