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EDER 673EDER 673Instructional Design Instructional Design

(iD)(iD)

Exploring Different Approaches Exploring Different Approaches Together:Together:

A conversation between scholars.A conversation between scholars.

AndAnd

We begin exploring learning We begin exploring learning theories for instructiontheories for instruction

Date:Date: January 30, 2003 January 30, 2003for the Week of Jan 30 to Feb 6, 2003for the Week of Jan 30 to Feb 6, 2003

Eugene G. KowchEugene G. KowchAssistant Professor of Educational TechnologyAssistant Professor of Educational Technology

via Vclassvia Vclass Audio Conference technology in real-time Audio Conference technology in real-time modemode

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The machines that are first The machines that are first invented to perform any particular invented to perform any particular movement are always the most movement are always the most complex, and succeeding artists complex, and succeeding artists generally discover that, with fewer generally discover that, with fewer wheels, with fewer principles of wheels, with fewer principles of motion, than had originally been motion, than had originally been employed, the same effects may employed, the same effects may be more easily produced. The first be more easily produced. The first systems, in the same manner, are systems, in the same manner, are always the most complex…. always the most complex….

(Adam Smith, (Adam Smith, 1741))

On design and innovation….

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Housekeeping/ AgendaHousekeeping/ Agenda

1.1. Issues and TrendsIssues and Trends - Your Topics and Class Viewpoints - Your Topics and Class Viewpoints– Is Behaviorism Dead?Is Behaviorism Dead?

– Is Educational Technology Failing / Oversold?Is Educational Technology Failing / Oversold?

– Is Constructivism “The Answer?” to Design?Is Constructivism “The Answer?” to Design?

– Is Cognitivism “The AnswerIs Cognitivism “The Answer?” Is?” Is there “An Answer?” there “An Answer?”

– Do you know the difference betweenDo you know the difference between• InstructionInstruction

• Instructional DesignInstructional Design

• Instructional TheoryInstructional Theory

• Learning TheoryLearning Theory

• Instructional Design and Educational Technology?Instructional Design and Educational Technology?

2.2. A preview of A preview of learning theorieslearning theories (next week’s reading). (next week’s reading).

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First, A Masters Student Discussion & First, A Masters Student Discussion & Presentations: Presentations:

A Leadership ExerciseA Leadership Exercise

As we exploring (together) different:As we exploring (together) different:

ET, ET,

iD iD

&&other other

perspectives (“isms”) perspectives (“isms”)

on instruction and instructional design.on instruction and instructional design.

(selected topics from From Gentry & Csete in Anglin, (selected topics from From Gentry & Csete in Anglin, 1995)1995)

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Issues: Student PresentationsIssues: Student Presentations

• Issues: JodyIssues: Jody• The The boundariesboundaries of the educational technology field (and ID) of the educational technology field (and ID)

will remain poorly drawn.will remain poorly drawn.• Issues: John / GeneIssues: John / Gene

– The The curricular corecurricular core of academic and other programs designed to prepare of academic and other programs designed to prepare educational technologists will remain educational technologists will remain ill defined and inconsistentill defined and inconsistent..

• Issues: RosemarieIssues: Rosemarie– The bulk of research in the field will continue to be sporadic and The bulk of research in the field will continue to be sporadic and diffusediffuse..

• Issues: AllanIssues: Allan– There will continue to be only There will continue to be only limited use of primary criterialimited use of primary criteria for for

evaluating instructional development process, product or implementation.evaluating instructional development process, product or implementation.• Issues: CalvinIssues: Calvin

– Undesirable side effects of the entrepreneurial practicesUndesirable side effects of the entrepreneurial practices of individual of individual practitioners of educational technology will continue negatively to affect practitioners of educational technology will continue negatively to affect credibility and effectiveness.credibility and effectiveness.

• Issues: TammyIssues: Tammy– There will continue to be There will continue to be inconsistent supportinconsistent support for educational technology for educational technology

from administrators, educators and trainers.from administrators, educators and trainers.

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Issues: Student Presentations: Continued: Issues: Student Presentations: Continued:

• SimonSimon– There will continue to be a There will continue to be a divisiondivision between educational between educational

technologists and other educators over the theories of learning to technologists and other educators over the theories of learning to which they adhere.which they adhere.

• Issues: KarenIssues: Karen– There will continue to be There will continue to be inadequate responseinadequate response to the critics of to the critics of

educational technology.educational technology.

• Issues: MichelleIssues: Michelle– Confusion over the definitionConfusion over the definition of and the need for technological of and the need for technological

literacy will continue.literacy will continue.

• Issues: KennethIssues: Kenneth– The The predilectionpredilection of educational technologists and other educators of educational technologists and other educators

to reinvent the wheel will not significantly lessen:to reinvent the wheel will not significantly lessen:

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Trend: Student Presentations: Trend: Student Presentations: • JenniferJennifer– The The creationcreation of technology - based teaching / learning products is based of technology - based teaching / learning products is based

largely upon instructional design and development largely upon instructional design and development principlesprinciples..

• Trends: Trends: SeanSean • EvaluationEvaluation has taken on greater importance as the concept has taken on greater importance as the concept

of performance technology has been further developed.of performance technology has been further developed.• Trends: AndrewTrends: Andrew

– The number of educational technology The number of educational technology case studiescase studies is growing and is growing and provides general guidance for potential users.provides general guidance for potential users.

• Trends: RichardTrends: Richard– Distance educationDistance education is evident at almost is evident at almost every level in almost every every level in almost every

sector.sector.• Trends: Leo Trends: Leo “The Lion” :-)“The Lion” :-)

– The field of educational technology has more and The field of educational technology has more and better information better information about itselfabout itself than ever before than ever before..

• Trends: Joanne Trends: Joanne (ID Spelunker)(ID Spelunker)

– Computers are pervasiveComputers are pervasive in the schools. Virtually every school in the in the schools. Virtually every school in the United States has microcomputers.United States has microcomputers.

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Trends Continued: Student Trends Continued: Student PresentationsPresentations

-Trends: Dean -Trends: Dean (Soccer IS a design metaphor)(Soccer IS a design metaphor)

• Telecommunications is the linkTelecommunications is the link that is connecting that is connecting education to the world.education to the world.

• Trends: RayTrends: Ray– The The teacher’s roleteacher’s role in the teaching and learning process in the teaching and learning process is is

changingchanging as new technologies are introduced to the classroom. as new technologies are introduced to the classroom.• Trends: MichaelTrends: Michael

– There is There is increasing pressure for the schoolsincreasing pressure for the schools to consider the to consider the adoptionadoption of technology while, at the same time, concern is of technology while, at the same time, concern is expressed for the impact of technology expressed for the impact of technology on childrenon children in the society in the society at large.at large.

• Trends: Simon. Trends: Simon. …gentle readers.. Simon, a victim of accounting error, was asked to do …gentle readers.. Simon, a victim of accounting error, was asked to do two topics … 3 Cheers for Simon!!two topics … 3 Cheers for Simon!!

– Professional educationProfessional education of educational technologists has of educational technologists has stabilized stabilized in size and scope.in size and scope.

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BeyondBeyond the Trends: Captain the Trends: Captain JamesJames Kirk…Kirk…

• Ed tech is being shaped more by external forces than by Ed tech is being shaped more by external forces than by internal influence of its own professionals.internal influence of its own professionals.

• The causes of traditional media resources has become routine The causes of traditional media resources has become routine in most elementary classroomsin most elementary classrooms

• There is little evidence to show that the computer has made There is little evidence to show that the computer has made major contributions to learning in the classroom.major contributions to learning in the classroom.

• The self contained classroom is the greatest single barrier to The self contained classroom is the greatest single barrier to the use of educational principles and practices.the use of educational principles and practices.

• The field is shifting from the use of media and technology for The field is shifting from the use of media and technology for enrichment to technology for replacement.enrichment to technology for replacement.

• Idevelopment is being practiced more in nonschool settings Idevelopment is being practiced more in nonschool settings than in schools.than in schools.

• Distance education has become an operation analog of ET.Distance education has become an operation analog of ET.• Cognitive science provides the best source of theoretical Cognitive science provides the best source of theoretical

principles that underlie instructional design.principles that underlie instructional design.• Evaluation is valued but infrequently used.Evaluation is valued but infrequently used.• Educational Technology continues to be perceived as a field Educational Technology continues to be perceived as a field

concerned more and more with hardware and software than concerned more and more with hardware and software than with learning.with learning.

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Break in Transmission…Break in Transmission…

PLEASE STAND BYPLEASE STAND BY

while Gene loads Slide Set 2 for.. while Gene loads Slide Set 2 for..

A A PREVIEW OF PREVIEW OF LEARNING THEORYLEARNING THEORY

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EDER 673EDER 673

Instructional Design Instructional Design (iD)(iD)

Part IIPart IIIntroduction to Learning TheoriesIntroduction to Learning Theories

Date:Date: January 30, 2003 January 30, 2003

Eugene G. KowchEugene G. KowchAssistant Professor of Educational TechnologyAssistant Professor of Educational Technology

via Vclassvia Vclass Audio Conference technology in real-time mode Audio Conference technology in real-time mode

MINIMALMINIMAL GRAPHICS VERSONGRAPHICS VERSON

After Driscoll, M. P (200). Psychology for Instruction (2nd Ed.). Allyn & Bacon

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A conception of A conception of the relations among three epistemological the relations among three epistemological

traditionstraditions

(Kowch after Driscoll, 2000)(Kowch after Driscoll, 2000)Pragmatism

Objectivism Interpretivism

•Knowledge is negotiatedFrom experience & reason•Reality is interpreted through signs, internal and external

•Reality is internal, relative to a frame Of reference (subjective)•Knowledge is constructed through both By interaction socially and internally

•Reality is external, objective (known)•Knowledge is acquired throughExperience.

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An Advance Organizer for Theories of Learning

EnvironmentalStimuli

ObservedBehavior

Input: Sensory

Stimulation

Output: Learned

Capabilities

Behaviorism: The Black Box Metaphor

Information Processing:The Computer Metaphor

Human Cognitiveprocesses

Interactional Models: Social Context Matters

Multiple IntelligencesProximal learning

Emotional Intelligence

S->R

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Definitions:Definitions:

Learning : is … a persisting change in performance or performance potential that results

from experience and interactionwith the world.

Learning Theory: …is a set of constructs linking …

Results: changes in performanceMeans: Hypothesized structures and

processes responsiblefor learning

Inputs: Resources or experiences that trigger learning.

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Radical BehaviorismRadical Behaviorism

Radical Behaviorism

involves

The experimental Analysis of

behavior

Principles ofBehavior

Management

Skinner

Leads to

Applications

Is most closelyAssociated with

S -> R

Performance Anal. &Support

Instructional Objectives

Behavior Modification

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Cognitive Information Processing (Gagne &

Briggs)

CognitiveInformation Processing

Stage theory - processing beginsWith sensory input

Sensory Memory-Visual

-auditory

Instructional Implications1. Provide organized instruction2. Arrange extensive and variable practice3. Enhance learner’s self-control of

information processing

Models of Memory Storage

Semantic Networks

Short-Term Memory (temporary working

memory)•Rehearsing•Chunking

Long-TermMemory

Encoding

Retrieval

Feature comparisons

Parallel Processing

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Gagne & Briggs: We Remember….

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Situated Cognition: Living To LearnSituated Cognition: Living To Learn

Situated Cognition

Which involves

Everyday CognitionKnowledge isConceived as

Lived practices

Critical Pedagogy

Ecological ApproachTo Perception Are antecedents

to

Learning is Participation in

communities of practice

Implications for instruction

Implications for instruction

Implications for instruction

andWhich leads to

•Including Cognitive Apprenticeships•Anchored Instruction

•Learning Communities•Assessment in-Situ

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Cognitive and Knowledge Development

A computational model

Neo-Piagetian View

A new agendaA componential analysis

A framework theory approach

Alternative Information Processing Approaches

Theories of Cognitive Development

Piaget’s Genetic Epistemology

Evidence Countering Piaget

Four Stages of Development

Three Developmental Processes •Assimilation

•Accommodation

• Equilibrium

1. Not all cultures reach formal operations

2. Reasoning is not always consistent within a stage

3. Children learn more in a stage than P thought.

4. Reasoning is domain specific

Most established theory

•Sensorimotor

•Preoperational

•Concrete operational

•Formal operational

Biological maturation

affects STM

operational capacity

Children’s thinking is endlessly

variable and endlessly changing

Intuitive theories

develop with experience in

specific domains

Development is the

process of a novice

becoming an expert

Generalization is

primary mechanism

of developmen

t

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Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development

Interactional Theories of Development

Discovery, Learning and

Inquiry Teaching

Bruner Vygotsky

•Enactive

•Iconic

•Symbolic

Cognitive Growth

Three Models of Representing

Understanding

Culture

Vygotsky’s Developmental

Method

Social Origins of Thinking

Implications:

•Learning pulls development

•Instruction should be scaffolded in the zone of proximal development

•Intersubjective interaction is important

•Mediation through signs

•Emphasized culture

•Based in human activity

•internalization

•Zone of proximal development (next slide)

•intersubjectivity

influences

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Detail from the last slide: Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development

Developing Capabilities

What the child can doWith assistance

Developing CapabilitiesUndevelopedCapabilities

What the child can dounassisted

What the child cannot do yet

Zone of Proximal Development

Zone of Proximal Development

(with appropriate instruction in the Zone of Proximal Development, the boundaries of the zone SHIFT).

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Biological Bases of Learning & Memory - Chemistry and Physical Science Explanations…

Recall our WebCT Discussion Thread“She was born with it”

Conditioning

Evolution

Cognition

Proximate causes

Biological Bases ofLearning & Memory

Cognitive development and the brain

Learning, memory and the brain

Attention and the brain

Neuropsychology

Implications of EvolutionImplications of Evolution

•Humans my be predisposed to certain fears

•Behaviors for which there is no predisposition to learn may be difficult to overcome

•Actions associated with decreased fitness in ancestral populations may be difficult to establish

Ultimate causes

Implications of NeuropsychologyImplications of Neuropsychology

•Cognitive functions are differentiated

•The brain is relatively plastic in nature

•Language may be biologically pre programmed

•Learning disabilities may have a neurological basis

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Recall: The Advance Organizer for Theories of Learning

Emotional Intelligence

EnvironmentalStimuli

ObservedBehavior

Input: Sensory

Stimulation

Output: Learned

Capabilities

Behaviorism: The Black Box Metaphor

Information Processing:The Computer Metaphor

Human Cognitiveprocesses

Interactional Models: Social Context Matters

Multiple Intelligences

Proximal learning

Biological Theory

Interaction Theories

Cognitive Theories

Situated CognitionTheories

Radical BehavioristTheories

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1.1. Adieu for this week, EDER 673Adieu for this week, EDER 673

Instructional Design Instructional Design (iD) (iD)

Introduction to Learning TheoriesIntroduction to Learning TheoriesReadings for This WeekReadings for This Week

See the Course Web Site: See the Course Web Site: http://www.ucalgary.ca/~ekowch/673/673home.html

Bednar et al. In Bednar et al. In AnglinAnglin (1995 (1995) (Cognitive) Theory Into Practice) (Cognitive) Theory Into Practice Ch. 8 (pp. Ch. 8 (pp. 100 - 112)100 - 112)

Aronson & Briggs (1999). Aronson & Briggs (1999). Contributions of Gagne and Briggs to a Contributions of Gagne and Briggs to a Prescriptive Model of InstructionPrescriptive Model of Instruction.. In C. In C. ReigeluthReigeluth (Ed.), Instructional Design (Ed.), Instructional Design

Theories and Models - An Overview and Current Status (pp. 75-101).Theories and Models - An Overview and Current Status (pp. 75-101).

Eugene G. KowchEugene G. KowchAssistant Professor of Educational TechnologyAssistant Professor of Educational Technology

Next Week: Next Week: AsynchronousAsynchronous Class on WebCT: Class on WebCT: See Home Page by 7:00 PM MST Feb 6th See Home Page by 7:00 PM MST Feb 6th..