Обзор системы GSM.pdf

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

R

GSM

2004

GSM

1 GSM..6 1.1. ...7 1.2. .10 1.3. ..12 1.4. 14 1.5. (GSM)...26

1.5.1 GSM. GSM.26 1.5.2 ETSI GSM27

1.6 GSM..29 1.7 GSM.31 1.8 SS33

1.8.1 Mobile Switching Center (MSC).....33 1.8.2 Home Location Register (HLR)..33 1.8.3 Visitor Location Register (VLR)34 1.8.4 Authentication Center (AUC).34 1.8.5 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)34

1.9 BSS..35 1.9.1 Base Station Controller (BSC).35 1.9.2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS).35 1.9.3 35

1.9.3.1 Operation & Maintenance Center (OMC).35 1.9.3.2 Network Management Center (NMC)...35

1.9.4 (MS).35 1.10 GSM.37

1.10.1 (Cell).38 1.10.2 (Location Area - LA)...38 1.10.3 MSC (MSC Serving Area)...38 1.10.4 PLMN...38 1.10.5 GSM..38

1.11. GSM..41 1.12. ..42 1.13. GSM45

1.13.1 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)45 1.13.2 Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)..45 1.13.3 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)..46 1.13.4 International Mobile Terminal Identity (IMEI)...46 1.13.5 International Mobile Terminal Identity Software Version number

(IMEISV)47 1.13.6 Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)48 1.13.7 Location Area Identity (LAI)..48 1.13.8 Cell Global Identity CGI.48 1.13.9 Base Station Identity Code (BSIC).49 1.13.10 .49

2 - ...50 2.1. ..50

2.1.1. ..50 2.1.2. .51 2.1.3. 51 2.1.4. ...52 2.1.5. .53 2.1.6. ..53 2.1.7. .54 2.1.8. ..55 2.1.9. 55 2.1.10. : (TDMA).56

2.2 ..58 2.2.1. ..58

2.2.2. ...58 2.2.3. 58 2.2.4. ..58 2.2.5. ..58

2.3. , 60 2.3.1. (Path loss)60 2.3.2. (Shadowing)...60 2.3.3. (Multipath fading)..60 2.3.4. (Time Dispersion)...61 2.3.5. (Time Alignment)62 2.3.6. (Combined Signal Loss)62

2.4 , .65 2.4.1. (Interleaving).65 2.4.2. (Antenna Diversity)66

2.4.2.1 66 2.4.2.2 68

GSM

2.4.3. (Adaptive Equalization)...68 2.4.4. (Frequency Hopping)..69 2.4.5. (Timing Advance - TA)...70

2.5 GSM.73 2.5.1. - . (Analog To Digital (A/D)

Conversion)...74 2.5.1.1 (Sampling)..74 2.5.1.2 (Quantization).75 2.5.1.3 (Coding)76

2.5.2. (Segmentation)...77 2.5.3. (Speech Coding)..77 2.5.4. (Channel Coding)...79 2.5.5. (Interleaving)79

2.5.5.1. ..79 2.5.5.2. ..80

2.5.6. (Ciphering/Encryption).81 2.5.7. (Burst Formatting).82 2.5.8. ...82

3 GSM..84

3.1. .85 3.1.1. ..86

3.1.1.1 (Control Channels).86 3.1.1.2 ...89

3.1.2. (Bursts)89 3.1.2.1. ..93

3.2. ..94 3.2.1. 0, 094 3.2.2. .95

3.3. MS97 4 - .....98 4.1. ..99 4.2. MSC/VLR..100

4.2.1 Mobile Switching Center..100 4.2.2 Visitor Location Register.101 4.2.3 Gateway MSC..102

4.2.3.1 GMSC.102 4.2.3.2 GMSC.103

4.2.4 Home Location Register.103 4.2.5 Interworking Location Register.104 4.2.6 AUC

EIR104 4.2.6.1 AUC105 4.2.6.2 106

4.2.6.3 .107 4.2.6.4 107 4.2.6.5 EIR..109

4.2.7 ..110 4.2.7.1 DTI.110

4.2.8 (MC).111 4.2.8.1 MC...111

5 - ....113 5.1 .114

5.1.1 ...115 5.1.2 ...115 5.1.3 .116

5.2 .117 5.2.1 TRC..117

5.3 (BSC)118 5.3.1 BSC..118

5.3.1.1 ...118 5.3.1.2 BTS118 5.3.1.3 TRC...119 5.3.1.4 MS...119 5.3.1.5 -

BSC120 5.4 ...121

5.4.1 BTS121 5.4.2 BTS...121

5.4.2.1 122 5.4.2.2 ...123 5.4.2.3 ..123 5.4.2.4 .123 5.4.2.5 BTS .123

6 - .....124 6.1 .125 6.2 ...125

6.2.1 .125 6.2.2 , ..126 6.2.3 (Active mode)..126 6.2.4 ...127

6.2.4.1 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)...127 6.2.4.2 (DRX).128

GSM

6.2.5 ....128 6.3 (SIM)....128

6.3.1 SIM-.....129 6.3.2 ......130 6.3.3 , SIM.....130

6.3.3.1 ...130 6.3.4 MS.....133

6.3.4.1 PIN-....133 6.3.4.2 / SIM133

7 - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).134 7.1 GPRS...135 7.2 GPRS...136 7.3 (BSS)..137 7.4 (CSS)...137 7.5 ..138 7.6 (PSS)139

7.6.1 GPRS (SGSN).139 7.6.2 GPRS (GGSN)144

7.7 GPRS.145 7.8 GPRS..146 8 GSM..150 8.1 Bearer Services152 8.2 Teleservices.153 8.3 GSM..154 8.3.1. (Call Forwarding).154

8.3.2. (Call Barring)..154 8.3.3. Call Waiting (CW)....155 8.3.4. (Call Hold)....155 8.3.5. - (Multiparty call - MPTY)....155 8.3.6. ...155 8.3.7. (Closed User Group - CUG)...156

8.4. ...157

9 7....158 9.1. .160

9.1.1. ...160 9.1.2. ..160

9.2. ..161 9.2.1. Channel Associated Signalling..161 9.2.2. Common Channel Signalling162

9.3. OSI ()..163 9.4. 7165

9.4.1. ..165 9.4.2. 7..167

10 ...171 10.1. Service Switching Function..173 10.2. Service Control Function..173 10.3. IN...174 10.4. MIN..175 10.5. ..176 11 - ..177 11.1 : MS IDLE.178

11.1.1 MS 178 11.1.1.1 ..178 11.1.1.2 PLMN...181 11.1.1.3 (Cell Selection)182 11.1.1.4 IMSI Attach..185 11.1.1.5 (LU), - IMSI attach.185

11.1.2 .186 11.1.2.1 (Cell Reselection).186 11.1.2.2 LA188 11.1.2.3 MSC/VLR188 11.1.2.3

MSC/VLR...189 11.1.2.4 ...189

11.2 : MS Busy.190 11.2.1 (MS PSTN)190 11.2.2 (PSTN - MS)..192 11.2.3 (Handover)..193

11.2.3.1 Locating.....194 11.2.3.2 195 11.2.3.3 ,

BSC...195 11.2.3.4 , BSC,

MSC/VLR197 11.2.3.5 ,

MSC..198

GSM

11.3 ..200 11.3.1 IMSI Attach .200 11.3.2 MS ...200 11.3.3 .201 11.3.4 .202 11.3.5 SMS MS...202 11.3.6 SMS.203

11.4. GPRS204 11.4.1. GPRS...204 11.4.2. GPRS.206

11.4.2.1 GPRS Attach...206 11.4.2.2 Routing Area Update...207 11.4.2.3. PDP Context Activation.208 11.4.2.4. Cell Update.208

12 ..209 12.1 ..210

12.1.1 : 210 12.1.1.1 ...210 12.1.1.2 210 12.1.1.3 ( )210 12.1.1.4 .210 12.1.1.5. ..213 12.1.1.6 ...213 12.1.1.7 ...213 12.1.1.8 .214

12.1.2 ..215 12.1.2.1 BS.215 12.1.2.2 216 12.1.2.3 ..216 12.1.2.4 .218 12.1.2.5 .220 12.1.2.6 ..220 12.1.2.7 GSM

900 .222 12.1.3 ...225

12.1.3.1 ....226 12.1.3.2 .226 12.1.3.3 226 12.1.3.4 .227 12.1.3.5 228 12.1.3.6 228 12.1.3.7 .228 12.1.3.8 .229 12.1.3.9 ..229

12.1.4 ...229 12.1.5 ..229

12.2 230 12.2.1 ...230

12.2.1.1 ...230 12.2.1.2 231 12.2.1.3 TEMS Investigation.232

12.2.2 234 12.3 ...235 1 .236

1 GSM

1 GSM

1.1.

, , , .

.

21.10.1832 -

.. .

(1786-1837) , . 1836 .

24.05.1844 . .

14.02.1876 . ! . , , (Alexander Graham Bell) . , , , ! , . 14 1876 , 7 . , : . 500 . . ! , , . , . B 1877 a a , . B c Cc c a, a .

7

GSM 07.05.1895

. 1895 .. . - - .

1896 . (1856 - 1943) 32 , . 1901 . .

19.02.1900 . .. 45 .

1921 2 . .

1930- () .

01.10.1932 .

: . . 1930- .

1935 () . , . .

1940- (FCC) , (DPLM). DPLM 1946 . - (St. Louis). 150 . 1947 - , 35-40 .

1947 D.H. Ring Bell Laboratories . 1948 Shockley, Bardeen Brittain Bell Laboratories ,

, , .

1950- 1950- . .

8

1 GSM 1969 (, , , )

. (Nordic Mobile Telephone - NMT), .

1973 NMT , , , . .

1981 NMT 450.

1991 (GSM). 1998 200 . 1999 GPRS. 2000 , 3G,

3G. 2001 3G . 2002 TDMA GSM.

9

GSM 1.2.

. , . . , .

(1G) ,

, . , .

(2G) .

, . GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) 2G.

, ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network). (SMS Short Message Service).

(IN)

( : Pre-paid, Free Phone ..), , .

2G. GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) GSM.

2G,

, . (3G), , , (). 2G, , , ,

10

1 GSM . 3G (UMTS).

, GSM ,

, .

11

GSM 1.3.

, : ; .

, , :

- ; - ; - .

, . , :

-

; - ; - ; - ,

; - (, ..). 2002 GSM 71%

68% .

, 1981

NMT 450, . , , . , , , . , , :

12

1 GSM 1-2. 1981 NMT 450 Nordic Mobile Telephony 450

MHz ,

1983 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone

System

1985 TACS Total Access Communication

System

1986 NMT 900 Nordic Mobile Telephony 900 MHz

,

1991 GSM Global System for Mobile communication

1991 TDMA (D-AMPS) (IS136)

Time Division Multiple Access (Digital-AMPS)

1993 CDMA One (IS 95)

Code Division Multiple Access One

,

1992 GSM 1800 Global System for Mobile communication

1994 PDC Personal Digital Cellular 1995 PCS 1900 Personal Communication

Services

2000 UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems

2001 GSM 800 Global System for Mobile communication

13

GSM 1.4. .

1992 . 200 .

.

12 . "".

16 . "". .

. . "". 15 "" . .

1993 11 ""

AMPS .

6 " ". 1994

10000 Ericsson. " ".

DAMPS TDMA ( " 800"). "" , : , , .

"", "-" ( )

14

1 GSM

" ", .

1995 "" " 800",

AMPS/DAMPS.

"" , , . 200 . "" .

1996 "" -

(NYSE), , . "" (ADR) , , NYSE VIP 60 . .

1997 " " GSM

1800. , . 20 . GSM 1800.

GSM 1800 - " 1800". 1997 120 . , 160 .

" 1800" DAMPS IS-136.

1998 28 1998

GSM-1800 . "" GSM-1800 -, , - . "" .

15

GSM

7 GSM-1800 , - , GSM-900/1800 .

1998 " ", , " " " ".

30 1998 " " 141600 .

21 GSM-900/1800.

"" GSM " ", . " " (pre-paid).

1 "" Telenor . Telenor 162 . 25% "".

"" , " " 500.

" GSM" . 22 "-GSM".

1999 10 ""

ICO Global "" . ICO-R ( "-") .

20 " ", GSM-900/1800, .

16

1 GSM

25 , " " GSM, " 800" (DAMPS).

26 " GSM" 37 . "" , GSM-900/1800/1900, 61. GSM , .

"" " ", , .

1999 "" "" , DAMPS GSM-900/1800. , .

24 "" " " GSM, , GSM-900 GSM-1800 .

5 1999 "" , GSM-900/1800.

, " GSM" , . , , , - , .

15 " GSM" , 20% .

18 "" - . 49 , . Philips Aeon $10.

17

GSM

"" GSM -, , - . , , , .

1999 "" " 1999 " ". "" " ". 150 - 52 , , .

, 75 . . " ".

1999 "" , 352 . , 47%. 184%. 1999 170 . .

2000 "" Nokia

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) " GSM" . "" , .

2000 "" Ericsson WAP " GSM". 10 WAP- - . " GSM" , , , .

2000 "" " GSM" , 99% . GSM 600.

"", 1999 " ". ,

18

1 GSM

" " 23 .

24 "" " GSM" . "" - " ".

20 2000 "" " ", 573700 .

29 "" " - ", " " , , , SMS, WAP, GPRS.

2000 "" : 225,4 . .

" " " GSM", 195 . , 20-30% .

" " . C 7 8 " . ". (, , ). , , " ".

" GSM" " ", " " " ", 2000 .

. "" "-".

19

GSM

10 " GSM", , .

18 "" "-" , .

" GSM". 62%. " " , , , , . " GSM" 41600 . ( 31 1999 ) 44200, 94% . " GSM". 270 92 , , GSM/iDEN. "" .

2001

2 - , .

6 "+" , .

" " . - , .

23 "" "", , FMC (Fixed-Mobile Convergence), , . FMC , , "", " ". FMC

20

1 GSM

, . , .

"" " ". - (-), "" . "" , . , .

14 "" IBM, , IBM Lotus "".

30 "", Telenor " " . "- ", " ", "" "-", 100% "". "" GSM. Telenor, "", .

- SIM Application Toolkit. " GSM" SIM (32 kb 16 kb) . - SIM-. .

26 "" - GPRS. " GSM" ,

21

GSM

GPRS , PDA, WAP- .

12 "" Amdocs, IP . Amdocs GSM GPRS "".

27 "" " " Telenor, 99% , .

"" " ..." - .

"-" - " " (Mobile eMail) .

20 ( Mobile Telecommunications Limited, GSM-900). , "" . .

3 "" "+ GSM", .

4 "-" .

"", , "" WAP " GSM" - .

" " , .

22

1 GSM

14 .

18 .

"" , "+ GSM".

2 .

" " "" - SMS-. SMS SMS- " " .

17 GSM.

24 " GSM" , SMS, "-", SMS- .

25 .

30 .

30 "" " ", , " " " ".

1 .

C 1 2001 " GSM" : GPRS-, " GSM", WAP GPRS , , .

"" "-" "-".

28 "-"

"" "-GSM", SIM Application Toolkit.

23

GSM

"" " " " ". " " "". .

" - 2001", "" " ", " " 2001 .

"" (3G)

26 "-" .

2001 "" 422,6 . , 54, 2% 247,1 . . 47,3 . 77,8 . 2000 . 31 "" 2,11 . , , 153,3 % 2000 . , , . 2001 "-" GSM-900/1800 50 , ( - , , , ), 85 . .

4 2001 , . 2001 , , , , .

30 Beepay. Beepay , : , , , .

24

1 GSM

, , . , 2001 UMTS.

2001 422,6 . USD, 54,2%. 47,3 . USD. 31 2001 2,11 . , 153,3%. 2001 , 50 .

25

GSM

1.5. (GSM)

1.5.1 GSM. GSM. 1982-1985

(CET) 900 . (GSM).

1986 , : (FDMA) (TDMA).

1987 GSM TDMA FDMA. 12 (MoU), GSM 1991 .

1988 CEPT GSM . 5 MoU. - MoU , .

1989 (ETSI) GSM.

1990 1 GSM , .

1991 GSM 1800. MoU , , CEPT. 1 GSM.

1992 1. GSM 1. () ().

1993 - , MoU. MoU 70 . GSM , , , . GSM . DCS 1800.

1994 MoU 100 60 . GSM. GSM 3 .

1995 (PCS). GSM, 1900 .

1996 GSM 1900. PCS 1900.

1998 MoU 253 100 GSM 70 . GSM 31% .

1999 GSM 179 . 2002 GSM ,

EDGE, AMR, .

, GSM - ,

GSM, , GSM.

26

1 GSM

, GSM,

, , (SMS), (IN), , (MVPN).

GSM

, .

GSM ,

, , .

1.5.2 ETSI GSM C GSM .

GSM , , GSM . GSM, .

12 ETSI GSM,

1-4. , , ETSI.

1-2 ETSI 01 02 03 04 MS - BSS 05 06 07 MS 08 BSS - MSC 09 10 11 12

27

GSM

DCS-1800 PSC-1900

ETSI GSM-900. DCS-1800 PSC-1900 , , PSC-1900 - , American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

28

1 GSM 1.6 GSM

1980 - GSM , . GSM 1. GSM ( 2, 2+) .

. 1.1. GSM

1

1 : ; ; ( 9.6 /);

; ; .

, 1

(Subscriber Identity Module - SIM). 2

2 ETSI 1996

ETS 300 522. GSM 03.02. 1 , :

29

GSM

; ; ; ; -; ; .

2+

2+. 2+ ETSI 2000 GSM 01.04, V 8.0.0. . , 2+, :

; ; ; GSM 1800, GSM 1900 DECT

.

, -, .

, :

EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution, , ;

CAMEL - Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic, ,

IN ; HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data,

, ( 4-) .

30

1 GSM

1.7 GSM

GSM 2 . , , .

:

- Switching System (SS) - Base Station System (BSS)

. . 1.2 .

. 1.2. GSM

, . 1.2.

AUC Authentication Center ( )

BSC Base Station Controller BTS Base Transceiver Station () EIR Equipment Identity Register HLR Home Location Register

31

GSM MS Mobile Station MSC Mobile Switching Center GSM NMC Network Management Center OMC Operation and Maintenance Center VLR Visitor Location Register ,

MSC/VLR SS

, . SS :

Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Center (AUC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR).

BSS , .

:

Base Station Controller (BSC) Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

(OMC)

- , , , . OMC SS, BSS.

MS , .

32

1 GSM 1.8 SS

1.8.1 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

MSC . , . PSTN, ISDN, , , . MSC. MSC .

MSC . MSC ,

, (-).

MSC ,

. MSC ,

.

1.8.2 Home Location Register (HLR)

GSM ,

PLMN. HLR , , .. .

HLR

( ) , HLR.

HLR :

() . , . ,

MSC/VLR. ().

HLR MSC/VLR, . HLR ,

33

GSM HLR. HLR . . , HLR, MSC VLR, , .

1.8.3 Visitor Location Register (VLR)

VLR , MSC. , MSC VLR. VLR , MSC , MSC. HLR VLR , , .

MSC, VLR,

MSC, HLR, . HLR VLR .

, MS / .

1.8.4 Authentication Center (AUC)

. AUC - , ( ). MSC ,

1.8.5 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

EIR ,

. . (EIR) , , .

34

1 GSM

1.9 BSS

1.9.1 Base Station Controller (BSC) BSC ,

GS. , , MS, . MSC BSC.

1.9.2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

BTS MS. BTS

, - , . BSC BTS.

1.9.3

1.9.3.1 Operation & Maintenance Center (OMC)

OMC GSM. ( X.25) , MSC, BSC .. , . , . 1.9.3.2 Network Management Center (NMC)

(NMC). , OMC. , NMC , , OMC .

OMC NMC , .

1.9.4 (MS)

MS . MS, .

35

GSM MS , , .

MS

, , . , , , , , , , . MS GSM :

(); (SIM). GSM, ,

. - SIM. SIM , GSM. , , . , .

. 1. 3

36

1 GSM

1.10 GSM

. , , .

1.10.1 (Cell)

, GSM, . , .. .

, ,

GSM ( ).

,

(CGI). , , , , .

1.4.

1.10.2 (Location Area - LA)

(LA) ,

. LA, . (LAI) VLR.

MS ,

LA, LA. , MS Idle.

37

GSM , . MS LA, . MS , LA.

1.10.3 MSC (MSC Serving Area)

MSC LA , MSC. , MS MSC , (HLR).

. 1.5 MSC

1.10.4 PLMN

PLMN ,

, . PLMN, . MS PLMN . MSC/VLR. . 1.6 .

1.10.5 GSM

GSM

, GSM. GSM , ,

38

1 GSM . GSM .

,

, MS PLMN PLMN. GSM PLMN (SA) MSC (LA)

1.6. GSM . 1.7, 1.8 .

. 1.7 .

39

GSM

. 1.7 . . 1.8 .

. 1.8 - .

40

1 GSM 1.11. GSM

GSM , : 900, 1800, 1900 .

900

. 1.9 GSM

GSM 900 .

. , . E-GSM R-GSM, P-GSM (primary).

P-GSM900 890-915/935-960 MHz E-GSM900 880-915/925-960 MHz R-GSM900 890-925/935-970 MHz R-GSM1800 1710-1785/1805-1880 MHz

1800

1990 . ,

GSM, 1800. . , , , .

, , . 1800 : GSM 1710-1805/1785-1880 MHz.

1997 1800 Digital Cellular System (DCS)

1800 MHz, GSM 1800. 1900

1995 PCS (Personal

Cellular System). , , . PCS , 41

GSM , .

, PCS, 1900 .

GSM 900 - , , GSM 1900 . GSM 1900 GSM 900 , GSM 1900 ANSI.

GSM 800

800

TDMA (AMPS D-AMPS). GSM 1800 , .

2

. 2 -

P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 R-GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Uplink 890 915 880 - 915 890 925 1710 1785 1850 1910

Downlink 935 960 925 - 960 935 970 1805 1880 1930 1990

1.12

, .

.

Idle: MS , ;

Active (Busy): MS ;

Detached: MS Implicit Detach: MS

.

3 , GSM .

42

1 GSM

3

(Registration)

, MS , MS.

(Roaming) , , LA, MSC/VLR .. ( MSC/VLR PLMN)

(International Roaming)

PLMN, .

Location Update MS. MS. Cell selection/reselection / IDLE.

IDLE

Paging , MS , .. MS MS

Locating . BSC , MS BTS. BUSY

Handover .

. 1.10

43

GSM

MS , Detached. MS , GSM, . MS , , MS. , , MS .

MS ,

, IDLE. , MS LA, MS .

MS

.

MS , 1 .

LA, MS Location Update LA VLR.

1 ! IDLE MS, Busy - BSC. 44

1 GSM 1.13 GSM

, GSM . MS. , .

1.13.1. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

IMSI GSM. GSM . IMSI SIM, HLR, VLR AUC.

IMSI :

1.11 IMSI

MCC (Mobile Country Code) MNC (Mobile Network Code) MSIN (Mobile Station Identification Number)

MS GSM IMSI

15 .

1.13.2. Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)

(MSISDN) , . . MSISDN .

45

GSM

1.12 MSISDN

CC (Country Code) - NDC (National Destination Code) -

( ) SN (Subscriber Number)

PLMN NDC. , NDC 086 087, PLMN. PLMN NDC. MSISDN . 15 , (+7). Beeline +7 903 XXX XXXX 905.

1.13.3. Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

TMSI - IMSI, MS . . MS TMSI.

TMSI IMSI,

8 . TMSI , IMSI, , .

1.13.4. International Mobile Terminal Identity (IMEI)

IMEI . . GSM IMEI 15 :

TAC (Type Approval Code) - . FAC (Final Assembly Code) - , .

46

1 GSM

SNR (Serial Number) - . TAC FAC

Spare - . . MS, 0.

1.13 IMEI

1.13.5. International Mobile Terminal Identity Software Version number (IMEISV)

IMEISV MT,

, MS, . , , MS, .

, , PLMN

MS (, half rate/full rate, .).

IMEISV.

1.14 IMEISV

SVN (Software Version Number) - , MS MS. SVN 99, .

47

GSM

1.13.6. Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

MSRN , MSC, MS. MSRN , .

MSRN :

1.15 MSRN

SN MSC/VLR.

1.13.7. Location Area Identity (LAI)

LAI (LA), LA GSM.

LAI :

1.16 LAI

Location Area Code (LAC) , LAC 16 , 65536 LA PLMN.

1.13.8. Cell Global Identity CGI

CGI LA. Cell Identity (CI) LAI. CI 16 .

48

1 GSM

CGI :

8.7 CGI

1.13.9. Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)

BSIC MS . BSIC :

8.8 BSIC

NCC - Network Color Code ( ). , , .

BCC Base station Color Code ( ).

, , .

1.13.10.

, MS (LU, ) MSC/VLR TMSI IMSI, MSC/VLR TMSI MS, SIM-. MSC/VLR MS TMSI. , IMSI . IMSI , Location Update TMSI.

49

2 2 - 2.1.

. 2.1 , .

. 2.1 1 - GSM P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900 ,

Uplink Downlink

890-915 935-960

880-915 925-960

1710-1785 1805-1880

1850-1910 1930-1990

, c. ~33 ~33 ~17 ~16 (Bandwidth), 25 35 75 60

(Duplex Distance), 45 45 95 80

(Channel Separation), 200 200 200 200

1 124 174 374 299 , /. 270 270 270 270

2.1.1.

, .

. .

1 . :

1 GSM 1 , . .

GSM

..

. ( ). , , .

2.1.2.

. , . - .

.

( 3 /.). 810 1.1.

fc= (2.1)

, GSM 900 :

33.0900

/103 8 =

2.1 , , . , , . , , . FM .

, , .

2.1.3.

, , , uplink MS BTS.

51

. , , , .

2.1.4.

,

(Frequency Division Multiple Access - FDMA).

GSM -

, (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number - ARFCN)

. 2 .

2

(Simplex) , FM

(Half Duplex)

, ( )

(Full Duplex)

, , FM, . , , , : , - .

uplink, downlink.

. 2.2 .

52

GSM

. 2.2 -

2.1.5.

(uplink, downlink),

. .

. . 2.3, GSM 900.

. 2.3

2.1.6.

,

. FDMA.

. , . . 2.4 .

53

. 2.4

. 2.4 , 895.4 895.6 . 200 . .

2.1.7.

.

, . , , . .

, , .

,

. .

,

. .

. . 2.5 . . 2.5 , , . ,

54

GSM . , , .

. 2.5 -

2.1.8.

, , . , /. /, GSM 270 /.

2.1.9.

, GSM 900 .

, , (, , ), , .

:

.

, : , . . , .

55

: 1 /. 1 . , 200 /, 200 . , 1 / 1 .

GSM

Gaussian modulation with Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) , 270 / 200 .

GSM GMSK

. , (, NMT-450).

2.1.10. : (TDMA)

(FDMA) GSM (Time Division Multiple Access - TDMA) .

TDMA

. , .

TS - time slots (

). MS TS uplink, downlink.

, TS,

(burst). TDMA GSM 8 .

, GSM 8 , , . . 2.6 TDMA.

56

GSM

. 2.6 TDMA

57

2.2

2.2.1.

. .

2.2.2.

, .

. 2.7

2.2.3.

- .

. , , .

2.2.4.

. 2.8

2.2.5.

. ( ), ( ).

() . , , .

58

GSM

, , , . . .

, .

. 2.9

, . . , .

, ,

, .

59

2.3. ,

, .

.

2.3.1. (Path loss)

Path Loss (PL) , , - MS BTS. PL (dropped calls), , BTS PL , , .

2.3.2. (Shadowing)

,

MS BTS , , , , .. , (signal strength). MS MS BTS.

. (fading dips). . 2.10 , MS BTS.

.2.10 -

2.3.3. (Multipath fading)

, MS BTS , , . , , , , .

60

GSM

( ), (Rayleigh fading). , . , . MS . . , GSM 900 17.

. 2.11

2.3.4. (Time Dispersion)

, MS BTS.

, , , , .

(Inter-Symbol Interference - ISI), () , .

2.12, 1, 0 BTS.

2.12

61

, 1 0 . 1 0 MS , .

2.3.5. (Time Alignment)

MS TS

TDMA. , , MS BTS.

,

, MS, TS. TS,

, , MS, TS (. 2.13).

MS BTS. .

A. Close to BTSBTS

TDMA-frame B. Far away from BTSA.

B.

TS0 TS1 TS2

. 2.13

2.3.6. (Combined Signal Loss)

, , , , . . MS .

62

GSM

. 2.14 . , - , . (path loss), . .

. 2.14

,

2.15.

. 2.15

, ( 2.15 ). , 100 dBm, (-104 dBm), , .

63

, , , dB, dB . .

64

GSM

2.4 ,

.

, ,

(BER Bit Error Ratio). BER .

. , , , . , BER.

. , , , .

2.4.1. (Interleaving)

. , . . , .

Interleaving ( ). , .

65

, (1234). , , BER 25%, 100%. .

, 2.16,

, . , 25%. , BER 25%. , , .

2.16

. 2.17

2.4.2. (Antenna Diversity)

- . :

2.4.2.1

BTS . 2 . 66

GSM

2 , ,

, , . , 3 dB, 12 18 25*(12 18*) . .

900 6 , 1800 ,

- ( 3 ).

. . 2.18

.

. 2.18

67

2.4.2.2

(-pol). , , , . , 45.

Tx/Rx . , , - . 2.4.3. (Adaptive Equalization)

,

, . :

1.

, (training sequence). BTS, MS. BTS MS BTS.

2. MS BTS ( . 2.19, S). , , ( ).

3. BTS MS . BTS , MS BTS. , , , .

4. , BTS . , .

68

GSM

.

. 2.19

BTS , 100% - .

,

. , GSM (Viterbi equalizer).

2.4.4. (Frequency Hopping)

, .

, .

GSM

Frequency Hopping - MS BTS , . MS BTS .

GSM 64

. , 63 , .

. 2.20, .

N- TDMA 1, N+1 C2. ,

69

, .

. 2.20

2.4.5. (Timing Advance - TA)

( - ). , BTS MS. BSC MS .

GSM

(3,69 ), 0 63. , MS BTS

MS BTS (Uplink). (AB - access burst) (RACH random access channel).

. 2.21.

70

GSM

, RACH, FACCH (Fast Associated Common Control Channel).

,

, 49 39 . , (GB - guard period), 68.25 , - 252 . , .

.

2.22.

. 2.22.

. 2.22 (tail bits) , .

MS , BTS , , . , 0 , 252 , .

. GSM 35 .

(63 ).

71

, , TA , 2.2.

( )TADR RT =2

(2.2)

TA ; DRT

,

tvDRT = (2.3)

v [ ] /1083 ; t = 1 = 48/13 [].

72

GSM 2.5 GSM

GSM .

- ():

- () - -

()

73

2.5.1. - . (Analog To Digital (A/D)

Conversion)

MS : A/D Conversion. ( )

. 2.24. /

( ). :

2.5.1.1 (Sampling)

.

. 2.25.

"", , . .

,

(), , 1/2fm.

74

GSM

, , , . - .

,

, , .

, , ,

300 3400 . , . 2*3.4 = 6.8 . 8 , .

2.5.1.2 (Quantization)

. ( ) . , , , - .

. 2.26.

. , . . , 256 , GSM 8192 .

75

2.26

2.5.1.3 (Coding)

1/0.

13 ( 2 ).

, 2157 0100001101101. 819213 =

2.27 2157

- 8000 13 . 104 /.

, 8 ( ),

8*104 / = 832 /. ,

( ) 1 , , 200 , , 8 832 /.. GSM .

76

GSM

2.5.2. (Segmentation)

, , , , GSM .

: ,

( ) ..

MS,

.

. ,

20 . GSM 20 .

2.28

.

50 8000, - .

2.5.3. 2 (Speech Coding)

13 ,

- , 260 . , 260/20 = 13 /. , PSTN. 2 , , GSM, . 77

2.29

. (waveform coders ). , (vocoders). GSM (Hybrid Coders), .

GSM 13 /

. , 8 8*13 / = 104 /. - 832 /.

. :

()

78

GSM

2.5.4. (Channel Coding)

. 2.30.

GSM 260 , , , , 456 .

260

: 1: 50 2: 132 - 3: 78

, 50 , ( ), 3 , , 53 . 3 .

53 132

4 ( 189 ) 1:2, 378 . .

78 .

2.5.5. (Interleaving) 2.5.5.1.

, 456 20 . , 8 57 . . 2.31.

79

2.32 (normal burst) ( 57 ). . , , 25 % BER 20 (2/8 = 25%)

. 2.31. 20 .

. 2.32. Normal burst ( )

2.5.5.2.

. 2.33.

80

GSM

. 2.34.

, 25%. . BER 12.5 %

57

20 , 20 20 . 20 , MS 20 . (burst) 12.5% , .

2.5.6. (Ciphering/Encryption)

(Ciphering/Encryption)

(burst) , . GSM 5. - , , 456 20 .

81

2.5.7. (Burst Formatting)

, MS/BTS

( ). ( ) , , , .

GSM

456 . 136 20 , 592 .

TDMA 0.577 ,

, 156.25 ( 3.69 ), 148 .

8.25

(Guard Period - GP). MS/BTS , , MS/BTS.

156.25 ( )

625 ( ) 20 . , , . 676 20 .

33,6

/, 8- 270.4 /, , GSM ~270/.

2.5.8.

676 20 , , . , GSM GSMK. (, 916.4 ) .

82

GSM

33.8 kbit/s

22.8 kbit/s

13 kbit/s

8 kHz13 bits

Transmitting part

Receiving part

Speaker

ReceiverDemodulator

Adaptive Equalization

De-cipheringDe-interleaving

Channel decoding

Speech decoding

D/A-conversion

TransmitterModulator

Burst formattingCiphering

Interleaving

Channel coding

Speech codingSegmentation

A/D-conversion

Microphone

13 kbit/s

Transmitting part

Receiving part

TransmitterModulator

Burst formattingCiphering

Interleaving

Channel coding

D/D-conversion8 kHz8 bits64 kbit/s PCM

ReceiverDemodulator

Adaptive Equalization

De-cipheringDe-interleaving

Channel Decoding

GSM Network

Mobile equipment

. 2.35 .

83

3

GSM

3 GSM

3 GSM

3.1.

(time slot - TS) TDMA . GSM 8 .

,

.

3.1.

. , . , , .

, .

,

, TCH (Traffic CHannel).

85

GSM

- BSC , , FACCH (Fast Associated Control Channel).

3.1.1.

GSM , / MS.

, MS

(burst). . 3.2.

. 3.2

3.1.1.1 (Control Channels)

, . , ( BCH CCCH). BCCH .

BCCH MS .

, , 86

3 GSM (LA), .. MS . , MS, . Broadcast Channel (BCH) .

, MS BCH,

, . , MS ( - roaming), , FCCH, SCH, BCCH.

MS, Common Control CHannels (CCCH)

3.1 BCH.

Broadcast Channels (BCH) - BTS MS

FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel)

Downlink BTS MS, Point-to-multipoint

.

BCCH , .

SCH (Synchronization Channel)


TDMA ( ) BTS (Base Station Identity Code - BSIC).

, GSM , BSIC MS.

BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel)


: - (LAI); - ; - , ; - BCCH ..

, , GSM IDLE.

87

GSM 3.2 CCCH.

Common Control Channel (CCCH) BTS MS

PCH MS (Paging Channel)

Downlink, BTS MS, Point-to-point

, MS SMS. IMSI TMSI , .

MS PCH , (IMSI/TMSI), .

RACH (Random Access Channel)

Uplink, MS BTS, Point-to-point

MS

( , ..)

AGCH - (Access Grant Channel)

Downlink, BTS MS, Point-to-point

SDCCH MS. .

SDCCH. .

MS BSS

. MS BSS - DCCH (Dedicated Control channel).

3.3 DCCH.

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) BTS MS

SDCCH (Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel)

(Uplink, Downlink), Point-to-point

SDCCH, . BSC TCH. SDCCH SMS, MS IDLE.

SDCCH, . MS TCH ( ). SDCCH SMS, MS IDLE.

CBCH SMS (Cell Broadcast Channel)

Downlink, BTS MS, Point-to-multipoint

(SMS) MS, .

MS ( ).

88

3 GSM SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel)


( ). BSC MS TA, , ( , MS), ( SMS, Call Waiting ..)

. MS BUSY ( SMS, Hold ..)

FACCH (Fast Associated Control Channel)


.

.

3.1.1.2

, MS , . TCH (Traffic Channel). TCH:

- (Full Rate TCH):

13 /. TCH .

- (Half Rate TCH):

5.6 /. HRTCH , .

3.1.2. (Bursts)

TDMA , , (bursts):

89

GSM

3.4

:

Normal Burst

BCCH, PCH, AGCH, SDCCH, CBCH, SACCH, FACCH, TCH

- 57 , .

- (26 ).

- (Steal flags) 1 , , FACCH 57 .

- (Tail bits) ( 000)

- (Guard period) 8.25 .

Frequency Correction Burst

MS

FCCH - 142 . - . - : 8.25 .

Synchronization Burst

MS

SCH - 39 TDMA.

- 64 . - . - : 8.25 .

Dummy Burst

, .

TS C0 (1-7)

- , .

Access Burst

RACH, FACCH

- 41 . - 36

(Random Reference). - . - (GP): 68.25 .

GP - , .

NB (Normal Burst)

NB

, RACH, FCCH, SCH FACCH. 114 (GP) 8,25 30,46 .

90

3 GSM

114 57 , 26 1 .

NB (Steeling Flag),

, : . (Traffic Channel) , .

NB

26 , . :

-

. RXQUAL, . , , , . RXQUAL (, );

-

NB ;

-

. , . , .

FCB (Frequency Correction Burst)

FCB . 142 - , 1625/24 . (200 ), 0,022% 900 . FCB 8,25 , . (FCB) (FCCH).

91

GSM

SB (Synchronization Burst)

SB . 64 , TDMA . . (SCH).

DB (Dummy Burst) DB .

DB NB (. 3.3) 26 . DB , . DB , .

AB (Access Burst)

. . , , . .

8 , -

(41 ), 36 . (68,25 , 252 ), ( ) .

. GSM - 35 . 233,3 .

92

3 GSM

3.1.2.1.

. 3.3.

93

GSM

3.2.

, . mapping.

,

, 1 TS. TDMA.

,

, .

. 3.4. , DCCH

- .

. 3.4.

3.2.1. 0, 0

. , MS , BCCH, , .

BTS MS (downlink)

BCH CCCH. , MS BTS (uplink), RACH. RACH , MS .

94

3 GSM

0 4 9 14 19

F S B B B B C0 C0 C0 C0 F S C1 C1 C1 C1 C2 C2 C2 C2

20 24 29 34 39

F S C3 C3 C3 C3 C4 C4 C4 C4 F S C5 C5 C5 C5 C6 C6 C6 C6

40 44 49

F S C7 C7 C7 C7 C8 C8 C8 C8 I

. 3.5 , 0.

3.2.2.

3.4 (1) . , TS .

8 SDCCH 4 SACCH

, 8- ( , SMS ..).

0 4 9 14 19

D5 D5 D5 D5 D6 D6 D6 D6 D7 D7 D7 D7 A0 A0 A0 A0 A1 A1 A1 A120 24 29 34 39

40 44 49

A2 A2 A2 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 I I I

D0 D0 D0 D0 D1 D1 D1 D1 D2 D2 D2 D2 D3 D3 D3 D3 D4 D4 D4 D4

. 3.6 SDCCH SACCH.

95

GSM

, . , , ( ).

,

0 0 / : BCH, CCCH DCCH. , 7 .

, , , . TCH.

MS

, , . SACCH, TCH.

. 3.7 .

96

3 GSM

3.3. MS

. 3.5 MS .

. 3.8. MS

1. MSC/VLR , LA MS. / BSC, / LA.

2. BSC LA. , PCH.

3. MS PCH, RACH.

4. BSC AGCH MS , SDCCH SACCH , .

5. SDCCH SACCH . BSC , SDCCH .

6. MS BTS TCH . , . , MS SACCH.

97

4 4 - 4.1.

GSM . 4.1

4.1

4.1

MSC/ VLR

Mobile services Station Center/ Visitor Location Register

GMSC Gateway MSC HLR Home Location Register ILR Interworking Location Register AUC Authentication Center EIR Equipment Identity Register

DTI Data Transmission Interface MC Message Center

99

GSM

4.2. MSC/VLR

4.2.1 Mobile Switching Center

MSC GSM. MS. :

. MSC

: , , . MSC , , MS , PSTN.

. MSC . MSC , , , .

. MSC (Call Barring, Call Forwarding if Busy ..). (SMS) MSC.

HLR. , MSC HLR MS. HLR MSC1.

VLR. . .

MSC. , MSC.

BSC. BSS MS SS, BSS BSC, MSC. MSC MSC BSC. MSC BSC , 1 MSC GMSC. MSC HLR . 100

4 , BSC.

. MSC (ISP - Internet Service Provider) , PSTN. MSC , , . , , , TIGRIS Ericsson. MSC, .

. 4.2 GSM/PSTN ( )

. 4.3

4.2.2 Visitor Location Register

VLR GSM

, MSC. , MSC VLR. , MSC HLR ( ) , .

101

GSM

. 4.4 HLR VLR

MS MSC/VLR :

1. VLR () , , MS ( IMSI).

2. , VLR MS, HLR .

3. HLR VLR, . HLR VLR MS .

4. VLR , MS (LAI) (IDLE).

VLR MS MSC MS, :

(IMSI, MSDISDN). , . MS (LA). MS. ().

4.2.3 Gateway MSC 4.2.3.1 GMSC

GMSC , HLR MS. MS.

102

4

, (PSTN), GSM, PSTN GSM GMSC. GMSC, , HLR , MSC/VLR . MS MS.

4.2.3.2 GMSC

MSC GMSC, HLR , . MSC GMSC , HLR. GMSC:

1. HLR MSRN. 2.

.

4.2.4 Home Location Register

HLR (), PLMN. HLR , . HLR , . , HLR, :

(IMSI, MSDISDN). , . MS ( MSC/VLR). ().

HLR :

, . HLR , , . HLR . .

103

GSM

MSC. HLR MS MSC, MS, ( MSRN).

GMSC. GMSC MS HLR MS, HLR MSRN, MSC. MSISDN, GMSC , HLR , MS.

AUC. HLR , - , () AUC.

VLR/ILR. MS MSC, VLR MS HLR, . HLR VLR , VLR, , .

HLR , MSC/VLR, . .

4.2.5 Interworking Location Register

ILR

. ILR D-AMPS GSM 1900 (PCS, ). ILR HLR D-AMPS VLR GSM .

D-AMPS, D-AMPS-

HLR ILR. GSM 1900, HLR VLR ILR, , .

4.2.6 AUC EIR

,

. ,

104

4 GSM , :

.

.

, . , MS, . MS , MS.

MS. GSM, MS. , MS, , .

. , MS MS (IMSI) , , . , , " " - TMSI (Temporary Mobile Station Identity)/ (, ), IMSI. TMSI . TMSI . , TMSI (LAI), TMSI .

AUC EIR. , MSC/VLR .

4.2.6.1 AUC

AUC , MSC/VLR , MS.

, AUC, :

1. Random Number (RAND); 2. - Signed Response (SRES); 3. Ciphering Key ().

105

GSM

4.2.6.2

( ) (Ki). AUC IMSI. . SIM. AUC :

1. RAND; 2. RAND Ki SRES Kc

A3 A8 . 3. RAND, SRES K HLR .

Ki

AUC

HLR (IMSI)

Kc

SRES

RAN

A8

A3 IMSI Ki

RAND

RAND - ; SRES - ; - ; Ki - IMSI -

. 4.5 AUC

106

4

4.2.6.3

1. MSC/VLR RAND MS. 2. MS, Ki RAND, SRES,

A3. 3. MS, Ki RAND, Kc RAND

A8. Kc MS . 4. SRES MSC/VLR,

, , SRES, MS, SRES, AUC. MS , .

. 4.6

. . :

- ; - - - .

4.2.6.4

, , BTS MS, .

TDMA, 4. ,

107

GSM , , ..

. ().

. 4.7

1. M ( : 5/1 5/2) Kc MSC/VLR BTS.

2. M MS. 3. MS , ( , SRES

) TDMA, 4.

4. BTS. 5. BTS ,

TDMA 4. 6. ,

MSC. , .

4.2 GSM.

108

4

4.2 - GSM.

1 ( SIM) 5

2 (SIM) A3; 8; IMSI; Ki; TMSI/LAI; Kc

3 (AUC) A3; 8; IMSI/Ki 4 HLR IMSI/RAND/SRES/Kc

5 VLR IMSI/RAND/SRES/Kc, IMSI/TMSI/LAI/Kc 6 (MSC) 5, TMSI/IMSI/Kc 7 (BSC) 5, TMSI/IMSI/Kc

4.2.6.5 EIR

MS

IMEI. :

. 4.8 IMEI

TAC Type Approval Code. . FAC Final Assembly Code. ,

. SNR Serial Number. .

TAC FAC Spare .

. MS, 0.

IMEI

1. MSC/VLR IMEI MS. 2. MS IMEI MSC. 3. MSC/VLR IMEI EIR. 4. IMEI, EIR :

. , 109

GSM

. IMEI, GSM.

. ( ) IMEI , .

5. IMEI MSC/VLR, , .

. 4.9

4.2.7

4.2.7.1 DTI

DTI GSM (Inter-Working Function - IWF). , . :

/ PSTN. DTI

, GSM , (0,3 3,4 )

/ ISDN. , .

/ PDN. DTI (CS GSM) ( X.25).

. PLMN DTI (Circuit Switching).

HSCSD. (HSCSD) ( 4-) (1 TS - 9.6 /, 14.4 /). 110

4

4.2.8 (MC)

4.2.8.1 MC

, , , MC, :

; ; (Short Message Service - SMS);

. , . , . MS , , , .. , . , , ( ).

, . , , .

.

(SMS)

160 - (MS), . SMS GSM ( CDMA D-AMPS ). , MS .

111

GSM

, SMS , SMS . SMS , , . , GMSC . SMS GMSC.

.

MS.

112

5 5 -

5.1 (BSS),

. :

;

MS ; .

. 5.1 BS

. 5.1

BSS :

(BSC): BSS, , .

(TRC): () GSM . GSM - 13 /, 64 /.

(BTS): BTS ERICSSON RBS (Radio Base Station) MS . RBS , .

114

GSM

5.1.1. BSC TRC: BSC TRC.

. . , .

BSC TRC. . , . 500 . TRC , MSC/VLR .

. 5.2 TRC

5.1.2. GSM BTS. , BTS

, , BTS:

BTS ( 3,5 35 )

115

5

BTS ( 500 3,5 ) BTS ( 500 )

5.1.3. ,

. :

(). , MS BTS. BER, .

(Leaky Cable). , . . , BTS. , , Leaky Cable .

116

GSM

5.2

5.2.1 TRC

:

; .

1. ,

GSM .

2. TRC

, :

13 /, MSC 64 /, TRC.

, GSM 13 /, 0 64 /. TRC ( ) 16 /, .. 1 0 4 GSM.

GSM ITU-T , ( V.35, V.35bis ..) 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400 /. TRC, , 13 /.

3. Half Rate, Full Rate, Enhanced Full Rate

Adaptive Multi Rate. GSM

. TRC BSC. , , , , ..

117

5 5.3 (BSC)

5.3.1 BSC

BSC GSM.

. :

(, ..) BTS TRC MS BSC

5.3.1.1

:

: o ( ,

BCCH, ..) o . o (

/ , , , BCCH ..).

o Locating ( ) .

(, , , , ..).

, .

5.3.1.2 BTS

BTS: ( , , ..)

118

GSM

BTS: .

BTS. , BTS.

5.3.1.3 TRC

, TRAU TRC, BSC, GSM, TRAU .

BSC TRC

TRA . , , TRC . , TRA BSC. 5.3.1.4 MS

Paging. BSC ,

Location Area (paging).

. SDCCH. BS MS .

. SDCCH BSC TCH. TCH , BSC TCH .

BSC :

MS BTS. BSC

MS BTS uplink downlink. MS BTS 480 .

119

5

.

Locating. BSC MS . , MS BTS, , .

(Handover). Locating , BSC MS BTS , . BSC, MSC/VLR . BSC MSC ( IMSI/TMSI ). MSC , .

(Frequency Hopping). BSC :

o Base Band: , BTS BSC.

o Synthesized: , BTS BSC.

5.3.1.5 - BSC

-

BSC, . - BSC :

BSC:

, BSC . . , . , , .

120

GSM 5.4

5.4.1 BTS BTS ,

.

. 5.3 BTS RBS 2000 ( ERICSSON)

GSM BTS. , BTS , , BTS:

BTS ( 3,5 35 ) BTS ( 500 3,5 ) BTS ( 500 )

Ericsson. BTS

GSM: 900/1800/1900 .

5.4.2 BTS BTS :

121

5

5.4.2.1

BTS MS . :

.

BSC , :

o o o (BSIC)

.

. BSC.

. BTS MS (, ).

. 5.4 BTS

BTS

, Uplink .

122

GSM 5.4.2.2

BTS

. :

. . (Adaptive equalization). (). .

5.4.2.3

BTS BTS BSC, LAP-D, .

5.4.2.4 BTS , , BSC

.

5.4.2.5 BTS

BTS . BTS, , BSC.

123

GSM 6 -

6.1

:

SIM - MT Mobile Terminal ( )

SIM- - , (Ki IMSI). ( ).

. 6.1

6.2

6.2.1

2, . . 6.2.

125

6

. 6.2

6.2.2 ,

, Idle Busy, , BSC. Cell Reselection Handover. .

6.2.3 (Active mode)

MS SACCH . MS BTS.

126

GSM

. 6.5 .

MS Busy .

BSC

.

6.2.4 6.2.4.1 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)

Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)

MS. MS DTX () ON . , MS . MS , , Post , TCH. , MS , Pre, ON TCH. Post () , TRC .

,

, .

127

6

MS Post , , BTS (update) .

DTX , .. , , .

6.2.4.2 (DRX) MS

Discontinuous Reception (DRX). , BTS , . MS , MS , sleep mode. MS .

6.2.5

MS , , MS . , . MS GSM . MS.

6.2 MT

GSM900 GSM1800 GSM1900

1 20 (43 dBm) 1 (30 dBm) 1 (30 dBm)

2 8 (39 dBm) 0.25 (24 dBm) 0.25 (24 dBm)

3 5 (37 dBm) 2 (33 dBm)

4 2 (33 dBm)

5 0.8 (29 dBm) ,

, 4 GSM 900 1 GSM 1800.

6.3 (SIM)

GSM Subscriber Identity Module SIM-. SIM- , , , -, . SIM- MS .

SIM- :

128

GSM

: ,

- IMSI, Ki 3/8.

: LA, , PLMN ...

, .

6.3.1 SIM-

2 SIM-. ID-1 SIM Plug-in SIM. SIM-.

ID-1 SIM

ID-1 SIM ISO

Integrated Circuit (IC) ).

. 6.6 SIM- ID-1

Plug-in SIM

SIM- SIM- ID-1 . MT.

. 6.7 SIM

129

6

6.3.2

GSM , SIM-.

:

, 3; , Ki; , A8; Kc

SRES;

, SIM-.

6.3.3 , SIM

SIM GSM. , GSM PLMN. , SIM, : .

6.3.3.1

: SIM, , ( ).

IC , , SIM:

ICCID - . ( ). .

IccID=89701+99+010000000001 19 ;

: . ITU-T .118: 89 7 (. ITU-T E.164) 01 GSM-900 99 01 SIM: ,

SIM ( , PLMN);

130

GSM

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI): , . IMSI=MCC+MNC+MSIN=250+99+91X1X8;

: LAI, ;

(); ; , ( ); PLMN; : , ;

, Kc Kc .

, SIM

:

Personal Identification Number (PIN) PIN ; / PIN ; PIN ; PIN Unlock Key (PUK) - PUK ; PUK .

, . 6.8, , SIM-. TEMS Investigation ERICSSON

131

6

. 6.8 , SIM-

132

GSM

6.3.4 MS , (Mobile Terminal)

, SIM- MS. PIN PUK .

6.3.4.1 PIN-

PIN 4 8 . PIN . , , PIN- . PIN-. PIN- . PIN- SIM . , PIN- SIM- , SIM- PIN-, .. SIM PIN.

6.3.4.2 / SIM SIM- , GSM .

SIM PIN- (Unblocking Key) PUK. PUK 8- . PUK , . 10 PUK , MS. MS SIM-.

133

7 GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE

GSM 7 - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).

GPRS GSM . GPRS , GSM. , . GPRS , .

GPRS ,

GSM , GPRS . . , GPRS .

7.1 GPRS

GPRS. GPRS GSM, GSM . GPRS , GPRS .

GPRS

GSM, BSC, (. . 7.1).

GSM :

GPRS Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) GPRS Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). . GPRS, , , GPRS, SGSN GGSN. SGSN GGSN.

, GPRS

GSM GPRS .

135

7 General Packet Radio Service

. 7.1 GPRS ( BSS, CSS PSS)

SSGN G (Gb, Gr ..),

ETSI. . UMTS (3G) I (Iu, Iur ..).

7.2 GPRS

MS, GPRS. : MS GPRS

GSM. MS / .

: MS GPRS GSM, / , .

: MS GSM GPRS.

136

GSM

7.3 (BSS)

GPRS MS, BSS. BSS : , . GPRS BTS .

BSS ,

, , MSC. GPRS.

7.4 (CSS)

CSS SS GSM, (. 1, 1.7: GSM).

GPRS

MSC, GSM/GPRS, , MS (Attach): IMSI/GPRS.

GPRS GMSC. HLR ,

, , GPRS. , HLR , , . , , / GPRS , (Access Point Name APN) (Internet Service Provider ISP), , MS IP .

GPRS HLR PDP (Packet

Data Protocol) . HLR 5 PDP . HLR SGSN. HLR, SGSN.

HLR GPRS

.

137


AUC - GPRS.

AUC GPRS , SGSN.

SMS-IW-MSC MS GPRS

SMS GPRS. SMS-IW-MSC GPRS.

7.5

(Billing Gateway BGw).

BGw GPRS , GPRS .

GPRS

, . , / , . GPRS , .

. SGSN

GGSN, , MSC CDR . CDR :

S-CDR,

SGSN. G-CDR,

GGSN. CDR, ,

GPRS. GPRS S-

CDR G-CDR. BGw

. BGw , , 138

GSM , .

, .

7.6 (PSS)

PSS , GPRS. (IP). , GSN (GPRS Support Node). GPRS: GPRS (SGSN) GPRS (GGSN). SGSN GSM, , MSC/BSC, GGSN , , .

GPRS

GPRS SGSN GGSN,

GPRS. .

7.6.1 GPRS (SGSN)

SGSN GPRS, . 7.2. BSC, MSC/VLR, SMS-G HLR. (backbone network) GGSN SGSN.

139


Gi

GiGnGn

BGw Corporate Network

ISP Network

Backbone Network

Gr

Gd

Gs

Gb

A

PSS

GGSN SGSN

HLR

SMS-G/IW MSC

MSC/VLRBSC

. 7.2 SGSN SGSN GPRS,

SGSN. SGSN GPRS , , MSC GSM. , MS, .. GPRS SGSN .

SGSN.

GPRS SGSN . MS ( Mobility Management). , , IMSI GPRS, , , GSM GPRS, .

. MS , SGSN , SGSN GPRS.

Location Area GPRS.

GPRS Routing Area RA. , LA GSM, RA GPRS. RA 140

GSM LA. RA LA.

PLMN, PLMN. SGSN Gs MSC/VLR MS A B, :

- / GPRS/IMSI.

attach SGSN, SGSN MSC/VLR . . MS Gs .

- . MS GSM/GPRS , MSC/VLR SGSN. . , GPRS GPRS.

- ( LA RA) GSM GPRS. MS , LA MSC RA SGSN. RA, SGSN Gs MSC LA. .

(Session Management SM)

GPRS

PDP . SM

(PDP), .

PDP

, MS GGSN. 141


SGSN , :

- PDP - , PDP .

- PDP. PDP . IPv7.

- PDP. IP MS.

- APN (Access Point Name). , , : wap.beeline.ru

- QoS (Quality of Service) . QoS, , , ( ). PDP SGSN , -

PDU ( ) MS MS. SGSN PDP

, . SGSN . SGSN , ISP (Internet Service Provider) ( APN).

: SGSN GGSN. IP , , . IP, GPRS.

, ,

GPRS, GPRS. GPRS : RIP v2, OSPF v2, BGP v7.

OSPF v2.

142

GSM

( , SMS), ( /, PDP ).

GPRS

ETSI S-CDR (SGSN), G-CDR (GGSN) SMS CDR.

CDR :

- S-CDR: MS, (RA), RA, , SGSN , , , .

- G-CDR: , , , .

- CDR , CDR, Mobility Management, , PDP , . CDR GPRS.

CDR GPRS , 15 , . CDR-, 72 .

:

- (, ); - CDR; - CDR; - (RAM); - (RAM); - .

GGSN SGSN GGSN ( ) PDP

, APN . (Domain Name Server - DNS) GGSN, APN. SGSN

143


SGSN GGSN

PSS

Backbone Network

ISP Network

Wap.Beeline.ru

Gn

Gn GTP Tunnel

Gi

Gi

Gn

DNS

wap.beeline.ru

GTP (GPRS tunneling protocol) GGSN .

. 7.3 GGSN

7.6.2 GPRS (GGSN)

GGSN IP

. GGSN , , ISP RADIUS, . IP GGSN IP , GPRS. SGSN GGSN.

GGSN

GGSN GPRS:

IP.

GGSN IP . RADIUS DHCP IP .

IP.

IP. GPRS (VPN).

144

GSM IP . , . , IP.

IP SGSN, GGSN ( , ). IPv4 IPSEC, MD5 (ESP), (DES-CBC). (, ..)

. . SGSN. .

GGSN ( , PDP ). SGSN. .

.

GGSN CDR MS. CDR , .

7.7 GPRS SMS GPRS

SGSN Gd SMS-

GMSC SMS-IW-MSC. SMS GPRS SGSN, MSC/VLR.

145


SMS GPRS , SMS .

MS, GPRS,

GPRS. MS, GPRS, GSM, GPRS.

MS, GPRS,

GSM, GPRS, GSM. SMS GPRS, MS SMS SGSN.

SMS

GPRS:

1. SMS-C , MS. SMS-C SMS-GMSC.

2. SMS-GMSC HLR SMS ( : SGSN MSC SGSN MSC, ).

3. HLR , SGSN, MS, MSC . MSC, SMS GSM.

4. SGSN, SMS-GMSC SMS SGSN.

5. SGSN SMS MS, SMS-C.

7.8 GPRS

. GPRS

(PS). , GPRS, , PDCH.

146

GSM

,

(PSD Packet Switch Domain). , CSD (Circuit Switch Domain).

PDCH

CS. PDCH PCU (Packet Control Unit).

PDCH

GPRS. / TBF Temporary Block Flow. MS TBF, uplink, downlink. TBF , TFI Temporary Flow Identity.

TBF MS PDCH.

GPHS PDCH, PSET MS. PDCH ( 4-) . , PSD PDCH.

GPRS.

GSM 10 . . , , PCH , BCCH .

GPRS .

, GSM. , Packet , , GPRS. , , GPRS PPCH Packet Paging Channel.

GPRS PTCCH

(Packet Timing advance Control Channel). TA, . GSM , , SACCH.

147


. 7.4 GPRS

PBCCH

Packet Broadcast Control Channel , BCCH GSM, . PBCCH, GPRS BCCH.

PPCH Packet Paging Channel ,

downlink MS . PPCH , .

PPCH GPRS I (NOM=1).

PRACH Packet Random Access Channel, uplink.

PRACH MS uplink .

PAGCH

148

GSM

Packet Access Granted Channel downlink . MS .

PNCH Packet Notification Channel downlink

(PTM-M Point-to-Multipoint Multicast) MS PTM-M. PNCH DRX. DRX GPRS 1.

PACCH Packet Associated Control Channel

MS. . PACCH . PDTCH, MS. , MS, , , MS , .

PTCCH/U Packet Timing advance Control Channel

uplink Access Burst, MS, .

PTCCH/D Packet Timing advance Control Channel

downlink MS. PTCCH/D PTCCH/U.

PDTCH .

PTM-M, MS . , MS PDTCH . , PDTCH/U uplink, PDTCH/D downlink.

149

GSM 8 GSM

GSM :

(Basic Services) , , . :

o (Bearer Services) (, ) . , , 13/ . .

o (Teleservice) , , (, SMS ..).

(Supplementary Services) , , .

(Intelligent Services) , , Pre-Paid.

(GPRS) .

151

8 GSM 8.1 Bearer Services

GSM

(V.35, V.35bis, V.90 ..).

GSM PSTN

0,3 3,4 ( ).

ISDN

, ( Non transparent).

GSM (

) (, .25) / - PAD (Packet Assembler-Disassembler).

152

GSM 8.2 Teleservices

GSM , :

(Speech), . (Emergency Call). GSM

, . ETSI 112, GSM 900/1800 SIM-.

3 (Facsimile group 3). GSM ITU. 3 . MSC (DTI).

/ (Alternative Speech/Fax). , . GSM, .. .

Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF). ( ) . , ..

Short Message Service (SMS). / 160 . , , .

153

8 GSM 8.3 GSM.

8.3.1. (Call Forwarding).

,

. GSM / ( , .., SMS). :

(Call Forwarding Unconditional) , MS.

(Call Forwarding Not Reachable) , . , MS Detached .

(Call Forwarding on Busy) , MS Busy. , Call Waiting ( ).

(Call Forwarding on No Reply) , - . , , .

8.3.2. (Call Barring).

, (Operator Determined Barring) , (Subscriber Determined Barring). , :

(Outgoing Call Barring) , :

o (Barring of All Outgoing Calls - BAOC).

o (Barring of all Outgoing International Calls - BOIC).

o , (Barring of all Outgoing International calls EXcept those directed to the Home PLMN country - BOIEXH).

154

GSM

(Incoming Calls Barring) , :

o (Barring of All Incoming Calls - BAIC).

o (Barring of all Incoming Calls when Roaming Outside home PLMN - BICRO).

8.3.3. Call Waiting (CW). ,

. , , MS .

8.3.4. (Call Hold).

, , . , .. MSC .

8.3.5. - (Multiparty call - MPTY).

, , ( ). MSC, MS .

8.3.6. .

(Calling Line Identification Presentation - CLIP) , (MSISDN) .

(Calling Line Identification Restriction - CLIR) , .

: A CLIP, B CLIR.

B A, A

155

8 GSM Private Number ( ).

(COnnected Line identification Presentation COLP) - , . , A B, C, C , A C.

(COnnected Line identification Restriction - COLR) , CLIR, .

8.3.7. (Closed User Group - CUG) ,

(/, ).

156

GSM 8.4. .

, . , ,

. .

:

Pre-paid SIM. . , .

Free Phone. , . 800 (.. 8 800 ., ).

Universal Access Number. , , . , . , , , , .

Premium Rate Call. ( , ..) . 809.

Televoting (). . , , , - . Voting, () (MSC), , .

157

9 () 7

GSM 9 7.

,

.

(), .

. , . .

( )

:

, ; (,

);

, (, / ).

:

(Access Signalling), ;

(Trunk Signalling), .

158

9 7

. 9.1. .

159

GSM 9.1. .

: PSTN, ISDN GSM.

9.1.1.

( , ). :

(Decadic)

/ . (DTMF Dual Tone Multi

Frequency) 1 4 1 4 ( 2 8).

(: , , ..).

9.1.2.

Digital Signalling System 1 (DSS1). ISDN (OSI).

160

9 7 9.2. .

. :

(Channel Associated Signalling CAS). ( : , ..), (, ) .

(Common Channel Signalling CCS). .

9.2.1. Channel Associated Signalling.

1 . . 16 , .

,

, . :

..

- - ..

. 9.2. .

.

161

GSM

. 9.3. .

2 ,

CCITT R1 R2, R1,5.

9.2.2. Common Channel Signalling

,

, ( ). . , ( 30).

1968 ,

6. 7.

7 1980 .

. 7 (, , ).

162

9 7 9.3. OSI ().

7

. .

ISO (International Standardization

Organization) 1977. .

.

7 , 7-.

. 9.4.

(Physical Layer)

. .

(Data Link Layer) (

). . /

163

GSM , (, ).

(Network Layer)

. , , .

(), .

(Transport Layer)

. , .

(Session Layer)

( , ..). , .

(Presentation Layer) ,

, . .

(Application Layer) ,

. : , , ..

164

9 7 9.4. 7

, 7

(ITU-T). , , .

9.4.1. . . 9.5 7.

. 9.5. .

Signalling Point (SP) () .

(MSC, BSC ..) SP (Signalling Point Code), SP.

SP Originating Point (OP),

Destination Point (DP). Signalling Transfer Point (STP) . STP

, SP. 2-102 STP, ..

2-100 2-101, 2-101. SP Network Indicator (NI),

:

0 ; 1 ;

165

GSM

2 () ; 3 ( ); SPC (SP Code), .

SPC 14 , :

( 0 16383); 7 + 7 ; 4 + 4 + 6; ..

. Signalling Link (SL) ,

, .. 64 /. SP , .

Link Set (LS) () . LS

16 SL. Signalling Route (Destination) ,

Destination Point. , 2-100 2-101, LS=2-102 LS=2-101.

Signal Unit (SU) () .

3 SU:

MSU Message Signal Unit ( ); LSSU Link Status Signal Unit (

);

FISU Fill-In Signal Unit ( ).

166

9 7

9.4.2. 7 7 ,

4 :

. 9.6. 7

:

Message Transfer Part (MTP) ; User Parts (UP) .

: -1 (Signalling Data Link).

, .. , (64 /).

-2 (Signalling Link).

SP. .

167

GSM

-3 (Signalling Network). .

.

. 9.7. 7.

TUP (Telephony User Part) ,

. ISUP-, .. ISDN.

ISUP (ISDN User Part) ISDN.

, ISDN.

SCCP (Signalling Connection Control Part)

. ( NI ). SCCP :

Connection Oriented (CO), .. ,

.

ConnectionLess (CL), .. , .

168

9 7

TCAP (Transaction Capabilities Application Part) , ( ) CL.

BSSAP (Base Station Subsystem Application Part) ,

GSM.

MAP (Mobile Application Part) ,

GSM, HLR, VLR .. .

CAP (CAMEL Application Part)

(MIN). INAP (Intelligent Network Application Part)

(IN).

OMAP (Operation & Maintenance Application Part)

.

169

GSM

7

. 9.8. .

170

GSM 10

( 8), .

,

.

. 10.1 .

:

SSF (Service Switching Function) , IN .

SCF (Service Control Function) , IN .

SDF (Service Data Function) , , IN .

SRF (Service Resource Function) , IN .

SCE (Service Creation Environment) SME (Service Management Environment) .

SSF SCF , .

172

10 10.1. Service Switching Function

SSF , , GSM IN.

, SSF Service Switching Point (SSP).

SSP ,

, , . SSP SCP.

SSF:

IN . SSP , IN ( ).

. SCP .

. SCP , SSP DTMF .

. SSP (, , ..).

MSC/VLR SCP.

, SSF MSC/VLR. 10.2. Service Control Function

, SCF Service Control Point (SCP).

SCP . SCF:

. , . SCE SCP.

. SCP , SSF SDF, , .

173

GSM

SSF SDF. SCF, ,

, SSF MSC/VLR.

10.3. IN

, SDF . SCP . SDF .

SRF , .. MSC

DTMF . SCE SME SMS (Service Management System).

, , - .

174

10 10.4. MIN.

. 10.2 MIN.

1. MSC/VLR ( ),

SSF.

2. SSF SCF , . SSF SCF .

3. SCF () , , SDF.

4. SCF ( ) SSF.

5. SSF MSC SCF.

175

GSM 10.5. .

, IN . ITU 7 INAP.

IN

, INAP . , GSM.

CAMEL Customized Application for Mobile

Enhanced Logic. CAMEL ETSI, GSM, IN

, . , CAMEL .

CAMEL (Capability Set - CS).

, , CAMEL 2 :

Pre-paid SIM; Virtual Private Network (VPN) - ; Operator and Location dependent routing (

)

.. 3 CAMEL :

Pre-paid SMS; Pre-paid GPRS.

7 CAMEL Application Part (CAP).

176

GSM 11 -

11.1 : MS IDLE

11.1 MS IDLE

1. , IMSI (IMSI attach) 2. (Location update) 3. LA 4. MSC/VLR 5.

MSC/VLR 6. , - . 7. (IMSI detach) 8. ( MS) (Implicit detach)

11.1.1 MS

11.1.1.1 MS Idle,

BCCH . , .

178

11

MS Idle BCCH Camp on .

Cell Selection. Camp on MS

. MS RACH .

( IDLE) MS 4

, : PLMN (PLMN selection) (Cell Selection) (Cell Reselection) (Location update). Location Update: IMSI attach ( MS) Normal Location Update ( ); Periodic registration ( ); MS .

IMSI detach.

IMSI Attach/Detach

IMSI attach/detach , /. MS, MSC/VLR IMSI attach. MS MSC/VLR IMSI detach. VLR , MS. MS, , .

(Normal Location Update)

MS , , (Location Area). MS , BCCH , LAI LAI, SIM- MS. , Normal Location Update SIM LAI.

179

GSM

(Periodic Registration)

MS Paging. , , .

MS BCCH,

, .

T3212 BSC.

Implicit detach

MS MSC detached (implicit detach).

BSC MSC,

MS MSC. , MS Implicit Detached. MSC , BSC.

Purging in VLR

Detached ( ), VLR. MS Purging. VLR HLR , MSC/VLR Location HLR MS Purged from VLR.

180

11

. 7.3 IDLE

11.1.1.2 PLMN

MS GSM PLMN. MS . MS , PLMN (registered PLMN). MS . , MS PLMN , . , .

181

GSM

PLMN, SIM- , . MS PLMN. PLMN , MS .

, , -

PLMN. (location update).

MS

. , MS PLMN , 1 ( ).

MS ,

. , MS , , MS , .

PLMN, , . , MS, .

11.1.1.3 (Cell Selection)

.

:

Stored list selection. , BCCH BA (BCCH Allocation list). MS, MS .

Normal cell selection. . , BA .

182

11

. (Normal cell selection)

normal cell selection MS

.

. 7.4

:

PLMN.

183

GSM

(Cell barred). , MS , MS Busy ( ), ;

. LA,

. MS IDLE

1. 1>0. :

,00101

=

BACBBAC

PCCHPWRBACCMINRXLEVA=

=

7.1

RXLEV MS BTS (downlink).

ACCMIN MS, MS (downlink). .

CCHPWR , MS, (uplink). . P MS ( )

dBm.

184

11

11.1.1.4 IMSI Attach MS ,

IMSI attach, :

1. MS IMSI attach , Detached IDLE.

2. VLR , q MS. , VLR HLR, MS.

3. VLR MS IDLE.

4. MS .

11.2 IMSI attach

11.1.1.5 (LU), - IMSI attach MS L , IMSI

attach MS. IMSI attach VLR , LAI, , LAI, Location VLR. , VLR LAI .

185

GSM

11.1.2 11.1.2.1 (Cell Reselection)

(Cell reselection measurements)

, , MS

. MS BCCH

. BA . , , 5 . .

, , BCCH, 30 . , MS TDMA , 5 , BCCH. , . , . , , , , , BA .

MS BSIC ,

( 30 ) , . BSIC :

BSIC=NCC+BCC

NCC - Network Color Code ( ); BCC - Base Station Color Code ( ). BSIC, MS

Обзор системы GSM.pdf

Documents

Transcript of Обзор системы GSM.pdf