Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 1 of 23 Introduction to Functional Groups From a distance, the musicians in an orchestra may look alike, but each musician contributes a unique sound. In a similar way, one hydrocarbon is nearly identical to another until it picks up a functional group. You will learn how functional groups determine the character of organic compounds. 23.1 Slide 2 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Functional Groups Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional groups. 23.1 Slide 3 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > functional group- is a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions. Slide 4 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Ref. Table R 23.1 Slide 5 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Functional Groups The hydrocarbon skeletons in the components of these products are chemically similar. Functional groups give each product unique properties and uses. 23.1 Slide 6 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents A halocarbon is a carbon-containing compound with a halogen substituent. 23.1 Slide 7 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an aliphatic chain are called alkyl halides. Slide 8 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents Halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an arene ring are called aryl halides. 23.1 Slide 9 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents The figure below shows the IUPAC names, structural formulas, and space-filling models for three simple hydrocarbons. 23.1 Slide 10 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents 23.1 Slide 11 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Halogen Substituents 23.1 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Slide 12 of 23 Substitution Reactions How may halocarbons be prepared? 23.1 Slide 13 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions A halogen can replace a hydrogen atom on an alkane to produce a halocarbon. 23.1 Slide 14 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > A common type of organic reaction is a substitution reaction, in which an atom, or a group of atoms, replaces another atom or group of atoms. Slide 15 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions A Generalized Equation and a Specific One 23.1 Slide 16 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions Treating benzene with a halogen in the presence of a catalyst causes the substitution of a hydrogen atom in the ring. 23.1 Slide 17 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions Halogens on carbon chains are readily displaced by hydroxide ions to produce an alcohol and a salt. The general reaction is as follows. 23.1 Slide 18 of 23 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Introduction to Functional Groups > Substitution Reactions Halocarbons also undergo substitution reactions. 23.1 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 19 of Section Quiz. 1. Organic molecules are classified according to their Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 20 of Section Quiz 2. What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound CH 2 BrCH 2 CH 2 Br? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 21 of Section Quiz 3. Which reaction will produce a halocarbon? a.hydrogenation of an alkyl halide b.substitution reaction of a halogen with an alkane c.reaction of potassium hydroxide with an aryl halide d.reaction of sodium hydroxide with an alkyl halide Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 22 of Section Quiz 4. In a substitution reaction, one of the products formed when CH 3 CH 2 Br and OH- ions react is END OF SHOW