AKWAABA TO GHANA

On behalf of the Government and citizens of the Republic of Ghana, I welcome you all to this Conference on Environmental Research, Technology and Policy. We are very proud as a nation to host this important conference.

Ghana’s involvement in this conference is very crucial because of its significance to our development. Basically the country’s economy is agrarian and it is supported by the industry and some trading activities. It is worthy to note that the environment underpins all these activities. This poses a remarkable challenge to environmental management in Ghana but every effort is being made by the Government to sustain the situation through local community participation.

The information and lessons from the various presentations on environmental research, technology and policy in this conference are going to adequately equip experts in the country and also inform decision making in no small way. I also believe that contributions and inputs from our local experts will be food for thought for some of you, so that at the end, every participant would gain one way or the other from the conference.

As a side attraction, I wish to use this opportunity to encourage all foreign delegates to take some time off to visit the numerous ecotourism sites we have in the country This, I belief would add to the memories of the good and peaceful nation (Ghana) you have visited.

Have a pleasant stay.

Hon. Stephen Asamoah Boateng)Minister for Local Government,

Rural Development and Environment(

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CONFERENCE SCOPE & AIM

Over the last 30 years, a number of studies have shown that increased human and economic activities in many parts of the world have negatively impacted the Earth's environment: air, water and land. Economic activity can lead to environmental degradation by imposing stresses on natural resources and ecosystems and by increasing pollutant emissions. Environmental crisis impacts everyone on the planet but the degree to which populations living in different parts of the world contribute to this crisis depends on the level of economic development and consumption patterns. Studies suggest that as much as 70-80% of the earth’s resources (for example, fossil fuel, water, and forest products) are consumed by only 25% of the world’s population.

Although global environmental concerns are often categorized under broad themes such as climate change and desertification, environmental problems of concern to many of the world’s vulnerable groups living in marginal areas tend to have immediate consequences that affect the quality of life, livelihood and in many cases survival. Although policy and research have improved environmental sustainability in developed countries, similar gains have not been achieved in many parts of the developing world. A number of international forums, such as the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and the 2004 World Summit on Sustainable Development, have identified the need for countries to reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and promote appropriate demographic policies.

The First International Conference on Environmental Research, Technology and Policy, ERTEP 2007, will bring researchers, consultants, engineers, scientists, NGOs, and policy makers together to discuss global environmental issues relating to resource exploitation and consumption, development of environmental monitoring and remediation technologies, and building the capacity for environmental policy making to protect fragile ecosystems. ERTEP 2007 will also address gender issues in environmental stewardship, especially in the world’s most vulnerable regions.

PROPOSED TOPICS

A. Environment and Health ManagementB. Mining and EnvironmentC. The impact of Oil/Gas extraction and Forestry on the EnvironmentD. Integration of Gender in Environmental ManagementE. State of the art Technologies for Environmental performance and protectionF. Water Treatment, Protection and ManagementG. Environmental Monitoring and Policy DevelopmentH. Sustainability, Corporate Investment and Social Responsibility

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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A. Environment and Health Management

(A1.1) Spatial distribution of heavy metals in drainage sediments of Takoradi-Axim area: Environmental implications of influence of surface geology and mineral occurrences. Emmanuel Owusu, Boudewijn de Smeth, Seidu Alidu

(A1.2) A model for effective delivery of health infrastructure in Ghana. Andrew Oppong-Danquah, Noel Painting.........Page 14

(A1.3) Influence of human activities and land use on heavy metal concentrations in irrigated vegetables in Ghana. E. Mensah, N., Kyei-Baffour, E. Ofori, G. Obeng.........Page 14

(A1.4) Modeling Secondary Organic Aerosols: What’s really inside? Amanda L. Northcross, Myoseon Jang.........Page 15

(A1.5) Water supply and health hazards in developing economies. A.A. Adeyemi, I.H. Adebakin .........Page 15

(A1.6) Life cycle assessment of chocolate produced in Ghana. Augustine Ntiamoah, George Afrane.........Page 15

(A1.7) E-waste: Sources, environmental concerns and waste management practices in Nigeria. Niskak U. Benson.........Page 16

(A1.8) Impact of industrial activities on the physico-chemistry and mycoflora of the new Calabar River in Nigeria. O. Obire, W.N. Barade .........Page 16

(A1.9) Microbial risk assessment: application and phases for evaluation of water quality. Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini, Wanda Maria Risso Gunther, Adelaide Cassia Nardocci.........Page 17

(A1.10) Environment, migration, and food security in the upper west region of Ghana. Isaac Luginaah, Tony Weis, Sylvester Galaa, Mathew K. Nkrumah, Rachel Benzer-Kerr, Daniel Bagah.........Page 17

(A2.11) The need for an integrated disaster management strategy in North African Cities: A case study of Algiers (Algeria). Djillali Benouar.........Page 18

(A2.12) Integrated sewage and health care waste-to-energy for greening health care institutions in developing countries: The case of BTWAL waste-to-energy application in Ghana. Philip Acquah, Dr. John Afari Idan.........Page 18

(A2.13) Poultry waste disposal practices in the Kumasi Metropolis. A. Bart-Plange, A.Addo, N. Kyei-Baffour.........Page 19

(A2.14) Heavy metal levels in singed cattle hide (WELE) and its human health implications. D.K. Essumang, D.K. Dodoo, K.C. Adokoh, V. Koka, B.N. Nkrumah, A.C.D. Nuer.........Page 19

(A2.15) Engineering assessment of medical waste management in selected hospitals in Osun State. O.O. Fadipe, M.O. Ogedengbe .........Page 19

(A2.16) Environmental contaminant in breast milk and their impacts: incorporation, methodology analysis and risk assessment. Dr.Paul C. Njoku, Bhanuvita Ridhima Njoku, Rani Durgawati Vihwavidyalay.........Page 20

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(A2.17) Noise pollution and human health: a case study of Port Harcourt Metropolis in rivers state of Niger Delta Region-Nigeria. Mrs. Mfrekemfon P. Inyang.........Page 20

(A2.18) Sustainable production of traditional medicines in Africa. Osunderu Oluwakemi Abosede.........Page 21

(A2.19) A Study on health care waste management practice in Dhaka City. Mr. Ashrafur Rahman, Masum Ahmed Patwary, M. Habibur Rahman .........Page 21

B. Mining and Environment

(B1.1) Dealing with environmental issues post privatization of the mining sector Zambian experience. Joseph Makumba.........Page 21

(B1.2) Quantification of the impact of irrigating with coalmine waters on the underlying aquifers. Danie Vermeulen, Brent Usher.........Page 22

(B1.3) Biogeochemical processes in mine waste dumps and their impact for remediation measures. Axel Schippers, Dagmar Kock.........Page 22

(B1.4) A pilot study of three soil covers for mine decommissioning. Celestine Allotey, Dr. Ernest K. Yanful.........Page 23

(B1.5) Heavy metal concentrations of sediments from small scale gold mining sites in the Ashanti and western regions of Ghana. A. Manu,Y.A. Twumasi, T.L. Coleman. A.A. Mensah, M.A. Tabatabai, A.E. Norton.........Page 23

(B1.6) The assessment and mitigation of pollution from historic, mines in British Columbia, Canada. Robert G. McCandless.........Page 23

(B1.7) Contaminated identities: understanding human and environmental risks and livelihood options among small-scale gold miners in Ghana. Dr. Petra Tschakert, Nicole Laliberte.........Page 24

(B1.8) Ghana’s mining laws: assessment of sustainable development and mine reclamation in Ghana. Henry Antwi, Victoria Bleppony.........Page 24

(B1.9) ICMM’s good practice guidance for mining and biodiversity. Peter Coombes, John H Gardner .........Page 24

(B1.10) Enviromental impact of mining and ore processing – a case study at satellite goldfields limited. Mr. Albert Otchere Ainoo, Prof. Newton Amegbey, Dr. Raymond S. Suglo .........Page 25

(B2.11) The impact of mining on the riverine ecosystem of Ghana – a strategic environment assessment perspective. Joseph S. Amakye, Seth Larmie, Ron Smit.........Page 25

(B2.12) An investigation of the effect of the degree of saturation on the oxygen reaction rate coefficient of sulphidic tailings. Mathieu Gosselin, Mamert Mbonimpa, Michel Aubertin, Vincent Martin.........Page 26

(B2.13) Application of coal fly ash to replace lime in management of reactive mine tailings. Hongliu Wang, Julie Shang, Yanqing Xu, Muluken Yeheyis, Ernest Yanful.........Page 26

(B2.14) Assessment of a natural wetland for the remediation of acid mine drainage (AMD) at Tarkwa, Ghana. Miss V.E. Asamoah, Prof. E.K. Asiam, Dr. J.S. Kuma.........Page 26

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(B2.15) Mining, miner’s health and community health. Dr. Edith Clarke, Dr. Bjorn Wenngren.........Page 27

(B2.16) The ecological situation of Mongolia. Sharav Purevsuren.........Page 27

(B2.17) Preliminary studies on the water quality of the active areas of the Ashanti gold belt. Francis W.Y. Momade, Grace S. Darabor.........Page 27

(B2.18) Neutralization potential of reclaimed limestone residual (RLR). H. Keith Moo-Young.........Page 28

(B2.19) Evaluation of humidity cell as kinetic technique in AMD prediction. N. Himidi E., Mohamedelhassan, L.M. Amaratunga, J.Q. Shang.........Page 28

(B2.20) The transboundary transportation of mine pollutants in the southern African subcontinent. Simangele Dalmini.........Page 28

(B2.21) Phenomenal environmental impact of artisanal small scale gold mining at Teshi in the Zebillah District, Ghana. S. Al-Hassan, R.S. Nartey, R.K. Amankwah.........Page 28

(B2.22) Guidelines for tailings dam safety-an initiative by the Swedish mining industry. Lars-Ake Lindahl.........Page 29

(B2.23) Mining and corporate social responsibility (CSR) partnerships within a South African context. L. Mabuza, N. Molebatsia, M. Kwata.........Page 29

(B2.24) To what extent is sustainable local economic and community development possible through mining? Mr. Mekiah Mugonda.........Page 29

(B2.25) Challenges facing Zambia in managing environmental degradation due to small scale mining activities. Dr. Victor Mutambo.........Page 30

(B2.26) Intelligent machine monitoring and sensing for safe surface mining operations. S. Frimpong, Y. Li, N. Aouad.........Page 30

C. Oil and Gas Extraction and Environment

(C1.1) Thermal utilisation of solid recovered fuels as part of an integrated waste management concept. Gregory Dunnu, Jörg Maier, Alexander Gerhardt.........Page 31

(C1.2) The Kyoto Protocol and its Window of Opportunities for the Nigerian Gas Sector. Morgan Leo, Shawn E. Simmons.........Page 31

(C1.3) Acid sulphate soil risk mapping: a tool for sustainable oil and gas production in wetland areas. Dr. Elijah Ohimain.........Page 32

(C1.4) Managing corporate-community conflicts: lessons from forest-mining conflicts in Ghana. E. Marfo.........Page 32

(C1.5) Proposed plan of action for research on desertification in the Sudan: with special reference to Greater Darfur States. Dr. Abdalmohsin Rizgalla, Dr. Daldoum M.A., Dr. Salih A.A.........Page 33

(C1.6) Natural regeneration of Boswellia papyrifera Del (Hochst) stands in Jebel Marra Dar

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Fur, Sudan. Abuelgasim A. Adam, A. Elhouri Ahmed, Abdalla M. El Tayeb.........Page 33

(C1.7) Reversing Africa’s deforestation for sustainable development. Kwadwo Tutu, Charles Akol.........Page 33

(C1.8) Settlement erosion: a case study of the Sunyani Municipality. N. Kyei-Baffour ,E. Ofori, E. Mensah, S. Barnie .........Page 34

(C1.9) Assessing environmental implications of converting agricultural land for bioenergy feedstock production in North Alabama. E.Z. Nyakatawa D.A. Mays, V.R. Tolbert.........Page 34

(C1.10) Environmental services of agroforestry in southern Africa: lessons, challenges and future directions. G. Sileshi, F. K. Akinnifesi, P. W. Matakala, O.C. Ajayi.........Page 34

(C2.11) Soil desiccation in the loess plateau region of China. Li Wang, Quanjiu Wang, Sanping Wei.........Page 35

(C2.12) Impact and management of spills in Nigeria. Akpan Iniobong C. .........Page 35

(C2.13) Soil pollution by a refinery near Port Harcourt, Nigeria. G.R.E.E Ana, G.T. Leton, M. K. C. Sridhar.........Page 36

(C2.14) Impact and management of oil spill in the Niger Delta. Francesca E Essien.........Page 36

(C2.15) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon absorption by fish in crude oil contaminated waters. Chimezie Anyakora, Herbert Coker, Ibukun Afolami, Teddy Ehianeta, Ugochukwu Obiakor, Funke Babalogbon.........Page 37

(C2.16) West African gas pipeline (WAGP) project: associated problems and possible remedies. E.O. Obanijesu, M.A. Waheed, S.R.A. Macaulay.........Page 37

(C2.17) Blends of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyacrylamide as corrosion inhibitors for aluminum in acidic medium. S. A. Umoren, E. E. Ebenso.........Page 37

(C2.18) Assessment of coastal estuarine contamination by total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and heavy metal in mangrove sediments and Tympanotonus fuscatus from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Nsikak Udom Benson, Joseph Peter Essien, Sylvester Peter Antai. .........Page 38

(C2.19) A multi-disciplinary approach to reclamation research in the oil sands region of Canada. Chris Kelln, S. Lee Barbour, Brett Purdy, Clara Qualizza.........Page 38

(C2.20) A comparative case study for detection of radiation in vegetable leaves, in a coastal oil producing and hinterland non-oil producing regions in Akwa Ibom State. Godfrey T. Akpabio, Bassey E. Bassey.........Page 39

D. Integration of Gender in Environmental Management

(D2.1) Gender mainstreaming in integrated water resource management. Drocella Mugorewera.........Page 39

(D2.2) Evolving Strategies for involving women in framing Environmental policies: A critical appraisal of the Nigerian Situation. Dr. (Mrs.) Eucharia N. Nwagbara.........Page 39

(D2.3) Integration of gender in environmental management. Joshua Munkombwe.........Page 409

(D2.4) Women involvment in the environment: a case study of building materials production in Nigeria. Arc.Odunjo, O.Omolola, Arc.Baba, A.Olayemi, Arc. Oyadokun, J. Olufemi.........Page 40

(D2.5) Gender mainstreaming: a new paradigm for sustainable environmental management in developing countries. Dr Kofi Poku Quan- Baffour.........Page 41

(D2.6) Inequalities of women in formulation of Nigeria health policy towards a sustainable environmental development. Arc. Abiola O. Baba, Arc. Oluwole O. Ajayi, Arc. Oluronke O. Odunjo .........Page 41

(D2.7) Integration of gender in environmental management: factors for improving female architect’s productivity (The case of Nigeria). Arc .Adeoye D.O (Mrs.)A., Arc. Akangbe O.O., Arc. Ajayi O.O. .........Page 41

(D2.8) Strategies for Involving Women in Framing Environmental Policies. Priscilla M. Achakpa.........Page 42

E. State-of-the-Art Technologies for Environmental Performance and Protection

(E1.1) Biodegradation of polyurethane plastic using pseudomonas chlororaphis (ATCC 55729) and study of polyurethane esterase enzyme kinetics R. Gautam, A.S. Bassi,Dr. E.K. Yanful.........Page 42

(E1.2) Nitrogen management for maximizing crop yield and environmental conservation. Samuel Y.C. Essah, Jorge A. Delgado.........Page 43

(E1.3) Innovative non-chemical, electronic de-scaling and scale prevention technology for heat transfer optimization. Philip Acquah.........Page 43

(E1.4) Environment friendly bio-diesel from Jatropha Curcas: possibilities and challenges. Chinmoy Baroi, Ernest K. Yanful, Mohammad Feisal Rahman, Maurice A. Bergougnou.........Page 44

(E1.5) Digital elevation models and GIS for watershed modelling and flood prediction - a case study of Accra Ghana. D.D. Konadu and C. Fosu.........Page 44

(E1.6) Evaluation of humidity cell as kinetic technique in AMD predication. N. Hmidi, E. Mohamedelhassan, L.M. Amaratunga, J.Q. Shang.........Page 44

(E1.7) In vitro Analysis of Enhanced Phenanthrene Emulsification and Biodegradation Using Rhamnolipid Biosurfactants and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Natasha D. Henry, Michael Abazinge.........Page 45

(E1.8) Consolidation and strength characteristics of biofilm amended barrier soils John L. Daniels, Raghuram Cherukuri, Vincent O. Ogunro.........Page 45

(E1.9) The successful application of a bioremediation technology in the decontamination of a petroleum impacted site. The case of KM13.8 along the 12” crude oil delivery line of Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited in Nigeria. Nnamdi Michael Ahiamadu, Oluyemisi Elegbeleye.........Page 46

(E1.10) Integrated sewage and health care waste-to-energy for greening health care institutions in developing countries: The case of BTWAL waste-to-energy application in Ghana. Philip Acquah, John Afari Idan.........Page 46

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(E2.11) Technologies for the production of livestock feed from slaughterhouse wastes. Babatunde S. Ogunsina, Lateef A. Sanni, Michael O. Faborode.........Page 47

(E2.12) Geoelectrical resistivity imaging in environmental studies. A. Philips Aizebeokhai.........Page 47

(E2.13) A biotechnological process for neutralizing alkaline industrial waste water. Rita Kumar, Anil Kumar, Purnima Dhall, Gopal Bisht, Santosh Pasha, Niha Mohan Kulshreshtha, V.P. Singh.........Page 47

(E2.14) Photoelectrocatalytic purification of water using TiO2 and TiO2/Cu2O thin film electrodes under low light intensity. Feleke Zewge, Roel van de Krol, P.W. Appel.........Page 48

(E2.15) Biogas production from organic waste in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. E.E. Ituen, B.E. Bassey, N.M. John.........Page 48

(E2.16) Environmental factors in the design and rehabilitation of rural rods – the case of Ghana. S.I.K. Ampadu, E.N.K. Ashong.........Page 48

(E2.17) Cadmium and lead adsorption in a compacted lateritic soil. S.G. Gabas, M.E.G. Boscov, J.E.S. Sarkis.........Page 49

(E2.18) Phosphorus Fractions in Broiler Litter and Soils and its Fluxes in the Vadose Zone of a Transitioning Organic Farming System. Dr. Kokoasse Kpomblekou-A, A. Boateng, A.B. Leytem.........Page 49

(E2.19) Studies of anti-corrosive effect of Raphia Hookeri Exudate gum-halide mixtures for aluminium corrosion in acidic medium. S.A. Umoren, E.E. Ebenso.........Page 50

(E2.20) Seasonal temporal variation of physicochemical parameters in pelagic column of tropical estuarine ecosystems within Niger Delta, Nigeria. Akan B. Williams, Nsikak U. Benson.........Page 50

(E3.21) Bagasse ash stabilization of lateritic soil. Kolawole J. Osinubi, V. Bafyau.........Page 50

(E3.22) Trace metal pollution study on cassava flour’s roadside drying technique in Nigeria. E.O. Obanijesu, J.O. Olajide.........Page 51

(E3.23) Utilization of a mixture of a silty saprolitic soil and bentonite for bottom liner construction. M.E.G. Boscov, V. Soares, R.B. Santini, A.A.P. Farrari.........Page 51

(E3.24) Recycling, an emerging option: a case study of recycling of scrape iron and metals in Nigeria. Prince Blessing Mafimisebi.........Page 51

(E3.25) Strength and leaching patterns of heavy metals from ash-amended flowable fill monoliths. Rajender Gaddam, Hilary I. Inyang, Vincent O. Ogunro, Rajaram Janardhanam, Felix F. Udoeyo.........Page 52

F. Water Treatment Protection and Management

(F3.1) Municipal wastewater treatment challenges and research needs. George Nakhla.........Page 52

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(F3.2) Bacteriological quality of different drinking water samples in port Harcourt, Nigeria. Obire Omokaro, Igoni.O.Abigail.........Page 53

(F3.3) The algae from Turkish freshwaters. Abel U. Udoh, Ilkay Acikgoz, Tulay Baykal, Kazim Yildiz, Bulent Sen, Feray Sonmez, M. Tahir Alp, Özgür Canpolat, Özgür Özbay.........Page 53

(F3.4) Groundwater pollution in shallow wells in southern Malawi and a potential indigenous method of water purification. M. Pritchard, T. Mkandawire, J.G. O’Neill.........Page 54

(F3.5) Challenges of River Basin Information System (RBIS) as a Framework for the Assessment and Monitoring of Surface Water in Nigeria. A. O. Eludoyin, O.M. Akinbode.........Page 54

(F3.6) Activated Carbon for Water Treatment in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects. Ife K. Adewumi.........Page 54

(F3.7) Removal of excess fluoride from borehole water in the Bongo District of Ghana, using clay bedding. D. K. Essumang, D.K. Dodoo,K.C. Adokoh,S.Y. Kpornyo.........Page 55

(F3.8) An innovative management practice of converting mined out pits into water harvesting structures. Meena Bilgi.........Page 55

(F3.9) Seasonal dynamics of physicochemical properties and heavy metal burdens in Mangrove sediments and surface waters of the brackish Qua Iboe Estuary, Nigeria. Nsikak Udom Benson, Joseph Peter Essien, Sylvester Peter Antai.........Page 55

(F3.10) Atmospheric transfer of organic pollutants into sediments of water bodies. Stephen Kudom Donyinah .........Page 56

(F2.11) Molecular Detection of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in Water Sources in Accra, Ghana. Aiah A. Gbakima, Adrian Carey, Daleb Agbodaze, James A. Higgins, Michael Wilson.........Page 56

(F2.12) A fuzzy-based surface water quality screening model. Manar Zafer El-Beshry, Maged M. Hamed.........Page 57

(F2.13) An assessment of the influence of discharged effluent on the quality of surface water utilized for agricultural purposes. O.R. Awofolu, R. Du Plessis, I.T. Rampedi.....Page 57

(F2.14) Threats to sustainable urban water production: driving forces of pollution in the Owabi Watershed. Benjamin Apraku Gyampoh, Steve Amisah, Alfred Dassah.........Page 57

(F2.15) Investigation into the influence of bedrock and soil on water quality in the Kutama/Sinthumule area of the LimpopoProvince, South Africa, Adaora Okonkwo.........Page 58

G. Environmental Monitoring and Policy Development

(G3.1) Sustainable consumption and production of energy. Dr. Ali M. Yaacoub.........Page 58

(G3.2) ISO 14001 and business performance in a developing country. Dr. Satyendra Singh.........Page 59

(G3.3) Turn the carbon into silver and gold. E.K.Mensah-Gharbin.........Page 59

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(G3.4) An overview of earthquake disaster mitigation guidelines for Accra. Nii K. Allotey, Paulina E. Amponsah.........Page 59

(G3.5) Developing a cleaner production strategy for industry: the case of Egypt. Maged Hamed, Yasser Sherif.........Page 60

(G3.6) Plants as environmental biosensors: non-invasive monitoring techniques. Alexander G. Volkov, Maya I. Volkova-Gugeshashvili, Albert J. Osei.........Page 60

(G3.7) To remodel the national economy in the frame work of I. O. W. input/output waste model. Dr. Paul. C. Njoku, Bhanuvita Ridhima Njoku.........Page 60

(G3.8) NEPAD environment initiative action plan: a program for environment Sustainable management for Africa. Mr. Cheikh Fofana.........Page 61

(G3.9) Spatial visualization of mercury contamination of the Ankobra Catchment in Southern Ghana. Jennie A. Karalewich.........Page 61

(G3.10) The clean development mechanism: a recipe for technology transfer to developing countries. Morgan Leo.........Page 62

(G2.11) National transport network planning for Nigeria. Dr. Paul. C. Njoku, Bhanuvita Ridhima Njoku.........Page 62

(G2.12) The concept of proactive legislation as effective ingredient of local environmental policy. M. Fehr, A.F.N. Pereira, A.K.A. Barbosa.........Page 62

(G2.13) Geo-Information tools in integrated environmental management: a proposed environmental SDI model for Ghana. D.O. Yawson, K.A. Frimpong, D. Okae-Anti, .........Page 63

(G2.14) Mainstreaming environmental assessment criteria into credit risk assessment procedures for project financing. Mr. Eugene Itua.........Page 63

H. Sustainability, Corporate investment and Social Responsibility

(H3.1) Abandoned responsibilities and convenient scapegoats: social responsibility in practice in the oil producing Niger delta communities. Dr. Engobo Emeseh.........Page 64

(H3.2) Value-Maximister thesis: a case for more sustainable home improvement practices under sustainable housing communities and renewal programmes in the UK. Joseph Kangwa, Femi Olubodun.........Page 64

(H3.3) Sustainability, corporate investment and social responsibility on continuous casting plant, steel making a veritable instrument for economic development in Africa. Enakireru David.........Page 65

(H3.4) Sustainability, corporate investment and social responsibility in Zambia. Aggrey Mwaipaya.........Page 65

(H3.5) Assessing sustainability: The missing elements in current environmental assessment approaches. Tarsha N. Dargan, Yaw A. Owusu, Hans Chapman.........Page 66

(H3.6) Enhancing Sustainable Developments through Geophysical Research: A Case of Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana. S. K. Danuor, A. Menyeh, F. Boadu.........Page 66

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(H3.7) Sustainable environmental management practices at gold fields Ghana, Damang - A systematic product model of ISO 14001. Francis Nyame, Joseph Mamphey, Clifton Potter.........Page 66

(H3.8) The role of corporate citizens in integrated community development: An overview of Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited contributions to the development of Egi Communities in Rivers State. Nnamdi Michael Ahiamadu, Vincent Gilbert Nnadi.........Page 67

(H3.9) Development of a framework for the determination of the environmental performance index of ICT usage in the EMS of Japanese automotive industries. Charles Mbohwa, Shuichi Fukuda.........Page 67

(H3.10) The problems and prospects of sustainable architecture in Nigeria. Dr. C.B. Chukwuali.........Page 68

(H2.11) Management of solid waste in Nigeria: the way forward. Usen Ubon Stanislaus.........Page 68

(H2.12) The impact of industrial clusters in greening manufacturing industry practices: the case of the old ardbennie industrial cluster in Harare, Zimbabwe. Charles Mbohwa, Peter Rwakatiwana.........Page 68

(H2.13) Feasibility and Impact Studies Relationship – Symbiosis or Fluke. Helge Ziehe, Yaw Amoyaw-Osei.........Page 69

K. Keynote Speakers

)K1.1( European mining policy – struggling to find the balance between environmental protection and resource development Dr. Lars-Ake Lindahl.........Page 69

)K2.2( Seepage mechanisms of mine waste facilities and mitigation of ARD in landscape of Quaternary sediments – a case study of Finland Marja Liisa Räisänen.........Page 70

)K3.3( Mining and Indigenous peoples issues Dr. Chris Anderson, Anne-Marie Fleury.........Page 70

)K3.4( Sustainable finance: financing of environmental research and technology – a case study of Zimbabwe Dr. Geoffrey T.Z. Chada.........Page 70

)K3.5( An economical solution for the environmental problem resulting from the disposal of rice straws A.A. El Damatty, I. Hussein.........Page 71

ABSTRACTS

)A1.1 (Spatial distribution of heavy metals in drainage sediments of Tarkoradi-Axim area: Environmental implications of influence of surface geology and mineral occurrences

Emmanuel A. Owusu, International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) Hengelosestraat 99, Enschede, The Netherlands, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Boudewijn de Smeth, International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) Hengelosestraat 99, Enschede, The Netherlands, Kwame

Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Seidu Alidu, International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) Hengelosestraat 99, Enschede, The Netherlands, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi ,Ghana

High concentration levels of heavy metals in drainage systems are major environmental concern in Ghana. The sources of these metals be it natural or anthropogenic are sometimes difficult to determine as no baseline studies were ever carried out to determine their reference levels under natural conditions prior to major human activities. The objective of this paper is to provide contribution on

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the spatial distribution of heavy metals and the environmental implications of the influence of surface geology and mineral occurrences in the Axim-Tarkoradi area, southwest Ghana. A total of 381 drainage sediments were collected and analyzed by ICP-AES for 19 elements (Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, Cd, Co, Ag, Cr, Fe, Mo, Ba, Sb and V) after partial acid extraction. Two groups of elemental associations were observed in the area. These are V, Co, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu, As and; Mn and; Mo, Sr, Ba, and Li associations. The spatial distribution of the former group is consistent with toleiitic basalts and the later with tonalitic granites. The results of analysis of variance test revealed that there is a relationship between the surface geology and the geochemical distribution patterns of the two elemental groups.

)A1.2 (A model for effective delivery of health infrastructure in Ghana

Andrew Oppong-Danquah, Estate Management Unit of the Ministry of Health and the Ghana Health Service, Ghana

Noel Painting, School of the Environment, Construction Research Team, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Brighton, United Kingdom

Improvements to public health infrastructure have been identified as a key component in improving the poor health conditions of people in developing countries. Research has established that many such projects are (however funded) completed late, never completed or fail to function adequately. The aim of this paper is to present a model that should assist in the successful delivery of public health infrastructure projects in the developing world with particular focus on Ghana. Many health infrastructure projects in Ghana demonstrate a lack of coordination, duplication of effort and a waste of resources; problems which are fairly typical of those displayed in similar developing countries. This paper will review previous research which identified problems within Ghana’s public health infrastructure. The model has attempted to factor out the short-comings of other guidelines and when combined with effective project planning could be used to implement successful projects in Ghana. The study concludes that there are a number of areas remaining to be investigated not least testing of the model to assess its effectiveness.

)A1.3 (Influence of human activities and land use on heavy metal concentrations in irrigated

vegetables in Ghana and probable health implications

E. Mensah, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana

N. Kyei-Baffour, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana

E. Ofori, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana

G. Obeng, Technology Consultancy Centre, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana

Anthropogenic activities are major sources of heavy metal pollution which serve as major pathways for plant uptake of heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) to enter the human food chain from the soil and irrigation water. This study was conducted to investigate the levels of Cd and Pb concentrations in sampled vegetables (cabbage, carrots, lettuce and spring onions) from two major markets in Kumasi, a metropolis and two producing rural towns along the Accra – Kumasi road. Cadmium content of the vegetables from the peri-urban communities were extremes (0.5 -4.2 mg/kg) and were generally higher than produce from the rural communities with values between 1.6 and 1.9 mg/kg. However, cabbage from Asikam, a rural and mining community contained 2.9 mg/kg of Cd. Lead concentration levels in the sampled vegetables from the peri-urban communities ranged between 6 – 45 mg/kg while values of samples from the rural communities were between 12 and 13 mg/kg. Cadmium and lead concentration levels in the sampled vegetables far exceeded FAO/WHO recommended maximum values of 0.3mg/kg and 0.2mg/kg respectively with samples from urban/ peri-urban communities registering higher than those from the rural towns.

(A1.4) Modeling Secondary Organic Aerosols: What’s really inside?

Amanda L. Northcross, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina, North Carolina, USA

Myoseon Jang, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina, North Carolina, USA

Secondary organic aerosols are the focus of many air pollution studies due to their health effects and influence on climate changes. They are also the focus of many mathematical models focused on predicting atmospheric aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere. Recently heterogeneous acid catalyzed reactions have been attributed to SOA mass increases larger than the expected mass predicted solely by thermodynamic

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partitioning. Secondary organic aerosols are produced from oxidized products of precursor volatile organic carbons reacting with gas phase oxidants (OH radicals, NOx, and ozone). The oxidized products have vapor pressures which are much lower than the precursor gases, allowing partitioning. Secondary organic aerosols from biogenic precursor emissions (emissions from vegetation), typically make up the majority of background particulate matter in both urban and remote regions; however this concentration can be affected by the presence of gaseous components which participate in secondary organic aerosol production. Particles can be acidified by ambient sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which formation is attributable to SO2 and NO2 being oxidized which are emitted from coal combustion processes, automobile exhausts, diesel exhaust, and other processes. Higher acidity particles cause oligomerization within SOA which alters the partitioning equilibrium and causes additional mass to partition to products increasing the overall particulate mass formed.

(A1.5) Water supply and health hazards in developing economies

Adeyemi A.A, Department of Civil Engineering, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria

Adebakin I.H., Department of Civil Engineering, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria

The importance of water to man and indeed life can never be overemphasized. We need water to maintain basic health and sanitation. Today, we have a new appreciation for the role of water in our lives, economy and ecosystem. Abundant as water may appear to be, we also have a new appreciation for how little fresh water is on the earth. In the developing world many people are without safe water supply and adequate sanitation. As a result, the toll of water related disease in these areas is frightening in its extent. There is concern about the possible long term health hazards which may arise from the presence of trace concentrations of impurities in drinking water, particular attention being paid to potentially carcinogenic compounds. There are also several contaminants, which may be naturally occurring or man-made, having known effects on the health of consumers. The paper examines the relationships between water quality and health so that the importance of good quality water and sanitation by fully appreciated by those concerned with water quality control and the populace at large.

)A1.6 (Life cycle assessment of chocolate produced in Ghana

Augustine Ntiamoah, Chemical Engineering Department, Kwame

Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

George Afrane, Koforidua Polytechnic, Koforidua, Ghana

The Life Cycle Assessment tool (LCA), has recently emerged as a comprehensive tool for environmental management and it’s becoming increasingly important in the development of cleaner production. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has standardized the methodology for conducting LCA in the ISO 14040 series of standards. It involves collecting data on raw materials used, energy consumption and wastes to air, water and land. Data is collected for every stage of the life cycle, from mining or cultivation of the raw materials through to processing, transport, consumption and disposal. Based on a relevant functional unit for the system under study, this data is then aggregated and modeled into a life cycle inventory, which in turn is classified and characterized to determine the environmental impacts of the system. Many companies have turned to a life-cycle approach in an attempt to properly assess the full environmental impact of their products. This paper presents an environmental life cycle analysis of chocolate produced in Ghana. The study was conducted in accordance with the international ISO procedural framework for performing and disclosing LCA results. Special attention was paid to the cocoa supply chain in order to assess how the Ghanaian cocoa industry impacts on the environment. The product’s life cycle stages studied include cocoa bean production, bean transportation, industrial processing of bean and chocolate manufacturing. The product distribution and consumption phase of the life cycle was not included. The methodology used for the impact assessment phase is the CML 2001 (Centre for Environmental Science, University of Leiden) methodology for impact assessment. Data storage and analysis were performed by means of the GaBi 4 LCA analysis software awarded by the UNEP/SETAC LCA Initiative. The total environmental impacts associated with chocolate production and the relative contribution of each life cycle stage to the impacts are presented and discussed. The functional unit on which the analysis was based is the production of 1 kg chocolate.

)A1.7 (E-waste: Sources, environmental concerns and waste management practices in

Nigeria

Nsikak U. Benson, Department of Industrial Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Nigeria

The rapid pace of technological advancement in the field of electronics and our growing dependence on electronics products has given rise to an emerging environmental challenge: electronic waste. Electronic wastes or e-wastes include computers, entertainment electronics and telecommunication equipment that have little or no

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end-of-life value. The extreme rates of obsolesce has resulted in increasing quantities of electronics being added to the waste stream. Computers and other allied electronic equipment are made up of a multitude of components which contain toxic heavy metals, radioactive substances, toners and polyhalogenated compounds. These highly toxic substances are harmful to human health and poses serious environmental concerns when they are present in the environment. This paper reviews the generation capabilities / sources of e-waste in Nigeria, the potent environmental and health concerns posed by end-of-life e-products and e-waste management practices available in Nigeria. In the hierarchy of end-of-life disposal methods, landfilling and open-air burning are considered the most harmful and recycling the most environmentally tolerable, and is therefore recommended.

)A1.8 (Impact of industrial activities on the physico-chemistry and mycoflora of the new

Calabar River in Nigeria

Obire, O., Department of Applied and Environmental Biology Rivers State University of Science & Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Barade, W.N, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology Rivers State University of Science & Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

A total of 196 samples were collected at an oil-servicing company (station A) and a control station of the New Calabar River during a seven months investigation. The samples were analyzed for Physico-chemical parameters including Heavy metals, and Mycoflora. Generally except for transparency, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, copper, iron, and fungal count, values of all other parameters determined were higher in station A than in the control station. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using paired t-test showed significant differences in Temperature, pH, Transparency, Dissolved oxygen, BOD5 and in total fungal count at P=0.01 level of significance while there was a significant difference in Total organic carbon at P = 0.05 level of significance between the stations. The filtered value of Heavy metals concentrations were higher in station A especially for Cadmium, Chromium, lead, nickel and zinc. Station A was observed to show a high tendency of eutrophication while the control was free from such influences. The mean total fungal counts were up to x102cfu/ml. Fungal genera and frequency of isolation were Aspergillus (8.12%), Byssochlamys (1.98%), Candida (14.31%), Cephalosporium (6.73%), Cladosporium (6.09%), Fusarium (7.42%), Mucor (4.06%), Penicillum (9.99%), Rhizopus (8.07%), Saccharomyces (17.73%), Sporobolomyces (10.15%) and Trichoderma (5.35%). Most of these genera contain certain species that are potential pathogens or opportunistic pathogens. The high values of BOD5 and heavy

metals and low values of DO and total fungal counts in station A is attributed to the activities of the oil servicing company.

)A1.9 (Microbial risk assessment: application and phases for evaluation of water quality

Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini, Health Environmental Department, School of Public Health of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Wanda Maria Risso Günther, Health Environmental Department, School of Public Health of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Adelaide Cássia Nardocci, Health Environmental Department, School of Public Health of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilThis work presents the phases of microbial

risk assessment and its application to evaluate the quality of drinking and recreational waters, and afterwards the risk of diseases attributable to pathogens present in these waters. In Brazil, infectious diseases are responsible for 5.1% of deaths, the fifth mortality cause in the country. The majority of the population affected are children, elderly and immuno-compromised people. According to reports issued by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, from 1995 through 1999 environmentally-caused diseases occupied 3.4 million hospital beds. These reports depict a concerning scenario with regard to public health. This tool can provide a basis to establish a tolerable risk level and define human health protection levels against each hazard, in this specific case pathogen microorganism. The phases of this process are: 1) hazard identification; 2) exposure assessment; 3) dose-response relationship; and 4) risk characterization. Hazard identification is related to the presence of microorganisms and toxins and their association with specific diseases. Exposure assessment includes intensity, frequency and duration of human exposure to a specific agent. The aim of settling the dose-response relationship is to establish a mathematical correlation between the amount of microorganisms (concentration) and the adverse effects on human health. Risk characterization represents the integration of all previous phases. Risk assessment is a tool used in a decision making process based on scientific results from several areas of knowledge. It provides information to take control and intervention measures, as well as to evaluate the impact of these actions on human health.. In Brazil, risk assessment is quite a new area of research, but is a promising area for management of water quality at catchment points and recreational waters, particularly in periurban areas of metropolitan regions, which normally show precarious sanitary conditions.

)A1.10 (Environment, migration, and food security in the upper west region of

Ghana

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Isaac Luginaah, Department of Geography, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Tony Weis, Department of Geography, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Sylvester Galaa, Faculty of Integrated Studies, Wa Campus, University of Development Studies, Wa, UWR, Ghana

Mathew K. Nkrumah, Faculty of Integrated Studies, Wa Campus, University of Development Studies, Wa, UWR, Ghana

Rachel Benzer-Kerr, Department of Geography, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Daniel Bagah, Faculty of Integrated Studies, Wa Campus, University of Development Studies, Wa, UWR, Ghana

Ghana has achieved dramatic improvements in national food security in recent years, but concealed in this overall progress is a considerable measure of regional unevenness, with the population living in the dry savannah regions in the north faring the worst. This paper suggests that evolving migration patterns from the Upper West Region (UWR) of Ghana are connected to an intensifying system of domestic ‘food aid’ (i.e. non-market transfers) back to the region, providing a crucial means of coping with its precarious food insecurity. The UWR is the poorest region of Ghana and has long served as a reservoir of migratory labour for the southern parts of the country, but in recent years migration patterns have been both escalating and changing. Increasingly, permanent UWR migration is focusing on the more fertile lands of the Brong-Ahafo Region (BAR), where migrants are able to access farmland in different leasehold relationships. Rapid appraisal research conducted in Techiman (BAR) suggests that UWR migrants view their growing settlement in the BAR to be a long-term phenomenon. It also highlighted how land tenancy issues are central to the challenges migrant farmers face, and are largely perceived as being immutable by the farmers themselves. Nearly all new UWR migrants must begin working in sharecropping relationships for BA landlords, paying out one-third of their harvest as rent, and over time they hope to save sufficient market earnings in order to lease the land outright. Despite these rents and the high cost of transportation, this migrant population still manages to remit considerable food and money to their families in the UWR, to the extent that they are increasingly being viewed as a crucial life-line for the entire region. With environmental conditions in dry regions of Sahelian Africa projected to worsen with climate change, the agricultural capacity of the UWR is likely deteriorate further in coming years, with migratory pressures therefore continuing to rise. In light of this, this preliminary study points towards both future research objectives in the UWR and the BAR, as well as to the implications such research

could have for policy interventions and locally-grounded regional initiatives.

(A2.11) The need for an integrated disaster management strategy in North African Cities: A

case study of Algiers (Algeria)

Djillali Benouar, Director, Built Environment Research Laboratory (LBE), USTHB, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria

As many other countries of the world, the northern African countries also suffer from environmental and geological problems, among others, the large cities and their suburbs. The capitals, particularly, represent gravitational poles constitute true economic metropolises of them, recording a considerable migratory flow in addition to one important demographic growth, a fast industrialization and an anarchistic urbanization, which make of it the receptacle of various sources of pollution, where ground, air and sea do not escape the consequences of these plagues. Furthermore, Algiers have had also suffered from storms, floods, landslides and earthquakes. Algiers in this research work, capital of Algeria, is taken as a case of study because it introduces most of the risks met in the other countries of North Africa. Algiers counts more than 3 million inhabitants for an area of 809.19 km2. From the independence of Algeria in 1962, Algiers was found constituted of a dense urban fabric where various functional scales were overlapped. The town of Algiers experienced a significant development as well on the urban level as industrial and of this fact it is seen confronted with a degraded environment and a multiform pollution. The industrial sector and the factories established in urban fabric and its periphery are at the origin of the existing or potential sources of pollution in addition to the consumption of space.

(A2.12) Integrated sewage and health care waste-to-energy for greening health care

institutions in developing countries: The case of BTWAL waste-to-energy

application in Ghana

Philip Acquah, Consultant/Director of BTWAL, Cleaner Production Expert, and Member of UNFCCC Roster of Experts on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Ghana

Dr. John Afari Idun, CEO, Biogas Technologies West Africa Limited, Team Leader of the Expert Group of UNEP/ARSCP on Biofuels, Ghana

Health care waste and sewage management most developing countries like Ghana is characterized by environmental pollution and health hazards due to improper handling practices of sewage and health care wastes. Feacal

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matter are commonly dislodged from septic tanks by cesspool emptier for off site disposal are dumped in water bodies, rivers, and in international waters where it exists such as the large marine ecosystem in the coastal cities. Biomedical waste on the hand is generally buried on the premises on health care institutions. Where incineration is practiced, it is believed that there are potential emissions of persistent organic pollutants (e.g. dioxins) due to lack of expensive pollution control systems. The problem of treatment and disposal has arisen because most of the limited numbers of sewage treatment plants are generally broken down, putting pressure on the few ones in operation. The disposal practices are associated bad odour, nuisance, and disease causing micro-organisms, such as. Salmonella, Shigellas, Hookworms and Schistosoma. The inappropriate disposal of these waste types contributes significantly to adverse environmental degradation of natural ecosystems, and health-related problems. The increasing, environmental pollution and poor sanitation associated with the operation of health care facilities (hospitals and clinics), particularly in developing countries, threaten the health of humans. The need for pollution prevention options, resource use conservation, and adoption of environmentally sound technologies has become a major challenge to health care institutions for sustainable management of HCW including sewage. As a result policies and legislative guidelines for sustainable Health Care Waste Treatment and Disposal are being developed for compliance and enforcement in some developing countries such as Ghana. The paper therefore discusses Biotech West Africa Limited (BTWAL) waste-to energy technology for integrated sewage, organic municipal waste, and biomedical waste, which is currently turning the “problem waste” today into an enormous resource for wealth creation through energy generation and use, recycle of treated wastewater that leads to reduction in water use, and also recover and reuse of hi-nutrient sources in human waste for irrigation and land scaping. The paper also demonstrates how the BTWAL/ADS integrates methane capture and utilization for effective greenhouse gas emissions reduction and offer developing countries opportunity for technology transfer and implementation of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects under the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. The paper thus advances how the adoption and uptake of the BTWAL waste-to-energy technology for the management of HCW including SEWAGE provides frontiers of knowledge to innovative cost recovery and sustainable management of health care waste for energy security, water security, and more importantly sanitation that greens the HCIs and improve health care delivery through breaking poverty cycle arising from unsustainable waste handling practices in developing countries.

(A2.13) Poultry waste disposal practices in the Kumasi Metropolis

A Bart-Plange, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

A. Addo, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

N. Kyei-Baffour, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Animal waste must be handled in a scientific manner so that odour, dust, flies, rodents and other nuisance are controlled. The uncertainty of the role of poultry waste in environmental degradation, global warning and health effects in Ghana abound as poultry waste disposal methods in Ghana and its possible environmental impact is often poorly documented. A study into the waste disposal practices of selected poultry farms in the Kumasi metropolis was carried out to identify the waste disposal methods adopted by farmers, determine the level of awareness of environmentally friendly waste disposal methods and to recommend measures to reduce poultry waste pollution of the environment. Farms which were close to rivers, dams, and residential areas with high population densities were selected for the study. Data was collected from 25 farms by means of a questionnaire on the size of farms, waste handling and disposal practices and farmers awareness of environmental control regulations. Among the farms surveyed, 36% of the farms which were large scale were located near residential areas with high human population density with a possible risk of odour pollution. About 33% of the farms were sited along water bodies which were used for drinking and irrigation purposes. On waste disposal, 80% of farms engaged in waste disposal by indiscriminate dumping of waste referred to in this write-up as landfill instead of controlled sanitary landfill. Furthermore, 75% of the farmers were not aware of appropriate disposal methods and guidelines while 83% of the sampled farms were not regularly visited by sanitary inspectors. The implementation and enforcement of waste disposal guidelines which will promote best practice in manure disposal and management must be encouraged. There is the need for the appropriate agency in Ghana to take the challenge to ensure compliance of existing regulations on waste handling.

)A2.14 (Heavy metal levels in singed cattle hide (WELE) and its human health implications

Essumang, D. K., Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, Africa

Dodoo, D. K., Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, Africa

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Adokoh, K. C, Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, Africa

Koka, V., Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, Africa

Nkrumah, B. N., Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, Africa

Nuer, A.C. D., Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, Africa

This study was undertaken to determine the levels of heavy metals transferred into hide as a result of the singeing process of preparing hide for the market. The singeing process involves the use of worn-out vehicle tyres as source of fuel for the removal of fur from the hide and to restrain the hide from shrinking. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry was used to determine the amount of various metals, iron, zinc, chromium, and nickel in samples of a cattle hide. The singed hide recorded elevated heavy metal levels with 206.40 mg/kg, 245.80 mg/kg, 14.40 mg/kg and 6.00 mg/kg for Fe, Zn, Cr and Ni respectively. The concentration dropped drastically to 90.00 mg/kg, 18.60 mg/kg, 2.00 mg/kg and 4.00 mg/kg for Fe, Zn, Cr and Ni respectively when the hide passed through the cooking processes when the Hide has been used for cooking. This presupposes that the vehicle tyres used as a source of fuel for the removal of fur from the hide during the singeing process transfers some amount of metals into the hide in various amounts which may serve as contaminant to those who consume them.

)A2.15 (Engineering assessment of medical waste management in selected hospitals in Osun

State

Fadipe, O.O., Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Osun State, Nigeria

Ogedengbe, M.O., Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Osun State, Nigeria Dept. of Civil Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State Nigeria

This paper reports the study of health infrastructures and methods of medical waste management used by health facilities in Osun State, Nigeria. Primary data of the types, capacity and location of health institutions in the study area were collected from government sources and used in classifying the 1036 health institutions in the State into five classes namely: tertiary, secondary, primary, private and specialized services. The data was analyzed and quantities of wastes generated

per day, per patient per day, types of storing, collection, transportation and disposal systems were evaluated. Average quantities of wastes generated increases with the level of services; from 0.35kg/day in primary health centres, through 4.1kg/day in private hospitals, to 116kg/day in tertiary health institutions. Over 83.9% of collection and transportation were done manually while the others employed the use of carts and wheelbarrows. The method of disposal was indiscriminate open dumping and uncontrolled burning within and outside the facilities. Unclaimed dead bodies were disposed in unlined trenches. There is no sanitary landfill in the study area. A holistic approach, which consists of incinerators, engineered landfill, aerobic lagoons and reed bed system, was designed and proposed for development. The need to have a centralized medical wastes management system was established in the study.

)A2.16 (Environmental contaminant in breast milk and their impacts: incorporation,

methodology analysis and risk assessment

Dr. Paul. C. Njoku, Department of electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology (FUTO), Owerri, Imo-State, Nigeria

Bhanuvita Ridhima Njoku, Department of electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology (FUTO), Owerri, Imo-State, Nigeria

Rani Durgawati Vihwavidyalay, University of Jabalpur, Hawabagh Women’s College, Department of Micro-biology and Bio-chemistry, Madhyapradesh, India

The finding of toxic chemicals in breast milk raises important issues for pediatric practice, for the practice of public health, and for the environmental health research community. The presence of environmental chemicals is of general concern because of potential health consequences of these chemicals to the breast fed infant and the mother. In addition to the mother’s exposure, several features determine the present of environmental chemicals in breast milk and their ability to be determined analytically, which include materials as well as environmental –chemical, such as to ;insolubility and likelihood to be found in breast milk; they include polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, organochlorine insecticides, an polybrominated diphenylether’s. these fat soluble chemicals are incorporated into the milk as it is synthesized, and thus they must be measured in accordance with the fat content of the

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milk to allow for meaningful comparisons within an individual and among population. The approach selected to measure the environmental chemical is predominantly determined by the characteristics of the chemical, its concentration in the sample and the existence of structurally similar chemicals (example: congeners), must be considered as well. In general, the approach for measuring these chemicals in breast milk is similar for measuring the same chemicals in other matrices but it differs from the latter on behalf of its relatively high fat content comparatively. Work is needed for identifying and quantifying additional environmental chemicals in breast mil, apart from one’s already known. Analytical methods have to be developed which show high degree of resolution where the various chemicals can be picked out as individual components with specificity, thereby showing increased sensitivity to the various test methods and procedures. Additionally to assess health outcomes of toxic exposures via breast milk, it will be necessary to examine children prospectively you over many years in longitudinal epidemiologic studies that use standardized examination protocols that specifically assess breast milk exposures. Finally, current risk assessment methods need to be expanded to include consideration of the potential risks posed to infants and children by exposures to chemical residues in breast milk.

)A2.17 (Noise pollution and human health: a case study of Port Harcourt Metropolis in rivers

state of Niger Delta Region-Nigeria

Mrs. Mfrekemfon P. Inyang, University of Ibadan, Dept of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education, Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria

Noise though an integral part of our daily life is an unpleasant sound capable of causing auditory impairments. Noise travels in waves and reaches the ears by way of air vibrations. No one can escape the unpleasant, disturbing and unwanted sounds of noise. The problem of noise in a city like Port Harcourt characterized by traffic and human congestion is alarming. The disturbance to the human environment is increasing rapidly at such a rate that, it has become a major threat to human life. There are serious adverse effects of noise pollution on the human environment. Ignorantly people seem to accept noise with the physiological and psychological set backs associated with it to human health as an inevitable part of human life. There are major sources of noise like in the case of the taking off of airplanes. There are also countless other sources that humans seem to ignorantly toy with, undermining the health implications. These other sources include playing of musical instruments at their highest volumes, unnecessary blowing of horns by truck drivers and even motorcycle riders. Port Harcourt is the host city of the famous Nigerian oil industries. It is the nerve centre of economic activities thus so many migrants are drawn into the city. This leads to serious congestion. The congestion and the after

effects of industrialization can be implicated in the noise pollution in Port Harcourt Metropolis. This study is borne out of the need to create awareness on the adverse effects of noise pollution on human health. The focus of this paper therefore is on the causes of noise pollution in Port Harcourt Metropolis, the effects of it on human health and possible control measures.

)A2.18 (Sustainable production of traditional medicines in Africa

Osunderu Oluwakemi Abosede, Harmony Health Heritage Foundation, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria

In Africa, over 80% of the population depend on traditional medicine (1, 2) because the rich resources of traditional remedies and practitioners are available and accessible. However most Government/ policy makers and financial investors do not pay much attention to traditional medicine as a pathway to sustainable prosperity, especially for the poor people living in these countries. As the medicinal plants in use are neither classified as food or cash crops of health concern. Also no policy is in place to ensure the sustainability of traditional medicine and the protection of the environment. This study is focused on the role of Traditional Medicine vis-à-vis medicinal plants to sustainable prosperity and environmental protection.

)A2.19 (A study on health care waste management practice in Dhaka City

Mr. Ashrafur Rahman, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Stamford University Bangladesh, Bangladesh

Masum Ahmed Patwary, School of Science and Technology, University of Teeside, Middlesbrough, Tees Valley, United Kingdom

M. Habibur Rahman, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Palashi, Bangladesh

The management of health care waste is an emergent public health and environment problem in Bangladesh. But it is receiving improper attention in spite of its potential health risk till to date. The rapid growth of health care facilities is accentuating the problem to a large extent. Most of the citizens of Dhaka city like to have services from the public hospitals, the number of which has been stable over past few years. In most part of Dhaka city there is no established waste management practice present. This study explores the existing improved management system of medical wastes in hospitals, clinics, and

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pathological laboratories in Dhaka city. The study reveals that though there is a health care waste management project, wastes are not managed and treated up to a standard level. The treatment site of the project is likely to have undesirable environmental effect on the locality. The stealing of wastes like sharps and plastic has not been totally stopped from the health care establishments and there is a strong probability of reusing those used item. Only a few percentages of health care establishments do segregation which is essential prior to treatment and safety of waste handlers. The management practice does not seem to improve unless a well synthesized law concerning health care waste management can be adopted.

)B1.1 (Dealing with environmental issues post privatization of the mining sector- Zambian

experience

Joseph Makumba, Environmental Manager, ZCCM Investments Holdings Plc, Investments House, Kitwe, Zambia

Zambia has been involved in mining for over eighty years going back to the 1920s and has seen tremendous transformation of the landscape in the Zambian Copperbelt province. The industry lack of awareness until the 1980s, and the decline in the growth of the economy in Zambia that was experienced for almost two decades prior to privatization also saw major environmental degradation due to lack of financial resources to address environmental impacts. Further, the economic decline meant that the Zambian Government could not continue supporting the mining industry. Therefore the Government made a decision in 1995 to privatize the assets of the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited (ZCCM), a majority state owned conglomerate to private sector consortia. During negotiation for privatization, historical environmental liabilities became an issue of contention from the private investors. In order to give assurance to the investors, a process to identify environmental liabilities from the past, which would remain under the Government or ZCCM Investments Holdings Plc (ZCCM-IH) responsibility was designed and initiated. The respective environmental liabilities were then properly reflected in the Development Agreements signed between the Government and private investors. To address both environmental liabilities and current impacts, both parties prepared Environmental Management Plans, which have been formally received and approved by the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) in accordance with Zambian Laws. The Government of the Republic of Zambia then acquired financial assistance from the World Bank and the Nordic Development Fund (NDF) to set up an Environmental Unit under the transformed ZCCM, ZCCM-IH to manage the environmental liabilities that were not taken on by private investors. The Copperbelt Environment Project (CEP) was created as a vehicle through which the historical environmental liabilities were to be addressed. To

prevent further degradation of the environment, the CEP also provides for strengthening of the regulatory framework to ensure compliance by new mine investors with environmental regulations and environmental management plans.

(B1.2) Quantification of the impact of irrigating with coalmine waters on the underlying aquifers

Danie Vermeulen, Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

Brent Usher, Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

It is predicted that vast volumes of impacted mine water will be produced by mining activities in the Mpumalanga coalfields of South Africa. The potential environmental impact of this excess water is of great concern in a water-scarce country like South Africa. Research over a period of more than 10 years has shown that this water can be used successfully for the irrigation of a range of crops (Annandale et al., 2002). There is however continuing concern from the local regulators regarding the long-! term impact that large scale mine water irrigation may have on groundwater quality and quantity. Detailed research has been undertaken over the last three years to supplement the groundwater monitoring program at five different pilot sites, on both virgin soils (greenfields) and in coal mining spoils. These sites range from sandy soils to very clayey soils. The research has included soil moisture measurements, collection of in situ soil moisture over time, long-term laboratory studies of the leaching and attenuation properties of different soils and the impact of irrigation on acid rock drainage processes, and in depth determination of the hydraulic properties of the subsurface at each of these sites, including falling head tests, pumping tests and point dilution tests. This has been supported by geochemical modelling of these processes to quantify the impacts. The results indicate that many of the soils have considerable attenuation capacities and that in the period of irrigation, a large proportion of the salts have been contained in the upper portions of the unsaturated zones below each irrigation pivot. The volumes and quality of water leaching through to the aquifers have been quantified at each site. From this mixing ratios have been calculated in order to determine the effect of the irrigation water on the underlying aquifers.

)B1.3 (Biogeochemical processes in mine waste dumps and their impact for remediation

measures Axel Schippers, Section Geomicrobiology

(B4.12), Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany

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Dagmar Kock, Section Geomicrobiology (B4.12), Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany

Mine waste dumps consist either of waste rock from mining or of tailings which are metal-degraded materials accumulating during ore processing. Both types of mine waste dumps often contain high amounts of metal sulfides such as pyrite or pyrrhotite. Microorganisms were detected in mine waste dumps of different mineralogical and geochemical compositions under different climatic conditions in many countries. Aerobic Fe(II)- and sulfur compound oxidizing microorganisms in mine waste dumps play an important role in the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD). They oxidize pyrite, pyrrhotite and other metal sulfides with oxygen to Fe(III) and sulfuric acid, and thereby mobilizing toxic compounds such as heavy metals and arsenic. Pyrite oxidation rates have been measured by different techniques (e.g. oxygen consumption, microcalorimetry) giving hints for the amounts of toxic compounds mobilized in mine waste dumps and released to the environment. Anaerobic microorganisms could also regularly be detected in mine waste dumps. Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms dissolve Fe(III)(hydr)oxides and may thereby release adsorbed or precipitated metals. Sulfate-reducing microorganisms precipitate and immobilize metals. Remediation measures to reduce AMD formation in mine waste dumps focus on the inhibition of pyrite oxidation to keep the toxic compounds inside the mine waste dumps. Such measures, e.g. under water storage of the waste or covering of the dumps have different effects on the metal-releasing biogeochemical processes. As an alternative to the inhibition of pyrite oxidation, metals which also have economic value could be extracted from mine waste dumps by the application of different metal extraction technologies including bioleaching.

)B1.4 (A pilot study of three soil covers for mine decommissioning

Celestina Allotey, Geotechnical Engineer, Amec Earth & Environmental, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Ernest K. Yanful, Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Three engineered test covers were constructed over acid generating waste rock at Whistle mine in Ontario. Each test cover was a two-layer system consisting of a 0.90-m non-compacted pit run gravelly sand overlying a barrier layer. The three barrier layers studied were a 0.46 m thick 92% sand-8% bentonite mixture, 0.60 m thick sandy silt with about 5% clay layer and a 0.008m thick geosynthetic clay liner (GCL). Each cover was installed on 6.10 m thick acid generating waste rock and was instrumented and monitored along

with a control test plot that consisted of 6.10 m of waste rock. The covers were designed as resistive barriers to prevent the migration of water and oxygen to the underlying waste rock. The ultimate objective of the study was to select a suitable cover for full scale decommissioning of acid generating waste rock backfilled into the Whistle pit. The water balance of the covers was monitored over a three year period, October 2000 to August 2004. The GCL barrier was the most effective barrier in reducing percolation to the waste rock below. Percolation through the GCL barrier was 6% over a three-year period compared to 20.5% and 61.5 % through the sand bentonite and silt clay barriers respectively and 49% through the control plot. The results show that interflow was significant for the low permeability GCL barrier and contributed to reduced percolation through the barrier and that runoff was not significant for any of the covers. Generally, the quality of percolate water from the covered waste rock was much better than from the uncovered waste rock. Also the quality of percolate water from the sand bentonite barrier had a higher (>7) pH followed by the GCL barrier with the silt barrier having the worst pH (3). Percolate water from the barrier incorporating bentonite as a material had a higher pH and lower concentration of metals. Post monitoring excavation of the barriers suggested that the performance of the barriers was affected by improper construction methods and deterioration of the covers from the weather.

)B1.5 (Heavy metal concentrations of sediments from small scale gold mining sites in the Ashanti

and western regions of Ghana Manu, A., Department of Agronomy, Iowa

State University, Ames, Iowa, USA Y.A. Twumasi, Department of Plant and

Soil Science, Alabama A&M University, Normal, USA

T.L. Coleman, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Alabama A&M University, Normal, USA

A.A. Mensah, Department of Geomatic Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana

M.A. Tabatabai, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA

A.E. Norton, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA

Small scale gold mining is a potential source of heavy metal pollution in Ghana. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the degree of potential contamination from tailings from the following four mining communities in Ghana: Obuasi, Baako Akohu, Senyakrom, and Tamso. Tailings were generally sandy and they varied from highly acidic at Tamso to alkaline at Obuasi. The tailings from Obuasi could have the most significant negative impact on environmental integrity. They contained the highest amounts of As (2,409 mg kg-1), Cu (108 mg kg-1), and Pb (49.5 mg kg-1). Small scale gold mining at

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Tamso and Senyakrom also generated tailings with elevated levels of As and Hg. The enrichment ratios for these metals (As, Hg, and Pb) were greater than 10 across all sampling locations. The threat of pollution at Tamso and Senyakrom is further exacerbated by the low pH’s of the tailings which enhances the mobility of heavy metals. Tailings from Baako Akohu were almost neutral in pH and were generally low in heavy metal content. Based on these results, it could be suggested that the regulating body of mining operations establish a holistic heavy metal monitoring program to further study the extent of heavy metal pollution and not just to Hg which has received so much

attention in the past.

)B1.6 (The assessment and mitigation of pollution from historic, mines in British

Columbia, Canada

Robert G. McCandless, P.Geo, Environment Canada, Government of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

The mining history of Western Canada began in the 1850’s. Since then, British Columbia has recorded production from 1800 metal and coal mines. Acidic, metals-laden groundwater draining from some historic mine openings presents risks to fish habitat. The Government of Canada and the Government of the Province of British Columbia share responsibility to prevent water pollution from mining. Working cooperatively with the province, Environment Canada, on behalf of the federal government, made a short list of high risk sites. The kind of risks found and actions taken over the past ten years will be illustrated with two historic mines, Britannia, and Mount Washington. These and other mine sites were assessed as to their hydrology, chemistry and environmental effects. Additional research into possible remediation options, the mine’s production history, and changes in its ownership, gave Environment Canada and the province a solid basis to discuss options for action with current and former mine owners. Subsequently, the owners have taken action towards achieving effective compliance with regulatory requirements. This approach to mine remediation in British Columbia has application within Canada’s ‘National Orphaned and Abandoned Mines Initiative’, which represents government, industry, First Nations and public interests in addressing environmental problems at historic mines. (Key words: British Columbia, abandoned mines, reclamation plans, contaminated sites)

)B1.7 (Contaminated Identities: Understanding human and environmental risks and livelihood

options among small-scale gold miners in Ghana

Dr. Petra Tschakert Department of Geography/Alliance for Earth Sciences, Engineering, and Development in Africa (AESEDA), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Nicole Laliberte Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Numerous studies exist on toxic soil and water contamination due to small-scale gold mining activities, as well as exposure prevention and clean technologies. However, few attempts have been made to understand the environmental health situation associated with contamination from a miner’s perspective. The aim of this research is to increase awareness of the risks and impacts of mercury and other human-environmental health threats among small-scale miners in Ghana by placing these hazards into the broader livelihood context of the miners themselves. Through participatory approaches, we assess community perceptions of bodily exposure to mining-related toxicants and propose culturally and gender sensitive risk communication and mitigation tools. The ultimate goal of this research is to further interdisciplinary studies among African scientists and mining communities to enhance livelihood conditions in a high-risk environment. This paper outlines the preliminary phase of a partnership project on human and environmental health with small-scale gold miners in Ghana. It includes two components: the understanding of miners’ risk perceptions and an evaluation of potential livelihood alternatives. Research was conducted in the summer of 2006 in collaboration with groups of artisanal miners around Dunkwa and Bogoso. Most of the participants operate without a license and have limited access to educational and health services. Based on the enthusiasm of the miners to participate, we intend to initiate, for a subsequent phase, a peer-educator health program that involves men and women miners more actively in addressing their major human and environmental health concerns.

)B1.8 (Ghana’s mining laws: assessment of sustainable development and mine reclamation

in Ghana

Henry Antwi, South Bank, Australia Victoria Bleppony, Newmont Ghana

Gold Limited, East Legon, Accra, Ghana

The mining sector plays a very important role in the economic development of Ghana. The sector constitutes about 5% of gross domestic product. In 2005, it contributed 11% of total government revenue and 36% of total foreign exchange earnings. Ghana’s vast natural resources have attracted international companies in mineral exploration, mine development, production and environmental management. Minerals currently mined in Ghana include gold, diamonds, manganese and bauxite. Mineral investors would usually be interested in assessing the environmental

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requirements relating to their potential operation. Global trends in mineral policy formulation emphasize the inclusion of the concept of sustainable development. There is a huge global challenge to integrate economic activity with environmental integrity, social concerns, and effective governance. Recent events in Ghana and other countries point to a growing recognition that the public is disenchanted with the mining industry. Misunderstanding between communities and mining companies reinforce the legacy of mistrust. The legislation governing the mining sector of Ghana is critiqued to assess its global competitiveness in incorporating the concept of sustainable development. Legal requirements for mine reclamation are also explored.

)B1.9 (ICMM’S good practice guidance on Mining and biodiversity

Peter Coombes, Environmental Manager, Anglo American, Marshalltown, South Africa

John H Gardner, Environmental Manager: Mining, Alcoa World Alumina, Applecross, WA, Australia

Andrew Mackenzie, Manager: Corporate Environmental Affairs, AngloGold Ashanti, Johannesburg, South Africa

Andrew S Parsons, Programme Director, International Council on Mining and Metals, London, UK

David Richards, Principal Adviser: Environment, Rio Tinto, Castlemead, Bristol, UK

Mining has the potential to impact biodiversity throughout the life cycle of a project, both directly and indirectly. The potential for significant impacts is greater when mining in remote, environmentally or socially sensitive areas. ICMM published in June 2006 provisional “Good Practice Guidance for Mining and Biodiversity” (GPG) as a major product of its four-year dialogue with the World Conservation Union (IUCN). The document is intended for use by technical and environmental managers at mines and during exploration, in greenfields and brownfields projects. It provides guidance on how to improve performance in biodiversity conservation and management by identifying critical biodiversity risks and opportunities and outlining what is currently understood to constitute good practice. The GPG provides an outline of the steps required to improve biodiversity management throughout the mining cycle, from pre-feasibility to closure. By implementing this guidance, mining companies should be better placed to: understand the interfaces between their activities and biodiversity; assess the likelihood of their activities having negative impacts on biodiversity; avoid and mitigate impacts on biodiversity; and explore the potential to contribute to biodiversity conservation. An overview of the GPG will be presented, with a discussion of the key issues that were faced in

arriving at a common view. Based on feedback received from this and other forums as well as field testing by ICMM members, the GPG will be revised, if necessary, probably during 2008.

)B1.10(Environmental impact of mining and ore processing – a case study at satellite goldfields

limited

Mr. Albert Otchere Ainoo, Environmental Department, Gold Fields Ghana Ltd. (Tarkwa Mine), Tarkwa, Ghana

Prof. Newton Amegbey, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana

Dr. Raymond S. Suglo, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana

The increasing number of surface mines in Ghana and the consequent effects of mining operations on the environment have been of great concern to the local communities, government and non-governmental organisations in Ghana over the last decade. Satellite Goldfields Limited (SGL) is an open pit gold mine in the Mporhor Wassa East District which is operating very close to the Akyempim and Kubekro villages. The mine produces about 10 000 tpd of ore and has an average stripping ratio of 2.1:1. Ore is processed by coarse and fine crushing, treatment by agglomeration, stacking, cyanide heap leaching, carbon-in-leach, electro-winning and smelting. This research tries to identify the potential environmental impacts of mining and ore processing at SGL on the neighbouring communities and make recommendations to effectively mitigate the environmental impacts of mining at SGL. The results show that fugitive dust levels were generally high during the dry seasons and that the fugitive dust levels far exceeded the Australian and New Zealand maximum guideline value of 4.0 g/m2/month in 1998 when the project was under construction. The levels reduced markedly over the years. Total Suspended Solids and iron levels exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guideline values in streams that received direct discharge from the mining and ore processing areas. Ground vibration and airblast levels were predominantly low since most of the values recorded were below the set trigger limit of the seismograph. Waste management practices at the mine, especially segregation of contaminated and uncontaminated waste and disposal sites, were found to be inadequate and require some attention.

)B2.11(The impact of mining on the Riverine Ecosystem of Ghana – a strategic environment

assessment perspective

Joseph S. Amakye, Mining Sector Support Programme, Minerals Commission, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana

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Seth Larmie, Mining Sector Support Programme, Minerals Commission, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana

Ron Smit, Mining Sector Support Programme, Minerals Commission, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana

A strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of the mining sector is underway in Ghana. One component of the SEA is the study of the cumulative impact of mining on the riverine ecosystem of Ghana. Twenty-two sampling stations have been established within three river basins, which host the heavily mined districts of the country. A further two stations were selected from a ‘mine-free’ basin to serve as control. Physico-chemical characteristics including trace metal pollutants like mercury, arsenic as well as cyanide in different environmental compartments of the river systems are being analysed using ICP-MS. In addition to water and sediment sampling, seventeen of the sites are being used to assess aquatic biota, especially the fish and macro-invertebrates employing such methods as catch per unit effort (CPUE), coefficient of Condition (K) and Gonadosomatic Index (GSI). Fish are an important source of protein in the diet of the rural population of Ghana. These assessments will form the basis for the formulation of policies and actions to assist in conserving the biological diversity of the rivers and streams of Ghana.

)B2.12 (An investigation of the effect of the degree of saturation on the oxygen reaction rate

coefficient of sulphidic tailings

Mathieu Gosselin, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, NSERC Polytechnique-UQAT Industrial Chair on Environment and Mine Waste Management, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Stn. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Mamert Mbonimpa, Department of Applied Sciences, NSERC Polytechnique-UQAT Industrial Chair on Environment and Mine Waste Management, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada

Michel Aubertin, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, NSERC Polytechnique-UQAT Industrial Chair on Environment and Mine Waste Management, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Stn. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Vincent Martin, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, NSERC Polytechnique-UQAT Industrial Chair on Environment and Mine Waste Management, École Polytechnique de

Montréal, Stn. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

In recent decades, several researchers have contributed to our understanding of oxygen transport mechanisms through reactive porous materials such as tailings containing sulphide minerals, which can oxidise and generate acid mine drainage. In relatively fine-grained tailings, molecular diffusion is generally the principal means for oxygen transport. The oxygen diffusion flux can then be estimated from modified Fick’s laws using the effective oxygen diffusion (De) and reaction rate (Kr) coefficients. Contrary to De, there are very few models to estimate Kr, and these generally do not account for the effect of degree of saturation Sr. This paper presents the results from a preliminary study on the influence of Sr on the reactivity of sulphidic tailings. Laboratory oxygen consumption tests with a single oxygen chamber were carried out in a hermetically closed cell in which a thin layer of reactive tailings was placed at various degrees of saturation. Changes in oxygen concentration in the chamber directly depend on the reactivity of the tailings. A computer code was used to interpret results and determine the coefficients De and Kr. Preliminary results show that there is a relationship between Kr and Sr. Implications for the oxygen flux into uncovered tailings are discussed.

)B2.13 (Application of Coal fly ash to replace lime in management of reactive mine tailings

Hongliu Wang, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Julie Shang, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Yanqing Xu, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Muluken Yeheyis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Ernest Yanful, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Acid mine drainage (AMD), the acidic water discharged from active, inactive, or abandoned mine sites, is the largest environmental liability facing the mining industry. Mining companies use large quantities of lime for AMD control in daily operation. The manufacture of lime contributes significant emission of greenhouse gas (GHG). About 0.8 tonnes of CO2 are generated in each tonne of lime produced. This paper presents an innovative approach of using coal

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fly ash, a by-product from coal-fired utilities, to replace lime in AMD control. The potential market and scientific principles of the approach are discussed first, followed by discussions on its effectiveness, benefits and limitations. In a site-specific case study, the effects of using coal fly ashes from Atikokan Generation Station to control reactive mine tailings from the Musselwhite Mine in Northern Ontario, Canada, are investigated. It is demonstrated that coal fly ash is an effective and cost-efficient approach with minimum environmental impacts when high calcium coal fly ash are accessible to mining sites. A preliminary procedure is recommended to assess the feasibility of this approach, including the compatibility of reactive mine tailings and coal fly ash, treatment effectiveness, cost and environment impacts.

)B2.14 (Assessment of a natural wetland for the remediation of acid mine drainage (AMD) at

Tarkwa, Ghana Miss V. E. Asamoah, University of Mines

and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana, West Africa

Prof E. K. Asiam, Dean of Faculty of Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana, West Africa

Dr. J.S. Kuma, Head of Geological Engineering Department, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana, West Africa

This study assesses a natural wetland in Tarkwa, south west Ghana to identify the most sustainable way to remediate acid mine drainage (AMD). The investigation involved mineralogical and bacteria analysis among others. The study traced the AMD occurrence to the presence of acid producing sulphides (pyrite) in a waste rock and the occurrence was found to be catalysed by sulphur oxidising bacteria Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans. The pH of the AMD was found to be raised from 4.4 to 7.4 in the natural wetland by Desulfovibrio desulfurican bacteria whose activity generally results in producing hydro-oxides. The restoration of pH by diverting part of a River into the wetland to dilute and neutralise the acidic effluent may not be efficient particularly during dry seasons because the flow of dilutant is much lesser than the required flow to effect dilution. The study concluded that the sustainable management of AMD can be achieved through the enhancement of Desulfovibrio desulfurican activity in a constructed anaerobic wetland.

)B2.15 (Mining, miners’ health and community health

Dr. Edith Clarke, Mining Sector Support Programme, Accra, Ghana

Dr. Björn Wenngren, Mining Sector Support Programme, Accra, Ghana

Mining operations have the potential to create significant impacts, positive as well as negative, on human health among the miners and on health of the people in the neighboring communities. There is a tendency among mining companies to set up curative services to deal with common health problems and not necessarily those created by the mining operation, without setting in place appropriate preventive strategies as an integral part of the development of the original operation. This paper contends that this is inadequate. There is a need to pre-empt problems likely to arise from mining operations. Against a background of the existing health situation of miners and their families, preventive measures should be planned and provided in collaboration with appropriate local authorities alongside the curative to enhance worker and public health. Reliable data concerning the health situation in mining communities is rare or lacking. It is therefore often impossible to monitor changes and to evaluate the impact of mining operations on community health due to insufficient or unreliable health data. Reliable data is a prerequisite for monitoring changes in the health situation. This paper also emphasizes the importance of conducting a baseline health study to create a solid base for development of appropriate health strategies and interventions. A baseline health study provides the local health authorities with valuable information and a base for planning, monitoring and evaluation.

)B2.16 (The ecological situation of Mongolia

Sharav Purevsuren, President Mongolian “Soil Fertility”

Association, Ulaanbaatar, Mangolia

Presentation will illustrate the mining impact on nature and environment of Mongolia. 15 years ago we had only 2 state owned gold mining companies which have been delivering 0.5-0.6tn of gold each year. Now there are 130 gold mining companies plus 100 thousand individuals engaged in gold washing throughout the country, especially in river basin delivering 25 tons of gold a year. There is no strict control in the mining areas from the government and there are no benefit to the local people where the gold mining is broadly developing. 4000 hectare of land has been destroyed by the gold miners every year and nearly 800 lakes and 2000 springs and small rivers have disappeared within last 10 years. The gold miners sometimes use chemicals that are dangerous to environment like cyanide and mercury. That’s the main idea of the presentation.

)B2.17 (Preliminary studies on the water quality of the active areas of the Ashanti gold belt

Momade, Francis W. Y., College of Engineering, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

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Darabor, Grace S., University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana

The Ashanti Gold Belt (AGB) has been of great interest to many professionals including those in the fields of environmental and mineral science, and engineering for its unique geological formation and profound environmental resources. It is the most outstanding of the five major gold belts in Ghana and consists mainly of the Tarkwaian and/or the Birimian rocks. It hosts many prominent mining companies, as well as a region of intense artisanal mining activity. It also hosts many important water bodies including Rivers Pra, Offin, Ankobra, Bonsa and Huni among others, and their numerous tributaries which serve as sources of drinking water to the local folks and as grounds for inland fishing. Most of the work done on water quality assessment on the AGB has been more speckled than comprehensive. However to ensure sustainability of this all important area a more holistic water quality studies is required. This paper summarises a preliminary study on the distribution of some major heavy/toxic metals in about 200 water bodies, representing boreholes, wells, streams, springs and rivers, on the Ashanti Belt. Data from the study indicated higher than accepted levels of mercury, lead, manganese, iron and chromium in some of the waters as compared to the WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality. The boreholes and the wells had relatively lower pH values than the surface waters, mostly below the suggested lower limit of 6.5 by the WHO for drinking water probably due to geochemical and biochemical oxidation of sulphides within the matrix.

)B2.18 (Neutralization potential of reclaimed limestone residual (RLR)

H. Keith Moo-Young, Ph.D., P.E., California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.

Mining activities that lead to the exposure of iron pyrite and sulfite minerals associated with coal deposits to air and water result in the problem of acid mine drainage (AMD). In the U.S., AMD and other toxins from abandoned mines have polluted 180,000 acres of reservoirs and lakes, and 12,000 miles of streams and rivers. Acidity is a characteristic of AMD, and due to low pH conditions metals such as iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and calcium are leached from soil and rock contaminating streams. Reclaimed limestone residual (RLR) is a co-product of the steel making process, and is developed during the refining of crude iron products to steel. It has been shown to have oxidation-reduction capabilities that facilitate metals reduction, and also has significant acid neutralizing potential. In this study, the neutralization potential of RLR was studied.

)B2.19 (Evaluation of humidity cell as kinetic technique in AMD predication

N. Hmidi E., Goldcorp - Musselwhite Mine,Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

Mohamedelhassan, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

L.M. Amaratunga, School of Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

J.Q. Shang, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada 

Humidity cells are one of the kinetic methods designed to model the process of the geochemical weathering of mining process wastes. This study concentrated in evaluating the effectiveness of the rapid and accelerated humidity cell technique in predicting acid mine drainage (AMD) production. Humidity cells were designed and constructed to monitor the oxidation process of typical agglomerated reactive mine tailings. The special set up was designed to provide control of various parameters such as air, temperature and moisture to simulate the actual field conditions. The popular laboratory-based kinetic tests were compared in design to identify the most suited for effectively determining the reaction rates for mine tailings. The specially constructed humidity cells were proven to be similarly effective in studying the weathering process of mine reactive tailings.

(B2.20)The transboundary transportation of mine pollutants in the southern African

subcontinent

Simangele Dlamini, MINTEK, Sustainable Development Division, Johannesburg South Africa

Dominant circulation patterns in the southern African sub-region facilitate the recirculation of sulphur pollutants from the pyro-metallurgical processing of copper in Zambia, mining activities in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and industrial activities in the South African Highveld. This research focuses on the contribution of pollutants from the Zambian Copperbelt and the Highveld in South Africa to total aerosol loading over southern Africa. The Mpumalanga Highveld in South Africa is the largest user of coal to generate electricity to power industrial and mining activities in the subcontinent. The seasonality of air transport over the region in general, and South Africa in particular, is determined from different transport fields and their frequency of occurrence. Trajectories have been run for the summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons for southern Africa for 1990-1994. Forward trajectories have been calculated for the 850, 800, 750 and 700hPa geopotential heights,

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from Kitwe (12.9 S, 28.2 E, 1262m above mean sea level), at 2.5° resolution. Kitwe, as the focal point, would illustrate circulation patterns for east, west and southern Africa in which the major mining activities have been identified. Trajectories show widespread recirculation over the subcontinent, resulting in a net transportation of sulphur aerosols from the Zambian Copperbelt., especially during the late winter and spring seasons, towards Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Australasia. During the summer, air transport is mainly to the west, via Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo, off the eastern Atlantic towards southern America.

)B2.21 (Phenomenal environmental impact of artisanal small scale gold mining at Teshi in the

Zebillah District, Ghana

S. Al-Hassan, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana

R.S. Nartey, Univeristy of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana

R.K. Amankwah, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana

For many centuries the small-scale mining of precious minerals has made a significant impact on the socioeconomic lives of people and communities involved directly or indirectly in the sector. Since the regularization of small-scale mining in Ghana in 1989, over 1.5 million troy ounces of gold and 8.0 million carats of diamonds have been produced by the sector. Due to its labour intensity, small-scale mining operations generally generate significant employment avenues, especially in remote rural areas where alternative job opportunities are scarce and low paying. Apart from the direct employment contributions of small-scale mining, it also generates a substantial number of indirect jobs in other sectors of the economy. However, production of these minerals has been at a cost to the environment and there is the need to develop the sector in a sustainable manner. The regularization of small-scale mining brought about two types of miners, legal and illegal. Legal miners are those who have acquired titles to concessions on which they work or are tenants on concessions held by large-scale mines. Illegal miners are those who work illegally on mineral concessions held by other parties and also pilfer ore for processing. Some illegal miners also dig in their own farms to extract the metal values. In Northern Ghana, the weather patterns are such that it is not possible to cultivate crops during the dry season. In areas where there is gold mineralization, the locals mine the land for gold in the dry season and prepare it for planting in the wet season. This has caused tremendous concomitant environmental problems which potentially impoverishes the land and makes the crops yield progressively less. This paper looks at the environmental impact of small scale gold mining on arable lands in Teshi, in the Zebillah District of the Upper East Region of Ghana.

)B2.22(Guidelines for tailings dam safety – an initiative by the Swedish mining industry

Lars-Åke Lindahl, Director Environmental Affairs, SveMin (Swedish Association of Mines, Mineral and Metal Producers), Sweden

Since 1997 the Swedish mining industry has applied the comprehensive dam safety guidelines of the Swedish hydropower industry, RIDAS. However, it was recognised that these guidelines include aspects with little or no relevance for the mining sector, and, that they lack other significant aspects that are specific for tailings dams. In 2005 the dam safety working group of SveMin started work on adapting the existing guidelines to the needs of the mining sector and in spring 2007 the “RIDAS for mining” will be published. The guideline is divided in two parts. Firstly, the main document with the general principles and secondly, a series of detailed guidelines for the practical implementation of these principles. The Guideline includes sections on design and construction, operation, surveillance and maintenance, emergency preparedness and planning and auditing. In parallel, to meet the requirements of the guideline, a web-based dam register and an incident reporting system has been developed. The contents of the guideline will be presented and its practical consequences, i.e. actions needed by the mining companies, discussed.

)B2.23(Mining and corporate social responsibility (CSR) partnerships within a

South African context

L. Mabuza, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa

N. Molebatsia, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa

M. Kwata, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa

In the light of challenges associated with sustainable development in the developing world, the mining industry, as is the case with other industries, has been compelled to relook issues pertinent to sustainable development and the role it can play in it. This arises from various reasons, including, but not limited to globalization, heightened stakeholder awareness and expectations, etc. The outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in 2002 espoused in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) calls for strengthened partnerships. For mining, this call includes the need to contribute towards sustainable development throughout all the stages of mining (i.e. from

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prospecting, operation through to closure and post closure). These commitments are also evident in the International Council on Mining and Metals’ objective of “continual improvement in performance and contribution to sustainable development so as to enhance shareholder value” (www.icmm.com). In order for mines to fulfil the socio-economic aspects of sustainability they need to contribute first and foremost towards improvement of the quality of life of the communities in which they operate.

)B2.24 (To what extent is sustainable local economic and community development possible

through mining?

Mr. Mekiah Mugonda, Senior Sustainable Development Researcher, Mineral Economics and Strategy Unit, Sustainable Development Division, Mintek, South Africa, Randburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

The world we live and work in today is largely influenced by sustainability imperatives. The mining industry is not immune to these imperatives and is probably more deeply affected than other sectors of the economy. Mining, processing, beneficiation, use, disposal and recycling of minerals have in some instances led to the significant local environmental and social damage. Therefore, it is not always clear whether mining brings economic and social benefits to the host country and local communities. It is increasingly recognised that sustainable development based on Africa’s mineral wealth will form a key element in uplifting Africa and its people. In light of this, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) expresses the belief that the minerals sector is important in the development of Africa in the 21st century. Mining-led development is often associated with tensions between corporate mining objectives, recipient community needs and state policies and goals for regional development. The economies of most Southern African countries are either mineral-led or have mining contributing significantly to their Gross Domestic Products. Mineral extraction also involves large-scale and long-lasting alterations of the natural environment often leading to various forms of environmental degradation and pollution. Thus, in addition to the institutional nature of mine accommodation and the corporate management style of mining settlements, mining communities do not enhance the development of sustainable communities and environments to the extent that other settlements have. This has tended to discourage permanent residence and sustainable investment in these towns. South African mining towns became objects for social engineering and experimentation in labour control and recruitment which was euphemistically referred to as 'native' (African) adaptation to urban life in colonial anthropological discourse. Labour control and racial segregation were central principles in the creation of these settlements. The mine compound,

hostel and native township which are still a common feature of the Southern African urban landscape, are to a large extent a result of the social engineering experiments developed in mining towns. Socio-economics dynamics of mining community livelihood are complex because mining communities especially those on mining properties owned very little i.e. the houses they lived in are mine houses, so is the infrastructure. These communities have no security of tenure as this depended on being an employee of the mine. It is not only the mining sector that need to address these problems, but the sector together with other key players such government, non-governmental organisations and the communities themselves can work out solutions that will enhance the sustainable economic standing of mining communities, and thus assist them attain sustainable livelihoods.

)B2.25 (Challenges facing Zambia in managing environmental degradation due to small scale

mining activities

Dr. Victor Mutambo, Mining Engineering Department, School of Mines, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

In recent years, the developing world has experienced a tremendous increase in the number of people engaged in small scale mining. In Zambia, for example, this increase can be attributed to both negative and positive factors. Negative factors include unregulated or poorly regulated entry into this sector which has resulted in even those without any mining knowledge or working capital to venture into business, illegal mining such that many operators are working without documents and licenses, and lack of poor regulatory policies for small scale mining sector. Positive factors include: creation of employment which to a certain extent has led to reduction of poverty levels among local communities and added income to the Government treasury. Despite these positive factors, this sector has also become a source of environmental concern. Abandoned quarries, open pits, trenches to mention but a few, have been left un-reclaimed. Forests have been depleted making it easier for run offs and toxics to find their way in main streams. Such examples indicate the likely irreversible degradation of natural resources the sector is likely to inflict on the environment. This paper discusses the effect of open policy on environment, using Zambia as a case example. The Zambian Government in particular has been deliberately pursuing an open policy of encouraging nationals and, to a great extent, foreign nationals to participate in this sector. This paper is concluded by suggesting some measures to minimize them.

)B2.26 (Intelligent machine monitoring and sensing for safe surface mining operations

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S. Frimpong, Professor and Chair, Department of Mining and Nuclear Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri, USA

Y. Li, Research Fellow, Department of Mining and Nuclear Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri, USA

N. Aouad, PhD Student, Department of Mining and Nuclear Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri, USA

The creation and maintenance of a healthy surface mining environment require advanced research initiatives for developing powered excavation and haulage technologies. The shovel-truck system is widely used in surface mining due to flexibility, economics and maintainability. Advances in technology have resulted in large shovels and trucks for economic, bulk operations. These advances have resulted in high-impact shovel loading operations (HISLO), which cause significant vibrations and affect an operator’s health. Dump truck operators also face challenges in interacting with mine layouts. These challenges include limited vision due to extensive “blind” areas and truck stability in difficult conditions. This paper contains a summary on frontier research on truck control, vision and collision avoidance and vibrations and their effects. Dynamic modeling is used to capture the truck-road interactions. Intelligent sensing and collision avoidance system is used to develop an integrated system for a 360O

vision. Theoretical models are also used to capture the effects of vibrations from HISLO. Virtual simulators are used to simulate the response of the integrated system to HISLO vibrations. This research initiative is significant because it will provide a strong basis for developing technologies to improve shovel-truck haulage safety in surface mines and construction sites.

)C1.1 (Thermal utilisation of solid recovered fuels as part of an integrated waste management

concept

Gregory Dunnu, Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant Technology (IVD), University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring, Stuttgart, Germany

Jörg Maier, Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant Technology (IVD), University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring, Stuttgart, Germany

Alexander Gerhardt, Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant Technology (IVD), University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring, Stuttgart, Germany

Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) are highly heterogeneous mixtures generated from high calorific fractions of non-hazardous waste materials intended to be fired in existing coal power plants and industrial furnaces (CEN/TC 343, Solid

Recovered Fuels, 2003). They are composed of variety of materials of which some although recyclable in theory, may have become in forms that made their recycling an unsound option. Its application is regulated under European Union (EU) regulations, and it requires specification for commercial and regulatory purposes. The use of waste as a source of energy is an integral part of waste management. As such, within the framework of the European Community’s policy-objectives related to renewable energy, an approach to the effective use of wastes as sources of energy is outlined in documents like the European Waste Strategy. This work involves a characterization step for SRF especially for co-firing in pulverized coal power plants for the purpose of generating heat and electricity. The nature of SRF requires a thorough understanding of their combustion properties before optimal energy recovery can be realized. The process includes laboratory scale experiments that critically examine the fuel concerning their physical and chemical properties. The de-volatilization, ignition and combustion processes associated with different types of SRF are also studied using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA). Based on these experiments, suggestions are made for a successful application of SRF in power plants and industrial furnaces. Finally, an overview of the potentials of waste materials as fuel and a source of energy is discussed.

)C1.2(The Kyoto Protocol and its Window of Opportunities for the Nigerian Gas Sector

Morgan Leo, The Faculty Research International/Consultant, Niger Delta Projects Consortium, Magasin de Variete Business Suite, Le Meridien Hotel, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria

Shawn E. Simmons, Ph.D Exxonmobil Development Company, Houston, USA

The coming on stream of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC in 1992 set the tone for the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol to the Convention in 1997. The Protocol anchors on three market-based mechanisms, namely Joint Implementation, Emission trading – both of which are only applicable in Annex 1 (developed countries) as well as the clean development mechanism, CDM which concerns developing (non-Annex 1) countries. Article 12 of the protocol defines the CDM which is intended to help Annex 1 countries meet their greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments during the first commitment period of 2008 – 2012, while helping non-Annex 1 countries accomplish sustainable development. According to the UNDP/World Bank study of 2002, the (conservative) monetary value of flared gas in Nigeria is US$2.5 billion per year – more than enough to bankroll the country’s “recently forgiven” debt overhang in less than 20 years. The current flare ratio of about 45 percent in the

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country is capable of generating 6.0 giga watts of electric power to supply the entire sub-Saharan Africa. Interestingly, gas flare reduction(s) achieved via CDM provide(s) substantial revenue as carbon credits (Certified Emission Reductions, CERs) under the Prototype Carbon Fund of The World Bank. The West African Gas Pipeline Project is one of “certifiable” CDM projects that can earn the nation millions of dollars. Other potential gas based CDM projects in Nigeria include the Kwale-Okpai power plantby Agip, the Afam plant by Shell, the Ovade Ogharefe gas utilization project by Pan Ocean Oil, among others. A striking model in this context is the Rang Dong Gas Utilization CDM Project of Vietnam which contributes US$33.7 million to the Vietnamese economy every year.

)C1.3 (Acid sulphate soil risk mapping: a tool for sustainable oil and gas production in

wetland areas

Dr. Elijah Ohimain, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Majority of the onshore crude oil discoveries in the tropical world are located in wetland areas. Wetlands are important nesting and breeding grounds for migratory birds and spawning sites for coastal fisheries. Mangrove wetlands also protect the shorelines from erosion and sea level rise impacts, which are becoming more important due to the observed climate change and the attendant sea level rise. Also, indigenous people depend on wetland ecosystems as sources of food, water and fuel woods. Unfortunately, due to access difficulties, wetland soils and sediments are dredged to create navigable access. The resultant dredged materials are often disposed off by side casting into adjacent wetlands. The presence of pyrite in wetlands particularly mangrove soil and sediments, causes acidification. The intensity of the acidification is related to the pyrite content, age and the prevailing redox conditions. The severity of acidification resulting from the dredging of oil access canals could therefore be minimized through the production of acid sulphate soil risk maps that would show acidification hotspots, which can be avoided to pre-empt acidification. The aim of this paper is to present the prospects of using acid sulphate risk maps as a tool for sustainable oil and gas production in wetland ecosystems.

(C1.4) Managing corporate-community conflicts: lessons from forest-mining conflicts in

Ghana

E. Marfo, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Ghana

Mining is a land use system that presents a typical picture of corporate-community conflicts in

most parts of the world. In Ghana, conflicts between mining companies and local communities is prevalent; more recently, proposals for mining in forest reserves clearly brought the issue to limelight. Even though conflicts scholars have recognised that conflict has both positive and negative capabilities, efforts to harness the constructive aspect of conflict have not yielded desired results. This is because, while the issue of power and how it plays itself out in specific contexts has been observed as a crucial factor, the subject has not been given significant research attention in natural resource conflict context. In the context of corporate -community conflicts, the need to understand power-play is even more crucial. This is because conventional opinion has often assumed corporate bodies as a powerful force, painting them as ‘guilty’ while attaching a semblance of ‘innocence’ to local communities. However, there is increasing evidence that this picture is false and that an actual understanding of power-play and how it directs conflict is purely an empirical question. To explore this to inform innovations in managing such conflicts, a study was conducted in Ghana to explore power-play in forest-mining conflicts at three proposed mining areas in Ghana. The study used an actor-empowerment framework to conceptualise power as the mobilisation of social, economic, orientational and institutional resources to deploy strategies of avoidance, persuasion, manipulation, coalition-building, mediation, negotiation and force. Using a two-actor game model, the conflicts were reconstructed chronologically. To learn lessons, the power strategies and resources used by the actors were identified and their effectiveness in sustaining conflict actions, causing withdrawal of opponents and getting interests satisfied were studied. The paper presents an account of the forest-mining conflict in these areas and highlights the role actor-empowerment can play in corporate-community conflict management. In particular, how local politics and governance influence the conflict capability of actors to effectively engage others is underscored. In all, the study concludes that the effectiveness of actor-empowerment in achieving interests depended on three critical factors; wealth, traditional and political network and access to institutionalised processes of decision-making. For communities to achieve conflict capabilities, the paper calls for governance shifts that open up local policy community, ‘demystify’ traditional authorities (chiefs) as authentic and accountable representatives, open social and political space for the emergence of other forms of community representation, build capacities for network with other actors like NGOs and the media and for the ‘politicisation’ of local concerns. All the recommendations are premised on two important tested assumptions. First, that conflicts are not dysfunctional but can have positive capabilities and that conflict management interventions must focus on building such capabilities. Second, and more specific to corporate-community context, it is assumed that no lasting management of such conflicts can be achieved unless there is a representation of interests

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that meets the aspirations of the larger community and not local elites.

)C1.5 (Proposed plan of action for research on desertification in the Sudan: with special

reference to Greater Darfur States

Dr. Abdalmohsin Rizgalla, Director of Environment and Development Center, University of Zalingei, Zalingei, Sudan

Dr. Daldoum M.A., University of Khartoum, Faculty of Forestry, Khartoum, Sudan

Dr. Salih A.A, University of Alfashir, Darfur, Sudan

Desertification is the major socio-economic environmental problem affecting about 72% of the total area of the country and 67% of the total population of Sudan. It is well established scientifically that desertification reduces the current and potential agricultural, forestry, rang and live stock production and hence limit sustainable development .The poor local people in the affected areas are pushed slowly but surely to poverty. Greater Darfur, comprising North, West and South Darfur stats, is one of the areas in the Sudan severely affected by desertification and it is consequences. This paper attempts to outline proposed plan of action for research on this problem. The strategy of this plan includes: definition of desertification problems, objectives to be achieved, inventory of the physical and human resources, establishment of representative maps, delineation of areas with similar problems and features, devising of appropriate systems and models on rehabilitation and management , establishment of relevant programs, planning implementation operations and schedules, adopting and integrated approach or executing research projects rather than carrying out isolated work in specific themes and finally efforts to be taken to secure funds and facilitates and rally experts from all disciplines to participates in the research results concerning desertification and problems associated with it, all related disciplines need to be given equal due weight. However, the following are suggested priority research tasks: stoppage of sand encroachment and sand dune fixation, land classification in view of utilization categories for various purposes , establishment of models for optimizing agricultural and forestry products from sand dunes and degraded lands , research on water harvesting and irrigation systems from surface water search for alternatives to open grazing systems and improvement of livestock productivity, investigation of alternative popular participation mechanisms in dealing with desertification problems (extension).

(C1.6) Natural regeneration of Boswellia papyrifera Del (Hochst) stands in Jebel Marra

Dar Fur, Sudan

Abuelgasim A. Adam, Faculty of Forestry Sciences, University of Zalengei, Zalengei, Sudan

A. Elhouri Ahmed, Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan

Abdalla M. El Tayeb, Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan

In this study recurrent regeneration surveys were made over two seasons to investigate the phenomena of natural regeneration of Boswellia papyrifera, and to find out possible cause affecting it. The results indicated that Boswellia has the ability to produce ample quantities of seedlings but these seedlings face difficulties of establishment. Main cause of poor regeneration are, frequent fires, grazing, water erosion and weed competition. Lack of natural regeneration ultimately affects the regular distribution of diameter classes, and consequently the performance of the tree in its ecological and production functions.

(C1.7) Reversing Africa’s deforestation for sustainable development

Kwadwo Tutu, Food Security and Sustainable Development Division (FSSDD), United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Charles Akol, Food Security and Sustainable Development Division (FSSDD), United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Forests provide goods and services which are not only vital for the survival of the poorest in many African countries, but are also essential for the basic functioning of a wide range of development sectors in the continent. The success of many poverty reduction and economic growth strategies of these countries is thus inextricably linked to the sustainable provision of forest goods and services. This is being severely undermined by chronic and widespread deforestation in the continent. This continues to compromise efforts towards achieving the targets set in millennium development goals, as well as attaining sustainable development in the continent and at the global level. There is therefore an acute need to continue exploring and promoting policy options, measures and models to enhance success in combating deforestation in Africa. This paper explores the significance of deforestation in the continent and helps to advance knowledge and to offer policy and other recommendations to combat this menace in Africa. The paper seeks to contribute to and stimulate cross-sectoral dialogue and actions to combat deforestation. In so doing it will serve to promote and mainstream sustainable forest

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management principles and measures within the broad agenda of poverty reduction and sustainable development in Africa.

)C1.8 (Settlement erosion: a case study of the Sunyani Municipality

Kyei-Baffour, N., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, Knust, Kumasi, Ghana

Ofori, E., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, Knust, Kumasi, Ghana

Mensah, E., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, Knust, Kumasi, Ghana

Barnie, S., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, Knust, Kumasi, Ghana

Soil erosion has both on-site and off-site effects in settlements. These result in both social and economic problems which are of major concern to town and rural land use planners and all other agencies providing services for settlements, especially so in areas where population densities are higher. The phenomenon was studied in the Sunyani Municipality using reconnaissance visits, formal and informal interviews with residents and opinion leaders, actual measurements of depths of erosion around buildings and effective roof areas of buildings and taking pictures of erosion features. It was found out that the level of awareness of erosion among residents was about 88 % yet very little was done to deal with the menace. Erosion ranged from 8.56-42 mm/y around houses, exposing the foundations of buildings, destroying roads, restricting access to some houses and giving a derelict appearance to slums. It is suggested that the planning of settlements, design of buildings and drainage in settlements, and public education of the citizenry on erosion issues is needed to deal with the menace of erosion in the municipality. More research is needed to enable stakeholders build a comprehensive national plan to tackle the problem of erosion in settlements.

)C1.9 (Assessing environmental implications of converting agricultural

land for bioenergy feedstock production in North Alabama

E.Z. Nyakatawa, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL, USA

D.A. Mays, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL, USA

V.R. Tolbert, Bioenergy Feedstock Development Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

Conversion of agricultural land to bioenergy feedstock production presents a great potential for pollution of surface and groundwater resources with fertilizer derivatives such as nitrate and phosphates, pesticides, and residual chemicals from herbicides. These potential environmental problems which can arise from soil sediment and nutrient losses in runoff water need to be evaluated in order to determine the sustainability and overall feasibility of implementing bioenergy development strategies. Given the extensive land requirement necessary for production of large quantities of biomass crops for fuel, as well as their potential use for making fiber, it is important to assess environmental impacts of agronomic practices that could be used in the production of biomass crops. This information will be important in the development of sustainable and environmentally sound management strategies for bionergy feedstock production. This paper discusses runoff, sediment, N, and total P losses from agricultural land (continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)) converted to short-rotation sweetgum (Liquidamber styraciflua L.) plantations with and without fescue (Festuca elatior L.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) bioenergy crops, compared to corn (Zea mays L.), on a Decatur silt loam soil in north Alabama, from 1995 to 1999. Runoff volume was significantly correlated to total rainfall and sediment yield in each year, but treatment differences were not significant. Sweetgum plots produced the highest mean sediment yield of up to 800 kg ha_1compared to corn and switchgrass plots, which averaged less than 200 kg ha_1. Runoff NH4

+

N losses averaged over treatments and years for spring season (3.1 kg ha_1) were three to five times those for summer, fall, and winter seasons. Runoff NO3

_ N for no-till corn and switchgrass plots in spring and summer were five to ten times that for sweetgum plots. No-till corn and switchgrass treatments had 2.4 and 2.1 kg ha_1 average runoff total P, respectively, which were two to three times that for sweetgum treatments. Growing sweetgum with a fescue cover crop provides significantly lower risk of water pollution from sediment, runoff NH4

+N, and NO3_N.

)C1.10 (Environmental services of agroforestry in southern Africa: lessons, challenges and

future directions

G. Sileshi, SADC-ICRAF Agroforestry Programme, Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi

F. K. Akinnifesi, SADC-ICRAF Agroforestry Programme, Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi

P. W. Matakala, SADC-ICRAF Agroforestry Programme Regional Office, Mavalane, Maputo, Mozambique

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O.C. Ajayi, SADC-ICRAF Agroforestry Programme, Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi

Although traditional farming systems in southern Africa encompassed a remarkable agro-biodiversity, this has been eroded over time through national and international policies that promoted monocultures and chemical inputs. Such policies have served as disincentives for adoption of low-input agricultural practices. Deforestation, overgrazing and cultivation of land unsuitable for agriculture are increasing at an alarming rate. As a result land degradation has increased, soil quality has declined, pest problems have increased, and yields of staple food crops such as maize have stagnated in many parts of the region. Agroforestry is one of the integrated natural resource management interventions for addressing various environmental and social problems. Over the past 15 years, the International Centre for Research in agroforestry (ICRAF) has evaluated a range of agroforestry options for soil conservation, soil fertility management, production of fuel wood, timber and animal fodder in southern Africa. The research has helped to establish a knowledge-base on how agroforestry can slow down land degradation and contribute to biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. In this paper, we describe the state of current knowledge on environmental benefits and services of agroforestry in the southern Africa region. We will also outline the challenges to scaling-up the adoption of agroforestry to maximize environmental services, and make recommendations for future research, development and policy.

)C2.11 (Soil desiccation in the loess plateau region of China

Li Wang, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming in the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China

Quanjiu Wang, State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming in the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China

Sanping Wei, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China.

Soil desiccation has occurred at several locations in the world, especially in semi-arid and arid areas. This paper provides a systematic review of available information on soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau. These studies identify several aspects of soil desiccation and dried soil layers (DSLs), including definition, types, distribution, quantitative indices, formative causes, harmful

effects and influencing factors. Among these aspects, the typifying criteria and quantitative indices of DSLs remain controversial. This review draws on published sources, as well as previously unpublished results from ongoing studies of the Loess Plateau. Because soil desiccation and DSLs have significant impacts on regional eco-systems, more attention should be paid to it in the future. Based on the information reviewed, the authors suggest the following areas as priorities for future research on soil desiccation: (1) analyze the formation mechanism of DSLs; (2) determine the hydrodynamics of soil desiccation and water movement laws of DSLs; (3) and advance the systematical indices standards that can be used for the whole Loess Plateau. The purpose of the paper is to provide a summary of research that investigated soil desiccation, to present a heuristic idea to regional-level management of the soil water system, and to supply scientific support for vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau and other regions of China.

)C2.12 (Impact and management of spills in Nigeria

Akpan Iniobong C., Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Nigeria is one of the word’s largest oil exporters. The economy of the country is heavily dependent on earning from oil sector with 90 – 95 % of export revenue made from the oil sector. Since the discovery of oil in 1956, the country has been suffering the negative environmental consequences of oil exploration and exploitation. From available records, between 1976 – 1996 the country has had a total of 4,835 oil spillage, which resulted in a loss of 1,896,960 barrels of crude to the environment. Between 1997 – 2001, a total of 2,097 oil spill incident was also recorded. In 1998, 40,000 barrels of oil from Mobil platform off the Akwa Ibom coast were spilt into the environment causing severe damage to the coastal environment. This crude contains hydrocarbons, resins, asphaltenes, heavy metals like Pb, Fe, Zn, etc which poses lethal and sublethal problems to both plants and animals due to bioaccumulation. It is noteworthy that, the devastating consequences of this spill in Niger Delta region with its eventual hazards on both aerial and terrestrial environs tantamount to an irreversible chain effect on both the bio-diversity and human safety. Factors responsible for oil spillage includes: corrosion of oil pipeline/tanks, sabotage, port operations and inadequate care on oil production operations. Oil spill dispersal which is influenced by waves, wind drift current, tidal current, ocean current, vegetation and topography, can be managed by using oil spill trajectory and fate models, oil booms and mops, surfactants chemicals, oil skimmers, absorbents and gels. Creation of Regional Spill Response Centre along coastlines would help in managing spill problems. Government parastatals like the Department of Petroleum Resources, Federal

35

Ministry of Transportation, Federal Inland Waterways and Non-Governmental Organizations like the Multinationals are stakeholders in managing oil spill in the country.

)C2.13 (Soil pollution by a refinery near Port Harcourt, Nigeria

G. R.E.E Ana, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

G. T. Leton, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

M. K. C. Sridhar, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Nigeria’s largest Petroleum Refinery, the Port Harcourt Refining company (PHRC) is located about 25km away from Port Harcourt City. It utilizes 210,000 barrels of crude oil for its refining processes. The resultant solid wastes are dumped on nearby lands, which result in high-level contamination. The objective of this study therefore was to assess the level of pollution of the soil receiving these refinery wastes with a view to mitigating their effects. The study was laboratory based and involved purposive and cross sectional collection of soil samples. About 500g top soil and sub soil grab samples were collected using an auger from 3 spots located 2m apart around the contaminated site and made up to composite samples respectively. A control sample was also collected in the same manner from Port Harcourt town away from the industry and all samples using recommended standard methods analyzed for physico-chemical parameters viz pH, phenol, sulphate, iron, zinc and lead. The results indicated that the top soil was more contaminated than the subsoil and that the sub soil when compared to the control had significantly higher levels of pH (8.83±1.59), sulphate (133.3±2.05mg/kg), iron (91.6±1.97mg/kg) zinc (5.00±0.58mg/kg), phenol (2.96±0.69mg/kg) and lead (1.25±0.18mg/kg). Though only pH value and Iron recorded levels higher than the critical values there may be some potential ecological and public health risks associated with the present levels of these soil pollutants. There is need therefore for effective waste management and remediation of the contaminated land to obviate the potential health hazards the adjoining communities may be exposed to.

(C2.14) Impact and management of oil spill in the Niger Delta

Francesca E Essien, African Center For Strategic Research And Studies, National War College, Abuja, Nigeria

Since the discovery of oil in Nigeria in 1956, the country has been suffering the negative environmental consequences of oil exploration and exploitation. This paper therefore, analyses the impact and management of oil spills on the environment of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. On the average, three major oil spills are recorded in the Niger Delta each month. Between 1976 and 1996 Nigeria recorded a total of 4835 oil spill incidents, which resulted in a loss of 1,896,960 barrels of oil to the environment. Between 1997 and 2001, it recorded a total number of 2,097 oil spill incidents. In 2005, 224 spills were recorded (11,921 barrels spilled) compared to 236 oil spills (8,317 barrels) the previous year. Human error, corrosion and equipment failure accounted for 38 per cent of the incidents while the remaining 62 per cent of incidents were allegedly caused by sabotage. The harmful effects of oil spill on the environment are many. Large areas of the mangrove ecosystem have been destroyed, which was in the past a major source of wood for the indigenous people. Oil pollution changes the geo-chemical composition of the soil, river and other components of the environment. This in turn affects agriculture and lead to a drastic decline in output in both fishing and farming activities. Oil spills in the Niger Delta have been a regular occurrence, and the resultant degradation of the surrounding environment. It is only in the past decade that environmental groups, the Federal Government, and the foreign oil companies operating in the Niger Delta began to take steps to mitigate the impacts. A widely used approach for managing coastal oil spill incidents involves the use of environmental sensitivity index (ESI) datasets. To date the datasets have been designed and targeted at desktop client systems. During an emergency, the situation is often characterized by activities and locations not amenable to such a desktop information system. In order for on-site workers to benefit significantly from information about response decisions, it is suggested that there is need to develop methods for mobile and personalized exploitation of the ESI data content.

)C2.15 (Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon absorption by fish in crude oil contaminated

waters

Chimezie Anyakora, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lagos, Nigeria

Herbert Coker, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lagos, Nigeria

Ibukun Afolami, Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Lagos, Nigeria

Teddy Ehianeta, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lagos, Nigeria

Ugochukwu Obiakor, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lagos, Nigeria

36

Funke Babalogbon, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lagos, Nigeria

In this study several fish samples from different ecosystems in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria were analyzed to ascertain the extent of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon uptake from their surrounding environment which are polluted by polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons due to incessant spillage of crude oil in the area. The samples were analyzed for the presence of sixteen US EPA priority polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons namely naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]flouranthene, benzo[k]flouranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. The fishes analyzed comprised of five different species which include Parachanna Obscura, Pseudolithus Elongatus, Liza Dumerillii, Tilapia Nilotica and Clarais Gariepinnus. Individual PAHs were identified through both retention time match with authentic standards and simultaneous maximization of several major ions from GC/MS data. Four isotopically-labeled internal standards namely acenaphthalene-d10, chrysene-d12, phenanthrene-d10 and perylene-d12 were used for quantitation. The sum of 16 priority PAHs for each of the studied samples ranged from 24.01 ug/kg to 115.15 ug/kg. The more complex PAHs such as benzo[ghi]perylene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were consistently present in much higher amount than other PAHs in all the samples, suggesting higher resistance of these compounds to degradation. No correlation was established between the fish specie and extent of PAH contamination.

)C2.16 (West African gas pipeline (WAGP) project: associated problems and possible

remedies

E.O. Obanijesu, Chemical Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

M.A. Waheed, Mechanical Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

S.R.A. Macaulay, Chemical Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

Global focus is gradually turning away from crude oil as a major source of energy to natural gas due to its abundant availability, environmental friendliness and cost effectiveness, this has effectively increased the transboundary pipeline networks with minimal consideration to the impact at which the offshore segment of such projects could have on the environment. This paper considers Nigeria’s present engagement in transboundary transportation of 11.3 billion cubic meters per day (11.3bcmpd) of natural gas to

Benin, Togo and Ghana for thermal and industrial uses through a 1033km pipeline network out of which 617km is a submerged offshore pipeline network. The study is necessitated by the alarming frequency at which hydrocarbon pipeline failure occurs in Nigeria with the resulting economy, environmental and human consequences. It was discovered that any failure along the offshore segment of the pipe-length poses high risk of hydrate formation and dissolution of some constituents which could result to problems ranging from behavioral nature (e.g. fish excitement, increased activities and scattering in the waterbody) to chronic poisoning, fire outbreak, loss of human lives and livestock and climate change. Development of pragmatic management scheme, robust leak detection model and predictive model on natural gas flow pattern in waterbody are recommended.

)C2.17 (Blends of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyacrylamide as corrosion inhibitors for

aluminum in acidic medium

S. A. Umoren, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

E. E. Ebenso, Physical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

The corrosion and inhibition behaviour of aluminum in hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the absence and presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Polyacrylamide (PA) and their blends was studied at temperature range of 30 – 60oC using weight loss, hydrogen evolution and thermometric techniques. The inhibition efficiency (%I) increased with increase in inhibitors concentration. Increased in temperature led to increase in corrosion rate but decreased the inhibition efficiency both in the absence and presence of the inhibitors. PVP was found to have the higher inhibition efficiency than PA which may suggest that the differences in their molecular structures play a significant role in the adsorption and hence inhibition process. Inhibition efficiency was enhanced on blending the two polymers with optimum inhibition efficiency obtained for PVP: PA at 3:1 blending ratio. The inhibitors (PVP and PA) obey Freundlich, Temkin and Flory-Huggins adsorption isotherms at all the temperatures and concentrations studied. Results obtained from the kinetic/thermodynamic parameters indicate spontaneous adsorption of the inhibitors unto aluminum surface following Physical adsorption mechanism.

)C2.18 (Assessment of coastal estuarine contamination by total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and heavy metal in mangrove sediments

and Tympanotonus fuscatus from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria

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Nsikak Udom Benson, Department of Industrial Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Joseph Peter Essien, Department of Microbiology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.

Sylvester Peter Antai, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

Seventy two samples, each of mangrove epipellic and benthic sediments, Tympanotonus fuscatus and surface water from Qua Iboe Estuary, Nigeria were analyzed monthly for total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals between June 2003 and February 2004, covering the peak periods of the wet and dry seasons. The levels of heavy metals in the epipellic sediments were comparatively higher in the wet than dry season. The range of average concentrations increased by 1.29%(Cr), 14.98%(Cu), 10.53%(Fe), 7.50%(Ni), 1.57%(Pb), 5.96%(V) and 11.945%(Zn). Mean metal levels in benthic sediments were higher during the wet than dry seasons with concentrations of 27.06±1.11, 0.66±0.05, 965.13±215.32, 36.42±0.92, 28.97±1.66, 2.99±0.15, and 4.18±0.72 mgkg-1 for Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, V and Zn respectively. The metal concentrations of the freshwater reaches were generally lower than the estuarine ecozones, with average trend levels as Fe>V>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb. The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) levels in sediments and T. fuscatus were highly variable. It ranged from 1.01±1.0-8.34±0.6 µgg-1 in water, 18.01 ± 0.04 - 210.23 ±1.18 µgg-1 dry weight of epipellic sediment, 5.00 ±0.82 - 232.00±3.23 µgg-1dry weight of benthic sediment, and 9.40±1.0–23.27±1.0 µgg-1dry weight of T. fuscatus. Summary continuous descriptives and correlation analyses revealed that TPH in water exhibited strong and positive correlation (p = 0.05) with levels in epipellic sediment (r = 0.65, CI=0.34 to 0.84) but only moderately with benthic sediment levels (r = 0.28, CI=-0.14 to 0.61). Levels of TPH in epipellic and benthic sediments showed a significant relation (r = 0.54, CI=0.18 to 0.78), and moreover, correlated with levels in T. fuscatus. The overall levels of anthropogenic heavy metals and TPH in the Qua Iboe Estuary when compared to similar ecosystems with substantial industrial and domestic coastal activities worldwide revealed a moderate to high levels of heavy metal and hydrocarbon pollution.

) C2.19 (A multi-disciplinary approach to reclamation research in the oil sands region of

Canada

Chris Kelln, Department of Civil and Geological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

S. Lee Barbour, Department of Civil and Geological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Brett Purdy, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Clara Qualizza, Syncrude Canada Limited, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada

A seven-year research project on reclamation landscapes constructed on saline-sodic overburden from oil sands mining in north-central Canada has demonstrated the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach in evaluating the long-term performance of soil covers. The land capability assessment tool used by the industry evaluates three key areas: available soil moisture, salt impact, and biological response (including nutrients). Detailed field monitoring and sampling demonstrated the relative performance of three different thicknesses of layered covers (35, 50 and 100 cm) along with one monolayer cover (100 cm) through the tracking of water content, suction, stored water volumes, interflow/runoff, and water availability for plant growth. Salt ingress into the cover from the underlying waste and salt release through interflow flushing has also been monitored. This long-term monitoring has provided physically based measurements of cover performance that clearly highlight the inability of thin (35 cm) or monolayer covers to provide sufficient moisture to meet all demands throughout a growing season. Interpretation of this data has also provided key insights into the mechanisms governing cover performance. This physically based evaluation was supported by direct measurements of tree development and tree ecophysiology. Vegetation indicators included plant species composition and abundance, tree growth rates, foliar nutrient contents, and plant ecophysiology.

)C2.20 (A comparative case study for detection of radiation in vegetable leaves, in a coastal oil producing and hinterland non-oil producing

regions in Akwa Ibom State

Godfrey T. Akpabio, Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibmo State, Nigeria

Bassey E. Bassey, Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibmo State, Nigeria

Radioactive radiation level was detected for five samples of vegetable leaves namely: Waterleaf- Talinum triangulare, Bitter leaf- Vernonia amygdalina, Fluted Pumpkin- Telfairia occidentalis, Editan – Lasientera africana and Afang – Gnetum africanum. These vegetable leaves were collected from Uyo (hinterland region) and Ibeno (coastal region) in Akwa Ibom. Radioactivity level in each of these samples were measured and recorded. In Uyo waterleaf has the least radioactive level of 0.00079Bq/g while Editan has the highest level of 0.0019Bq/g. In Ibeno, fluted pumpkin has

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the least level of 0.0037Bq/g while waterleaf records the highest radioactive level 0.0070Bq/g. The higher radioactive level observed in Ibeno is attributed to the presence of radioactive materials in the environment due to oil drilling activities in the area.

(D1.1) Gender mainstreaming in integrated water resource management

Drocella Mugorewera, Consultant in Development and Member of Gender and Water Alliance(GWA), Kigali, Rwanda

Recent estimates show that despite increases in water supply coverage in developing countries 1.1 billion people worldwide are still without access to potable water. Even slower progress has been made globally in improving access to sanitation: presently 2.6 billion people representing half of developing world-still lack access to toilets and other forms of improved sanitation. (UNDP, Human Development Report 2006). This figures challenge all participants! How to overcome them? Why do we have to mainstream Gender in policies, research and technologies? Because Gender equality and equity are crucial to development and poverty reduction. If it is our common understanding we must change our behavior and adopt more gender balanced and focused strategies to reverse the numbers of vulnerable groups (suffering from hunger, poor sanitation and Hygiene,) we are facing today. Do we have enough capacity to mainstream gender? Maybe political will is there but how do we do it practically? Despite numerous international policy statements calling for increasing women’s participation in natural resource management and drawing on women’s knowledge and skills, gender mainstreaming in water governance and environment management is still a challenge. This conference must bring a difference and quick impacts compared to others by adopting practical resolutions and clarify tools for their implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Transforming the mainstream requires institutional, organizational and individual commitment to change. Let us be gender sensitive and promote gender mainstreaming in our respective business.

)D2.2 (Evolving Strategies for involving women in framing Environmental policies: A critical

appraisal of the Nigerian Situation

Dr. (Mrs.) Eucharia N. Nwagbara, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

Since Beijing 1995, gender issues have come to occupy a place of pride in international politics. Indeed in the international development

agenda of the twenty-first century, outlined in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), gender is prominent. The main policy challenge addressed by this paper is the need to mainstream gender in environmental policy in Nigeria. The significance of mainstreaming gender in environmental policy can hardly be overemphasized as both men and women impact on the environment in a variety of ways that constitute a danger to sustainable development. Yet women, who are the traditional natural scientists and whose enormous repository of knowledge and consumption of environmental resources are diverse, are marginalized in decision-making on the environment. Women are key actors and victims in the degradation of the environment. If they are to play meaningful roles in sustainable development, they must not only be fully aware of the implications of certain actions of theirs for the environment, they should be part and parcel of the decision- making body of the Nigerian environment. This paper attempts to point out the significance of mainstreaming gender in environmental policy. It also attempts to identify those factors militating against mainstreaming gender in environmental policy. It concludes by proffering some useful suggestions toward women’s active participation in environmental policy making.

)D2.3 (Integration of gender in environmental management

Joshua Munkombwe, USAID-PROFIT, Choma, Zambia

Traditions of many developing communities, the world over, have women’s roles clearly defined, notwithstanding the influx of tendencies to adopt external influences in the name of modernity. It is from this background that the author will analyze this issue in various public and private contexts in Zambia. Gender work patterns in most Zambian work places have for many years featured very few women, relative to men. The author will give a historical perspective that set the stage for the entrenched traditions of limiting women to general household chores; like looking after children, managing daily household activities, in some traditions as a source of agricultural labour and as home care providers for the sick and needy. The paper then traces how women have traditionally been excluded from effective participation in higher education opportunities; subsequently playing only supportive roles, often excluding major decision making positions in both public and private work situations. Only recently has deliberate government policy encouraged not only improving education opportunities for the girl child but also appointment of women to take charge of decision making positions in government, NGO’s and the private sector. However, due to women having been disadvantaged for a long time

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in terms of accessing capacity building and productive resources, most women are poorer than men. In fact, with the onset of HIV and AIDS larger numbers of women are predisposed to higher probability of HIV infection; purely from their weaker social, economic and other positions relating to voluntary and assertive decision making. Gender representation in environmental impact studies is also heavily skewed in favour of men, largely for reasons of lack of or their being denied equal educational opportunities and extension services with men. This has seriously limited their general participation and, therefore, representation in the environmental workforce. The author, has established, in a participatory manner, that women’s low representation has generally led to low women awareness of environmental issues, low participation in relevant decision making at all levels and marginal consideration of pressing women’s issues in environmental matters, especially at the rural community level. This has often tended to overburden women in relation to fetching firewood in fragile ecosystems. The author will then identify strategies for involving women in framing environmental policies at different levels. Advocating and lobbying, especially in order to win over local, traditional leadership and communities’ consensus consideration to include women in all community discussions and major decision making activities, should be encouraged and supported. Access to productive, education and other capacity building opportunities should be provided to women. These will facilitate women’s active participation in implementation of environmental monitoring, remediation activities, decision making and policy formulation.

)D2.4(Women involvment in the environment: a case study of building materials production in

Nigeria Arc.Odunjo, O.Omolola, Department of

Architecture, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

Arc.Baba, A.Olayemi, Department of Architecture, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

Arc. Oyadokun, J. Olufemi, Department of Architecture, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

The World Health Organization sees Gender in terms of Women and men roles and responsibilities that are socially determined. In today’s growing global economy, Gender issues has increasingly gained significance most especially as every nation of the World is in a bid to achieve Sustainable development. Hence, since the quality of the environment which involves the Built environment (Housing), the public services available, the level of air pollution, and the extent of deterioration as exemplified by slums is determined by the users (the different sexes) and women forms a sizeable portion of the population,

this paper investigates the level of involvement of women in the environment using the production of Building materials in Nigeria as a typical example. Simple random sampling techniques were employed in selecting two hundred and eighty respondents from four areas within Lagos State (the former Federal capital of Nigeria) and the questionnaire forms the basic instrument for data collection while the data obtained were analyzed using Frequency counts, Percentage and Chi-square. The study found out that the level of involvement of women in the production of building materials is low while the building materials easily engaged in are Wash hand basin, Water pump, and Sand/gravel distribution. Also, Gender, Education, Marital status and Religion significantly affect Women’s level of involvement in the production of Building materials. The Study therefore recommends that there should be increase in the number of female leaders in the formal Shelter organization and training for women in skills related to the Construction Industry among others.

)D2.5 (Gender mainstreaming: a new paradigm for sustainable environmental

management in developing countries

Dr Kofi Poku Quan- Baffour, Senior Lecturer, Institute for Adult Basic Education and Training (ABET), University of South Africa

In developing countries women often interact with the physical environment. Women do farming, collect wood to cook and warm the home. They fetch water for domestic and agricultural purposes. Women do these for survival but the activities of rich and powerful men with commercial interest e.g. .farming, lumbering, hunting, fishing, dumping of refuse and construction of roads, dams, bridges and buildings cause much more degradation and pollution to the environment. In spite of women’s daily encounters with the physical environment which gives them much knowledge of how to use and manage the environment rural women are not involved in decisions in that regard or provided with the knowledge and skills that would enable them protect and manage the physical environment. Life depends on natural environment which cannot be replaced. It is therefore crucial for governments in the developing countries to devise better ways of involving women in managing and using land, forest, soil and water more sustainably. This paper argues that because of the rural women’s intimate contact with the physical environment they know it better. They should therefore be part of decisions that relate to the environment. This paradigm shift implies that women take control of the natural resource to ensure sustainable environmental management. This however can only be realized

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when women in developing countries, especially those in rural communities, are provided with the relevant education and are involved in making decisions. The experiences of rural women in Ghana in this regard have been highlighted in this paper.

)D2.6 (Inequalities of women in formulation of Nigeria health policy towards a sustainable

environmental development

Arc. Abiola O. Baba, Department of Architecture, Ladoke, Akintola, University of Technology (Lautech), Ogbomoso, Nigeria

Arc. Oluwole O. Ajayi, Department of Architecture, University of Technology (Lautech), Ogbomoso, Nigeria

Arc. Oluronke O. Odunjo (PH.D Students and Lecturers), Department of Architecture, University of Technology (Lautech), Ogbomoso, Nigeria

A healthy city is not one that has achieved a particular health status; rather it is one that is conscious of health and striving to improve it. A healthy city will continuously create and improve the physical and social environments thus expanding those community resources which enable people to mutually support one another in performing all the functions of life and in developing them to their maximum potential. This paper aim to look into the provision and extent of the various infrastructures provided within each locality for people in Nigeria to assess the relationship between environmental health conditions and the infrastructure which are provided to people within locality toward a healthy city approach. The scope of study covers the Local Governments in Ibadan metropolis as one of the major urban centres in Nigeria using Ogbere – Agugu in Ibadan as a case study. The methods of data collection include personal observations, group discussions and questionnaire administration to the people within the study area while the data analysis was done using cross-tabulations, chi square tests, and simple linear regression analysis. Results shows that the population of people are more than the infrastructures provided for each locality and the group who felt more of the negative social and health impact are the high density or low income people. The women are also found out to be at the receiving end of the negative impact with pipe borne water and electricity being the major infrastructural facilities that are lacking in all the neighbourhood of the metropolitan. In conclusion, recommendations were made among others to physically upgrade settlement infrastructures using local materials and labour based on appropriate technology. Creating enough employment and improvement of literacy were also encouraged for environmental sustainability toward urbanization and health development in Nigeria.

)D2.7 (Integration of gender in environmental management: factors for improving female

architect’s productivity (The case of Nigeria)

Arc .Adeoye D.O (Mrs.)A., Department of Architecture, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

Arc. Akangbe O.O., Department of Architecture, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

Arc. Ajayi O.O., Department of Architecture, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

The relationship between gender and the built environment has begun to gain attention of a number of researches with the last two decades. There have been increased attention focused on women in all countries of the world with particular emphasis on how women can effectively participate in the nation’s economic mainstreams and reap commensurate benefits from their contributions and be let loose of the age long traditions and contemporary society’s imposed barrier. The recent campaign for women participation in politics and other fields of life in Nigeria shows that the fields is not left out of the campaign for women involvement in various governmental programme to improve and bring out their roles and plight in nation’s building. This paper is based on a similar objective. The author’s aim is to examine the factors that can improve female architects’ productivity in Nigeria. The major contention of this paper is that architecture and planning professions have been and are still male-dominated. Hence, men are more referenced whenever they are being introduced as architects than their female counterparts. The paper examines those militating factors that could hinder women productivity and those that can improve the fact that cultural dimensions play an important role in gender issues especially in a multi-cultural society as Nigeria. The description survey research method was used for this study. The population of the study includes respondents selected from one hundred and twenty two registered members of female architects of Nigeria. 120 questionnaires were admitted while only 110 were received adequate for proper analysis. The results of the analysis revealed that female architects will be more productive if adequate support were given by their spouse, the use of personal computers and laptops, access to internet facilities, engagement in collective activities with opposite gender and aspiration for a professional cadre and working towards it. Also, decrease in the number of children being bore by a female professional are considered major factors in improving female architects’ productivity.

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) D2.8 (Strategies for Involving Women in Framing Environmental Policies

Priscilla M. Achakpa, Women Environmental Programme (WEP), Abuja, Nigeria

The environment is the life supporting systems for human existence and survival as well as provider of physical milieu and raw materials required for socio-economic progress. Although it is human interaction with the environment that results in degradation, including depletion of renewable and non-renewable resources and pollution of air, water and soil, the implications become a significant source of stress upon human societies especially the poor who strongly relate to the environment in terms of their livelihood, health, vulnerability and empowerment to control their own lives. Women comprise over half the world’s population and make major contribution to the well-being of their communities and nations; and to the maintenance of the earth’s ecosystem, biodiversity and natural resources. In poorer countries of the developing world, women are largely involved in subsistence agriculture which solely depends on nature and earn supplemental income for the family through the sale of surplus food in the local markets. This implies that women are more vulnerable to climatic changes, land degradation, pollution and other related problems. In this era of multi-stakeholder participation, it is vital to involve the women in the environmental management and the framing of environmental policies.

)E1.1 (Biodegradation of polyurethane plastic using pseudomonas chlororaphis (ATCC 55729)

and study of polyurethane esterase enzyme kinetics

Gautam, R., Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Bassi, A.S., Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Yanful, E.K., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Synthetic polyurethane (PUR) plastic products are used widely throughout the world for various applications. Although they provide numerous benefits, they have also caused waste management problems. Used PUR plastics can be disposed of in landfills or incinerated. However, most of these conventional techniques are not proactive in resolving the waste management problems. Biodegradation of waste PUR plastics may provide innovative solution to this problem.

Biodegradation is environmentally friendly and can be less energy intensive. Moreover, several by products generated during biodegradation can also be used as raw materials for manufacturing some other goods. In this study, Pseudomonas chlororaphis ATCC55729 was used to biodegrade polyester polyurethane in controlled laboratory conditions for a period of two months and extra-cellular polyurethane esterase (PURE) enzyme was extracted in crude and concentrated forms. The concentrated enzyme was obtained by precipitating the crude enzyme using ammonium sulfate. The activities of crude preparation and ammonium sulphate (AS) concentrate were assayed with a water soluble substrate, para-nitrophenyl acetate and the results revealed that both crude preparation and AS concentrate followed Michaelis Menten kinetics with the following kinetic constants. Crude preparation: km = 3.2640 mM, Vmax = 0.0012 µM/min; AS concentrate enzyme: km = 6.3286 mM, Vmax = 0.0320 µM/min. Similarly, specific activities of 0.026 U/mg and 0.290 U/mg were obtained for crude preparation and AS concentrate, respectively. The enzyme kinetics data obtained in this study will be useful in designing industrial processes for biodegradation of PUR wastes.

)E1.2 (Nitrogen management for maximizing crop yield and environmental conservation

Samuel Y.C. Essah, Colorado State University, San Luis Valley Research Center, CO, U.S.A.

Jorge A. Delgado 2USDA-ARS-Soil Plant Nutrient Research, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A.

We need to continue developing new management practices to reduce nitrogen (N) losses that affect air, soil, and water quality. Two key components identified to increase N use efficiencies (NUE) are the use of varieties and better synchronization of applied N with N uptake. Nitrogen, the most mobile and essential dynamic nutrient, is key to maximize agricultural production and the sustainability of agricultural systems. The mismanagement of N can contribute to increase in the leaks from agricultural systems, and because of N's high mobility, the off-site transport to natural systems can potentially impact air, soil, and water quality. Off-site contamination is a major water quality concern, and use of N fertilizers on agricultural land has been implicated as a major contributor to this problem. Balancing the amount of N needed for optimum plant growth while minimizing the nitrate that is transported to ground and surface waters remains a major challenge. The objective of this paper is to present some res arch data about best management practices that can contribute to increase N use efficiency within agricultural systems, while maintaining maximum production and reducing N losses to the environment. Some of the examples will cover the use of sustainable crop rotations, fertilizer type, nitrification inhibitors, precision farming, precision

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conservation, an N index, management zones, and other best management alternatives. At Colorado State University, USA, we monitored the effects of N management on agronomic efficiencies of N fertilization for Sangre and Canela Russet potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties grown during 2003 and 2004 in the San Luis Valley. In this region, traditional farmer practices apply between 180 to 240 kg N fertilizer ha-1. Our unique results show that optimum N application for maximum total and marketable tuber yield for Canela Russet was 157 kg N ha-1 (90 and 67 kg N ha-1 applied at planting and during the growing season, respectively). Sangre maximum production and crop quality was observed with 90 kg N ha-1 applied at planting. Our results showed that tuber production and quality can be affected not only by low N availability, but also by N over-fertilization. Our unique paper shows that N over-fertilization not only increases the potential for N losses to the environment, it also lowered yields and reduced tuber quality. This study showed that with the optimum N rates and/or varieties we can reduce N inputs and increase NUE without reduction of yields while maximizing crop quality and potential economic return for farmers. We need to continue looking for the optimum rates that maximize yield and quality while avoiding low N inputs and over-fertilization.

)E1.3 (Innovative non-chemical, electronic de-scaling and scale prevention technology

for heat transfer optimisation

Philip Acquah, Coordinator, UNIDO Cleaner Production Program, Accra, Ghana

Historically, calcium carbonate scaling/fouling of water-side in process heating and/cooling equipment has been largely controlled and not prevented by chemical treatment systems, particularly salt softening ion-exchange technologies. The choice of the chemical systems have been continued over the years regardless of the non-prevention and consequent lowering of heat transfer efficiency as well as adverse environmental impacts due to lack of effective non-chemical systems. The attempts at non-chemical descaling and scale prevention (ESDP) in heat exchange equipment dates over three hundred years ago. The then prevailing magnetic and electromagnetic descaling and purported scale prevention systems were found ineffective because they were operating at far below acceptable threshold of magnetic field strength (J Pressley, 1984). This paper discusses the frontiers of knowledge in the application and the performance of an innovative electronic technology for descaling and scale prevention, a breakthrough for the 21st Century, which has began a major revolution in the optimization of the efficiency of simultaneous heat and mass transfer equipment. The innovative application and performance assessment of the EDSP technology in packaged boilers and cooling towers have been undertaken in

Ghanaian industries, and presented as Ph.D proposal by project to the University of Royal Melbourne Institute Of Technology (RMIT), Australia. The paper presents the results of cleaner production demonstration indicating a) proven fuel consumption savings ranging 5-12% depending on baseline boiler practice, significant cost savings from elimination of salt softening and substantial reduction in anti-scalant chemicals usage due to remarkable effectiveness in on-line massive removal of existing scales and continuous scale prevention; and b) that the energy efficiency enhancement is additional to what ever is attainable by conventional methods. The paper further outlines existing body of knowledge on physico-chemical and electro-kinetic phenomena on the behaviour of aqueous solutions that explains the observed capability and performance, thereby increasing the confidence in the scientific basis of the technology claim. The paper thus creates awareness to remove existing barriers of scepticism in non-chemical scale prevention technology, and shows that the proven performance of the Scaleblaster promises a climate mitigation technology that will meet one of the key objectives of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) of the United Nations, which seeks to encourage development, dissemination and diffusion/transfer of greenhouse gas emissions reduction technology for sustainable consumption and production.

)E1.4 (Environment friendly bio-diesel from Jatropha Curcas: possibilities and challenges)

Chinmoy Baroi, MESc. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

E.K. Yanful, Professor and Chair, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Mohammad Feisal Rahman, MESc. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Maurice A. Bergougnou. Professor Emeritus , Department of Chemical and Bio-chemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Environmental pollution and non-renewability of fossil fuels are some reasons why bio-diesel is gaining wider attention. Bio-diesel development from Jatropha curcas (JTC) , a tropical plant, is currently being exploited in various parts of the world. High oil content of the JTC seed, high cetane value of the JTC bio-diesel, its drought resistant characteristics, its toxicity, which makes it unwanted by both humans and animals, and its various other uses render this plant an extremely promising source for bio-fuel development, for the arid areas and rural communities in the developing world in particular. Transesterification is currently the most widely

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reported method for converting the JTC seed oil to bio-diesel. Catalytic hydrocracking of various other vegetable oils such as sunflower oil, canola oil, and soybean oil has been reported. Chemical composition of JTC seed oil shows similarities in fatty acid composition with these oils. Research is underway at The University of Western Ontario to explore the possibility of converting JTC oil to synthetic petroleum using catalytic hydrocracking. This paper, thus attempts to discuss the possible results and the probable challenges that might be encountered during the bench scale experiments using the catalytic hydrocracking for conversion of JTC seed oil. As of now, we think of a 2-stage hydrocracking process. In the first stage, heteroatoms (oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen) would be removed with a minimal conversion rate. The second stage would use noble metals on a molecular sieve base, would operate at high conversion and produce premium bio-diesel and jet fuel with high cetane numbers, hopefully seventy and beyond.

)E1.5 (Digital elevation models and GIS for watershed modelling and flood prediction - a

case study of Accra Ghana

D.D. Konadu, Department of Geomatic Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana

C. Fosu, Department of Geomatic Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and digital elevation models (DEM) can be used to perform many geospatial and hydrological modelling including drainage and watershed delineation, flood prediction and physical development studies of urban and rural settlements.This paper explores the use of contour data and planimetric features extracted from topographic maps to derive digital elevation models (DEMs) for watershed delineation and flood impact analysis (for emergency preparedness) of part of Accra, Ghana in a GIS environment. In the study two categories of DEMs were developed with 5 m contour and planimetric topographic data; bare earth DEM and built environment DEM. These derived DEMs were used as terrain inputs for performing spatial analysis and obtaining derivative products. The generated DEMs were used to delineate drainage patterns and watershed of the study area using ArcGIS desktop and its ArcHydro extension tool from Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). A vector-based approach was used to derive inundation areas at various flood levels. The DEM of built-up areas was used as inputs for determining properties which will be inundated in a flood event and subsequently generating flood inundation maps. The resulting inundation maps show that about eighty percent (80%) areas which have perennially experienced extensive flooding in the city falls

within the predicted flood extent. This approach can therefore provides a simplified means of predicting the extent of inundation during flood events for emergency action.

)E1.6 (Evaluation of humidity cell as kinetic technique in AMD predication

N. Hmidi E., Goldcorp - Musselwhite Mine,Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

Mohamedelhassan, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

L.M. Amaratunga, School of Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

J.Q. Shang, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada 

Humidity cells are one of the kinetic methods designed to model the process of the geochemical weathering of mining process wastes. This study concentrated in evaluating the effectiveness of the rapid and accelerated humidity cell technique in predicting acid mine drainage (AMD) production. Humidity cells were designed and constructed to monitor the oxidation process of typical agglomerated reactive mine tailings. The special set up was designed to provide control of various parameters such as air, temperature and moisture to simulate the actual field conditions. The popular laboratory-based kinetic tests were compared in design to identify the most suited for effectively determining the reaction rates for mine tailings. The specially constructed humidity cells were proven to be similarly effective in studying the weathering process of mine reactive tailings.

)E1.7 (In vitro Analysis of Enhanced Phenanthrene Emulsification and

Biodegradation Using Rhamnolipid Biosurfactants and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.

Natasha D. Henry Environmental Sciences Institute, Florida A&M University

Michael Abazinge Environmental Sciences Institute, Florida A&M University

The ability of biosurfactants and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus to enhance the emulsification and biodegradation of phenanthrene were investigated. Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that may be derived from various sources, for example incomplete combustion of petroleum fuel, thus it occurs ubiquitously throughout the environment. Emulsification assays were carried out over 7 days to assess the stability of emulsions formed between phenanthrene and water in the presence of

44

rhamnolipid biosurfactants. Emulsion stability was determined by turbidity and optical density measurements. Results show phenanthrene and water emulsifications were stabilized for a period of 7 days at levels ranging from 70-80% with the use of un-encapsulated biosurfactants. Microencapsulated biosurfactants stabilized the emulsion up to 89% for 7 days. Experimental microcosm studies to assess biodegradation rates were carried out over 15 days in 40-ml bioreactors. The reactors were sampled at t=0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 days. Biodegradation rates were determined from measurements of carbon dioxide respiration and phenanthrene concentrations. Results show that on average, more phenanthrene was mineralized (96.4% over 15 days) by bacteria amended with non-encapsulated rhamnolipid biosurfactant (NERhBS).

(E1.8) Consolidation and strength characteristics of biofilm amended barrier soils

John L. Daniels, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Global Institute for Energy and Environmental Systems, University of North Carolina

Raghuram Cherukuri, Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering and Global Institute for Energy and Environmental Systems, University of North Carolina

Vincent O. Ogunro, Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering and Global Institute for Energy and Environmental Systems, University of North Carolina

Experimental work was conducted to investigate the influence of biofilm on the consolidation and strength characteristics of two barrier soils. The EPS-producing bacterium Beijerinckia indica was used to prepare solutions of varying concentration of exopolymeric substances (EPS). These solutions were then used as the molding moisture for compacted specimens of locally available clay (“red bull tallow,” RBT) as well as a mix of 65% sand and 35% bentonite (65:35 mix). As compared to tap water, the influence of the nutrient solution or biofilm on RBT is to increase the compression index (Cc), although this trend is variable for increasing EPS concentration. While the effect of biofilm on the 65:35 mix is less uniform, the largest increase in Cc

was observed for the highest level of biofilm amendment (EPS-5, 300 mg/L). Amendment with biofilm results in both increases and decreases in the rate of consolidation (cv). The cv values ranged from 0.4 to 13.6 m2/year and from 0.2 to 19.3 m2/year for RBT and 65:35 mix, respectively. In general, EPS has a decreasing effect on observed strength. For example, the peak unconfined compressive strengths for unmodified RBT and 65:35 mix were found to be 667.0 and 395.3 kPa, respectively. Many of these values decreased with

increasing biofilm amendment, and for the highest level of amendment, the observed peak strengths were 159.1 and 98.8 kPa. To the extent that naturally-occurring methanotrophic activity in landfill cover systems results in biofilm production, as evaluated herein, the results suggest potential concerns with cover stability.

)E1.9 (The successful application of a bioremediation technology in the

decontamination of a petroleum impacted site. The case of KM13.8 along the 12” crude oil

delivery line of Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited in Nigeria

Nnamdi Michael Ahiamadu, Environmental Officer, Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited, Nigeria

Oluyemisi Elegbeleye, Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited, Nigeria

Bioremediation uses naturally occurring micro-organisms to degrade various types of contaminants. This technology has proven to work on diverse waste streams, especially petroleum hydrocarbons. Bioremediation has also shown to be an efficient and cost effective treatment method for the cleanup of contaminated soils. In this paper, we highlight the decontamination of KM13.8 oil spill site, along the 12” Obagi – Rumuekpe crude oil delivery line of Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited. Due to sabotage of the delivery line, oil spill occurred at the point along the EPNL’s Right of Way (ROW) on the 21st 0f July 2002 releasing about 155bbls and consequently impacted the adjoining farmland. A total area of about 3000m2

was identified to have been impacted by a joint team of regulators. To ascertain level of contamination soil and surface water samples were collected and analyzed using standard methods and certified laboratories, under the monitoring eyes of regulators. The contaminated soil consisted primary of sandy loam. Within the area of impact, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) ranged 51.0mg/l – 62.0mg/l and Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) ranged 1.90mg/l – 2.30mg/l were above regulatory limits and hence called for intervention. The Remediation by Enhanced Natural Attenuation (RENA) was applied principally by tilling, formation of both vertical and lateral windrows and breakage, and application of NPK fertilizer. Three boreholes were drilled to monitor contamination of ground water. After a period of about seven months of continuous monitoring and remedial work, soil sampling and chemical analysis was conducted. The results showed a reduction to below target values of both TPH (5.6 – 8.8mg/l) and PAH (<0.01mg/l). Equally samples from borehole showed no contamination of ground water. A regulatory joint inspection for site close-out was then carried out on the 25th of April, 2006. The joint inspection team agreed that the site was due for close-out. Another set of samples of soil and ground water was collected and analyzed. Results show that concentrations of

45

parameters pose no environmental nuisance. Site was, therefore, dully closed out.

(E1.10) Integrated sewage and health care waste-to-energy for greening health care

institutions in developing countries: The case of BTWAL waste-to-energy

application in Ghana

Philip Acquah, Consultant/Director of BTWAL, Cleaner Production Expert, and Member of UNFCCC Roster of Experts on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Ghana

Dr. John Afari Idun, CEO, Biogas Technologies West Africa Limited, Team Leader of the Expert Group of UNEP/ARSCP on Biofuels, Ghana

Health care waste and sewage management most developing countries like Ghana is characterized by environmental pollution and health hazards due to improper handling practices of sewage and health care wastes. Feacal matter are commonly dislodged from septic tanks by cesspool emptier for off site disposal are dumped in water bodies, rivers, and in international waters where it exists such as the large marine ecosystem in the coastal cities. Biomedical waste on the hand is generally buried on the premises on health care institutions. Where incineration is practiced, it is believed that there are potential emissions of persistent organic pollutants (e.g. dioxins) due to lack of expensive pollution control systems. The problem of treatment and disposal has arisen because most of the limited numbers of sewage treatment plants are generally broken down, putting pressure on the few ones in operation. The disposal practices are associated bad odour, nuisance, and disease causing micro-organisms, such as. Salmonella, Shigellas, Hookworms and Schistosoma. The inappropriate disposal of these waste types contributes significantly to adverse environmental degradation of natural ecosystems, and health-related problems. The increasing, environmental pollution and poor sanitation associated with the operation of health care facilities (hospitals and clinics), particularly in developing countries, threaten the health of humans. The need for pollution prevention options, resource use conservation, and adoption of environmentally sound technologies has become a major challenge to health care institutions for sustainable management of HCW including sewage. As a result policies and legislative guidelines for sustainable Health Care Waste Treatment and Disposal are being developed for compliance and enforcement in some developing countries such as Ghana. The paper therefore discusses Biotech West Africa Limited (BTWAL) waste-to energy technology for integrated sewage, organic municipal waste, and biomedical waste, which is currently turning the “problem waste”

today into an enormous resource for wealth creation through energy generation and use, recycle of treated wastewater that leads to reduction in water use, and also recover and reuse of hi-nutrient sources in human waste for irrigation and land scaping. The paper also demonstrates how the BTWAL/ADS integrates methane capture and utilization for effective greenhouse gas emissions reduction and offer developing countries opportunity for technology transfer and implementation of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects under the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. The paper thus advances how the adoption and uptake of the BTWAL waste-to-energy technology for the management of HCW including SEWAGE provides frontiers of knowledge to innovative cost recovery and sustainable management of health care waste for energy security, water security, and more importantly sanitation that greens the HCIs and improve health care delivery through breaking poverty cycle arising from unsustainable waste handling practices in developing countries.

)E2.11(Technologies for the production of livestock feed from slaughterhouse wastes

Babatunde S. Ogunsina, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Lateef A. Sanni, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Technology,

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Michael O. Faborode, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Technology,

Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

The disposal of wastes (blood and rumen content) from cattle slaughter slabs into drains, streams, and rivers have constituted serious environmental problems in Nigeria. These slaughterhouse wastes when processed have been identified as alternative source of protein feedstuff for livestock such as poultry, fish, rabbit and pig. Previous research has focused on the development of a technology/process-line for the production of fortified livestock feed from cattle blood and rumen content. Major limitations identified are in the collection, pressing, pulverization of the rumen content and mixing it efficiently with blood. These were hitherto carried out manually, which makes the entire process slow, laborious and inefficient thereby making commercial production difficult. This paper focuses on the design of an integrated system for small/medium scale processing of cattle rumen content and blood into vegetable-carried blood meal for livestock. It promises to make in-situ collection and processing of the “wastes” into protein fortified livestock feed an additional source of income for those involved in slaughterhouse

46

business. The system has the potential to also help in abating environmental pollution problems which has characterized an average slaughter house in Nigeria. The design of the integrated system comprises of an on-site rumen content collector and strainer; an improved screw press for dewatering the rumen content; a combined pulverizer/mixer to pulverize and mix the pressed rumen content/vegetable carrier with deoxygenated blood.

)E2.12 (Geoelectrical resistivity imaging in environmental studies

Aizebeokhai, A. Philips, Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

Conventional environmental monitoring has focused largely on point sampling, which involves intrusive process such as grid drilling. This approach is expensive and provides information only on effects at the sample sites, and hence may not be a true representative of the complex subsurface geology. Non-invasive techniques such as electrical resistivity methods are alternative methods in environmental studies. The electrical resistivity imaging is a technique that estimates the resistivity distributions within a subsurface volume based on several measurements of discrete voltage and current. In this paper, the effectiveness of electrical resistivity imaging in environmental studies is evaluated. Field designs and interpretation models of the inhomogeneous, subtle and complex subsurface commonly encountered in environmental studies are also presented

)E2.13 (A biotechnological process for neutralizing alkaline industrial waste water

Rita Kumar, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India

Anil Kumar, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India

Purnima Dhall, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India

Gopal Bisht, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India

Santosh Pasha, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India

Niha Mohan Kulshreshtha, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India

V.P. Singh, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Regular monitoring and neutralization of alkaline industrial waste water is legally required at all publicly owned industrial plants. Although a number of chemical treatments are available to

neutralize the alkaline wastewater but these methods are conventional, expensive, hazardous and further pollute the environment. Present study deals with the isolation of an alkaliphilic bacterium, Exiguobacterium sp. and its exploitation in neutralizing highly alkaline waste water. On the basis of high pH tolerance (12.0), a rod shaped and yellow colored alkaliphilic bacterium, Exiguobacterium sp. was isolated which can thrive at high pH (12.0). This bacterium has been characterized as gram positive, non-motile, oxidase negative and produces acids from glycerol, cellobiose, D-mannose, mannitol, methyl -D-glucoside, amygdalin and arbutin. Lowering of pH of alkaline waste water from 12.00 to 7.50 using this bacterium could be achieved in a period of two hours. Neutralization of wastewater could also be achieved just in 0.5 hours when 0.1% glucose was added in the waste water. This kind of biological processes offers advanced and economical ways to treat the alkaline industrial waste waters and may be of wide commercial value.

)E2.14 (Photoelectrocatalytic purification of water using TiO2 and TiO2/Cu2O thin film

electrodes under low light intensity

Feleke Zewge, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Roel van de Krol, Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

P.W. Appel, Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

In the present work, photoelectrocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants was investigated by using Methyl Orange (an azo dye) as a model compound. The TiO2 thin film and TiO2/Cu2O composite electrodes were used as semiconductor photo electrodes. Photo catalysis by UV light corresponding to the light intensity range of the solar light was employed with the aim of using renewable and pollution-free energy. Result showed that the rate of removal of color was enhanced when potential bias of 1.5 V was applied. The degradation rate was also increased either in acidic (pH 2) or alkaline (pH 10) conditions. The application of a positive potential higher than the flat-band potential on the TiO2 electrode decreases the rapid charge recombination process, and enhanced the degradation of organic compound. When the TiO2/Cu2O thin film electrode was used, more efficient electron and hole separation was observed in the composite system under very low potential. It is considered that the photo-generated holes migrate towards the interface while the electrons migrate towards TiO2 and then to the back contact (TCO), making the behavior of the composite film analogous to that of an n-type semiconductor. In all cases, the kinetics of the

47

photo catalytic oxidation of methyl orange followed a pseudo first order model and the apparent rate constant may depend on several factors such as, the nature and concentration of the organic compound, radiant flux, the solution pH and the presence of other organic substances.

(E2.15) Biogas production from organic waste in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria

Ituen, E. E., Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Bassey, B. E., Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

John, N. M., Department of Soil Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

In view of the need for environmental management, waste recycling and alternative energy resources, there has been on-going work on biogas production with a locally fabricated digester in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. The first result shows that 0.032m3 of biogas was produced from 180 litres of poultry mixed with same amount of moisture in sixteen days. Using the same concentration of cow dung in a repeat experiment, 0.015m3 of biogas was produced in seven days. There was interruption in the gas production in the second case due to excessive wetness of weather. Further investigation indicated that the volume of gas depends on the temperature of gas in the second experiment. A maximum volume of 0.006m3 was got for the maximum temperature 51°C and a minimum volume of 0.00m3 was got for the minimum temperature of 22°C. We also observe that the gas yield with poultry manure is higher than that with cow dung which confirms literature.

)E2.16 (Environmental factors in the design and rehabilitation of rural roads - the case of Ghana

S.I.K. Ampadu, Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-Ghana

E.N.K. Ashong, Department of Feeder Roads, Ministry of Transport, Accra-Ghana

Rural roads in Ghana are usually gravel surfaced with loose geometric standards that carry low motorized traffic volumes. The focus of rural roads development is the provision of all weather accessibility to and from food growing and agricultural cash crop areas. Such roads are normally considered small road projects but they can have enormous positive impacts on the rural communities. However, if not well planned, designed and constructed they can also have tremendous negative impacts on the environment. In this paper, the factors that should be considered in environmentally sound planning, design,

construction and rehabilitation of rural roads are reviewed and discussed within the environmental policy requirements for road projects in Ghana. Best practices in feeder road design, construction and rehabilitation in Ghana and the case of a rural road rehabilitation project suspended for environmental reasons are presented and discussed

)E2.17 (Cadmium and lead adsorption in a compacted lateritic soil

Gabas, S.G., Hydraulic and Transport Department, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

Boscov, M.E.G., D.Sc., Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Sarkis, J.E.S., Energy and Nuclear Research Institute, Brazil

In tropical countries, lateritic soils are the natural candidates for the construction of compacted clay liners in waste disposal sites because of their availability and good engineering properties when compacted. Furthermore, significant pollutant retention capacity has been observed even for lateritic soils with a large percentage of sand, what may be reported to the expressive amount of constituent iron and aluminum oxides and hydroxides. This investigation aimed to assess minerals and mechanisms responsible for pollutant retention in a Brazilian lateritic clay in order to understand metal speciation in this soil. Compacted soil specimens were initially submitted to diffusion tests carried out with acidic solutions of Cd and Pb at pH 3, 5.5 and 8, and subsequently to a three-step sequential extraction procedure. Diffusion tests showed relevant retention of both metals, lead more significantly than cadmium, results which were confirmed by sequential extraction tests. Cadmium showed more affinity for the exchangeable fraction of the soil (kaolinite) and lead for the reducible fraction (iron oxides and hydroxides). Available mathematical codes for pollutant transport through soils do not adequately simulate metal adsorption inasmuch as they generally consider it occurring in the double layer of clay minerals, whereas this investigation offered evidence that reactions taking place in other soil constituents e.g. variable charge minerals are also important for the retention capacity of the soil.

)E2.18 (Phosphorus Fractions in Broiler Litter and Soils and its Fluxes in the Vadose Zone of a Transitioning Organic Farming

System

Dr. Kokoasse Kpomblekou-A, Associate Professor, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, USA

48

Boateng A.B. Leytem

Soil total phosphorus (P) comprises organic (P bound in various ways with carbon) and inorganic P (P associated with soil minerals); the proportions of these two P forms in soils vary widely. In soils high in organic matter, organic P may constitute up to 90% of the total P. Soil organic P is defined as a microbial-synthesized product that derives exclusively from animal and plant remains and agricultural organic wastes added to soils. Organic P compounds in soils include nucleic acids (ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid), inositol phosphates (a series of phosphate esters from mono- to hexaphosphate), and phospholipids (insoluble compounds synthesized by microorganisms). Following mineralization, soil organic P compounds become available for plant uptake and may represent up to 20 times the concentrations of inorganic P in soil solution. In soil solution, organic P may be found in particulate or dissolved forms. The dissolved form is divided into four different fractions: a) total dissolved P, b) dissolved reactive P, c) dissolved organic P, and d) dissolved condensed P. Because of the complexity of the reactions leading to transformations of organic P in soils and its fluxes in the vadoze zone, it is critically important to determine the contribution of each fraction to the soil solution P pool so that management practices can be designed to minimize P losses in soils. Broiler litter (BL) has been used in organic farming systems, especially in the Southeastern part of the United States to supply P for plant growth. Mineralization of this P will contribute significantly to the soil P pool of the vadoze zone. The objectives of the studies were to investigate P transformations in broiler litter-amended soils and to assess P fluxes in the vadose zone of a transitioning organic farming system. Phosphorus fractions in the BL and the BL-amended soils were determined by 31P-NMR spectroscopy and by a sequential fractionation scheme, respectively. Suction lysimeters were installed in the field with three on each experimental unit at 30, 60, and 90 cm depths to allow for periodic water sampling. The volume of water collected was recorded in the field, placed in an icebox, transported to the laboratory, and kept in a freezer until analysis. A portion of the water sample was filtered through a membrane filter (0.45 µm) and an aliquot analyzed for dissolved reactive P. Acid-hydrolyzable P following H2SO4

hydrolysis of the sample was determined in aliquots of filtered and unfiltered samples and total P was determined after ammonium persulfate digestion. Phosphorus in the samples was determined by the heteropoly blue colorimetric method described by Murphy and Riley. Results showed that, in the BL, organic P represented nearly 60% of total P whereas it represented only 3.68% in the BL-amended soils. In the water samples, dissolved reactive and dissolved acid-hydrolyzable P were the least abundant fractions, with organic P representing nearly 35% of the total P. Application of BL changed P dynamics in soil

water solution; but inorganic P remained an important fraction of P found beyond the rooting zone.

)E2.19 (Studies of anti-corrosive effect of Raphia Hookeri exudate gum-halide mixtures

for aluminum corrosion in acidic medium

S. A. Umoren, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

E. E. Ebenso, Physical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

The anti-corrosive effect of Raphia hookeri exudate gum in combination with halides ions (Cl–, Br– and I–) for aluminium corrosion in HCl was studied at temperature range of 30-60oC using gravimetric, gasometric and thermometric methods. Results obtained showed that the Raphia hookeri exudates gum act as an inhibitor for aluminium corrosion in acidic environment. Inhibition efficiency (%1) increases with increase in concentration of the Raphia hookeri exudates gum and synergistically increased to a considerable extent on the addition of halide ions. The increase in inhibition efficiency (%I) and surface coverage (θ) in the presence of the halides was found to be in the order I- > Br- > Cl- which indicates that the radii as well as electronegativity of the halide ions play a significant role in the adsorption process. Raphia hookeri exudates gum obeys Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin adsorption isotherms. Phenomenon of physical adsorption is proposed from the values of kinetic/thermodynamic parameters obtained. The values of synergism parameter (S1) obtained for the halides are greater than unity suggesting that the enhanced inhibition efficiency of the R.hookeri caused by the addition of the halide ions is only due to synergistic effect.

)E2.20 (Seasonal temporal variation of physicochemical parameters in pelagic column of tropical estuarine ecosystems within Niger

Delta, Nigeria

Akan B. Williams, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Nigeria

Nsikak U. Benson, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Nigeria

A baseline survey and seasonal investigation of selected physicochemical parameters of pelagic samples from Qua Iboe estuary (QIB) and Cross River estuary (CRV) in Niger Delta region of Nigeria were carried out during the dry and wet season in 2003 using standard analytical techniques. The parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, salinity, turbidity,

49

TSS, DO, BOD, TOC, total N, available P, exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and nutritive salts (SO4

2-, Cl-, NH4+, NO3

-). The results showed that the physicochemical parameters exhibited temporal variation. The mean levels of the parameters were higher during the wet season (June-September) except salinity, DO, Cl-, NH4

+ in CRV while QIB recorded higher mean levels for temperature, pH, salinity, BOD, TOC, SO4

2-, Cl-

and NH4+ during the dry season (November-

February). Significant seasonal variability was recorded for salinity, DO, turbidity, TSS, SO4

2- and NH4

+ levels in CRV and for turbidity, DO, BOD, TSS, TOC, available P, Na, Cl-, NO3

- levels in QIB respectively. The physicochemical parameters in the two seasons varied as follows: temperature, 27.14 – 29.21 0C; pH, 6.34 – 7.01; salinity, 0.87 – 1.97%; turbidity, 0.24 – 1.21 NTU; TSS, 3.69 – 5.77 mg/L; DO, 4.42 – 11.21 mg/L; BOD, 0.27 – 0.62 mg/L; TOC, 2.61 – 4.11%; total N, 0.16 – 0.24%; available P, 1.14 – 2.41 mg/L; exchangeable Ca2+, 1.07 – 3.10 mg/L; Mg2+, 0.83 – 1.31 mg/L; Na+, 1.31 – 4.31 mg/L; K+, 0.03 – 0.09 mg/L; nutritive salts SO4

2-, 1.01 – 2.14 mg/L; Cl-, 1.16 – 2.01 mg/L; NH4

+, 1.05 – 2.11 mg/L; NO3-,

0.78 – 1.61 mg/L for CRV and temperature, 25.30 – 28.90 0C; pH, 6.81 – 7.70; salinity, 0.94 – 2.62%; turbidity, 0.24 – 1.33 NTU; TSS, 3.68 – 6.31 mg/L; DO, 2.82 – 7.21 mg/L; BOD, 0.87 – 2.21 mg/L; TOC, 2.88 – 6.41%; total N, 0.08 – 0.21%; available P, 0.87 – 2.22 mg/L; exchangeable Ca2+, 1.41 – 2.71 mg/L; Mg2+, 0.74 – 1.11 mg/L; Na+, 1.02 – 3.41 mg/L; K+, 0.01 – 0.17 mg/L; nutritive salts SO4

2- , 2.61 – 4.21 mg/L; Cl-, 2.10 – 4.11 mg/L; NH4

+, 1.27 – 2.11 mg/L; NO3-, 0.78 – 2.14

mg/L for QIB. The studies confirmed that high variability of environmental factors is a major estuarine characteristic. Thus, seasonal analyses of physicochemical parameters and their variability in estuaries are relevant.

)E2.21 (Bagasse ash stabilization of lateritic soil

Osinubi, Kolawole. J., Dept of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Bafyau. V., Dept of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State Nigeria

A lateritic soil taken from a borrow pit in Zaria was treated with an agro-industrial waste product of sugar mills – Bagasse Ash The soil was classified as A-7-5 and CL in accordance with the AASHTO classification and Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), respectively. The study focused on the effect of up to 12% bagasse ash by weight of dry soil on the geotechnical properties of the lateritic soil. Test specimens were subjected to particle size analysis, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR) and durability tests. The compactions were carried out at the energy of the British Standard Light (BSL). The study showed changes in moisture – density relationships resulting in lower maximum dry densities (MDD),

higher optimum moisture contents (OMC), reduction in fine fractions with higher bagasse ash content in the soil - stabilizer mixtures. 2% bagasse ash content enhanced the strength of the treated laterite. Peak strength values of 836 kN/m2 for 7 days UCS and 16% for CBR were recorded at 2% bagasse ash content. Since these values are below 1700 kN/m2 and 180% for UCS and CBR, respectively, recommended for adequate cement stabilization, it implies that bagasse ash cannot be used as a ‘stand alone’ stabilizer but should be employed in admixture stabilization.

)E2.22 (Trace metal pollution study on cassava flour’s roadside drying technique in Nigeria

E.O. Obanijesu, Chemical Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

J.O. Olajide, Food Science and Engineering Department, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

Cassava flour, generally consumed in Africa as food, is a major source of carbohydrate. Its common drying technique in Nigeria is sun drying for cost optimization whereby the flour (in powder form) is spread by the roadside for moisture content reduction process. This research was carried out at five major traffic highways in Nigeria to study the level of trace element pollution introduced through this drying method, identifying the sources of the pollutants mainly as automobile exhaust emission (major) and street dust (minor). At each site, ten samples (from the four corners and the center) were collected, mixed, digested and analyzed using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) technique to determine the concentration of ten elements (Fe, Cd, As, Pb, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn and Zn). Analysis of certified standard reference material IAEA-V-10 Hay (Powder) was carried out to ensure accuracy and precision of the technique. Except for zinc, all samples have comparatively high concentrations. Specifically, Fe, As, Pb, Cu and Cd have concentrations as high as 7.2, 5.70, 17.16, 4.57 and 0.39g/70 kg respectively as against the maximum human uptake limits of 0.01, 0.014, 0.08, 0.11 and 0.03g/70 kg respectively. The results show that even though, cassava flour is a rich source of the essential and beneficial minerals required for healthy living, it’s drying technique exposes it to the excessive intake of some of these trace metals which could be hazardous to human health. Alternative drying techniques are recommended.

(E2.23) Utilization of a mixture of a silty saprolitic soil and bentonite for bottom liner

construction

Boscov, M.E.G., D.Sc., Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

50

Soares, V., M.Sc. student, University of São Paulo, Brazil

Santini, R.B., Graduate student, University of São Paulo, Brazil

Farrari, A.A.P., M.Sc., Suez Ambiental, Brazil

Compacted clay liners (CCLs) have been traditionally used in barrier systems for waste disposal sites, but the utilization of alternative materials may be important from economical and environmental viewpoints where there is low availability of clays. Saprolitic silty soils derived from acidic rocks occur widely in the tropical regions of the planet. These materials may present adequate geotechnical properties when compacted and confined, but their compacted permeability is usually at least tenfold the limit value of 10 -9 m/s usually required for CCLs. On the other hand, the utilization of local soils in earthworks is desirable not only because of the reduced transportation costs but also with a view to reduce environmental impacts consequent of borrow pit exploitation. This paper shows the results of a study on the technical feasibility of employing a saprolitic silty soil of the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in CCL construction by means of bentonite addition and compaction with modified effort. Permeability, consolidation and direct shear tests were carried out with the natural soil and with mixtures of soil and bentonite. The permeability coefficient may be reduced to less than 10-9 m/s with 5% bentonite content. Shear strength does not change significantly with bentonite addition, whereas compressibility as measured by consolidation oedometer tests is increased but not to such an extent as to restrain the application of the mixture in CCL construction.

)E2.24 (Recycling, an emerging option: a case study of recycling of scrape iron and metals in

Nigeria

Prince Blessing Mafimisebi, (MBA, M.SC., ANIQS, MNIOB, MNES, MNIM), I.B.M. Consult Limited, Ikeja, Lago, Nigeria

In Nigeria, there is an emerging recycling trade for Scrap Iron & Steel. These scraps are recycled into reinforcement bars and enamel wares. The Country in the seventies up to nineties had serious solid waste problems, Scraps metals and irons litters all nook and crannies of major towns and cities, today is a new song entirely as our environment is clean of scraps metals and irons. The scraps metals and irons caused the following environmental problems in Nigeria: mountains of ugly scraps across the landscapes of the Nigeria Environment, leaching of soil and the underground water table by the Fe (Iron), health hazard to scavengers and host communities, they cause injury to scavengers, and they are non biodegradable and are not easily spread into layers in dump sites. The methods used by the Nigeria Government and the Private Sectors were establishment of organized:

Scraps and iron recycling plants, Scraps metal scavenging sector, Scraps metal trade sector, and the Supplier chain. The Government, in search for methods of solving the problems of waste scrap iron and Non-Ferro Metals in Nigeria, brought the existence of Steel Manufacturing Companies. These companies sources an average of 500,000 tons of scraps metals and non-Ferro Irons monthly, from organized agents across Nigerian who brings them in trailers to their premises for a cost/kg. These agents get them through organized scavenging businesses across the country by petty scavengers. The methods used by most of them in recycling is called melting of scrap based on electric arc furnace technology into iron. These companies used the magnetic method for second sorting by using a magnetic tractor to carryout her own sorting. The scraps are cut into sizes after sorting and convey in the scraps pot with the aid of an overhead crane to the furnace. Three graphite electrodes inserted through holes of the furnace cover, which are connected to a powerful A.C transformer, descend through the roof and melt the steel using high power arc discharges. There are furnaces of 18 and 12 ton/melt capacity. The three basic steps of the process are Melting, Oxidation, and Refining. Alloys are added to the scraps. The scraps melt at 1500c – 1700c temperature. Oxygen is force into the EAF to ensure oxidation of the impurities of the scrap, which escape as smoke and carbon monoxide, and oxidation is followed by deslagging operation. The molten steel is refined by the addition of Ferro alloys and coke. EAF is tilled, slag is discharged into a slag pot and the molten is discharged into the ladle. The liquid steel flows into moulds made of copper, cooled intensively by water. The solidified bar are cut automatically with hydraulic aid system into billets. Nigeria steel mill companies recycled an estimated 500,000 tones of scrap irons and metal which is a major contribution to solving the problem of solid waste management in Nigeria Recycling is a major policy trusts for waste to wealth and waste to energy program, therefore nations government should place more emphasis on it for solving solid waste problems.

)E2.25 (Strength and leaching patterns of heavy metals from ash-amended flowable

fill monoliths

Rajender Gaddam, Global Institute for Energy and Environmental Systems, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA

Hilary I. Inyang, Global Institute for Energy and Environmental Systems, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA

Vincent O. Ogunro, Global Institute for Energy and Environmental Systems, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA Environmental Systems, University of North Carolina

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Rajaram Janardhanam, Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA

Felix F. Udoeyo, Global Institute for Energy and Environmental Systems, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA

Solidified flowable fill comprising of Type I portland cement, Class F fly ash, fine sand and water, is a porous monolith. In the case of excavatable fill, material mix proportions in the ash must be such that adequate but inexcessive strength is developed. For non-excavatable fill, maximization of fill strength is the primary objective. Furthermore, being that heavy metals are typically present in fly ash, physico-chemical interactions among mix components must mitigate against leaching out of metals. Herein, flowable fill monoliths containing class F fly ash in weight fractions of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20, were subjected to unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests and the American Nuclear Society’s ANSI 16.1 leaching test, using de-ionized (DI) water and acidified water (pH = 5.5) as leachants. The results show that comprehensive strength is directly proportional to ash content, reaching 834 kN/m2 for excavatable fill and 3753 kN/m2 for non-excavatable fill. The diffusion coefficients of arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) from samples decrease sharply with increase in ash content from 5 to 10 % and stay relatively low at higher ash content. The leachability indices which are inversely proportional to the quantity of material leached, indicate that the effects of reduction in monolith internal permeability exceed the effects of increasing As and Se content introduced by higher ash content in the monoliths.

)F3.1 (Municipal wastewater treatment challenges and research needs

George Nakhla, Salamander Chair in Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

Due to population growth, industrialization, and limited fresh water supplies, the need for prudent water management is ever more crucial now. The advancement of analytical equipment which facilitated the measurement of trace contaminants at the nanograms per liter level has shed more light on the toxicological impacts of various traditional and emerging contaminants such as endocrine disruptors and personal health care products. Thus, protection of existing water supplies from point sources of pollution such as industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants is of topical importance to policymakers, engineers, industrialists, and end users of water alike. Although, sewer conveyance issues and land disposal problems will be addressed, this presentation will primarily focus on the various challenges associated with municipal wastewater treatment. Particular emphasis will be placed on

liquid wastewater treatment technologies, as well as the management of residues generated from the processing of wastewaters. An overview of the most widely used mechanical treatment technologies such as activated sludge process, trickling filters, and rotating biological contactors as well as more “passive” technologies such as aerated lagoons and stabilization ponds will be presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the aforementioned technologies will be addressed. Research needs related to the development of novel and emerging wastewater and residuals treatment and/or management will also be discussed. Emerging wastewater treatment technologies that facilitate water reuse and/or recycle such as membrane bioreactors, biological nutrient removal, and fluidized bed bioreactors will be presented. Classification of biosolids based on US EPA regulations will be reviewed, and recent trends in the treatment of biosolids will be addressed, with special attention to the potential recovery of energy.

)F3.2 (Bacteriological quality of different drinking water samples in port Harcourt,

Nigeria

Obire Omokaro, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Igoni.O.Abigail, Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

The bacteriological quality of various drinking water samples of treated pipe-borne (tap) water, borehole water and well water collected from five (5) locations within “Town” Area of Port Harcourt in Nigeria was evaluated using the standard plate count method and the most probable number (MPN) technique. The temperature and pH mean values recorded ranged from 22.2°C ± 1.48°C to 23.4°C ± 1.95°C and from 7.16 ± 0.055 to 7.36 ± 0.055 respectively. Total aerobic heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 7.72 x 103cfu/ml ± 6.42 x 103cfu/ml to 12.2 x 103cfu/ml ± 7.29 x 103cfu/ml. While the total coliform and faecal coliform MPN index/100ml ranged from 0 to 1800+ and from 0 to 900 respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using F-test showed that there was significant difference at p ≥ 0.01 in pH and in faecal coliform MPN and at p ≥ 0.05 in the other parameters determined. The bacteria isolated include Chromobacterium spp., Corynebacterium spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and their percentages ranged from 5% to 15%. The order of decreasing bacteriological quality of samples is treated tap water > borehole water > well water. The presence of E. coli and enteric pathogens such as Shigella, Enterobacter etc., indicated the contamination of the various water sources with

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faecal matter implying that they are not suitable for drinking.

)F3.3 (The algae from Turkish freshwaters

Abel U. Udoh, Faculty of Education, Dept. of Biology, Gazi University, Besevler–Ankara, Turkey

Ilkay Acikgoz, Faculty of Education, Dept. of Biology, Gazi University, Besevler–Ankara, Turkey

Tulay Baykal, Faculty of Education, Dept. of Biology, Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey

Kazim Yildiz, Faculty of Education, Dept. of Biology, Gazi University, Besevler–Ankara, Turkey

Bulent Sen, Faculty of Aquaculture, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Feray Sonmez, Faculty of Aquaculture, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

M. Tahir Alp, Faculty of Aquaculture, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Özgür Canpolat, Faculty of Aquaculture, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Özgür Özbay, Faculty of Aquaculture, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey

Among the natural assets Turkey has, there is a great number of lakes, wetlands and running waters with various characteristics. There are 48 natural lakes which are being used as sources of water supply, irrigation, fishing and recreational purposes. The characteristic features of the lakes, wetlands and running waters are represented in an image database in Turkey. In addition, the database for the algae recorded in these freshwater habitats are introduced. In the digital image database, main diagnostic features of algal species and its characteristics in occurrence (e.g. epilithic, epipelic, epiphytic, planktonic) are included. The first phase of this project involved the selection of the most suitable digital image database program. In the second phase, images of algal species such as diatoms were taken from permanent slides while those of other algae were obtained from either fresh materials or from articles and books. Images of algae were taken from slides by means of imaging work station while those of algae reported in articles and books were scanned with a scanning machine and stored in a computer. The images of each algal taxon were arranged with their main diagnostic features and occurrence characteristics in the same page. The database will finally be prepared as a web page for internet usage. This study represents only a part of our main database. It contains the number of species of each genus and their most abundant and widespread species. The chemical and physical properties of the freshwaters are not given.

)F3.4 (Groundwater pollution in shallow wells in southern Malawi and a potential indigenous

method of water purification

M. Pritchard, Leeds Metropolitan University, School of the Built Environment, Leeds, United Kingdom

T. Mkandawire, University of Malawi, the Polytechnic, Department of Civil Engineering, Chichiri, Malawi

J.G. O’Neill, Centre for Research in Environment and Health, York, United Kingdom

The provision of safe drinking water is a fundamental right of basic health and an extremely high priority of the Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy. Only 37% of the people in Malawi have access to safe drinking water. Conventional water purification systems are prohibitively expensive for developing countries. The majority of research work undertaken on water in developing countries has focussed on surface and borehole water quality with hardly any work undertaken on shallow wells. The extent of pollution in shallow wells together with innovative, sustainable, economical solutions needs to be developed. This research work has focused on establishing a data-base on water quality from shallow wells in southern Malawi with the view to developing a technology that uses indigenous plant extracts to purify the groundwater. An in-situ water testing kit was used to determine the water quality. The majority of the physico-chemical parameters were found to be within the recommended limits, however, microbiological water quality results show that the water can be grossly polluted with faecal matter. Values of over 1,000 faecal coliforms per 100ml in covered wells and over 10,000 in open wells were found, indicating gross faecal contamination and the likely presence of disease causing microorganisms. Preliminary laboratory tests on a powdered extract from the common indigenous plant Moringa oleifera are sufficiently encouraging for microbiological purification (e.g. 90% improvement) for further more detailed work to be planned.

)F3.5 (Challenges of River Basin Information System (RBIS) as a Framework for the

Assessment and Monitoring of Surface Water in Nigeria

Eludoyin, A. O., Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Akinbode, O. M., Department of Geography and Planning Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba – Akoko, Nigeria

Developing countries, especially in Africa, are characterized by poverty and hunger, situations often caused by poor quality and quantity of available water resources. Less than 1% of the global water resource is reliably available for human consumption calls for adequate management of the existing source. One of the management options is the Geospatial information technology (GIT) as decision support tool in water

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resources management. Evidently, knowledge of this technology in the developing countries is low. Its application in some human endeavours in these countries is often fraught with some challenges. This paper presents the potentials of adopting the technology in the management of Nigerian surface waters. It envisages that the efficacy of the technology could reduce the present level of slow response to water quality assessment, fund wastage, duplication of duties, and ensure adequate distribution of good water to the people.

)F3.6 (Activated Carbon for Water Treatment in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects

Ife K. Adewumi, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

The paper presents results of a study on local production of activated carbon (AC) from palm kernel shells (PKS) for water treatment and how equipment and facilities for local production could be developed. A field survey of AC users in Osun State was made using both purposive and random sampling methods to pick respondents. The survey was to identify sources of AC used, the cost and specifications and relevant information for users. Lateritic clay material was beneficiated with sodium trisilicate solution to improve its refractory property and moulded into bricks used as insulating material in a laboratory scale fuel-fired furnace. Using a predetermined activation conditions, the furnace developed was used in producing AC from PKS sourced in different parts of the Rain forest belt of Southern Nigeria at the same conditions used in a standard furnace modified for the process. The results showed that most AC sold in Nigeria have no specifications. The furnace developed was effective in producing AC of quality comparable with those produced in standard electric furnace or sourced from the open market. The AC industry is viable, especially from agricultural farm wastes including PKS which has a 70% yield of AC.

)F3.7 (Removal of excess fluoride from borehole water in the Bongo District of Ghana, using clay

bedding

Essumang, D. K., Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, Africa

Dodoo, D. K., Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, Africa

Adokoh, K. C, Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, Africa

Kpornyo, S.Y., Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, Africa

High concentration of fluoride in excess of 1.5mg/L was detected in ground water supplies (wells and boreholes) in the Bongo District in the Upper East Region of Ghana. This has resulted in the mottling of teeth of people in the District who consume the water. In order to find alternative source of drinking water by reducing the levels of fluoride, two different clays from Tefle were used in the treatment of their drinking water. This was done by using clay bedding whiles the fluorinated water was runs on it. The clays used in the analysis were Kaolinite and Illite. The clay media of kaolinite and illite were able to remove 87% and 74% of the fluorine respectively from the raw water (untreated / undefluoridated water). The people in the study area can use the clay to remove fluoride from their water since the clay in Ghana is abundant and easily accessible. From the study, it was realised that the use of the clay types to defluorinat water was cost effective and can save the people from fluorine related diseases.

)F3.8 (An Innovative management practice of converting mined out pits into water harvesting

structures

Meena Bilgi, Specialist (Gender and Water), A2/33, Goyal Intercity, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

The paper describes case studies from Gujarat Ambuja Cements Limited (GACL), Kodinar, Gujarat, India that operates captive mechanized opencast mines to get raw materials of Limestone and Marl from areas adjoining to the cement plants creating wide pits. The pits are reclaimed through back filling, afforestation, pastureland development and creating water bodies that the company has been undertaking in suitable areas. More importance, however, has been accorded to converting the mined out pits into artificial lakes and reservoirs by diverting the surface run off. These efforts, over the years have translated pits into successful water harvesting structures. The recurrent droughts in the region, high withdrawal of ground water, cultivation of high water and fertilizer intensive crops, subsidized electricity rates and high water run-off due to the topography has resulted into altered agricultural scenario, decreased per capita income, conflicts over drinking water, degeneration of health, sanitation and general hygiene, drudgery and work load especially on women and girls, reduced school enrolment, increased forced migration, social disharmony and abject poverty. The work is undertaken as part of GACL’s environment policy and ongoing integrated water resources management (IWRM) programme by Ambuja Cement Foundation (ACF), a Non Government Organization (NGO) with active participation from the villagers including women and

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the marginalized. This and initiatives on interlinking of water bodies to divert water from surplus areas to water scare areas and efforts to reduce salinity ingress in project villages has resulted into better recharge and access to water and subsequently health, increased sweat water, changed agricultural scenario, better productivity and hence income. The idea of interlinking is being scaled up by the State government

and other Development professionals.

)F3.9 (Seasonal dynamics of physicochemical properties and heavy metal burdens in

Mangrove sediments and surface waters of the brackish Qua Iboe Estuary, Nigeria

Nsikak Udom Benson, Department of Industrial Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Joseph Peter Essien, Department of Microbiology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

Sylvester Peter Antai, Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

The physicochemical properties and concentrations of heavy metals were determined in surface water, intertidal mudflats (epipellic) and benthic sediments obtained from the mangrove swamp ecosystem of the Qua Iboe Estuary, Nigeria. The monthly concentrations of the nutritive salts revealed that the sediments are halomorphic. The heavy metals concentrations (determined inductively with Coupled Plasma Spectrophotometer, Optima 3000- Perkins Elmer) in benthic sediments and surface water were generally lower than the values recorded for the intertidal mudflats. The levels of heavy metals in the epipellic sediments were comparatively higher in the wet than dry seasons. The range of concentrations over the months increased by 1.29% (Cr), 1.57% (Pb), 5.96% (V), 7.50% (Ni), 10.53% (Fe), 11.94% (Zn) and 14.98% (Cu). Their concentrations in the sediments when compared with probable effects levels (PELs) and threshold effect levels (TELs) were well below these screening values. However, the correlation matrix among heavy metals in both sediments mostly ranged between 0.32 and 1.00. Significant (α>0.05) and positive relations were found between Fe and Cr (r = 0.96, 95% C.I. = 0.02 to 1.00); Fe and Pb (r = 0.96, 95% C.I. = 0.05 to 1.00); Pb and Cr (r = 1.00, 95% C.I. = 0.98 to 1.00); Ni and Fe (r = 1.00, 95% C.I. = 0.94 to 1.00) in epipellic sediments during the dry season while positive significant relations were recorded for Ni and Zn (r = 0.98, 95% C.I. = 0.43 to 1.00); Pb and Cr (r = 0.98, 95% C.I. = 0.40 to 1.00); Pb and Fe (r = 0.97, 95% C.I. = 0.10 to 1.00); Ni and V (r = 0.95, 95% C.I. = -0.13 to 1.00) and, Zn and Cr (r = 0.96, 95% C.I. = 0.03 to 1.00) during the wet season. The results indicate that the heavy metals may be of a common anthropogenic pollution origin.

)F3.10 (Atmospheric transfer of organic pollutants into sediments of water bodies

Stephen Kudom Donyinah (AM, AAPG; AM, GhIE), Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

An undisturbed sedimentary core from Lake Liangzi in Central China was analyzed for target compounds that included Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), organo-chloro pesticides (OCPs), N-Alkanes or aliphatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. This research focuses on the PAHs and OCPs, the other compounds are not focused. The analytical results for the PAHs and OCPs indicated the sources to be anthropogenic and that the mode of deposition was atmospheric. Monsoon winds which are the characteristics of the prevailing climatic conditions in the area could contribute to the atmospheric transfer. There were no evidence of direct deposition of these pollutants into the lake as the lake has no inflow of any rivers or streams. The remote location of the lake from urbanized areas should indicate little or no possible contamination from these pollutants. Research findings however, proved otherwise. It was also established that the values for the concentrations of the pollutants conformed to the period when China joined the rest of the world in the use of these pollutants. Concentration values were high at the surface and near-surface which suggests recent deposition. KEY Words: Lake Liangzi, organic pollutants, anthropogenic sources, atmospheric transfer, sediment analysis.

)F2.11 (Molecular Detection of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in Water Sources in Accra, Ghana

Aiah A. Gbakima, Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland

Adrian Carey, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,

Daleb Agbodaze, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana

James A. Higgins, Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, Ghana

Michael Wilson, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana

Current biochemical-based assays for the enumeration and characterization of waterborne bacteria cannot reliably distinguish between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. Molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can accomplish this task, making such assays convenient and cost-effective is necessary to broaden their use in water

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quality testing laboratories. Waterborne microbial diseases, once labeled eliminated as an environmental and public health problems not only remain the leading cause of death worldwide, but the spectrum of disease is expanding. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 is a common facultative anaerobic microflora of the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. E. coli 0157:H7 is transmitted mostly in under cooked contaminated meat. It is also transmitted by contaminated recreational water, surface water, and ground water intended for drinking. It is the causative agent for hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a potentially fatal disease that affect children under 10 years of age, and the elderly through the elaboration of Shiga toxin1 and 2 (stx 1, stx 2). Over 100 water samples were collected weekly from 8 different sources for 12 weeks and brought to the laboratory. After the pH and turbidity readings were taken, each sample was filtered through Millipore ™ 0.45 µm filters. Each filter was transferred to a 15 ml culture tube containing 10 ml of minimum lactose broth (MLB) and incubated rocking for 24 hours at 370C. The filter was removed and the tube centrifuged, all but 3 ml of the supernatant was discarded and the pellet re-suspended. The 3 ml supernatant was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm to pellet the cells. The supernatant was discarded and 200 µl of Instagene ™ matrix was added to the cells and bacterial DNA was extracted according standard manufacturer’s procedure. 5 µl of DNA was used as a template for PCR using primers for initial screening with the lac Z gene, to translocate intimin receptor (tir) gene and for other virulent genes like enterotoxin (EAST 1) or the Shiga-like toxin (stx 1, stx 2), using appropriate primers. 8 out of 24 (33%) water-filtrate-derived coliforms were PCR positive for the presence of tir gene and 7 of the 8 tir-positive samples were also PCR positive for the EAST 1 enterotoxin gene (as was a tir-negative sample from East Legon dam, no 5). None of the 8 tir-positive samples were PCR positive for Shiga-like toxin genes stx 1 and stx 2. The site with the most tir-positive samples was Korle Bu lagoon (3/5). These preliminary results indicate that E. coli 0157:H7 associated virulent genes are found in Accra, Ghana, but it is difficult to speculate on its prevalence in Ghana. Some comprehensive study must be done to determine the true nature of the problem and adequate steps taken to control and/or prevent it from spreading.

(F2.12) A fuzzy-based surface water quality screening model

Manar Zafer El-Beshry, Associate Research Professor, National Water Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Cairo, Egypt

Maged M. Hamed, Professor of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

Water quality deterioration is a serious problem facing developing countries. It hinders the

ability to use the polluted waterway, and it impacts health and people’s quality of life. Mathematical models are frequently used as a decision making tool for the optimal management of water quality. However, parameter imprecision hampers the validity of these models, and limits their usability by decision makers. This paper presents a simple water quality screening model using fuzzy set theory. The model assumes the input parameters of the Streeter-Phelps model to be imprecise. The membership function for each parameter was obtained by comparison with the probability density function for the respective parameters. The -cut method was used in this work as a means of conversion to crisp bounds. Dissolved oxygen concentration at a certain travel time was estimated, using a constrained nonlinear optimization technique, due to the non-monotonic relationship between the inputs and the output. Fuzzy upper and lower bounds of the dissolved oxygen sag curves were also evaluated. The fuzzy-based model is shown to be useful in screening level assessment, especially in cases where linguistic imprecision needs to be incorporated.

)F2.13 (An assessment of the influence of discharged effluent on the quality of surface

water utilized for agricultural purposes

Awofolu, O.R., Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

Du Plessis, R., Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

Rampedi, I.T, Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

This article reports on the level of toxic trace metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni) in surface water and sediment along the Blaauwbankspruit, in the West Rand District of South Africa. The spruit also serve as receiving channel of “treated” wastewater from sewage treatment plant and operating gold mine. Possible influence of released wastewater on surface water quality, which is utilised for agricultural purposes, was studied together with some physico-chemical properties of the water. Total trace metals in water and sediment samples were determined through digestion using mineral acid and then analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean concentration of analysed trace metals in water samples ranged from Cd: trace – 0.05 mg/l; Pb: trace – 0.11 mg/l; Mn: 4.35 – 942.2 mg/l; Zn: 0.10 – 0.41 mg/l; Ni: 0.08 – 0.88 mg/l and Cu: 0.15 – 0.42 mg/l. Mean concentration in sediment samples varied between trace to – 0.12g/g; trace – 0.38 g/g; 12.3 – 2957.2 g/g;

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0.13 – 2.57g/g; 0.39 – 1.96 g/g and 0.18 – 2.84 g/g in the above metallic order. In most cases, metallic load in the sediment were higher than those in water samples. The water was found to be unsuitable for domestic and some agricultural applications with respect to safety limits. Higher values of some determinants from the sewage treatment plant and mine discharged outlets, compared to the mid- and down stream points, strongly revealed their influences on the quality of the stream. Detection of metals such as cadmium and lead above acceptable limits has dire consequences across the food chain.

)F2.14 (Threats to sustainable urban water production: driving forces of pollution in the

Owabi Watershed

Benjamin Apraku Gyampoh, Department of Fisheries and Watershed Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Nigeria

Steve Amisah, Department of Fisheries and Watershed Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Nigeria

Alfred Dassah, Department of Fisheries and Watershed Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Nigeria

This study was undertaken to identify the driving forces and sources of pollution in the Owabi watershed in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. This watershed houses the Owabi Wildlife Sanctuary and Ghana Water Company’s Owabi Headworks which produces about 4.2 million litres of treated water for the Kumasi Metropolis and its environs. An inventory of all the major streams or rivers contributing water into the Owabi reservoir and all possible sources of pollution into the rivers was done. Questionnaires were administered to the communities living in the watershed to gather information on the livelihood options anthropogenic activities of the people living in the Owabi watershed. A desk study was undertaken as well as interviews with major institutions that are stakeholders in the management of the Owabi watershed. The Owabi reservoir is fed by the Owabi River which has tributaries that flow through densely populated areas, farmlands, and industrial establishments. The pollutants are mainly organic from household waste and also chemicals from Auto Mechanics at the Suame Magazine and some farmers. The findings also indicated that lack of capacity, institutional co-operation, good planning and effective policy direction in the management of the watershed has resulted in a negligence of the threat that pollution of rivers in the Owabi watershed poses for the sustainable production of affordable, treated water. Communities in the watershed are expanding

rapidly without any careful planning with the inhabitants seeing any stream as a means of waste disposal. Lands around waterways are either sold for housing development or demarcated as a refuse dump.

)F2.15 (Investigation into the influence of bedrock and soil on water quality in the

Kutama/Sinthumule area of the LimpopoProvince, South Africa

Adaora Okonkwo, Water Resources Information Programmes, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa

T. Zokufa, Water Resources Information Programmes, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa

M. Lupankwa, Remote sensing and Geospatial Analysis Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa

D.S. Coetzee, Remote sensing and Geospatial Analysis Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa

In rural areas in South Africa, people rely on untreated water from surface and groundwater sources such as springs, rivers, wells and boreholes for domestic use. The people assume that the water is safe. However, this is not always true. By definition, water is usually considered of good quality for domestic use if certain water quality parameters are within acceptable levels of concentration according to World Health Organisation(WHO) or (in South Africa) Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) recommendations. The Kutama/Sinthumule rural area relies solely on groundwater for domestic use. Some elderly people in this rural area have brown teeth. The browning of teeth is known to be associated with high fluoride concentrations in drinking water (McCaffrey and Willis, 2001). This study was carried out to assess the quality of groundwater in the rural area. Both chemical and physical characteristics of the groundwater were investigated. This was done during the winter and summer months to check any seasonal trends. The results of the chemical analyses generally showed that the concentration levels of all parameters (e.g. fluoride, chloride, magnesium, potassium and sodium) except for nitrate were within DWAF limits for drinking water. The concentration levels of fluoride in the groundwater show that the browning of teeth in some of the elderly people in the area is not due to groundwater consumption. The range of nitrate concentration values in the groundwater was 41-231mg/L whilst the DWAF limit is 44mg/L. The source of nitrates is most likely from pit latrines and agricultural practices. Differences in contamination of groundwater by nitrates are greatly influenced by the type of soil, the underlying geology and the climate in the study

area.57

)G3.1 (Sustainable consumption and production of energy

Dr. Ali M. Yaacoub, Director General, Lebanese Cleaner Production Centre, United Nations Industrial Development Organisation, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon

Major drawbacks and side effects of our economic system have become obvious over the last twenty years: depletion of natural resources, increase of prices for mineral resources and energy, unequal distribution of wealth, unequal access to resources, and stress on the natural environment by negative side effects of industrial development like global warming. Therefore it has become a political imperative to develop a new vision of our economy. A more sustainable economy is the general objective of the European Community as well as of United Nations, and more sustainable policies are under discussion. Industrial production is contributing to the problems: especially by absorbing natural resources and spoiling the natural environment by generating waste and emissions, use of water and generation of waste water from the extraction of resources, the production of industrial goods, the generation of energy. This paper aims to present that a lot can be done to produce and consume energy in a more efficient way, also how to reach less pollutant at the same time by using materials better and reducing waste by conserving energy and reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by reducing water consumption and by minimizing waste water generation in an economically favourable way. This approach is called “Cleaner Production”. Cleaner Production contributes to economic development in a more sustainable way by conserving valuable resources, water and energy. Our experience from working with more than 1200 enterprises in 30 countries shows that this approach works. This paper explains the principles of the approach, gives examples, what can be done and how the measures pay back, and how the strategy behind can be used as backbone for active management systems oriented towards a more sustainable economy. It is an easy solution for a sustainable consumption and production of energy in the Arab & African Countries.

)G3.2 (ISO 14001 and business performance in a developing country

Dr. Satyendra Singh, Associate Professor of Marketing and International Business, Department of Business and Administration, the University of Winnipeg, Canada

The purpose of the study is to test the impact of perceived importance of the environment management standard (ISO 14001) on business

performance in a developing country. Environment management is measured by the International Standard organization’s (ISO) 14001: 2004 specification standard, whereas business performance is measured by the international trade, green image, and competitive advantage of firms. Using a quota sampling technique, data were collected from Indian manufacturing firms listed in the Kompass directory for New Delhi and Bombay. Out of 800, 237 useable questionnaires were obtained, a response rate being 29%. For data analysis, four multiple regression equations were estimated, while controlling for the size of firms and the cost of implementation of ISO 14001. Results indicate a significant positive relationship between environment management, and business performance and international trade, and between size and competitive advantage, whereas a significant negative association between cost and competitive advantage. The study contributes to knowledge in a number of ways. First, it empirically establishes a link between environment management and business performance. Second, it develops, refines and tests the environment management scale in a developing country, whose managers’ attitudes towards environment are somewhat different from the developed countries. Therefore, managers can use the environment management scale to measure the levels of environment standard in their own firms. Finally, from managerial point of view, the study educates managers to be cognizant of environment management, and to balance the need for environment management with the demands of business performance and social responsibility.

)G3.3 (Turn the carbon into silver and gold

E.K.Mensah-Gharbin, Environmental and Business Consultant, Accra-Ghana

Under the Kyoto Protocol of December 1997, industrialized countries that are committed to emission reductions can fulfill their part of their obligations by implementing emission reduction projects in the developing countries. In doing so, they have to make use of Kyoto’s Clean Development Mechanism(CDM).African countries like Ghana had played virtually no role in global warming a problem caused by economic activity of the rich industrial countries. Industrialized Governments also fail in their pledge to help developing countries adapt to climate change. Most of the world’s capital flow is bypassing Africa to the Asian economies particularly China and South Korea. Industrialized nations are now turning to the developing world in a race to reduce their Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) deals has the potential to create jobs, bring additional foreign direct investments, improvements in operational efficiencies, technology transfer, proactive risk management, contribution to global greenhouse gas reductions and a genuine sustainability benefits. Demand for Certified Emissions Reductions (CER) is on the rise as well as the price while supply is

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lagging. There is also a future uncertainty as Kyoto takes no account of what will happen after the compliance period 2008-12. Thus Africa e.g. Ghana has to work harder to capitalize on this global carbon rush. The clarion call to African governments like Ghana is that time is running out to cash in on carbon. Afforestation/Reforestation, Bio-energy and Waste Management are areas that have potential opportunities for investments for the implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).The paper looks at Ghana as an example to benefit from CDM projects in the areas of Afforestation/Reforestation, Bio-Energy and Waste Management post GOLDEN Jubilee.

)G3.4(An overview of earthquake disaster mitigation guidelines for Accra

Nii K. Allotey, Postdoctoral Fellow, Earthquake Engineering Research Facility, University of Bristish Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Paulina E. Amponsah, Seismologist, Geological Survey Department, Accra, Ghana

West Africa and Ghana in particular, are far away from the major earthquake zones of the world. The seismicity of Accra and its environs can however be classified as moderate-to-high due to the intersection of the east-north-easterly striking Coastal Boundary Fault Zone and the north easterly striking Akwapim Fault system. As a result, Accra has experienced a number of damaging earthquakes with the largest being the magnitude 6.5, June 1939 earthquake. Similar to other urban centres in developing countries, development within Accra has been generally uncontrolled and unplanned. This has resulted in a marked increase in seismic damage risk, and is of particular concern in light of the recent substantial economic and human losses sustained by other megacities in the developing world. To mitigate against such high levels of seismic risk in cities in South America and Central Asia, various earthquake-disaster mitigation projects have been implemented. Examples of these are the United Nations funded Radius Project and the 3cd and Cluster City Projects organized by the Earthquake and Mega Cities Initiative. In contrast to the bold initiatives being undertaken in other seismically-active countries, earthquake-disaster management of Accra seems absent, and at best, disorganized. The first objective of this paper is therefore to give an overview of the seismicity of Accra and to discuss current earthquake-disaster mitigation strategies or policies in place. The paper then goes on to discuss current strategies and policies being used in similar megacities in South America and Central Asia, and draws inferences on how earthquake-disaster management practices in

Accra could be improved.

)G3.5 (Developing a cleaner production strategy for industry: the case of Egypt

Maged Hamed, Professor of Sanitary and

Environmental Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

Yasser Sherif, General Manager, Environics, Cairo, Egypt

Cleaner production (CP) aims at increasing production efficiency, while eliminating or minimizing wastes and emissions at their source, rather than treating them after they have been generated. The concept is especially important to developing countries, where energy and natural resources are scarce, and the pace of environmental degradation is continuously increasing. To encourage the adoption of that concept in the Egyptian industry sector, effort must be made to establish, by the Egyptian government, an enabling environment that would facilitate and promote its implementation. However, the success of the implementation is greatly dependent on the cooperation and partnership between Egyptian industry and the government. This paper presents the development of the cleaner production strategy and action plan for industry in Egypt. The paper starts out by highlighting the benefits of, and the barriers against, the effective implementation of cleaner production on a wider scale in Egypt. The paper then lays out the strategy goals, and identifies indicators for assessing goal achievement. It then presents the action items of the proposed national strategy, identifying roles and responsibilities of lead and support agencies. Throughout, the paper describes the process of strategy development, analyzing the critical inputs, and highlighting the unique features in the case of Egypt.

)G3.6 (Plants as environmental biosensors: non-invasive monitoring techniques

Alexander G. Volkov, Department of Chemistry, Oakwood College, AL, USA

Maya I. Volkova-Gugeshashvili,

Department of Chemistry, Oakwood College, AL, USA

Albert J. Osei, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Oakwood college, AL , USA

Plants are continuously exposed to a wide variety of perturbations including variation of temperature and/or light, mechanical forces, gravity, air and soil pollution, drought, deficiency or surplus of nutrients, attacks by insects and pathogens, etc. It is essential for all plants to have survival sensory mechanisms against such perturbations. As a consequence, plants generate various types of intracellular and intercellular electrical signals mostly in the form of action potentials or variation potentials in response to these environmental changes. However, over a long period, only certain plants with rapid and highly noticeable responses to environmental stresses have received much attention from plant scientists. Of

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particular interest to our recent studies on ultra fast action potential in green plants, we discuss in this review the possibility of utilizing green plants as fast biosensors for molecular recognition of the direction of light, monitoring the environment, and detecting the insect attacks as well as the effects of pesticides and defoliants.

)G3.7 (To remodel the national economy in the frame work of I. O. W. input/output waste

model

Dr. Paul. C. Njoku, Department of electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology (FUTO), Owerri, Imo-State, Nigeria

Bhanuvita Ridhima Njoku, Department of electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology (FUTO), Owerri, Imo-State, Nigeria

Recognizing the importance of waste as an independent parameter , an attempt has been made in this study to add as new dimension to the conventional input out modeling practices to in corporate WM constraint. it is proposed to remodel the economy in the framework of an I-O-W model which will be able to define the resource balance more realistically by in corporation of the reduction, recycling, abetment, disposal and related functions of WM. it will be helpful in the WM policy evaluation and to forecast the WM practices to be followed for desired growth rate. The proposed model will also facilitate the independent analysis of I.O and W parameters to arrive at the optimal paths of development.

)G3.8 (NEPAD environment initiative action plan: a program for environment

Sustainable management for Africa

Mr Cheikh Fofana, Assistant au Secrétaire Exécutif , Secrétariat Intérimaire du Volet Environnement du NEPAD (SINEPAD/Env.), Dakar, Senegal

Adopted in June 2001 in Lusaka by the African Union, the New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD) is an initiative based on a common vision and a firm and shared conviction African leaders to reduce poverty and to engage the African countries on the way of growth and sustainable development. Conscious of the importance of the assumption of responsibility of

environment issues for the attack of these objectives, the NEPAD does one of its priority essential of them through the development and the adoption in July 2003, of an environment initiative with a decennial action plan related. This plan which was elaborate in an advisory and participative way under the lead of the African Ministers Conference for Environment (AMCEN) in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), treats about questions and common concerns of sustainable development in Africa. It defines a whole of priority actions and collective responsibilities that African countries adopted and intend to implement, to preserve the integrity of their environment and to ensure the sustainable use of their natural resources thanks to new forms of partnerships with the international community. Four years after the adoption of the plan and the beginning of implementation of certain projects, this present communication in direction of the conference wants to be a framework of informations and exchanges with the various participants around the following points:

1. Presentation of the action plan in its large axes, as a tool for planning coherent and strategic for sustainable development in Africa;

2. State of implementation and encountered difficulties;

3. Exchanges and reflexions with the participants on possible proposals and/or solutions

)G3.9 (Spatial visualization of mercury contamination of the Ankobra Catchment in

Southern Ghana

Jennie A. Karalewich, Graduate student, Natural Resource Management, Universiteit, Utrecht, the Netherlands

Small-scale mining (SSM) is defined as non-mechanized, labor intensive mining which is of rudimentary design and has a high rate of manually done labor as a subsistence industry (MMSD, 2002) and universally acknowledged as a poverty driven industry (Hilson, 2006). It is estimated that there are between 200,000-500,000 miners in smallscale gold mining (SSGM) in Ghana. Gold is one of the most commonly mined commodities, where available, as it has a great propensity to generate wealth quickly (Hilson, 2006).SSM and SSGM activities often severely degrade the natural resources and the surrounding environment as the environment is generally used as a tool for the mineral extraction. SSGM individuals in Ghana utilize metallic mercury to extract and amalgamate gold. Mercury can and will enter into the environment where it transforms (via bacteria and methylization) into toxic methyl-mercury (Pardie and Hilson, 2006). Mercury in surface water resides in sediments and the water column in the Ankobra Catchment. Previous studies of mercury

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contamination in the riverine environment either focuses on the natural environment or the human population. This project connects nature and people. There are two approaches to data collection and analysis in this project. The first approach focuses on the natural environment. Surface, borehole, and well water samples collected by Darabor and Momade (2002) were digitized into a GIS environment. The digitized water quality parameters were visualized across the catchment. Point sources of pollution are anticipated to correlate with known SSM and LSM mined areas. I believe that there will be a distinct spatial pattern of mercury distribution mercury in the Ankobra River and its tributaries. However it will be difficult if not impossible to separate LSM sources of mercury and SSM sources of mercury. The second approach is researching fish contamination in the Ankobra Catchment and human consumption. Approximate mercury contamination of fish can be researched from previous literature. Fish consumption surveys will be constructed and distributed in small-scale mining community at fish market with approximately 30 random participants to assess community knowledge of mercury contamination of fish. Intellectually, this research will be the first mapping of mercury contamination on the Ankobra River and its tributaries. Hopefully more data would be measured in the future and examined in the same way to create a long standing mercury contamination map. Socially, there will be a clearer picture of mercury contamination of the Ankobra River. Results of this thesis can be made into community awareness materials and presentations on environmentally safe mercury handling to small-scale gold miners and better understanding of contaminated fish consumption.

(G3.10) The clean development mechanism: a recipe for technology transfer to developing

countries

Morgan Leo, The Faculty Research International/Consultant, Niger Delta Projects Consortium, Magasin de Variete Business Suite, Le Meridien Hotel, Garki, Abuja

Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) explains the clean development mechanism, CDM. The CDM is a win-win pact intended to help Annex 1 countries meet their emission reduction targets enshrined in the treaty, while simultaneously assisting developing countries accomplish sustainable development. The first Conference of Parties (COP1) of the UNFCCC recognized the need to enhance the access of developing countries (within the UNFCCC framework) to state-of-the-art environmentally sound technologies. Specifically, decision 13/CP 11 on the transfer of technology entail inventory and assessment of environmentally sound and economically viable technologies and know-how conducive to mitigating and adapting to

climate change. This paper reviews the Marrakech Accord which outlines key themes and areas for meaningful and effective actions. The matrix of the sectoral scopes related approved methodologies by the Executive Board of the CDM is in tandem with the fundamental philosophy of the CDM. This research work brings to the fore the place of CDM as a veritable mechanism for technology transfer to developing countries.

)G2.11 (National transport network planning for Nigeria

Dr. Paul. C. Njoku, Department of electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology (FUTO), Owerri, Imo-State, Nigeria

Bhanuvita Ridhima Njoku, Department of electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology (FUTO), Owerri, Imo-State, Nigeria

A systemic frame work for the national transport network planning is presented in this study viewing each mode of transportation and sector of the economic activity as a sub system of the over all national social economic system this study is on the development of suitable national transport network planned based on the existing and committed new socio economic profile referred to respectively as the reference level national development scenario this is achieved using an appropriate transport priority index TPI mode for each state of the federal republic of Nigeria. Keeping in view, their characteristic features allocation aspects in relation to activity centers. states with higher TPI values are picked up to suggest improvement and or construction of new transport links to enhance accessibility and there by reduced their TPI the TPI scores are also used to computer aggregate benefits weighted with population accrued due to new transport links as envisaged in reference level national development scenarios to justify their construction in the light of economic progress and social equity that they promoted these custom tailored models based on the concept of transport priority indexes are extremely useful in national transport network

planning for the federal republic of Nigeria.

(G2.12) The concept of proactive legislation as effective ingredient of local environmental

policy

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M.Fehr, Federal University at Uberlândia, MG, Brazil

A.F.N.Pereira, Federal University at Uberlândia, MG, Brazil

A.K.A.Barbosa, Federal University at Uberlândia, MG, Brazil

The progressive evolution of international environmental directives towards the specification of desired results is evident from the last world summits and other recent covenants emanating from the United Nations. In all cases, the directives are passed down through the political hierarchy until they hit municipal administrations with quantitative requirements of compliance. The present study analyzes directives that originated from the Rio de Janeiro Summit of 1992, the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, the Basel Protocol of 1999, the Millennium Development Goals of 2000 and the Johannesburg Summit of 2002 and that relate to fresh water supply and sanitation services. The practical results of the cited international agreements depend on the ability of national and local administrations to provide the necessary legal framework for implementation. This is the fundamental argument of the present study. Traditionally, occurring crises or events such as world summits have produced reactive legal instruments that react to a specific crisis, directive or event with the intention to strictly meet the immediate expectations. Apart from being reactive, those instruments are static in the sense that they are considered valid for long periods of time without adaptations. In order to overcome the static nature of reactive legislation, the present study proposes to create thinking models that face the future at local levels through proactive legislation. Apart from supporting the Millennium Development Goals and the directives passed down by the Johannesburg Summit and possible future similar events, proactive laws go beyond compliance. They are dynamic instruments, which contain provisions for constant updating and take into account changing social and environmental situations such as population growth and resource limitations. Whereas reactive laws target the courts, proactive laws target local administrations. In the authors' line of reasoning, for reactive legislation to be called upon, a transgression or noncompliance has to occur following which a case for the court is established that leads to reprehension or punishment. The idea of proactive legislation is to avoid the transgression through adequate management models developed and operated by local administrations. The scene is thus set for the debate that confronts static reactive legislation targeting the courts with dynamic proactive legislation aimed at local administrations. The debate will critically filter directives originating from international environmental agreements in order to provide local administrations with managerial and legal tools for meeting their environmental obligations. Local environmental policy development draws heavily on strategies for implementing and enforcing regulations. This study concerns itself with specific strategies for the

desirable management of fresh water supply and distribution and of solid waste and liquid effluents at the municipal level. As a result, proactive legal sample texts are proposed and explained that contain the potential to satisfy world summit directives at the local level in a sustainable manner without necessarily resorting to demand-and-control methods of reactive legal procedures. The ideas put forward are here with submitted to public scrutiny in order to assess their utility in the quest for sustainable municipal development.

)G2.13 (Geo-Information tools in integrated environmental management: a proposed

environmental SDI model for Ghana

Yawson, D.O., Department of Soil Science, University of Cape Coast, Ghana

Frimpong, K.A., Department of Soil Science, University of Cape Coast, Ghana

Okae-Anti, D., Department of Soil Science, University of Cape Coast, Ghana

Access to (spatial) data and/or information is central to ensuring environmental justice, democracy and effective stewardship. Adoption of integrated and multidisciplinary approaches to environmental problems requires the integration of datasets from diverse sources. This is made possible via the creation of quality and widely recognized clearinghouse or geoportal within the framework of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). In this paper, an Environmental SDI (En-SDI) model or approach, aimed at ensuring integrated, efficient, and effective environmental stewardship in Ghana, is proposed. In designing the model, content analysis of reports from projects or initiatives that were aimed at creating, or had the potential to result in a National SDI in Ghana was done. The goals, objectives, approaches, deliverables, and the successes and failures of these projects or initiatives were reviewed. Literature on the theories of SDI, successful case studies, best practices, and recommendations relevant for developing countries were also considered. Finally, an empirical approach is adopted to localize the model within the complex matrix of socio-cultural, economic, political, institutional, and technological factors, as well as the needs of the anticipated user community in Ghana. The key features of the En-SDI model are that it is essentially a process-based, application-driven, and domain-restricted model. A bottom-up and a system-thinking approach are used. More so, research or academic institution is the lead agency and multinational and donor agencies, development partners, and projects are used as the key sources of funding, knowledge creation and capacity-building. Lastly, the model is flexible and amenable to rapid up-scaling and evolution in tandem with technological and

economic or financial improvements in Ghana.

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)G2.14 (Mainstreaming environmental assessment criteria into credit risk assessment

procedures for project financing

Mr. Eugene Itua, Coordinating Consultant, Multiple Development Services, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos Lagos, Nigeria

“Nigerian Banks Go Global!” was a screaming headline in THISDAY, The Sunday Newspaper of April 8, 2007, following the reforms engineered by regulation in Nigeria, recently, which came to a crescendo in December, 2005. The reform has placed the banks in position of active domestic and global players in the financial market, especially with regard to project financing. However, a vital element that seems to be missing in the reforms is the socio-environmental dimension. As never before, the nexus between financial investment and sustainable development has become evident, especially as shown by the Niger Delta Question- agitation for environmental sustainability. Today, the success, viability and/or profitability of a borrower’s project are tied to the ability to give consideration to socio-environmental issues. Banks that fail to weigh and address these issues could be held accountable for their investment decisions. Thus to stem the fear over security of loans and the potential for lender liability there is need to mainstream environmental assessment criteria into credit risk assessment procedures for project financing. The Equator Principle (EP) has appeared as the lighting rod for all banks as it establishes a set of common standards. The EP is a set of voluntary guideline which commit the banks signing it to ‘develop its individual policies, practices, and procedures to ensure that projects are assessed according to specific socially and environmentally responsible manner. The paper will examine how Nigerian Banks are reacting to EP and sustainable development in general. It will also attempt to outline the drivers of sustainability

practices in the banking sector.

)H3.1 (Abandoned responsibilities and convenient scapegoats: social responsibility in

practice in the oil producing Niger delta communities

Dr. Engobo Emeseh, Lecturer in Environmental Law, Department of Law and Criminology, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Hugh Owen Building, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigon, United Kingdom

It is common knowledge that the activities of extractive industries potentially have significant negative environmental and socio-economic impacts. However, where such activities are carried out in a socially responsible manner these negative impacts can be mitigated if not completely avoided. Evidence from the literature indicates that in recent years, through the concept of corporate social responsibility, the onus has been placed largely on

companies to conduct their operations in a socially responsible manner. The exact meaning and ambit of this concept is still rather ambiguous, although there is some consensus that it is comprised of responsibility towards the environment, human rights and labour rights. In spite of the fact that there are no binding international law instruments, corporate social responsibility is far from being merely an academic concept. Generally, multinational companies, in addition to various international voluntary instruments, have developed their own company policies which affirm a commitment and adherence to the principles of corporate social responsibility. Increasingly, reports on achievement in this area are becoming an essential part of corporate annual reports and other public relations documents. In light of the above, this paper explores two main issues. First, are the three main components of CSR being practiced in reality by these companies in developing countries? Secondly, has the focus on CSR made companies the obvious scapegoats, while national governments have been allowed to abdicate their traditional responsibility to its citizens? In essence, what is the relationship between CSR and the social responsibility of governments? Furthermore, what is the role of national governments in ensuring that companies operate in a socially responsible manner? In analysing these issues, the paper focuses mainly on the operations of the oil industry in the Niger Delta of Nigeria and the response of both companies and the government. The paper draws from both primary and secondary sources of information in the form of first hand experience of living in the Niger Delta, official sources of oil spills statistics, interviews with monitoring agencies, and other secondary sources.

)H3.2(Value-Maximister thesis: a case for more sustainable home improvement practices under sustainable housing communities and renewal

programmes in the UK

Joseph Kangwa, Senior Lecturer, Leeds Metropolitan University, Faculty of Arts and Society, School of the Built Environment, Leeds, UK

Femi Olubodun, Senior Lecturer, The University of Bolton, Faculty of Technology-Built Environment, Bolton, UK

The study is based on data collected to investigate maintenance patterns and the recurring nature of building defects in owner-occupied housing stock within the North-West of England. A total of 1500 owner-occupiers were randomly selected using the Index of Multiple Deprivation across four local authorities in the North-West of England. The data collected provided an insight into patterns on the most recurring and least recurring structural defects and the methods that are predominantly employed to correct housing

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defects. With the help of the Statistical Package for Social Scientist – SPSS researchers were able to identify consistency patterns in the severity and type of house defects, their location within a dwelling structure and the methods employed to remedy them. A five-point index - the Index of Corresponding Deficiency (ICODE) - was created, which essentially, defines a cluster of dwelling components which, collectively, impair the structural potency of a dwelling. The results suggest that two issues are at variance: firstly, home owners have to adopt remedial methods which help to arrest their homes from falling into complete physical disrepair. However, paradoxically, the amount of work carried out is also explained through a ‘value-maximiser’ thesis; essentially, this is a tendency by home owners to project how much of improvement work is needed to maximise the resale value of a property on the open market. Inherent within this approach is the realisation that a large proportion of structural alterations are investment driven therefore unnecessary. Secondly, the inelasticity of housing supply is another factor that gives imminence to the wholesale approach to home improvement; inescapably, this impresses further demand for construction materials from an already depleted environment. Finally, the paper argues that housing policy and government declarations have to widen scope for more sustainable housing renewal initiatives. Urban renewal policy should also embrace good practice models on sustainable renewal practices, without which, the increase in demand for new construction materials, arising from owner-occupiers’ pursuit for market-led home improvements, will remain and continue to rise. These factors, in unison will continue to impress, negatively, on the quality of our dwindling environment.

)H3.3 (Sustainability, corporate investment and social responsibility on continuous casting

plant, steel making a veritable instrument for economic development in Africa

Enakireru David, CEO Diesel Line Nigeria Ltd, environmental consultant ministry of Environment Abuja, Nigeria

Developmental technology for iron and steel, through continuous casting machines, blooms etc. Our Africa sub region has abundant scraps which litters around every city in Africa especially Nigeria and Ghana, togo, cotonou, togo etc. this countries has a very high import of used vehicles and plant equipments in their country, and over I billion of this scraps are generated from this used vehicles yearly. And this cause environmental hazards within major cities in the sub regions. As a result of non exploitations of this huge resources, scraps metals, with a medium steel plant and a continuous casting plant, medium iron melting furnace, medium rolling mill, with this technology and local scraps in abundance and import of some iron ore one can start up a steel plants. Advantage/

sustainability Casting of billets for sales, rolling of billets into flat bar, rods of various sizes, flat bars angle irons , molding of mechanical spare parts etc. The steel casting technology has promoted Nigeria economy, presently so many abandoned scraps vehicles has now formed a huge economy business and employment for youth within this sub region. Daily scraps are been transported to the steel plants, entrepreneurs make huge profit for sales of unused steel materials, also the company make good sales of processed rods, bar angles, and other steel materials. We recommend the technology to other Africa countries especially those who have become environmentally friendly. We call on the entrepreneurs from advance countries to help set up an integrated steel plants in some of this sub region and also solicit the united nations aid to help convert this over one billion tons of scraps into project able and economic employment opportunities and technological advancement in Africa. Reasons for this concepts is that by using steel we can be self sustained in that with angle irons and other steel materials we can be saving our forest which is been deforest there by making our precious environment friendly.

)H4.4 (Sustainability, corporate investment and social responsibility in Zambia

Aggrey Mwaipaya, Consultant/corresponding author, Scopird, Choma, Zambia

There are many challenges to sustainable rain-fed arable production in the widely distributed sandy (Alfisol) soils with Kaolinitic clays of low plasticity, cohesion and adsorption. Nonetheless, there are also opportunities to manage organic matter and/or apply lime to facilitate sustainable production under these conditions. Although there have been noticeable shifts in rainfall distribution during the last one decade and half, Zambia is abundantly endowed with water resources, in form of streams, rivers and lakes covering about 20% of land area, in addition to rich biodiversity of plant and animal species. In the far past, relatively small local socio-political organizations developed adequate traditional livelihood production systems that ensured sustainable utilization of existing natural resources. Local communities, led by village headmen and local chiefs, took responsibility for sustainable and equitable utility of common resources like land by ensuring that appropriate crop rotation cycles and land rest sufficiently regenerated the soil fertility lost through crop harvests after specific cropping periods. Similarly, members of local communities ensured sustainable utility of forests, wildlife and fisheries in the long term in close cooperation with local and central government structures, for the good of all. From the colonial era up till the time of attainment of political independence in 1964, soil fertility, natural resource management including household and industrial waste/effluent disposal dynamics were adequately managed through appropriate national policies supported by local by-

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laws. It is regretted, however, that those pieces of legislation no longer suffice today, largely due to existing organizational capacity being overtaken by changed economies of scale.

)H3.5 (Assessing sustainability: The missing elements in current environmental assessment

approaches

Tarsha N. Dargan, Ph.D., Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida (USA)

Yaw A. Owusu, Ph.D., Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida (USA)

Hans Chapman, Ph.D., Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida (USA)

Assessing the impact of industrial activity is a complex challenge for policy makers, scientists and engineers. In an effort to evaluate industrial systems, a range of alternative methods have been developed. From qualitative matrix models to data intensive computer models, decision-makers are able to choose from a variety of tools to appraise the potential environmental impact. However, these methods stop short at demonstrating how industrial activity affects sustainability. The purpose of this work is to advance the area of environmental assessment by developing a method of evaluating the sustainability implications of industrial activity (products and processes). This paper covers the definition of sustainability, its key factors and elements, the state of the art for environmental assessment and the shortcomings of the current environmental assessment methods. This research agenda was carved out of a survey of research needs within environmental assessment and industrial ecology. From this study, it is evident that assessing sustainability requires a cross disciplinary study of factors and interactions linking demography, consumer demand, economic activity, industrial activity and resource use to sustainability. Further, a key component of assessing sustainability is population. As such, this paper serves as an introduction to the development of the “Population Based Model for Assessing the Sustainability Implications of Industrial Activity” (PMASI).

)H3.6 (Enhancing Sustainable Developments through Geophysical Research: A Case of Lake

Bosumtwi, Ghana

Danuor, S. K., Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Menyeh, A., Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Boadu, F., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke

University, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.

Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana with a diameter of about 8.5 km is the largest natural lake in West Africa with characteristic beautiful scenery. The harnessing of this beautiful natural object for socio-economic development has been slow because of the controversy and mystery surrounding its origin. The consequence has been that the area received less development attention by government agencies and policy makers thus leading to increased poverty among the people. However, geophysical research has proved that Lake Bosumtwi was formed by a meteorite that came from space to hit the ground at the site about one million years ago. The research findings show that the formation of the crater by the meteorite impact has rendered the landscape very weak with shattered, fractured and faulted rocks dominating in the area. Weak zones are therefore prominent thus making the area susceptible to landslides and massive erosion that can cause a rapid siltation of the lake with disastrous consequences for the aquatic life. The people living there are mainly farmers and fishermen and their agricultural practices are impacting negatively on the land and lake environments. The research results have therefore created the awareness of sound environmental practices that must be implemented to achieve sustainable developments in the area and thus reduce poverty. The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of geophysical research which may reveal the nature and vulnerability of the lake’s ecosystem (and its environmental consequences), which must be protected to achieve sustainable development.

)H3.7 (Sustainable environmental management practices at gold fields Ghana, Damang-

A systematic product model of ISO 14001

Francis Nyame, Gold Fields Ghana Limited, Damang Gold Mine, Western Region, Ghana, Africa

Joseph Mamphey, Gold Fields Ghana Limited, Damang Gold Mine, Western Region, Ghana, Africa

Clifton Potter, Gold Fields Ghana Limited, Damang Gold Mine, Western Region, Ghana, Africa

The Damang Gold Mine in the Western Region of Ghana is operated by Abosso Goldfields Limited (AGL), a wholly owned subsidiary of Gold Fields Limited, South Africa. Mining is by opencast methods and the processing for gold extraction is through a conventional Carbon-in-Leach (CIL) plant at a rate of 5.2 Mtpa (million ton per annum). As with any mining or mineral extraction industry, these activities can have a significant impact on the environment. The company, since start-up, has maintained a very strong environmental performance position, and actively uses an Environmental Management System (EMS), within the framework of the ISO

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14001 standard, as a tool to manage these potential impacts. AGL operates in full compliance with all applicable Ghanaian regulatory requirements, permitting and reporting (in particular, in accordance with the Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994 (Act 490), the Environmental Assessment Regulation (LI 1652), and the Minerals and Mining Act, 2006 (Act 703). The cornerstone of AGL’s sound environmental management practices is the strong top level corporate commitment (within AGL and also supported by Gold Fields Ghana Limited and Gold Fields Limited). The commitment is outlined in its Environmental Policy, which guides employees and contractors, and which stipulates clearly management’s commitment to ensure that management mechanisms are implemented for continuous improvements in environmental performance adopting the Plan-Do-Check-Act model. The policy states that AGL accepts responsibility for its actions and will engage stakeholders in making decisions that affect them. AGL proactively uses the EMS to ensure that management knows the environmental risks of the operations, the status of regulatory compliance, operational aspects, and the results of environmental performance monitoring (audits, inspections, environmental monitoring, corrective actions, etc.) AGL was the first mining company in Ghana to sign a Reclamation Security Agreement, and has been awarded the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) award for the Most Environmentally Committed Company, Mining Sector – for 2000, 2004 and again for 2005. This paper outlines the systems and protocols in place which have earned AGL its enviable record and which are modelled on ISO14001.

)H3.8 (The role of corporate citizens in integrated community development: An

overview of Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited contributions to the development of Egi

Communities in Rivers State

Nnamdi Michael Ahiamadu, Environmental Officer, Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited, Nigeria

Vincent Gilbert Nnadi, Deputy General Manager, Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited, Nigeria

Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited started her premier oil and gas exploration and production activities in the OML-58 Area (Obagi Oil Field) in 1962. The major concern then, as it were with corporations, was the shareholders primacy, that is providing adequate returns to shareholders capital. Today, there is the rising demand on corporate bodies to become more responsible to their workers and host communities. This thinking has led to serious flashpoints of discontent between companies, especially the oil producing companies, and their host communities in the past two decades in Nigeria. The Ogoni Case, Oloibiri Declarations, and rising state of violence, sabotage, kidnap and vandalization of facilities in the Niger Delta of

Nigeria are characteristic of the operations of the oil producing companies. In response to this rising demand to become good corporate citizens of the host communities, the oil producing companies have developed various community relations strategies to ensure the development of their host communities. This paper reviews the development initiatives and contributions of Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited in Egi Communities in Rivers State of Nigeria. EPNL has impacted positively on the development parameters in Egi Communities. Areas where EPNL has made positive impacts include educational development, youth development, dialogue/communication, infrastructure development (power supply, pipe-borne water supply, road networks, market stalls, social halls etc), enterprise development, agriculture, skills development, health care delivery, employment and good governance. Overview of specific projects in the identified areas is undertaken by this paper. Further to these development programmes and projects, EPNL has evolved and is evolving a new concept in community development. This new order is capacity-based development initiative, the human factor being the most critical factor in this instance. This new approach is necessitated by the obvious lack of commitment by most local community members in the security and maintenance of the physical infrastructure delivered by EPNL in the communities. Most community members see these projects as EPNL property and this has resulted to the vandalizing of these facilities by the community members. It is in response to this problem that EPNL is today leading the new order of developing the people, so that the value of the infrastructure provided can better be appreciated. This paper deductively concludes that EPNL has continually enjoyed relative peace and industrial harmony in this area of their operation because of the performance of the company in the human and infrastructure development of the area. This good corporate – community relationship is obvious realizing that in spite of the Niger Delta revolution, kidnaps, sabotage and vandalization of facilities, the Deputy Managing Director (Technical) an expatriate and the General Manager (Sustainable Development) were in February 2006 given chieftaincy titles by the Egi people. This is in appreciation of the contributions of the company to the Egi Communities as declared by the traditional ruler of the communities, HRM Eze (Dr.) K.E. Elenwa, the Eze-Egi of Ogbaland.

)H3.9 (Development of a framework for the determination of the environmental

performance index of ICT usage in the EMS of Japanese automotive industries

Charles Mbohwa, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

Shuichi Fukuda, Department of Production, Information and Systems

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Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Environmental performance measures used worldwide are normally not suitable for benchmarking organizations. This paper develops a framework for the determination of the environmental performance index (EPI) of ICT usage in the EMS of Japanese automotive industries, using indicator and weight matrices of the full life cycle phases of an organization’s energy use for environmental management system (EMS) activities. The focus has in this case been limited to energy use in information and communication technology (ICT) use in EMS. The model is applied to the Japanese automotive industry and the findings suggest that it can be feasible and effective for comparing the environmental performance of companies in the same sector using the same weight matrices and indicators agreed to by the users.

(H3.10) The problems and prospects of sustainable architecture in Nigeria

Dr. C.B. Chukwuali, Director, Centre for Environmental Management and Control, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria

The development of an architectural identity and direction in any developing country like Nigeria is invariably dependent on the concept of sustainability. Sustainable practices in turn demand consistent and deliberate efforts towards a definite goal. This paper situates the concept of sustainable architecture in Nigeria in a wider context of sustainable development based on its main determinants of social equity, economic development an environmental stewardship (Inyang et al., 2006). After more than forty years of independence, no significant progress has been made towards the development of sustainable architecture in Nigeria. Drawing from experience, traditional practice, available literature and contemporary practice, the paper highlights the problems militating against the development of sustainable architectural practice in Nigeria and charts an alternative and logical strategy capable of ensuring the development of sustainable architecture in a culturally pluralistic country like Nigeria. The paper concludes that since architecture is primarily a product of materials, techniques and the labour necessary to put both together within a given socio-economic contextual milieu, the development of sustainable architecture is invariably determined by the development of available and affordable building materials and components supported by sustainable building techniques and methods.

)H2.11 (Management of solid waste in Nigeria: the way forward

Usen Ubon Stanislaus, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

The need for sustainable protection and

preservation of our natural environment has attracted considerable attention around the globe. Politicians, Industrial Policy Makers and environmentalist have in one forum or the other canvassed proper management of the environment to eliminate hazards associated with environmental degradations. This has led to many treaties and conventions. In Nigeria, despite its membership of many global environmental organizations and having signed many of the treaties on better management of the environment still lacks the political will and commitment to enforce compliance especially among the industries on proper management of their industrial waste. As a developing economy with abundant exploitable resources and a low infrastructural support base there is that conflict on how well to dispose of the waste arising from genuine industrial activities. It is indeed a common sight in Nigeria to see industries dispose of their waste in rivers, canals, creeks and roadsides. This paper helps in outlining those problems that are being created by the industries in the course of managing their solid waste in Nigeria. Also proffer solutions that will help reduce the amount of solid waste in our environment.

)H2.12 (The impact of industrial clusters in greening manufacturing industry practices: the

case of the old ardbennie industrial cluster in Harare, Zimbabwe

Charles Mbohwa, Corresponding Author, Fulbright Scholar, The Supply Chain and Logistics Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Peter Rwakatiwana, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

Industrial clustering can be used to improve the impact of green manufacturing practices in industry by enabling reduced energy and water consumption levels, solid waste and wastewater minimisation strategies and enabling increased participation in corporate social responsibility activities. This paper assesses the performance of the Old Ardbennie Industrial Cluster in Harare, Zimbabwe. Levels of water and energy savings, solid waste minimization, wastewater reduction and corporate social responsibility achievements by members of the cluster are determined through both questionnaire surveys and interviews in addition to monitored data. An inference was also carried out using cross-tabulations to determine whether there is relationship between participating in cluster activities and achievement of targets. The results show that the cluster had 15.76% savings in water consumption. However effluent management by

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cluster members was still poor with most companies using the municipality pipes for untreated effluent disposal. Potential for trading in waste were identified. Reduction in solid waste was 2.71% and no effective reduction in energy consumption was observed. In general, cross-tabulation results showed that a positive relationship existed between participation in cluster activities and achievement of green manufacturing.

)H2.13 (Feasibility and Impact Studies Relationship – Symbiosis or Fluke

Helge Ziehe, MIBRAG, Germany, financed by European Commission

Yaw Amoyaw-Osei, Minerals Commission, Ghana, Africa

Feasibility Study (FS) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) are two important studies carried out at some stages in the concept and/or planning phase of proposed projects in Ghana. The outcomes of these studies inform the technical and financial as well as the social and environmental soundness and sustainability of the intended investment decisions. Mining in Ghana is used as the sector of interest to explore the relationship between FS and EIA. The concept and characteristics of the two studies have divergent origins. A FS investigates “whether a proposed project, system, etc would be desirable, cost effective, etc to develop or put into operation” (www.allwords.com).While FS have been known for ages, EIA on the other hand, is a relatively recent phenomenon, though legally demanded. The Environmental Assessment (EA) Regulations of Ghana define EIA as a “process for the orderly and systematic evaluation of a proposal including its alternatives and objectives and its effect on the environment including the mitigation and management of those effects; the process extends from the initial concept of the proposal through implementation to completion, and where appropriate, decommissioning”. The reports from FS and EIA are used for various purposes and are of immense benefit to an array of stakeholders. The proponents of mining projects rely on the outcome of the studies to make investment decisions, and also to secure mining lease and environmental permit, among others to undertake mining in Ghana. As the two studies continue to “evolve”, some aspects of the processes and content of FS and EIA seem increasingly connected. Some areas of convergence seem to exist for the two studies to complement one another, as well as re-enforce the synergy of purpose they are intended to serve. Institutional opinion among regulatory and other agencies is unclear about any perceived relationship between the two; and if at all, how one complements the other. The FS and EIA processes are conducted independent of one another, and the report outputs are also selectively used. This independence and the lack of clarity and understanding could possibly be at the expense of the quality of professional and investment decisions made out of these studies. It could

probably also be that the integrity of approval decisions and the regulatory conditions attached to permits issued by the supervisory institutions are compromised, in one way or the other. The paper explores the perceived connection between FS and EIA; that this is not only accidental, limited to a few cases; that a potential “symbiotic relationship” between the processes does indeed exist; that could be harnessed in the interest especially of project investors, who fund such studies. The potential synergy in the results arising from the integration of the two, if possible at all, could re-assure regulatory and funding agency decisions. Furthermore, any existing misconception and doubt would hopefully be dispelled, in favour of a common professional and regulatory position on FS-EIA relationship in Ghana’s mining sector.

)K1.1 (European mining policy – struggling to find the balance between environmental

protection and resource development

Lars-Åke Lindahl, Director Environmental Affairs, SveMin (Swedish Association of Mines, Mineral and Metal Producers), Sweden

Within Europe there has been a lot of focus on the extractive industry since some years. Starting with a couple of high profile tailings spills in 1998 and 2000, the European Commission and the European Parliament started work on a BAT (Best Available Technology) document for the management of tailings and waste rock and on the development of a Directive on the management of waste from the Extractive Industry. The BAT document was published in 2004 and the new Directive was adopted in the spring of 2006. The documents, as well as the process leading up to their final adoption, will be summarized. Other issues which are gradually getting increased attention are the fact that the European extractive industry is very important for the local economy in some regions of Europe, and that Europe is very vulnerable from a supply point of view, being able to cover only a minor fraction of its resource needs from internal sources. A number of initiatives that have been taken to meet the challenge of keeping a competitive mining sector in Europe will be discussed. ENMR, the European network of mining regions, was formed in 2005 and recently published its report “Towards a Roadmap for European Mining Regions”. The European Commission recently published a study on “The Competitiveness of the European Metals Industry” and a communication on “Promoting Sustainable Development in the EU non-energy Extractive Industry”.

)K2.2 (Seepage mechanisms of mine waste facilities and mitigation of ARD in landscape of Quaternary sediments – case studies in Finland

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Marja Liisa Räisänen, Geological Survey of Finland, Finland

In Finland, tailings of several metal sulphide mines have been engineered in bog basins or depression of small lakes. In many cases, waste rocks are also heaped in bog or peat-covered area. In both cases, substrata are peat and/or glaciolacustrine sediments that are compressed under load. Since the compressed basement is more or less watertight, ground water in glacial sediments under the facility stays uncontaminated (or is minor contaminated). Waters from the facility are seeping through dikes (interface of the dike and underlying natural sediment) and sites where tailings rest to the water permeable moraine hills. The self-sustained water table and along with that sulphide oxidation in the facility is largely depending on the surface topography of the impoundment and the ratio of annual precipitation to leakage. The area of the leakage gradually turns into a flooding meadow or wetland if not drained. In after-care works, the interest is in seepage water quality and its purification methods. However, chemical properties of the cover can control the quality of seepage water. This was true for the facility of the pyritic and magnesite tailings. After thickening magnesite tailings cover and water table elevation, pH of the leakage raised from acid (pH 3) to slight acid (pH6) and concentrations of metals decreased to hundredth part. Moreover, the understanding of precipitation mechanisms at seepage sites is necessary for selecting workable purification method of the leakage.

)K3.3 (Mining and Indigenous Peoples issues

Anne-Marie Fleury, Associate Programme Director, International Council for Mining and Metals (ICMM)

Dr. Chris Anderson (presenter), Director, Corporate & External Relations, Africa Newmont Mining Corporation

Mining is not an industry which operates in isolation, and many of the planet’s most resource-rich areas are also home to Indigenous communities. Successful mining and metals operations require the support of the communities in which they operate. Relationships between mining and metals operations and their local communities are often complex. This is particularly the case with Indigenous Peoples, who have characteristics which set them apart from the wider community and whose post-colonial status often leaves them socially and economically marginalized. Historically, relationships with mining have been characterized by a lack of trust and issues over land rights. This has led to concerted efforts on both sides, at the national and international level, to redress this situation through recognition of Indigenous Peoples rights. The International Council for Mining and Metals (ICMM) has been working on relationships between mining and Indigenous Peoples since 2002, including key issues such as free, prior and

informed consent, land rights, capacity building, development, institutions and roles, and legal frameworks. Activities have included a review of the issues surrounding mining and Indigenous Peoples and co-hosting a Roundtable conference on Indigenous Peoples' issues with IUCN (the World Conservation Union). In March 2006, ICMM released a draft position statement on Mining and Indigenous Peoples issues. The draft statement lays out corporate members' commitment to implement and report against ICMM’s sustainable development Principles, and articulates in more detail how members will approach relationships with Indigenous Peoples. Since then, ICMM has consulted with a number of Indigenous Peoples representatives, NGOs, government and intergovernmental agencies on the position statement and key issues and next steps in this area. These activities form part of ICMM’s continuing work in this area which ultimately seeks to build effective and constructive relationships with Indigenous Peoples based on respect, meaningful engagement and mutual benefit.

(K3.4) Sustainable finance: financing of environmental research and technology – a case

study of Zimbabwe

Geoffrey T. Z. Chada, Executive Director Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe

If financial institutions do not understand and reward sustainable behaviour, progress in developing more sustainable business practices will be slow”- Bjorn Stigson, President World Business Council for Sustainable Development. The African continent is resource rich yet its national economies are generally poor. There is therefore need for Africa to prioritize, develop and apply science and technology for national and regional development. Several African ministerial conferences have stressed the need and urgency for Africa to build its capacity to harness, apply and develop science and technology in order to eradicate poverty, fight diseases, stem environmental degradation and improve economic competitiveness. It is time for targeted and collective and sustainable actions to develop and use science and technology for socio-economic transformation and economic growth of the continent and its integration into the world economy. Today’s Africa must build capacity, generate knowledge and develop innovative technologies to manage its environment and resources therein for socio-economic development and environmental protection. Currently Southern Africa once again is suffering from a drought, erratic power supply and limited water resources. In the face of such challenges, what role is research and technology playing in addressing these challenges? How can that role be enhanced in the light of diminishing government support? How can other stakeholders such as financial institutions participate in the development of innovative, socially, economically and environmentally

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sustainable projects and innovative technologies which will improve Africa’s economic competitiveness? In recent times the banking sector world wide has began to understand that “they bear significant responsibility for the environment ad social impacts of the operations and research that they finance” Some of the top banks worldwide, have therefore signed up to “The Equator Principles” which provide a framework for banks to review, evaluate and mitigate or avoid environmental and socio-economies impacts and risks associated with the projects they finance. In 2002, a global coalition of non-governmental organisations, came together to promote sustainable finance in the commercial sector. This network evolved into BankTrack, with a vision expresses in the Collevecchino Declaration in January 2003. Today, there are over 200 organisations that have endorsed this declaration. The declaration states the following six commitments (1) commitment to sustainability; (2) commitment to ‘do no harm’; (3) commitment to responsibility; (4) commitment to accountability; (5) commitment to transparency and (6) commitment to sustainable markets and governance. Both Commercial and Investment banks are responding to these commitments in varying ways. But what does this mean for Africa? This paper aims to review key financial institutions in Zimbabwe whose head office bank has endorsed both the Equator Principles and the Collevecchino Declaration and how the local offices are applying these principles and how they are supporting environmental research and technology in the following key sectors – dams, extractive industries, sustainable agriculture and chemicals.

)K3.5(An economical solution for the environmental problem resulting from the

disposal of rice straws

A.A El Damatty, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

I. Hussein, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

The disposal of rice straws as a bi-product resulting from the cultivation of rice is causing worldwide environmental and health problems. Farmers tend to randomly burn rice straws as the most economical method of disposal. This practice does not only generate smoke, but also breathable dust that contains crystalline silica and other health hazard substances. An environmentally friendly process that produces two valuable products is developed in this research. The process is based on a combustion technology using a special reactor manufactured in Canada. Significant amount energy, released in the form of steam, results from this process. The rice straw ash (RSA) resulting from this technology is reach in silica and can act as a mineral admixture that enhances the strength and durability of concrete. A simulation of the entire process, including hydrolysis, drying, chopping and combustion of the straws followed by grinding of the produced ash was conducted on a reduced industrial scale. A study to assess the enhancement in strength and durability of concrete and its resistance to chemical and corrosion attacks was also conducted. The paper also discusses briefly the main findings of a study funded by the Canadian International Development Agency “CIDA” that was carried out to assess the feasibility of such a project in Egypt.

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