… Human truths, however valuable they may seem, are always open to challenge, to

revision, to refinement, to refutation, to repeal. Only the quest is eternal.

- A. Geuŕard (1954)

Russell and BurchThe Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, 1959

• Replacement

• Reduction

• Refinement

Jane Goodall, 2001

In Discussing Animal Research“I believe that more and more people are

becoming aware that to use animals thoughtlessly, without any anguish or making an effort to find another way diminishes us as human beings.”

Animal Welfare

• The need– To have adequate food– Access to fresh water

• To be– Pain and distress free– Free of anxiety and fear– Express normal behavior, e.g., hiding,

grooming

Animals in Research – Comparison of U.S. and Europe

United States Europe

Training Variable – hours to days Weeks

Ascites Letter from NIH – but not yet 10 years ago

IACUC Quality of science, then pain & distress

Risk vs. benefit3RsIntrinsic value

Where Am I?

• Responsibility to improve humankind• Responsibility for the environment and thus a

responsibility for animals.• Reverence for life

Therefore, we should do all we can to eliminate or minimize pain and distress,

but the use of animals in medicine is both necessary and appropriate.

The Program: Chemical Knowledge• NAS (1984) – 78% of HPV chemicals had less

than minimal toxicology data• EDF (1997) – 71% of HPV chemicals lack

minimum data• CMA/ACC (1997) – 20% of HPV chemicals have

basic hazard data• EPA (1998) – less than 10% of HPV chemicals

have minimum health/ecotox data

Definitions

• HPV – high production chemicals - > 1 million lbs/year ~ 3000 chemicals

• Minimum Tox Data – Acute, subchronic, genotox, reprotox, teratogenicity (OECD, SIDS)

The Problem – Animal Use

• HPV program• Endocrine disruptors• Pesticides• Children’s health• EU White Paper

The CAAT Response

TestSmartLaboratory for Molecular Toxicogenomic and Proteomics• Use archived materials from HPV testing – NTP• Utilize NTP methods for extraction of mRNA• Develop fundamental bioinformatics for large relational

database• Public accessability

The Troubled Middle/The Silent Middle

The extreme positions are minorities with views that are irreconcilably opposed. One cannot expect discussion when one see animal use as a holocaust and those that think animal use raises no moral issues.

Economist, 1996

Animals in Research

The issue for the public is:– Accountability– Pain and distress

Acceptance of Animals in Biomedical Research

Okay to use 75-80%

If pain part of protocol?

decreases to less than 50%

Animals in Research

The issues for the scientific community– Increase effectiveness of IACUC’s– Further enhance standard of care– Deal with the calumny

Calumny

Is the deliberate, false, malicious representation of reality. It is designed to manipulate the truth so as to injure.

Calumny

• Is not just lying or telling an untruth• It does not deny the truth, it misuses the truth

and thus sounds reasonable and plausible – thus it is effective and destructive

“Calumny is the act of fundamental and comprehensive disrespect for the basic honor and dignity of all human beings”

W.S. Green - 2001

Obligations in the Face of Calumny• Intellectual persistence: Must challenge the

information and interpretations• Leadership: The responsibility of the scientific

community

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: Role for HistoryEach of them necessitated the community’s rejection of one

time-honored scientific theory in favor of another incompatible with it. Each produced a consequent shift in the problems available for scientific scrutiny and in the standards by which the profession determined what should count as an admissible problem or as a legitimate problem-solution. And each transformed the scientific imagination in ways that we shall ultimately need to describe as a transformation of the world within which scientific work was done. Such changes, together with the controversies that almost always accompany them, are the defining characteristics of scientific revolutions.