Identify the functions of LAN connectivity hardware Install, configure, and differentiate between network devices such as NICs, hubs, switches, routers, and gateways Explain the advanced features of a switch and understand popular switching techniques, including VLAN management Explain the purposes and properties of routing Describe common IPv4 and IPv6 routing protocols Allows nodes to transmit and receive data over a network connection Common to every network device and every network NIC properties that need to be considered Access method Transmission speed Connector interfaces Type of motherboard or device Manufacture Types On-Board Wireless ACT When blinking means that the NIC is transmitting or receiving data LNK Indicates the NIC is functional TX Indicates NIC is transmitting frames to the network RX Indicates NIC is receiving frames from the network The circuit or pathway that the motherboard uses to transmit data to the computers components The capacity of a bus is the width of its data path (bits) and clock speed (MHz) PCI bus Shorter connector length Faster data transmission capacity Works with PC or Macintosh computers PCIe newer faster version of the PCI standard Attaches components externally to the computers bus PCMCIA USB Compact Flash Firewire Tells computer to stop what it is doing and pay attention elsewhere IRQ number is the way that the bust understands which device to give the attention to The area that the NIC and CPU use for exchanging and buffering data Expressed in hexadecimal notation Base I/O Port The area of memory that will act as a channel for moving data between the NICC and CPU Settings must be change in the computers CMOS utility Repeaters simplest type of connectivity device that regenerates a digital signal Operates at Layer 1 Contains only one input and one output port very limited in scope Hubs repeater with more than one output port Operates at Layer 1 Typically has multiple output ports Normally had an uplink port to connect to other hubs Passive Hubs does nothing but repeat signal Intelligent hubs manageable hubs Stand-alone hubs isolated and only service a closed network of computers Operate at layer 2 of the OSI model Connects 2 segments of the LAN together Extends networks without extending collision domains Uses MAC address to filter and forward frames Used to segment the network Typically operates at layer 2, but can operate at layer 3 or 4 of the OSI model Creates smaller collision domains each port on a switch can be its own collision domain Provides better performance and security Switching Methods Cut-through mode reads frame header then forwards the frame Store-and-forward reads the entire frame into memory then forwards the frame Logically separates networks breaks up broadcast domains Separates groups of users for security or network functions Isolates connections with heavy unpredictable traffic patterns Identifies groups that need priority handling Must have a layer 3 device to switch between VLANs Allows one switch to carry multiple VLAN traffic Uses VLAN tags or identifiers added to frame header to keep VLANs separated A port designated for VLAN 1 cannot share information with a port on VLAN 2 A protocol that stops loops in a switched network Does not let information go out on the same port it was received on Loops occur when information travels back and forth between switches and never ends Defined in IEEE standard 802.1D STP selects a root bridge STP examines all possible paths and chooses the shortest path STP only allows one port and an intermediate bridge to forward information STP disables paths that are not part of the shortest path RSTP newer faster version of STP Old instance of STP took up to 2 minutes for the network to converge once an outage was discovered RSTP does the same thing only in milliseconds Layer 3 switches able to process layer 3 information Layer 4 switches able to process layer 4 information Switches that process layer 4-7 information are called content switches or application switches Operate at Layer 3 of the OSI model Primary function is path determination and packet switching Can connect dissimilar networks Router characteristics Interprets Layer 3 addressing and other information Determines best path from one destination to the other Routes traffic down alternate paths when primary path is unavailable Filters out broadcast transmissions Customized segregation and security Supports simultaneous local and remote connectivity Interior Router Directs information on an autonomous systems Normally owned by that organization Exterior routers Directs traffic in and out of the autonomous system Internet backbone routers are exterior routers Border or gateway routers These routers connects LANs with WANs Example is company connecting to ISP The best path is determined by Number of hops between nodes (hops) Current networks activity (load) Link status (reliability) Link speed (delay) Link capacity (bandwidth) Also characterized by convergence time the time it takes for a router to determine that a primary link has failed, find a new or next best path, and propagate that information to the rest of the network Distant Vector Best path determined by distance (hops) Exchanges complete and entire routing table with neighboring routers also known as routing by hearsay it must believe what its neighbor tells it Distant Vector Routing Protocols Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIPv2) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Link-state Allows each router to independently share information with all routers on the network Link-State Routing Protocols Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) used on interior or border routers Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) used on interior routers only Hybrid Uses characteristics of both Distant Vector and Link-State routing protocols Hybrid Routing Protocol Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Connects two dissimilar kinds of networks Resides on servers, routers, micro- computers or mainframes Types of gateways gateway Internet gateway LAN gateway Voice/data gateway Firewall For more information on this lesson, See Chapter 6 in the text book orthe Professor **All Slides and graphics were produced by Professor Patrick Hughes**