Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or...
-
Upload
ariel-logan -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or...
![Page 1: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Moral Theoriesinfluential in history of bioethics
Remember: even though they have had influence – many are very
flawed.
![Page 2: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What makes something right or wrong?
Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences
Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself can be right or wrong
![Page 3: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Consequentialist theories
UTILITARIANISM: what produces the ‘greatest good’› What makes something a good result?
the greatest good is pleasure or ‘happiness’ = Hedonism
Greatest good is knowledge or perfecting to a certain standard
![Page 4: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Utilitiariansism cont….
Act utilitarianism = rightness depends on result of specific action
Rule utilitarianism = the greater good is a result of keeping rules and so one must follow rules for greater good (1000 units of happiness for 10 people is better than 900 units of happiness for the same 10)
(John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
![Page 5: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Utilitiariansism cont…. How has/is utilitarianism applied to bioethics?
This is a frequent rationale for euthanasia› Act utilitarianism would say the person is no
longer suffering› Rule utilitarianism would say that this would
lead people to distrust doctors, motivations and unleash value judgments on the elderly and disabled etc…
N.B. (nota bene = note well): don’t rush to a decision – you have yet to hear all theories!!!)
![Page 6: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Deontologicalism
De = of Onto = nature Logic = reason “Reason in the nature” of or “of
nature’s reason”
![Page 7: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Kantian EthicsImmanuel Kant: Popular German philosopher - (1724-
1804)
Holds that morality consists in following rules that are universally applicable out of duty.
eg…you lie to someone to borrow money (can you answer that you think it is ok for everyone to lie in order to borrow money – if no, then you should not lie)
“categorical imperative”: Kant’s term for what he calls this universally accepted rule. An imperative is a command and categorical means is it without exception.
![Page 8: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Kant continued…
Kant would say if you believe it is morally ok to kill all Ethopians …then that is your categorical imperative.
ABELARD: 13th century – morality is based on one’s intentions -
![Page 9: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Abelard (12th century)
Morality is based on your intention – if you mean well
Abelard and Heloise
![Page 10: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Virtue Ethics
emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
![Page 11: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Proportionalism
1960’s attempt to find middle ground between utilitarianism and deontologicalism -
says a proportionately greater good outweighs the bad - the lesser of the evils
(this theory has been condemned in Veritatis Splendor because an intrinsically evil act cannot change its nature because of intentions or circumstances)
![Page 12: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Natural Law Theory
(by the way – the Catholic Church promotes this theory)
Maintains that right actions are those conforming to moral standards in nature through human reason
For 9 minute video clickhttp://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCVQJmKrkxo&NR=1
![Page 13: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Moral Relativism
There is no objective good or evil, right or wrong.
Idolatry of tolerance
![Page 14: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Good but boring summaryof secular moral theories
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTsCJ2R8Bic&feature=related
![Page 15: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
So…. what IS truth?
Who said “what is truth?” in Scripture?What was the answer?
Before we discuss what the Church teaches, what in all these moral sounds true to you?
![Page 16: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What is the Church’s position
Morality of an act depends on
Object + Intention + Circumstances
![Page 17: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
See CCC 1749……
Morality of an act
circumstances
object
intention
![Page 18: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
God is judge The moral conscience (CCC – 1776 - …
“Conscience is the aboriginal Vicar of Christ.” John Henry Cardinal Newman, "Letter to the Duke of Norfolk," V, in Certain Difficulties
felt by Anglicans in Catholic Teaching II (London: Longmans Green, 1885), 248.
![Page 19: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Conscience cont….
What are the distinctions in the following terms:
Vincible ignorance vs. Invincible ignorance
Erroneous, doubtful and true conscience
![Page 20: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Formation of conscience
How is formation of conscience related to bioethics?
![Page 21: Consequentialist - an action is right or wrong based on consequences Deontological (or nonconsequentialist) - the intrinsic nature of an action itself.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec05503460f94bcb1d8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Law
An ordinance Of reason For the common good Promulgated by him who has care of
the community