Glossary

Bas Kilang

Diversification

Economy

Filipino

Foreign investment

Indigenous

Informalwork

Kampung

Migrant (migration)

Natural reso[rces

Primary commodities

Semiconductor

Transnational companies

{TNGs)

Trickle down

company-owned buses in Malaysia which take people to work each day in thefactory from rural villages.

Increasing the range of crops grown or the number of goods or servicesproduced.

The economy of a country is its trade, industry, and money.

A person from the Philippines.

Money invested by a company in factories or developments (such as a mine ordam) in a foreign country,

People, plants, and wildlife that are native to an area.

Work which does not have a regular wage, and where the worker does not paytaxes. Examples include selling goods on the street without a licence, orscavenging rubbish and recycling it.

Malaysian for compound. Kampungs are village communities where there is no

boundary between different properties.

People who move away from their homes, usually in search of work.

Materials which the Earth provides, such as stone, timber; fossilfuels, andminerals.

Raw materials which have not been processed, such as cocoa beans, tealeaves, rubber, or tin.

Micro-processor chip used in computers and high tech products.

International companies with factories in several different countries.

The idea that wealth generated by large scale developments willtrickle downand improve the lives and wages of poorer people.

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Tin prodaction, Malaysia 3.'lPupil book pages 28-29

In the early 1960s Malaysia relied on the export of two primary

commodities, rubber and tin. Malaysia has now developed many

other industries, but is still an important tin producing country.

72 t Use sraph A.v a) How much tin was Malaysia producing at Independence

in 1957?

b) Describe what has happened to tin production since that

date.

KEY WORDS

Primary commodities

Y B Malaysian tin ore production

fthousands of tonnes metal content)AP 2 a) Use the information in B to draw a line graph of tin oreEP' production,

b) Compare the trend of the graph you have drawn to that

of graph A, What does the difference between the twographs suggest about the amount of tin ore Malaysia has

had to import to maintain its production of tin metal?

a) Choose and draw suitable kind of map or graph to

display the information in table C.

b) What does your map or graph tell you about Malaysia's

importance as a tin producer?

1948 45.5

1970 73.8

1980 6r.41 985 23.0

1990 28.5

1 99 r 20.7a3/

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Y C World tin production

(percentages)

Malaysia 21.9

Indonesia 15.6

Brazil 1 5.1

China 13.6

Bolivia 7 .5

Russia 6.2

Thailand 5.8

UK 2.1

Y AMalaysian tin production

Production of tin

{000s tonnes}

90

80

70

60

50

40

| 950 1 960

Grovvth of the Asian economies 3.2The economies of south-east Asia have been growing quickly. Wealthhas been created in these countries faster than in the developedcountries of Europe or the USA. Map A on pupil book page 28 showswhich economies have been growing fastest.

. ls it only the wealthy countries like Japan that have experiencedeconomic growth, or are poorer countries like Malaysia and Chinagrowing faster?

To complete this activity you will need map outline 6, of Asia.

dP 1 Table A shows the GNP per person for each of the countries inr& this region. Use the following key to construct your ownshaded map of GNP in Asia.

US$ 10 000+

us$ 5000-99e9

us$ 1000-4999

us$ 500-999

us$ 0-4es

72 Z Compare your map to the one on page 28 of the pupil book.? a) Which country in the lowest income bracket(US$ 0-499) is growing fastest?

b) Which country in the middle income bracket(US$ 1000-4999) is growing fastest?

c) ls it true to say that only the wealthy economies are

growing fast? lf not, try to describe the relationshipbetween wealth and growth rates.

KEY WORDS

Economy

V A 6ross National Product perperson in south and south-east Asia

FUBPLE I

tREpl

FRArud-l

FErrow I

fffiEEnt l

o

o

o

F

O

Eo

?

Country GNP US$per pelson

220

180

6 000

500

200

370

13200

330

610

26 920

1 000

6 340

230

6 000

2 490

180

400

740

12890

500

8 000

r 580

300

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Brunei

Burma

Cambodia

China

Hong Kong

India

Indonesia

Japan

Korea, North

Korea, South

Laos

Macau

Malaysia

Nepal

Pakistan

Ph ilippines

S i ngapore

Sri Lanka

Taiwan

Thailand

Vietnam

Moving to the city 3.3Pupil book pages 30-31

The success of Malaysia's industries has attracted many people to

the cities, Some travel to work every day from their kampung

{village). Many others have moved to the city but cannot afford to

rent a home. Some move into old squatter settlements on the edge of

the city, These old settlements have grown up over the years like

rather crowded villages. Residents are able to keep chickens and

pigs in gardens, But they are close to the river which sometimes

floods them. Also, the settlements do not have proper water supplies

or sewage systems.

A survey of one settlement found out how the village could be

improved. The results are shown in tables A and B.

A 1 Use the information in tables A and B to draw bar graphs oftrr' the survey results.

// Z lmagine you live in the squatter settlement' Use what youry have learned to write about the advantages of settlement life.

Go on to describe the main things that you would like to see

improved. Try to make positive suggestions about how the

improvements could be made.

KEY WORDS

Kampung

Squatter settlement

a A Good features of the

squatter settlement

aB Bad features of the

squatter settlement

G

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E

How manypeople agteed

A

B

c

D

E

F

G

H

I

I

K

Keeping close to culture/tradition

Able to rear animals and grow fruit trees

Good location for grocery shop, stall, mosque, etc.

Close to neighbours - better village feeling

Land space for functions such as weddings

Need not pay for electricity or water

Less restriction on space

Large families in the household

Able to run stalls and shops

Safe for children

Houses on ground leve

How manypeople agreed

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

12

J

6

?

J

4

2

E

4

No flood control

Pests

Poor water and electricity supplies

Houses need improvement

Village dirty

Bad drainage and risk of flooding

0vercrowdingWaste disposal collection not effective

Poor sanitation

$ps";q"#ri

Malaysia's population of only 18 million is rather small. TheMalaysian government believes that it needs a largeq more highlyskilled work force, if the economy is to continue growing. So thegovernment is encouraging people to have more children, not feweras in some other developing countries.

In 1984 Malaysians were encouraged to 'Go for five'. Taxconcessions were introduced for parents of four or more children.However, the Chinese and Indian communities, who traditionallyhave smaller families than the Malays, mistrust the motives for thenew family planning policy. Some see it as an attempt to create atruly Malay society in which the Chinese and lndian communitieswill become minorities with little political power.

KEY WORDS

Multi-racial society

Y A Malaysia's multi-racial society in

1980 (percentages)

Key

reNnlndian and others

Chinese

Malay

Y B Projected population change in Malaysia (percentages)

Malay Ghinese Indian and others

1 990

2000

2010

2020

5 8.0

60.0

62.2

64.4

31 .6

2 9.9

28.1

26.2

10.4

10.0

9.6

9.3

a?(]

1 Use the figures in table B to draw a graph similar to graph A,

2 How is Malaysia's racial structure expected to change in thefuture?

3 Discuss why the Chinese and Indian communities mistrustthe new policy. How could they be reassured by thegovernment?

Malaysia's changing population 3.4

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72 I Explain how table C helps explain why Malays tend to haveq larger families than Chinese and lndians.

Y C Average age of women at first marriage

Malay 21

Chinese 24

lndian 22

Better or worse? 3.5The growth of manufacturing in Malaysia has certainly benefited theeconomy. Many people now have a better lifestyle than they did 20 oreven 10 years ago. But has everyone felt the benefits? Table B

suggests that the poorest 20 per cent of Malaysia's population ownonly 4,6 per cent of the country's wealth.

During the first few years of independence, it was Chinese and lndianpeople who lived in urban areas who benefited most from the newfactories. Malay people who lived in rural areas felt left out of thedevelopment process and in 1969 there were race riots. Since then,the Malaysian government has introduced various policies to try toincrease the wealth of Malay people.

trJ 1 Read poem A carefully,

Q Z What is the message of the poem? What is the poet sayingabout the kind of statistics on the economy issued bygovernments ?

ff S Look at the way the second inhabitant of the island isdescribed.

a) Does this person have status? ls he valued by the island'ssociety?

bl Nigger is a term of abuse, Suggest why the poet

deliberately uses this word. How are we meant to feel

about this person?

72 I Compare the distribution of wealth in Malaysia to that in theother countries shown in B.

a) Which country seems to have the fairest society?b) Which has the most unequal society?

Did Malay incomes begin to catch up with Chinese andIndian incomes after the government introduced its policies

in favour of Malay people in 1970?

f B Percentage share of income in

selected countries

Malaysia

Singapore

Brazi I

KEY WORDS

lnequality

Multi-racial society

V A Statisti cs, a poem by

C Bajendra, Malaysian poet

Statisticallyit was a rich island

income per capitaone millionper annum

Naturallyit was a shock to hear

half of population

had been canied offby starvation

Statisticallyit was a rich island

A UN Delegation(hurriedly despatched)discovered however

a smallish island

with a total population

of -2Both inhabitantsregrettably

not each a millionaireas we'd presumed

But one the island ownerIncome per annum:

Two millionThe otherhis cook/chauffeur

shoeshine-boy/butlergardener/retainer

handyman/labourer

field nigger etc. etc.The very same

recently remaindered

by malnutrition

Statisticallyit was a rich island

Income per capitaper annum

one million

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A 5 a) Use a suitable kind of graph to display the figuresr* in table C.

?bl

f C Average incomes (Malaysian $)

Malays

Ch inese

India ns

Average

513

1 094

776

763

140

302243

215

171

381

301

246

*F

1 Read extract A carefully.

a) Explain why Singapore has such a strict policy on road traffic.

b) Suggest why other cities might have environmental and

economic reasons for controlling traffic flows,

KEY WORDS

Traffic congestion

Road pricing

ffion

1? Z Summarize the main disincentives introduced in Singapore to? control the number of new cars.

() I Discuss which of Singapore's policies could be used in the UK's

busy cities to reduce traffic congestion.

Investigate people's attitudes to traffic congestion and traffic

management in your local area. You will need to design a

questionnaire. You might ask about:. how people currently travel to work or school. whether they experience problems of traffic congestion,

noise or pollution. whether they are satisfied with public transport. whether they would be prepared to pay the kinds of

penalties that Singapore's drivers have to pay.

Use the results of your survey to draw up an action plan for

controlling traffic and improving public transport in your area.?b)

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S i n g ap ore's transp o rt p o I i cy 3.6

Y A Extract from The Guardian, 12 December 1994

In the land of the rising Gar pdceSingapore has some claim to be the only countryin the world to have stemmed the advance of themotor car. lt has succeeded by taking draconianmeasures to make cars expensive to buy while atthe same time providing excellent public transport.

Most car-owning consumers in the west willneed to fasten their seat belts before hearing whathappens. First, you have to buy a certificate of enti-tlement. For a small 1.6 litre car this costs nearlyf30 000. However. this doesn't include the cost ofthe car. lt merely gives you the government's per-mission to buy a car. CoEs are auctioned everymonth. The number made available every year is

linked to the amount of extra road space complet-ed each year (currently 3 per cent).

Armed with your CoE you buy your 1.6 litre carcosting around f10000. Next you have to pay 150per cent of the purchase price in the form ofimport duties and taxes. After that, there is a one-off registration fee of f500 and your first road tax(f750) - then you can put the car on the road. lthas cost you f56 000 or nearly six times the origi-nal purchase price.

lf you're starting to feel sorry for those forced toshell out such mind-boggling sums, hold yourtears. Because of the underlying shortage, the

price of new cars (complete with CoEs) actuallyappreciates for a year or two after purchase sothey can be sold off at a profit.

The losers are the poorer people priced perma-nentlv out of the market and frustrated wannabeesfor whom a car has become a more potent statussymbol by virtue of its scarcity. The excellent MassRapid Transit (MRT) system (basic fare 30p) and a

regular cheap bus service offer a palatable alterna-tive as long as you don't need to travel betweenunlinked parts of the island or after midnight whenthe MTR closes.

Traffic flow is further controlled by charging allcars travelling into the Central Business District a

further f1.50 a day when they pass under any ofthe 29 gantries delineating the business area.Since the policing of this operation is labour inten-sive. the government is planning to install a systemof electronic pricing, whereby a smart card con-taining a special chip would automatically deductmoney from motorists' bank accounts as they pass

under a gantry.One option would be to use the opportunity of

electronic pricing to reduce the cost of car pur-chase while making car usage much more expen-sive.

Economic grovvth in China 3.7Many foreign firms are investing in China. Hundreds of new factoriesare being built in Guangdong, the region close to Hong Kong. Whyare so many business people investing in Chinese factories?

Y A Hong Kong business man

f**{ lL'e qetNinq too exVeneive No make thinge in Lonq Konq. Land io{ ,"ry expeneive and my facNories in Hong Kong are all very small, I

wanted somewhere big7er, so I have invested money in a muchlarqer faclory in China.Wageo are lower in China Loo.l pay myworkers in Lhe Chineee taclory len Limee leee lhan eimilarworkers in I'ong Konq. Sut I can etill live in Honq Kong.lN'e ooea6y lo vioil my factory in Ouanqdonq. All I have to do ie catchlhe frain, and it, Nakes less t.han eixLv minuTee,

Y B Taiwanese busrness woman

The Chinese are keen No encouraqe foreiqn indueNries like oure toinveeN in China. UV un|il1979 nearly all lhe qoode made inChineee faclories were eold in China.9o the Chinese have verylitlle experience dealing wilh other counlriee. Now they wanN LosellNheir qoodo abroad,lhey need our experience,They haveencouraqed foreiqn firms like our6 Lo inveeL here by keepinqlaxee very low indeed, We find lhat our workers are quick Lolearn new jobo and Lhey are very loyal. There are oo few jobo in

Nhe countryoide, Lhey are keen to d,o well in the facLory.

Lt{ 1 Read the views in A and B,

/ .,

lr'rri*:e reasons why foreisn firms misht want to invest

b) How is the Chinese government trying to attract foreignfirms to Guangdong?

KEY WORDS

Manufacturing

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China's 0pen Door 3.8

f A Asian TV manufacturing during the 1980s

Ch ina

Japan

S i ngapore

South Korea

Taiwan

2 492

r52051 889

6 819

7 041

r004015512

1 345

I7295 165

16 677

17 721

1 501

7 803

3 946

14594

13862

1 707

11799

6216

19344

14 711

212314922

6 442

2505r

r32992807

1 4820

503i

27 665

14000

3 040

15469

5 112

Since 1978 the Chinese have had an 0pen Door policy, trying to attractforeign investors into China. How has this contact with the rest of the

world affected China?

Use the figures in table A to draw a multiple line graph showing

TV production in the five countries.

a) Which country was the leading TV producer in 1980?

b) When did China become the world's largest TV producer?

a) Contrast the manufacture of TVs in China to that of Japan and

Taiwan.

b) Use what you have learned from pages 34-35 and 46-47 in

the pupil book to explain the trend on the graph you have

drawn.

a/

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2.5

1.5

1.0

o

c

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I 4 Study sraph B.tz a) What was China's share of world exports in:

(i) 1e70 {ii} 1e8o (iii) 1ee2?

b) Describe the trend shown by China's exports compared tothose of South Korea, which is one of the economic tigers of

the region.

tl

0.5

1910 72 74 76 18 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 { B Share of total world exports

Asian companies in the UK 3.9Telford is a new town in the Midlands of England. As such it hasbeen able to offer cheap rent and rates on modern factory buildingsto any firms who locate there, The town has a population of 1 l5 000,many of whom have experience working in manufacturing industries.What is more, Telford town is located at the end of the M54motonruay, making it quick and easy to reach from Birmingham andthe rest of the country,

Many Asian companies have factories in Telford. Companies such asthis are known as transnationals. They may open a factory abroad totake advantage of cheap land or lower wage rates. Asiantransnational companies that have branches in the UK also find iteasier to sell their products in the UK and the European Union than ifthey were exporting their goods from Asia.

P t Give three reasons why Telford has been? successful in attracting foreign transnationalcompanies.

KEY WORDS

Transnational companies

A 2 Use map outline 1 to plot the countries thatr{' have factories in Telford. Use the followingkey:

f REpl

FRATCl

FEnow l

Y A Countries with companies in Tetford, lgg4

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I3 a) How many companies are from:tz (i) North America

b)

10+ companies

3-9 companies

1-2 companies

{ii) Europe

(iii) Asia?

How many electronics firms are from:(i) North America(ii) Europe

(iii) Asia?

Calculate the percentage of electronicsfirms from the total number of companiesfrom each region. For example, for NorthAmerica, 8 divided by 23 :0.35. In otherwords, 35 per cent of the North Americanfirms are involved in electronics.Draw pie charts to display your

results.

Do the Asian countries have an unusuallyhigh percentage of electronics firms?

?c)

a?

d)

e)

Gountry Electronicsindustry

0

0

1

2

0

1

III

1

I

i00

0

1

I

+

2

b

0thers Total

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Holla nd

Italy

Japan

Kuwait

New Zealand

South Korea

Sweden

Switzerland

Taiwan

USA

I

1

I

0

I

0

4

202

0

8

2

1

0

6

4

0

21

1

1

2

2

1

I

5

21

4

I

18

2

1

I

1

8

2

27

3.'l 0Pupil book pages 28-37

124+?D

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A A South and south-east Asia

You will need an atlas to complete the

crossword.

1 Use an atlas to find the name of each

labelled country or sea on map A. For

example, the answer for 4 Down in

the crossword is the name of the

country labelled 4D on maP A.

The country labelled 12A+7D is a

country with two words in its name,

Allthe answers are the names of

countries, except for one sea. Take

care with 10A; this country has

changed its name from Burma.

SELF ASSESSMENT SHEET

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The countries of south-east Asia have created new manufacturingexport industries, often funded by transnational companies.

Use the information in this unit to find the answers to these questions.

1 For which two primary products is Malaysia famous?

what is the term used to describe foreign firms who open factoriesabroad?

3 Wtrat were the two slogans used in Singapore's family planningcampaigns?

4 What is the name of the Chinese province close to Hong Kong?

Think about what you have learned in this unit.

1 Can you explain what is meant by the term diversification?

2 can you describe the way in which Malaysian peopre have benefitedfrom the new industries?

3 can you explain why so many foreign firms are investing in china?

4 can you describe the impact of Guangdong's rapid economic growthon people in both urban and rural areas?

uneurerrTT

No

TTrT

Yee

TrrT

Did you know?Asian countries are amongst

the busiest and mostproductive in the world.Singapore is the wodd'sIeading manufacturer of

computer disc drives, Hong

Kong has the busiestcontainer port in the world.China is the world's biggest

producer of TV sets.