Layout 1 - 1900-1940
, - -
19 - 1870-80 , 1 1920
* (1990) : 1.
1 , ( ) . 19 , - , . . , , . (1997). - . , , , , , , , , , , () (2012). , (2007) (2012).

, -, ,
- , *

03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 55
- ()
- ?2 , , , , , ? , ‘-’ , ? 20 - - , , - , , - - ,
1 19 -
3 , , ,
2 , . - . - . . , . 3 , , - . , (.) (2012).; (2012) : 75-110.
56 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 56
, , - ( , , ) -, - , , (1885, ) , , , -
- , - -- / , :
, , - , , , , 4
4 (1992) : 35.
- : 1900-1940 | 57
1 19 -
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 57
/ , () : , , ! / – , , - , ! , , ,
, 20 , , - - , (- ) - -5 ( ) 6 - - , , , 1920 - 7 ‘’ 1900 8
5 . , (2001). (2002). 6 , , , ; , , ; , , , 1910 , -- . . ( - ) , . (2005). 7 - , 300 500 , 1920-30 500 1500 . ( ) 3 6 . , 100 . , . 8 , (2002) : 1-14.; , (2007).
58 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 58
1920 , , , , , - , - - ( ‘’ ) - - , - , - -- - 9 , 1920 , , , , , ( ) , , , -, 10 (1928) (1930) () 20 11 , , , - ,
9 (1931). 10 , - (1927). ‘-’ - . 11 -, - , . . , 5-6 . , (2013) : 204-49.; (2018) : 474-490. , (2002) : 1-14.
- : 1900-1940 | 59
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 59

2 - , , - - - , () () 1900 12 1912 ‘ ’ - : 1. , 2. () , , 3. - 13
- - 14
12 , , , , , , , , - . 13 , ( , , , , , ), 1912, , , , . 14 , , 1909. 1912 ‘’ .
60 |

8 1 8 0 7 0 8 1 14 0 11 0 8 0 6 0 5 1 5 1 9 1 8 1
96 6
, - (1929) ( 3) - , - 15
1929 (, 1926) ( 2) - , , - ,
1914
15 1929 , 1928 - . , .
- : 1900-1940 | 61
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 61
- - - ( )16
, , , , ,
16 .
62 |
2 (, 1929) 3
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 62

- : 1900-1940 | 63
PICTURES! _ _ _ _ _ _ PICTURES!
Readers are invited to submit original paintings in colour or monochrome of either Indian or western style for publication in this magazine.
Price of pictures and copyright should be mentioned when submitting and, if approved, they will be paid immediately.
Large Painting, ancient or modern, in oil or water colours, suitable for publication will be specifically considered; more so those describing Indian Life, History or Mythology. Non-approved pictures will be promptly returned.
4 5 ‘’ (, , 1939)
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 63
17
- , - , , ( ) ‘’ - - , -, - — , ( ) - ,
, / , , - ( ) ( )
--
, , [] [], retake ...- ... [ ] pressure [ ]...
18
17 , 1939. 18 , . , ( , 29.08.39). . - . ( ), . , - ( )
64 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 64
- , , - , - :
- , - !19 ,
, ,
, 19 - ,20 20 - , , , , - , -, - , - , -, -
- - 1905 21 , , , 1913
. ( ) . - . - , - . 19 . . (1930). 20 (2014). 21 1905 - . , (1921) ; (2018) : 485-86.
- : 1900-1940 | 65
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 65
- ‘’ 22 ‘-’ - 1912 ‘-’ 23 , - - ( ) 24
- , 1920 - ‘ -: -’ ‘-’ ‘’ , ‘-’ - 25
- 26 - , - - , , , -
22 , 1913. 23 - . , / - - . 24 , (1907). - , . ‘ ’ . 25 , 1929. 26 - . , ‘ ’, , 1915, .
66 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 66
- - ( ) ‘’ ( - !) ‘’ , , - :
, ..., - , - 27
[] , - , , ! 19 , , , , , - , ‘- ’ ‘’ -
3 -
- - , , ,
27 (1930). , , .
- : 1900-1940 | 67
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 67
- 19 -, , , / - 28 , - — - - , — - - - , — - , - - 19 ( ) - 29 20
28 (, , , ) - , (2012) : 165-84. , , (1995) (2000) : 379-406. - (-) - . (-) - . - , ‘-’ . , (2011) : 105-144. 29 - , (2015).
68 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 68
- 30 - , - , - 1) , 2) , 3) - , --
4 Ú ‘-’/ 1929 :
, ...31 , ,
  - , 1903 - -
30 1890 , , ‘ ’ . . , 1935 . , . , . , . , ( ) (1902-03) , 1920 . 31 ‘ ’, , 1929. ( ).
- : 1900-1940 | 69
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 69
: ‘ -- [-] ; , , ...’32 , - -
, , - - ; -
5
: - / - / () - - - / , - ( ) , -
, - 33
32 ‘’, , 1903. . - - - (‘’) . , (2018) : 23- 88.; (1951) : 177-181. ; (2002) : 121-124. . 33 , -
70 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 70
, - 34
, - ‘-’ () , 1903 , ( - ) - - - ‘- ’ ‘-’, - : , , , - , - , ( ) : [] - , [-] , - 35
, - , , - - () - ,
- , , , , , - . - , - . , (2018) ; (1977). 34 - , . 35 , (2018) : 15-43.
- : 1900-1940 | 71
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 71
- - — --36
37
36 , - . - ‘ ’ ‘ ’ . , - - . 37 - - , (2004) : 27-45.
72 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 72
-- -- ‘-’ - [] -
31 , 1903 () - , — , :
- , ! ! ! ! ! !38
: ...[] - , , , 39

38 (.) (1950) : 525. 39 , 526. () ‘’ . , (1989) : 179- 202.
- : 1900-1940 | 73
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 73
- - ( ) , , , - - , ; - - - - 40
, , , ‘ ’ 41
- - - 42 : , - , , - - , ( 7) - 1903
40 - , - -/ . 41 , . 1920 - . . - . , . 1920-30 , ‘’ . ‘’ , (2018). 42 . , (1951) : 178.
74 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 74
- : 1900-1940 | 75
7 ‘’

.

.-
.
.
. . . . , , , , , , - - – . . , – , , - – - - - . – . , 20 ,- - - – – . , .
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 75
(:) , , - , 43 , 44 :
- () - -, ( , - , ) - - / () , / ( – ) - , - ,
( , , - , , - ) - , , () ( ) , / ,
43 , - , - . , , , . , (1994) : 158-88. 44 ( - ‘’ ) . : , .
76 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 76
- : 1900-1940 | 77
: , ( ) () , (/ ) - - , , , 45 , - , - , / - () - - (- ) - - ( , ) () - , , , - /- - / , , -- ( - - ) - () , - - / -   - , ‘ ’ , - ( ) - 46
45 -- . 46 . . (1996) : 71-82.
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 77
78 |
, - : , , - - , - () , - 47 - 48 - - 25 ‘’ ( ) - / , - ( -) 49 /
( ) , ( ) () ? / , , - - , - - , - ,
. 47 - . , (2018) : 68-69. . 48 ( , ) , , , , : ‘ ’ ( 527-29). 49 .
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 78
! - - (-) 50 - - , , , - , - , , , — — , - ( ) / , 51
, ?52 - ? ? , ? - - - -- - - - - - , , ,
50 , - . 51 ( ) ( ) . 52 , , (2002).
- : 1900-1940 | 79
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 79
-
6 - - 1920 ,
, - - - - - - - 53
53 - -, , .
80 |
8 ‘ ’ (, 1924) 9 ‘ -!’ (, 1927)
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 80
( 8) - - - - , , - - ( 9) () () -
( )
- : 1900-1940 | 81
10 ‘ ’ ( , 1927)
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 81
54 ( 10) ‘’ -, -, - -, ‘ ’ , , ‘-’ ‘ ’
-
- ‘’,
54 - . . .
82 |
11 ‘- ’ (, 1929) 12 ‘ ’(, 15 , 1924)
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 82
, ‘ ’ ( 11) - - , , , , , , , , -, - , - - , , , , , -
(- - ) ( ) ( ) () 1925 , 55 15 , 1924
- , ‘’ , (, , 1920), (, , 1922), (, , 1922), (, ,1927), (, ,1927), (, , 1931), (, ,1933), - , - ‘’ , , - , , , - , , , 1921 1924 40 ( - ) , - - , - ,
55 , 09.03.1925, .
- : 1900-1940 | 83
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 83
, / , - ,56 - ,
- - , , : 1940 ( ) 57
, , - , - , ( 13) , -, -, ‘’- - , - ( 14) / 3-4 ( ) 58 , , , ,
56 () (2012).; , (2012). 57 , ‘ ’. (1942) : 158. 58 - (: , )
84 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 84
, - 59
, - - 1929 81 -, , - - , - , , , , 60
59 () - . . 60 , - , , (2018). . - , - .
- : 1900-1940 | 85
13 (, 1931)
14 -
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 85
7 ‘ - ’ : , , , , () ‘ ’ 61
- ,
61 (1997).
86 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 86
‘’ - , - - ,
, , ( ), , , - - 62 ,
‘ ’ , , , , , , , - - - , , , , - 18 63 , ,
62 . , - . 63 (1865) - . - , . - .
- : 1900-1940 | 87
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 87
--
, - , - , , , ‘ ’, , ‘’
(:) , , , , - , , , , ,
, - - - - -
- - - , , - … , - [ ]...

- , - ,
88 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 88
‘-’ - ‘-’ , - -
, 1920 , - , - - - - - - , , , , - , ,
( )
: , , , , . , , , . : , ‘ ’, , 1907. , ‘ ’, , 1929. - ( : , 1927). ‘ ’, , 1915. , ‘ ’, , 1930. ‘ -: -’, , 1929. . ., ‘ ’, , 1930. : (, , 1900); (, , 1920); (, , 1922); (, , 1922); (, ,1927); (, , 1929); (, , 1927); (, , 1931); (, ,1933) .
- : 1900-1940 | 89
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 89
(2018), ‘- - ’, , , . (2002), ‘ : (1900-1940)’, -- 01 : // , , . .. (1990), , , . (2001), : , , . (1951), , , . (2012), (.), , -1,2,3, , . (1989), ‘ : , 1868–1914’ (.) : , , 1800–1980 , . . (2005), : , , , . (1997), : , , . (.) (1950), , - , . (1996), ‘ ‘’ ?’, , 77, . (2004), , : . , (1865), , , . (2011), ‘, ’, , 28. ————(2012), ‘ : - ’ : , (.), , . ————(2015), ‘, , ’, , . ————(2018), ‘ : ‘’ (1901-1990)’, (.) , , : -, , . (2002), - . -’, , . (2002), , 1920-1940 : - , , . (.) (2012), : , , . (1921), , , . (2007), , , . (2007), , , . —————(2012), : , , . (1942), , , .
90 |
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 90
(1977), , , . . (1997), : , 1841-51, , . (.)(1992), , , . (1994), ‘ ’, (.) . . , : , , . (2002), : 19 , , . (2018), : , ‘’, , . (2014), ‘ : , 1850 1920 ’, : , , . (2013), ‘ : ’ ‘’, , 47, 1. (2014), ‘ ’, , 37, . 3. (2019), : , , . (1995), ‘ ’, : , , . (2000), ‘ : - ’, , 34, . 2. , ‘ ’, (2012)(.), , , .
- : 1900-1940 | 91
03prabhat_kumar_Layout 1 9/20/2021 5:39 PM Page 91