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Engineers are regularly engaged in projects in their careers!
Middle management continues to shrink
Industry now organizes more around projects than functions.
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DesignProcess
ProfessionalSkills
DesignTools
ProjectExcellence
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Engineers have led the way on project management, it is now “hot and trendy”.
#1 Area of Continuing Education reported by Penn State Behrend ECE alumni.
Penn State Behrend School of Engineering Survey 2003 of Fortune 500 companies- #1 required skill for new engineers = PROJECT MANAGEMENT SKILLS
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To complete the project◦On-time◦Within budget◦So that it meets the requirements
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By the end of this chapter, you should Be able to create a work breakdown structure. Be able to create network diagrams and Gantt charts. Be able to determine the critical path for completing a
project and the float time for each activity in the plan. Be able to conduct break-even analysis and
understand some basic methods of cost estimation. APPLY THIS TO YOUR PROJECT – YOU MUST
LEARN BY DOING!
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Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
Activity
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Tasks
Deliverables
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From MIL-HDBK 881 A product-oriented family tree composed of
hardware, software, services, data, and facilities. The family tree results from systems engineering efforts.
A WBS displays and defines the product, or products, to be developed and/or produced. It relates the elements of work to be accomplished to each other and to the end product.
A WBS can be expressed down to any level of interest. However the top three levels are as far as any program or contract need go unless … .
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Problem: Create the WBS for a temperature monitoring system design
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b0
bN-1
b1...
TemperatureConversion Unit
Power Supply
VTAmbient
Temperature
Power,120 VAC
Binary CodedDecimal (BCD)
Conversion Unit
7-Segment LEDDriver
BCD2
+/- x V DC
BCD3
BCD1
BCD0
,
Analog to DigitalConverter
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There are three main tasks1. The analog interface circuitry.2. The LED & digital circuitry.3. Integrate & Test.
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Activity: Design Circuitry Description: Complete the detailed
design and verify it. Deliverables/Checkpoints: 1) Circuit
schematic, and 2) Verify in simulation. Duration: 14 days. People: Jana (1), Rob (1) Resources: PC, SPICE Simulator Predecessors: none
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ID Activity Description Deliverables / Checkpoints
Duration (days)
People Resources Predecessors
1 Interface Circuitry
1.1 Design Circuitry Complete the detailed design and verify it in simulation.
Circuit schematic Simulation verification
14 Rob (1)Jana (1)
PC SPICE simulator
1.2 Purchase Components
Identify parts Place order Receive parts
10 Rob 1.1
1.3 Construct & Test Circuits
Build and test.
1.3.1
Current Driver Circuitry
Test of circuit with sensing device.
Test data Measurement of linearity
2 Jana (1)Rob (2)
Test bench Thermo- meter
1.2
1.3.2
Level Offset & Gain Circuitry
Test of circuit with voltage inputs.
Test data Measurement of linearity
3 Rob (1)Jana (2)
Test bench
1.2
1.3.3
Integrate Components
Integrate the current driver and offset circuits.
Test data verifying functionality and linearity requirement
5 Rob (1)Jana (1)
Test bench Thermo- meter
1.3.11.3.2
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PERT: Project Evaluation and Review Technique
Statistical methods to estimate project completion time.
Based on earlier studies that show that project task completion follows a Beta probability distribution.
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6
4 bmae
tttt
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A network diagram is a ???
We will use AON (Activity on Node)
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1
2
3
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1 2
1 3
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Problem: identify the paths to completion.
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start end
114d
28d
314d
46d
512d
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Critical Path =
Slippage =
Float =
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Problem: Calculate the float for all activities in network.
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start end
114d
28d
314d
46d
512d
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ID
Task Name Start Finish DurationJan 2005 Feb 2005
1/16 1/23 1/30 2/6 2/13 2/20 2/27
1 32d2/22/20051/10/20051: Interface Circuitry
2 14d1/27/20051/10/20051.1: Design Circuitry
3 10d2/10/20051/28/20051.2: Purchase Components
4 8d2/22/20052/11/20051.3: Construct & Test Circuits
5 2d2/14/20052/11/20051.3.1: Current Driver Circuitry
6 3d2/15/20052/11/20051.3.2: Level Offset & Gain Circuitry
7 5d2/22/20052/16/20051.3.3: Integrate Components
8 23d2/9/20051/10/20052: LED & Driver Circuitry
9 1d1/10/20051/10/20052.1 Research A/D Converters
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7d1/19/20051/11/20052.2 Complete Hardware Design
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10d2/2/20051/20/20052.3 Purchase LED & Driver Components
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5d2/9/20052/3/20052.4: Construct & Test
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7d3/3/20052/23/20053: System Integration & Test
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How do you complete projects within cost? Need to be able to estimate costs for
◦ System design
◦ Development
◦ Manufacture
Basics presented here – complex problem that requires experience.
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Fixed costs
Variable Costs
Break-Even Point
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total costs = fixed + variable costs
revenue = n x sales price/unit
fixed costs
variable costs = n x cost/unit
units sold, n
dollars
profit
break-evenpoint
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6
costcost4costcost bma
bKLOCaeffort
bKLOCaeffort )(
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Take the initial time estimates for activities and double them!
Assign a lot of time for testing and integration.
Factor in lead times for part ordering. Assign a project manager(s). Do not assign all team members to all
tasks. Track the progress versus the plan. Don’t become a slave to the plan. Experience counts.
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A Project Plan should contain Work Breakdown Structure. Identify the
activities, deliverables, responsibilities, duration, resources, and dependencies.
Gantt Chart and/or Network Diagram. Provide a graphical representation of the project plan.
Costs. Develop a tabulated list of costs and for the equipment, materials, and labor necessary to carry out the project.
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Three important objectives of project management are to complete the project◦ On-time
◦ Within budget
◦ To meet the needs of the user. WBS – hierarchical breakdown of activities needed to
complete a project. Network diagram – graphical representation of
activities for project – can use for quantitative analysis of project.
Cost estimates◦ Break-even analysis
◦ Cost estimation models
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