Luminosity measurments roadmap for luminosity determinations relative luminosity monitors
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![Page 1: High luminosity from the galactic central region L bol ~ 10 44-46 erg/s High X-ray luminosity Supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d095503460f949db51c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chemistry in the Molecular Disk of Active Galactic
Nuclei
Nanase HaradaEric Herbst
Todd Thompson
The Ohio State University
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What’s an active galactic nucleus (AGN)?
High luminosity from the galactic central region
Lbol ~ 1044-46erg/s High X-ray luminosity Supermassive black
hole at the center of the galaxy
MBH=106-10M
mass accretion
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What’s an active galactic nucleus (AGN)?
Star burst (M82)
AGN-dominant(NGC 1068) (U)LIRG
(Arp220)
Milky Way
AGN-dominant
AGN Star-formation
![Page 4: High luminosity from the galactic central region L bol ~ 10 44-46 erg/s High X-ray luminosity Supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d095503460f949db51c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What’s an active galactic nuclei (AGN)?
Star burst (M82)
AGN-dominant(NGC 1068) (U)LIRG
(Arp220)
Milky Way
(Ultra-) Luminous Infrared Galaxies ((U)LIRG)•dense gas•high infrared luminosity LIR>1011Lsun
(AGN) Star-
formation
![Page 5: High luminosity from the galactic central region L bol ~ 10 44-46 erg/s High X-ray luminosity Supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d095503460f949db51c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What’s an active galactic nuclei (AGN)?
Star burst (M82)
AGN-dominant(NGC 1068) (U)LIRG
(Arp220)
Milky Way
Starburst
Star-formation
![Page 6: High luminosity from the galactic central region L bol ~ 10 44-46 erg/s High X-ray luminosity Supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d095503460f949db51c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What’s an active galactic nuclei (AGN)?
Star burst (M82)
AGN-dominant(NGC 1068) (U)LIRG
(Arp220)
Milky Way
Milky Way
Star-formation
![Page 7: High luminosity from the galactic central region L bol ~ 10 44-46 erg/s High X-ray luminosity Supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d095503460f949db51c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Molecular Observations in Galaxies
AGNs› High CN, HCN
abundances in central region of the galaxy (XCN≡[CN]/[Htot]~10-7)
(U)LIRGs› High HCN, HC3N, C2H2
abundances› (XHCN~10-7 -10-6,
› XC2H2>10-7)
Starburst› Higher HCO+/HCN ratio
than AGNs
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Molecular Observations in Galaxies
AGNs› High CN, HCN
abundances in central region of the galaxy
› (XCN≡[CN]/[Htot]~10-7)
(U)LIRGs› High HCN, HC3N, C2H2
abundances› (XHCN~10-7 -10-6,
› XC2H2>10-7)
Starburst› Higher HCO+/HCN ratio
than AGNs
What causes the differences between these galaxies?Can molecules tell us about the X-ray activity in the galaxy with AGN?Can molecules tell us about the star formation rate?
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This Work: Molecular abundance modeling of a molecular accretion disk of an AGN-dominant galaxy to 100 pc
1+1-dimensional model of a cylindrically symmetric disk
Chemical network: High-temperature OSU network (Harada et al. ApJ submitted)
Top View
Side View
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Physical Conditions of an AGN disk
Blackbody Temperature T ~750 K(L/2x1045erg/s)1/4(r/pc)-
1/2
Density
)/exp()(
2
2
0
2
2
3
2
0
hzzG
vQ
rr
GM
GQ
s
BH
NGC 1068Lbol=2x1045erg/sMBH=1x107M
LX~1042erg/s (obs)Total hydrogen density (cm-3)
r(pc)
z(pc)
30
r 20
rInner region Outer regionh/r=0.1
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Sources of Ionization
Ionization rate› X-rays › UV-photons› Cosmic-rays
Star formation
SupernovaeE~1051erg
OB starsLOB~104Lsun
Cosmic-rays
Cosmic-rays
UV-photons
AGN core
X-raysCosmic-
rays?
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Sources of Ionization
Ionization rate› X-rays › UV-photons› Cosmic-rays
Star formation
SupernovaeE~1051erg
OB starsLOB~104Lsun
Cosmic-rays
Cosmic-rays
UV-photons
AGN core
X-raysCosmic-
rays?
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Calculation of the Ionization rate
Cosmic-rays Star formation rate per
volume
ν=star formation efficiency (10-5 – 10-2) Assume some fraction of
energy from supernovae or OB stars go to ionization.
* tdyn
X-rays
max
min
)()(
)exp(4
sec
2
E
E
X
XX
dEEFEN
r
LF
Maloney et al (1996)
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ResultsCN
•Observed abundances (source size ~70pc, inclination 40º)• XCN=(0.2-1)x10-
7
•More abundant at the outer radius
Star formation efficiency = 10-5
Star formation efficiency = 10-2
X-ray + low SF
X-ray + high SF
r(pc)
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ResultsHCN
Star formation efficiency = 10-5
•Observed abundances • XHCN=(0.8-1)x10-7
•More abundant at the inner disk
Star formation efficiency = 10-2
X-ray + low SF
X-ray + high SF
r(pc)
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ResultsHCO+
Star formation efficiency = 10-5
•Observed abundances • XHCO+=(0.6-2)x10-7
Star formation efficiency = 10-2
X-ray + low SF
X-ray + high SF
r(pc)
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Discussion
Cosmic-ray penetration› The ionization rate may not be uniform
Disk structure› h/r may be r-dependent
UV-photons Radiative transfer Clumpiness Metalicity Shock waves
› How much does it dissociate? › Effect of sputtering?
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Summary
X-rays alone can produce close to the lower limit of the observed abundances of CN, HCN although some star formation can help produce more.
We predict that the chemistry will be different in the inner core - less CN and more HCN.
Higher-resolution observation of ALMA can reveal gas properties in AGN disks in greater detail through molecular observations.
As a future work, comparison with other types of galaxies will be interesting.
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Acknowledgments
Yuri Aikawa, Hideko Nomura George Hassel, Paul Rimmer, and Yezhe
Pei