-Extending man’s knowledge of Earth, the solar system and the universe….

Introduction

What are the principal reasons for undertaking a national space

program? What can we expect to gain from

space science and exploration? What science facts and

technology is needed for use in sound policy making?

The reasoning for establishing the U.S. Space Program in 1958 hold true for the world today:

Launch of Mercury-Atlas 7 Mission….NASA – First U.S. manned space program

Four Factors

Man’s compelling urge to explore and to discover Military defense objective National prestige New opportunities for scientific

observation and experiment

These factors give importance, urgency and inevitability to the advancement of space technology:

Cost Justification

“But if we have learned one lesson, it is that research and exploration have a remarkable way of paying off – quite aside from the fact that they demonstrate that man is alive and insatiably curious. And we all feel richer for knowing what explorers and scientists have learned about the universe in which we live…”

-Excerpt from “Introduction to Outer Space,” the White House…1958

First Rocketry Theories

1903: Russian Mathematician, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky published the first serious work on space travel: “The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices.”

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

1920: Robert Goddard, an American Scientist, published “A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes.” This was the first serious work on using rockets for space travel after Tsiolkovsky’s effort.

Robert Goddard

Space Program Origins

While the observation of objects in space (known as astronomy) pre-dates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large liquid-fueled rocket engines during the early 20th century that allowed space exploration to become a practical possibility.

1926: Robert Goddard and the first liquid-fueled rocket, in Auburn, MA.

A group of 500 German scientists, Verein fur Raumshiffarht (VfR), started to experiment with testing rockets in 1930. If rockets were launched fast enough, they would go up into space (per Newton). This changed the nature of warfare and propelled the world into the space age.

Operation Paperclip

Towards the end of World War II, the US intelligence & military services extracted 104 scientists from Nazi Germany. They worked at White Sands Proving Grounds (NM) on test launches and at Ft. Bliss, TX for research. The Nazi V-2 rocket developed into the American Redstone rocket, used in the early space program.

German rocket scientists from Operation Paperclip…1946

World Space Programs Today

AustriaAustraliaBrazilCanadaChileChinaCzech RepEuropeFranceGermanyHungaryIndiaIndonesia

Iran

IraqIsraelItalyJapanKazakhstanLuxembourgMalaysiaMexicoMulti-national

North KoreaNorwayPakistanPhilippinesPortugal

RussiaSaudiSingaporeS. KoreaSpainSwedenTaiwanThailandTurkeyUAEUKUkraineUSA

Many countries of the world have individual government -sponsored space programs… as well as there are group efforts that combine multi-national expertise…

World Spaceflight Highlights 1944: Nazi V-2 rocket… First man-made object to cross the Karman line. (Sub-orbital) 1946: US V-2 rocket… First successful US spaceflight – Army/General Electric. (Sub-orbital) 1957: R-7 Russian Sputnik… First successful orbital satellite – started space race with US & was first

comsat (communications satellite) 1957: R-7 Russian Sputnik II… First living organism (dog) launched into space 1958: U.N. forms COPUOS (Committee on the Peaceful

Uses of Outer Space) – currently there are 67 members 1958: NASA founded - U.S. 1958: US Explorer 1 (Juno1)… First American spacecraft

in orbit – discovery of Van Allen belts 1958: US Project SCORE (Atlas B)… First U.S.

Communications satellite 1959: US Pioneer 4 (Juno2)… First U.S. probe to escape

from Earth’s gravity

Spaceflight Highlights

Venus…

Yuri Gagarin..

1959: US Explorer 6 (Thor Able)… First pix of Earth from space 1959: SS-6/R-7 Russian Luna 2… First spacecraft to reach the Moon – discovery of solar winds 1960 : Thor Able-2/ TIROS 1... First successful orbital weather

satellite –NASA 1960: MIDAS-2… U.S. Air Force detection of IR sources 1961: Redstone (MRLV)… U.S. sent first chimpanzee in space 1961: Thor Able-Star/LEO… Exploration of radio wave

propagation by U.S. NAVY 1961: Vostok 1… First manned spaceflight by Soviet Union (Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin) –April 12, 1961

1961: Mercury-Redstone 3… First American in space (Astronaut Alan Shepard) -May 5, 1961

Through 1962: Corona… First series of U.S. Spy Satellites (single panoramic camera) by U.S. Air Force

Spaceflight Highlights 1962: Mercury Atlas-6… First American manned

orbital space flight (Astronaut John Glenn)

1962: Mariner 2… First successful U.S. Venus mission (fly by)

1964: Ariel 1… First British space physics experiments in orbit through NASA

1962: Alouette 1… First Canadian Satellite through NASA

1962: Telstar… First Satellite to transmit high

speed data & telephone signals –AT&T, USA 1963: Cosmos 14… First Soviet weather satellite 1963: Vostok… First woman in space (Cosmonaut

Valentina Tereshkova) – RVSN 1964: Voskhod 1,3… First multi-person space

flight –RSVN 1965: Voskhod 2… First EVA (spacewalk) – RVSN –

March 18, 1965

Valentina Tereshkova…

Verera 4


Apollo 11 landing on Moon

1965: Gemini 4… First American spacewalk – NASA –June 3, 1965

1965: INTELSAT 1… First commercial communications satellite –Hughes Aircraft/USA

1966: Gemini 8… First docking in space (with GATV –NASA 1967: Soviet Venera 4… Direct atmospheric study on Venus –first

successful probe of environment on another planet -RSVN 1967: Orbita… First national network of satellite tv systems -

Soviet 1968: Apollo 8… First manned mission to the moon –NASA 1969: Soyuz 4 & 5… First manned docking between two

spacecrafts – RSVN 1969: Apollo 11… First manned lunar landing -NASA Astronauts: Commander Neil Alden Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins & Lunar

Module Pilot Edwin Eugene ‘Buzz’ Aldrin, Jr.

1970: Dong Fang Hong 1… First Satellite launched by China –PRC (Peoples’ Republic of China)

1970: Uhuru… First satellite dedicated to X-Ray astronomy –NASA

Spaceflight Highlights 1970: Apollo 13… Furthest distance traveled by space crew -401,056 km.

1971: Salyut 1 Space Station… First space station -RSVN 1971: IMEWS 2… First early warning defense satellite –US Air Force 1971: UN Program on Space Applications established 1971: Mariner 9… First Martian orbiter –NASA 1971: Soyuz 11… First manned space station -RVSN 1971: Prospero… First British launched satellite (for micrometeorite detection)

1972: Venera 8… Atmospheric probe (50 min.) on Venerian Surface 1972: Pioneer 10… First spacecraft to travel through the

asteroid belt and make direct observations of Jupiter -NASA 1973: Prognoz 3… Solar flare detection –RASA (Russian)

1973: Nauka… Gamma Ray Telescope in space –Russian 1973: DSP F-4… Missile Early Warning Detection Test –US Air Force

Pioneer 10 Flyby Deep Space

(artist’s sketch)

Spaceflight Highlights 1973: Explorer 29… Entered Selenocentric orbit (radio telescope –

NASA 1974: Aerobee 200-A… Aeronomy/UV astronomy –NASA 1974: Mariner 10… First flyby of Mercury –NASA 1976: Ekran… First direct to home tv satellite –RSVN 1976: Palapa A1… First communications satellites launched by

(separately) Indonesia, Arab League and Turkey 1979: Soyez 33… First Austrian in space - Franz Artur Viehböck 1980: Soyez 6… First Asian in space –Pham Tuan (Vietnam) 1980: Soyez 38… First Cuban in space –Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez 1981: Columbia… STS-1 Maiden Flight of Space Shuttle –US Space

Alliance 1981: Voyager 2… Flyby of Saturn –NASA 1982: Anik C-3… Used to distribute Canada’s first pay tv networks

–Telesat Canada 1982: Venera 13… Lands on Venus –Soviet 1983: First US woman in space –Astronaut Sally Ride 1984: STS-41-B… First untethered spacewalk –NASA

Saturn photo, by Voyager 2

Photo of Venus land from Venera 13


Near Earth Asteroid Eros as seen from the NEAR spacecraft.

1984: Salyut-7… First Indian to travel in space –Rakesh Sharma

1985: STS-51-G… First Arab, Muslim, Saudi and royal to travel in space -Sultan Bin Salman Bin Aldulaziz Al Saud –NASA

1985: STS-51-G… First African-born man to travel in space -Patrick Baudry (Cameroon)

1985: STS-61-B… First Mexican-born man to travel in space –Rodolfo Neri Vela

1986: Voyager 2… Closest approach to Uranus discovers 10 new moons –NASA

1988: Mir Soyuz TM-6… First Afghan in space -Abdul Ahad Mohmand

1989: Voyager 2… Closest view of Neptune –NASA 1990: Soyuz TM-11… First paying space traveler -Toyohiro Akiyama (Japan)

1991: Project Juno; Soyuz TM-12… First Briton to travel in space -Helen Sharman

1992: AP-MCSTA (Asian-Pacific Multilateral Space Technology Cooperative Symposium) is formed in the region.

1992: STS-45... First Belgian in space -Dirk Fremut, (US launch)

Spaceflight Highlights 1993: TDRS 6 (STS-54)… Tracking and Delay Relay Satellite

launched to support ISS & communications satellite network –NASA & U.S. Govt.

1993: STS-55… Reusable German Spacelab on shuttle and International cooperation demonstrated (11 countries; 88 experiments)

1994: Discovery… First mission of the Shuttle-Mir Program – started a cooperative effort in space flight between

Russia and the US –Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev

1995: Mir Exhibition 18… 1995: Fasat-Alfa… First Chilean Satellite –VKS 1996: Sojourner… First Mars Rover –NASA 1996: STS-76… First Shuttle-Mir EVA -NASA/Russia 1996: NEAR… First robotic space probe to orbit & land on as

asteroid (Eros) -NASA 1997: HALCA (Haluka)… First launch of Japanese M-V solid fuel

rocket family for radio astronomy satellite research -ISAS 1997: Earthview 01… First burial in space of human remains -

Gene Roddenberry (Creator of Star Trek), Gerard O’Neill (Space Physicist), Krafft Ehricke (rocket Scientist), Timothy Leary (writer, psychologist, & drug campaigner) –Space Services Inc.

Huygens surface color on Titan…


Eros

NEAR

Pedro DuqueISS

1997: Cassini… First spacecraft to enter Saturian orbit via heliocentric orbit

1997: Huygens… First spacecraft to land on Titan (Saturn’s largest moon)

1998: Nilesat1… First Egyptian Satellite –Nilesat 1998: Tubsat N… First orbital launch from a submarine –TUB (German) 1998: Kwangmyousong1… First attempt for North Korea to

orbit a spacecraft (not succesful) 1998: STS-95; 7… First Spanish astronaut –Pedro Duque

1999: Athena-1… First Taiwanese satellite 1999: Soyuz-U… Final operational crew on Mir -RKA 2000: ISS… First resident crew on International Space

Shuttle –NASA, RKA, JAXA, CSA, ESA

2000: NEAR Shoemaker… First landing on an asteroid 2000: Columbia LC39-B… First female shuttle commander


Spitzer image of new cloud formation in Serpens South

Artist’s sketch of Spitzer spacecraft…

Astronaut Micheal Melvill

2000: Dnepr… First Malaysian satellite 2000: 100th flight of space shuttle program –NASA –Oct. 24th

2001: Soyuz TM-32… First privately funded person to travel in outer space –Dennis Tito (American); Cost: between $12–20 million

2002: Soyuz TM-34… First South African to travel in space –Mark Shuttleworth

2003: Hayabusa (Japanese for Peregrine Falcon)… Launch of first mission to return a sample from asteroid Itokowa -JAXA

2003: Cubesats… Launch of first picosatellites (5 university and 1 commercial) for research purposes –German

2003: Spitzer Space Telescope… Last of NASA’s Great Observatories (IR) launched into space

2004: Flight 15P… First privately-funded human spaceflight –Astronaut Michael Melvill; Scaled Composite,CA

2004: Messenger… Launch of first mission to orbit Mercury –NASA


Artist’s conception of Stardust spacecraft

Artist’s sketch of Mars Opportunity Rover

Surface of Jupiter –New Horizons probe

Anousheh Ansari

2004: Spirit & Opportunity… Rovers land on Mars –NASA 2005: Huygens… Separated from Cassini & landed on

Saturn’s moon, Titan -NASA/ESA 2005: Sina-1… Launch of first Iranian artificial satellite

(Russian launch)

2006: New Horizons… Launch of mission to Pluto (target arrival 2015) -NASA

2006: ISS Expedition 13… First Brazilian in space –Marcos Pontes (Russian launch)

2006: KazSat-1… First Kazakh satellite -Government of Kazakhastan (Russian launch)

2006: Stardust… First mission to return sample cosmic dust to Earth -NASA 2006: First Iranian in space -Anousheh Ansari انوشه انصاری (Russian

launch)

2006: Genesis 1… First experimental commercial space habitat (Russian launch)


MARS launch site in VA….

Dr. Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor

Sunita Williams

2006: ISS Expedition 14… First female space tourist -Sunita Williams NASA

2006: TacSat-2/GeneSat-1… First launch from MARS (Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport) – commercial site near NASA Wallops Flight Facility (VA)

2007: SRE-1… First Indian spacecraft recovery. 2007: Kavesh… First successful Iranian scientific launch. -IARI 2007: Liberdad 1… First Colombian satellite. (Russian launch) 2007: Yaogan 2… 100th successful Chinese orbital launch -CNSA 2007: ISS Expedition 16… First Malaysian in space; -Dr. Sheikh

Muszaphar Shukor (Guest of Russian Government) 2008: Chandrayaan-1… India launches mission to study Moon


Artist’s sketch of Deep Impact…

2007: Chang’e 1… First Chinese lunar probe -CNSA 2007: AEGIS… First Japanese ABM test (used American technology) 2007: EPOXI… Deep Impact Flyby of Earth –NASA 2008: Soyez-TMN-12… First second generation cosmonaut in space -Sergey Volkov (Russian) 2008: Soyez-TMN-12… First South Korean in space -Yi So-yeon 이소연 (Russian launch)

Astronaut Yi So-yeon…

Sergey Volkov

World Launch Sites

Although there are many countries involved in space exploration, only the following ones have launch sites: Brazil (1), China (3), European Space Agency (ESA-1), India (1), Israel (1), Italy (1), Japan (2), Russia (4) and the US (3).

World Launch Sites’ Space Programs

Space Shuttle launch as seen from the ISS…

BRAZIL OVERALL GOALS:

Establish the scientific and technical competence in the space area which would make it possible for Brazil to act with real autonomy in some well identified situations, including the selection of technological solutions to Brazilian problems and the international negotiations, agreements and treaties.

Promote the development of space systems, and related ground infrastructure, that may provide data and services desired by Brazil.

Prepare the Brazilian industry to participate and become competitive in the market for space goods and services.

Launch at Centro de Lançamento da Barreira

do Inferno - CLBI

BRAZIL

1961: GOCNAE (Grupo de Organizacao da Comissao Nacional de Atividades Espaciais) –Group for the Organization of the National Space Activities Commission (forerunner to INPE) is started.

1965: First campaigns for launching work-loaded probing rockets 1969: Remote Sensing activities started 1988: Brazil begins work with China in satellite development 1993: First launch of wholly Brazilian satellite by INPE (in USA)

1994: Civilian Authority overseen by President: AEB 2005: INPE reaches 100 thousand images – makes it the largest CBERS world distributor 2006: First Brazilian space astronaut in space -Marcos Pontes (Russian

launch to ISS 2008: INPE distributes more than half a million CBERS images via

internet

INPE: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)

Website: http://www.inpe.br/

Marcos Pontes

CHINA

Since it’s birth in 1956, China's space industry was developed on the basis of weak infrastructure industries and a relatively backward scientific & technological level, under special national and historical conditions. In the process of carrying out space activities independently, China has opened a road of development unique to its national situation and scored a series of important achievements with relatively small input and within a relatively short span of time. Now, China ranks among the most advanced countries in the world in many important technological fields: satellite recovery, multi-satellite launch with a single rocket, rockets with cryogenic fuel, strap-on rockets, launch of geo-stationary satellites and TT&C.

Significant achievements have also been gained in the development and application of remote-sensing satellites and telecommunications satellites, and in manned spacecraft testing and space micro-gravity experiments.

KT-1 …2001

BACKGROUND

CHINA

The CNSA policy white paper lists short term goals as: Build a long term earth observation system Set up an independent satellite telecommunications network Establish an independent satellite navigation and positioning system Provide commercial launch services Set up a remote sensing system Study space science such as microgravity, space materials, life sciences, and

astronomy Plan for exploration of the moon

Among their stated longer term goals are: Improve their standing in the world of space science Establish a manned space station. Conduct manned missions to the moon. Establish a manned lunar base. Achieve marketization & industrialization of space technology & apps.

CNSA: China National Space Administration

Website: http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/main_e.asp

CHINA 1956: The first space program in China was aimed at developing China's

aviation, guided missiles, rockets and missile defense needs by the Central Defense Commission.

1960: China’s first ever T-7M sounding rocket was successfully launched from the Nanhui launch site

1968: 航天医学工程研究所… China’s Space Medical Institute was founded 1970: 東方紅… First Chinese satellite launched -Dong Fang Hong I 1975: 返回式卫星… First recoverable satellite by China 1985: China started commercial launch program for Asian and European interests 1985: Challenger STS-51-B… Taylor Wang is first Chinese-born man (US citizen) in space 2003: Yang Liwei is first Chinese man sent into space by the Chinese

space program 2006: Chang'e-1… First Lunar probe project 2008: Shenzhou 7… First spacewalk (EVA) for China

CNSA

Yang Liwei

Taylor Gun-Jin Wang

ESA: European Space Agency

Maintain scientific & research projects Engage in astronomy space missions Design, develop & test technology for manned Mars

mission in 2030 (not with NASA due to prohibitive U.S. technology sharing laws)

GOALS & AIMS

Shot of Europe from space … ESA

The European Space Agency (ESA) is Europe’s gateway to space. Its mission is to shape the development of Europe’s space capability and ensure that investment in space continues to deliver benefits to the citizens of Europe and the world.


Website: http://www.esa.int/esaCP/index.htmlAriane-5 ECA Flight 164 launch… 2005


1975: COS-B… First ESA science mission: detect & map gamma ray emissions across the universe. 1978: IUE… First astronomical satellite in high Earth orbit. 1983: Ulf Merbold –First ESA astronaut in space (German)

1986: GIOTTO… First deep-space mission (passed close to Comet Halley) and robotic spacecraft found first evidence of organic material in a comet.

2007: Corot… -First detection of extrasolar planet (French led)

(Expected) 2010: Cupoloa… Observatory module for direct view of ISS robotics and Earth

Ulf Merbold, German

HIGHLIGHTS

FRANCE

Its task is to invent the space systems of the future, bring space technologies to maturity and guarantee France’s independent access to space.

CNES is helping to foster new technologies that will benefit society as a whole, focusing on:

Access to space Civil applications of space Sustainable development Science and technology research Security and defense

GOALS & AIMS

Veronique, 1959

FRANCE

1949: Veronique… First flight test for first French rocket. The full-scaled Veronique launched in 1952

1958: CERN… First co-operative European scientific lab developed due to large number of scientists leaving Europe after WWII.

1961: CNES founded 1965: Aesterix 1… First French satellite launched -FRANCE 1982: Salyut 7…. Jean-Loup Chretien is first Western

European in space –French Air Force, CNES (Soviet vehicle) 2001: CNES transfers all projects to ESA

CNES: Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales

Website: http://www.cnes.fr/

Jean-Loup Chretien

INDIA

Develop space technology and its application to various national tasks.

Two major space systems:1. INSAT for communication, television broadcasting and

meteorological services 2. Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) system for

resources monitoring and management. Developed two satellite launch vehicles, PSLV and

GSLV, to place INSAT and IRS satellites in the required orbits.

GOALS & AIMS

Launch pad at Sriharikota

INDIA

1962: Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was founded –led by founding father, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai

1969: Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was founded

1972: India develops its own Department of Space 1975: Aryabhata… First Indian satellite launched from

Russian site 1980: Rohini 1… First Satellite launched into space – INDIA 1984: Saylut 7… First Indian in space -Rakesh Sharma 2007: SRE-1… Experimental space capsule that was launched,

remained in space for 12 days and re-entered for research before manned mission occurs (expected by 2015)

2008: CARTOSAT-2A, IMS1 & 8 foreign nano satellites …launched from Shriharikota

2008: MIP & Chandrayaan-I… First Indian spacecraft to land on Moon

ISRO: Indian Space Research Organization

Website: http://www.isro.org/

Rakesh Sharma

ISRAEL

"Space research and exploration is an essential instrument for the defense of life on Earth; the lever for technological progress; the key to existing in a modern society; essential for developing an economy based on knowledge; and the central attraction for scientific and qualified human resources.“

• Preserve and broaden the comparative advantage of Israel & to place it among the group of leading countries in the space research and exploration area.

• Build & support satellite systems for space & Earth research from space.

• Develop technologies, knowledge & scientific infrastructure (including laboratories and human resources) required for space research.

• Promote international cooperation in space research & exploration, and for strengthening Israel’s national interests.

• Promote ties between Israeli society, space research, & exploration.

ISA has signed cooperation agreements with the space agencies of: USA (NASA), France (CNES), Canada (CSA), India (ISRO), Germany (DLR), Ukraine (NSAU), Russia (RKA), Netherlands (NIVR) and Brazil (AEB).

VISION & MAIN GOALSOfeq 7…2007

ISRAEL

1983: Israeli Space Agency (ISA; hebrew: סוכנות החלל הישראלית) founded 1988: Ofeq 1… First Israeli satellite launched into space 1992: SDS-107… First Israeli science experiment on an American

Space Shuttle 1995: Ofeq 3… First Israeli reconnaissance satellite 2002: Ofeq 5… Demonstrated ICBM potential 2003: Columbia/NASA… First Israeli astronaut (Ilan Ramon) 2003: TAUVEX... Jt. development w/ India of satellite telescope. (Expected) 2009: Opsat Satellite… High resolution new generation

remote optical sensing

Website: http://www.iai.co.il/Default.aspx?FolderID=14467&lang=EN

ISA: Israeli Space Agency

TECSAR Hi Res ImagingIlan Ramon

ITALY

The Italian Space Agency came into being in 1988. Its purpose was to coordinate all of Italy’s efforts and investments in the space sector that had begun in the 1960s.

Today, ASI has a key role at the European level where Italy is the third contributor country to the European Space Agency (ESA). It also is involved at the international level. For example, ASI has a close working relationship with NASA, which has led to its participation in many of the most interesting scientific missions (including Cassini-Huygens, ISS, etc.) of recent years.

BACKGROUNDSan Marco platform, near Kenya

ITALYASI: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

Website: http://www.asi.it/SiteEN/Default.aspx

1964: San Marco… Italy’s first satellite – part of European (ESA) space efforts (US -launched)

1988: ASI founded 1991: ItalSat F1… first launch for ASI 1992: Tethered 1… First Italian to travel in space -Franco Malerba

1996: Beppo Sax… Mission to learn about gamma ray bursts – served as input for NASA’s SWIFT and ASI’s AGILE projects

2000: SRTM Mission… led to COSMO – the first global 3D planet mapping.

2001: ISS… First Italian to travel to ISS –Umberto Guidoni

2004: Rosetta Probe…. Launched to collect samples from comet (expected 2014)

2007: AGILE… Fully Italian satellite launched that studies X and Gamma ray emissions

Rosetta Probe

JAPANVISION

S-520 … 2008

Build a secure & prosperous society through the utilization of aerospace technology

Prepare for the unraveling of the mysteries of the universe and for lunar utilization, in order to seek the origins of the Earth and humankind

Implement world-class space transportation and Japan’s indigenous space activities

Develop aerospace as Japan’s next key industry

Establish Japan’s aviation industry & develop supersonic aircraft

JAPAN

1970: Osumi… First Japanese satellite launched 1985: Suisei & Sakigake… First Japanese missions beyond

Earth for observation of Halley’s Comet 1990: Soyuz TM-11… First Japanese person in space

(commercial venture) 1992: STS-47… First Japanese astronaut: Mamoru Mohri 2003: Three Japanese organizations merge to form JAXA:

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL), and National Space Development Agency (NASDA).

2006: Launch of HINODE (Solar-B) for observation of solar effects on the Earth –UK, Japan & US

JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 宇宙航空研究開発機構

Mamoru MohriMotto: “Reaching for the skies, exploring space…”

Website: http://www.jaxa.jp/HINODE

RUSSIA

Monitor natural environment and control critical emergencies Global positioning of high precision coordinate & time data

and enhance space navigation system Support global communications & TV broadcasting Evolve orbital mission crews and support international

collaborative efforts on ISS development Evolve space technologies and production of materials with

unique properties Create and enhance space vehicles, launchers and ground

objects of the space infrastructure and ground experimental facilities through technological developments

Research markets Study: exoatmospheric astrophysics, planetology, space biology, physiology & materials science

Vostok-1

Launch site at Baikonur

Russian cosmodrome sites…

MAJOR TRENDS

RUSSIA

1921: Tikhomirov’s rocket development lab is established in Moscow. This marked the initial consideration of the multistage rocket.

1927: Moscow… World’s first exposition of technology for interplanetary travel.

1935: Soviet intelligence learns of development of German secret missile.

1946: Soviet government launches a missile development program, based upon German technology (post WWII)

1950: Soviets develop long range missile program –Sergei Korolev

1957: Sputnik 1… First artificial satellite ever launched and started “Space Race” with the U.S. 1957: Sputnik 2… Proved living being could be launched into space and survive weightlessness Laika, the dog … -served as precursor to human missions

Laika Korolev

Site of German missile testing… 1943

RKA: Russian Federal Space Agency

http://www.roscosmos.ru/index.asp?Lang=ENG

RUSSIA

1961: Voskok 3KA-2… First human ever to travel into space -Yuri Gagarin 1963: Voskok 6… First woman ever to travel in space -Valentina

Tereshkova 1971: DOS-7K… First Soviet space station launched 1975: 7K-TM… Docked with Apollo 1986-2001: MIR… First permanent base in space 1992: International Space Shuttle… Russia joins forces on work on

ISS –use of Soyuz spacecraft & ISS docking with MIR 2003: Soyuz… Russia launches first spacecraft from Kourou, French

Guiana 2005: Russia launches ESA’s Venus Express 2009: (Expected) Russia to launch spacecraft for study of Mars & its Moon, Phobos

HIGHLIGHTS

Yuri Gagarin

Valentina Tereshkova

DOS-7K

USA

NASA's mission is to pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research.

AERONAUTICS: pioneers and proves new flight technologies that improve our ability to explore and which have practical applications on Earth.

EXPLORATION SYSTEMS: creates new capabilities and spacecraft for affordable, sustainable human and robotic exploration.

SCIENCE: explores the Earth, moon, Mars and beyond; charts the best route of discovery; and reaps the benefits of Earth and space exploration for society.

SPACE OPERTIONS: provides critical enabling technologies for much of the rest of NASA through the space shuttle, the International Space Station and flight support.

MAJOR TRENDS

First Human extra-vehicular spaceflight – Gemini 4; Ed White - Astronaut

USA

1958 – NASA is established 1961 – Freedom 7… First American in Space –Alan B. Shepard, Jr.

1961 – President Kennedy announces plan for U.S. to have a person make it to the moon within the decade

1962 – Friendship 7… First American to orbit in space -John H. Glenn, Jr.

1965 - NASA announces search for scientist-astronauts 1967 – NASA Administrator, James Webb, advocated enlisting help of universities for lunar science studies 1969 – Apollo 11/Columbia & Eagle – First manned lunar landing , EVA exploration & safe return 1963 – President Kennedy calls for cooperative efforts in space discovery between the U.S. and Soviets Website: http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html

HIGHLIGHTS

NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Apollo 15 – David Scott … “The Hammer and the Feather.”

President Eisenhower creates NASA

USA

1983 – Sally Ride… First American woman in space 1999 – NASA remote sensing technology (LiDAR ) helps

forest rangers monitor wildlife (i.e. CA Spotted Owls) habitats from the sky

2002 – NASA’s Aster image demonstrates extent of Colorado’s Hayman fires

2006 - IKONOS satellite helps NASA scientists and U of NH students locate over 1,000 yrs . old Mayan ruins in Guatemala 2006 – First HDTV broadcast from space (ISS) to Earth 2007 - Phoenix… Launch of spacecraft to dig N section of Mars for soil samples

HIGHLIGHTS

Sally Ride – Challenger 1983

IKONOS satellite false color view of deep rainforest Mayan ruin of Tikal…

CA Spotted Owls

Aster image of Hayman fires in CO

HDTV broadcast – Times Square, NYPhoenix photo on Mars surface

USA

2007 –Dawn… Successful launch for rendezvous and orbit of 2 asteroids for research of their internal structures

2007 –STEREO… First 3D images of Solar UV rays 2008 –SOHO… Finds 1500th comet 2008 –U.S. House of Representatives extends waiver to the

Iran, North Korea & Syria Nonproliferation Act, allowing NASA to purchase seats on the Russian Soyuz spacecrafts through July 2016.

2008 –MRO/HIRISE… Evidence found of early water on MARS 2008 –SWIFT… Most distant gamma -ray burst ever detected

-NASA

2008 –Hubble celebrates 10 years in space 2008 –NASA is 50 years old

HIGHLIGHTSHubble shot of cavernous star-forming region of NGC 3324, blasted out by intense stellar radiation. 10/2008

MRO/HIRISE photo of possible canyon/canal sites on MARS

SWIFT shot of GRB 090813

USA

Oct. 1, 2008: NASA celebrated its 50th Anniversary at the Smithsonian’s National Air & Space Museum Steven F. Udvar -Hazy Center

NASA Celebrates 50 Years of Space Exploration & Discovery

Expedition 17 Flight EngineerGreg Chamitoff addresses the group from the ISS…

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In the next 20 years, NASA will be laying the groundwork for sending humans not only beyond Earth's orbit, but further into to space than they've ever been. The next key steps are:

Complete the International Space Station and retire the Space Shuttle by 2010

Begin robotic missions to the Moon by 2008 and return people there by 2020

Continue robotic exploration of Mars and the Solar System Develop a crew exploration vehicle and other technologies required to send people beyond low Earth orbit by 2014 Kepler Mission -2009… For Extrasolar Terrestrial Planet Detection

FUTURE GOALS

Full Moon

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Broaden programs in science and aeronautics, while focusing the human spaceflight endeavors on exploration

Develop and expand partnerships with private industries Develop a program to return humans to the Moon,

establish a lunar base and pursue subsequent exploration of Mars and other destinations

Continued joint international efforts

FUTURE NASA PROJECTS

Mars panorama, Spirit shotPrivate company

Barack Obama’s Plan

“It is essential to maintain U.S. leadership in space… In 2010, the U.S. will face a five-year gap in the ability to send astronauts to the International Space Station. The Obama Administration will restore America’s leadership in space science:

• Establish a robust program for human and robotic exploration that preserves our space workforce, engages international allies and draws on expertise in the private sector.• Close the gap in NASA access to lower earth orbit and better utilize the International Space Station.• Strengthen NASA’s missions in space science, weather, climate research, and aeronautical research.• Develop a new generation of space vehicles to replace the Space Shuttle scheduled to retire in 2010.• Improve NASA’s educational outreach and programs that promote spin-off consumer technologies.”

STRENGTHEN AMERICA’S LEADERSHIP IN SPACE SCIENCE

World Space Travel

BELGIUM - 2

BULGARIA – 2 CANADA – 8

FRANCE - 9

GERMANY – 10

ITALY - 5

JAPAN - 7

NETHERLANDS - 2

People’s Republic ofCHINA - 3

RUSSIA - 41

SOVIET UNION - 72

UNITED STATESof America - 305

As of May, 2008 , individuals from 39 countries have traveled in space – 24 have been beyond low Earth orbit….

OTHERS - 27

-Extending man’s knowledge of Earth, the solar system and the universe….

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Transcript of -Extending man’s knowledge of Earth, the solar system and the universe….