Criminology refers to the study of the nature, causes, and means of dealing with crime.
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Transcript of Criminology refers to the study of the nature, causes, and means of dealing with crime.
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Criminology
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What is “criminology”? Criminology refers to the study of the
nature, causes, and means of dealing with crime
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Classical Criminology Classical theories on criminology came out
of the chaos of justice in the 18th and early 19th centuries
Some key thinkers:◦ Cesare Beccaria◦ Jeremy Bentham
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Cesare Beccaria Famous for writing On Crimes and
Punishment◦ Humans are driven by self-interest, but are
rational in their decisions◦ Government should act on behalf of all citizens◦ Citizens are prepared to give up some freedoms
in exchange for protection◦ Existence of law should act as sufficient
deterrent◦ Punishment should be proportionately greater
than enjoyment received by disobeying
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Jeremy Bentham Based his view on theory of utilitarianism
◦ Law should ensure the greatest good for the greatest number of people
◦ Social contract between government and people, each with clear responsibilities Government to make clear what was illegal and what
punishment would arise Citizens to follow laws as created
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Who looks like a criminal?
Those in group "A" are all shoplifters, "B" are swindlers, "H" are purse snatchers, "E" are murderers, etc
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Positivist Criminology Began in late 19th century Focused on biological and psychological
factors to explain criminal behaviour Based on the idea that criminals are born,
not made◦ nature trumps nurture
Generally discredited today
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Positivist Criminology Cesare Lombroso
◦ Studied cadavers of criminals◦ Argued that criminals had distinct physical
features XYY Theory
◦ Chromosomal abnormalities may explain criminal behaviour
◦ Debunked when researchers proved idea incorrect
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SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
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Focused on biological and psychological factors to explain criminal behaviour rather than legal system◦ Lombroso “born
criminal theory”◦ XYY theory
Historical Perspectives On CriminologyPositivist School
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◦ Proposed by Emile Durkheim◦ Argued that as society
moved from rural to urban, traditional values and bonds that regulated behaviour were weakened
◦ People would turn to crime living in a big city, no longer restrained by norms of society
◦ Called this state of isolation “anomie”
Theory Of Anomie
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◦ Argued that criminal behaviour was encouraged or fostered in certain environments
◦ Communities that suffered from high rates of poverty and social disintegration were more likely to condone criminal activity than affluent areas
Ecological School
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◦ Consensus theorists assume there is a universal definition of right and wrong and that criminal law reflects this consensus
◦ Argue that criminal laws prohibit behaviours that society agrees are harmful
Consensus Theory
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Contemporary Theories Of Criminal Deviance
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◦ Argues that people commit crimes when they believe they cannot achieve their desires and goals through legitimate means.
◦ The stress of goals of acquiring wealth (success and power), and the means to achieve these goals (education, economic resources) are denied to the economically disadvantaged
Sociology- Strain Theory
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◦ Suggests the key influences leading to criminal behaviour are found in upbringing, peer groups, and role models
Sociology- Socialization
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Biological Theories
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◦ Argues that some human traits such as intelligence, personality, chemical and genetic makeup may predispose people to engage in criminal behaviour
◦ Research suggests that the following can cause a person to become a criminal Poor diet (“Twinkie Defense”) Influence of hormones
(androgens) Exposure to drugs/alcohol in the
womb
Biological Trait Theory
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◦ Focus on the study of brain activity and how neurological dysfunctions are connected with criminal activity Twin studies
Neurophysiological Theory