Child Protection – Rights, Research and Policy Anne Smith, NZ-UK Link Foundation Visiting...
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Transcript of Child Protection – Rights, Research and Policy Anne Smith, NZ-UK Link Foundation Visiting...
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Child Protection – Rights, Research and Policy
Anne Smith, NZ-UK Link Foundation Visiting Professor, University of Otago, NZ
Underlying themes
Moral imperative of children’s rights to make a difference in children’s lives;
The role that research and researchers can play in promoting reforms to enhance children’s rights;
The importance of relationships between researchers, advocates and policy-makers.
A field fraught with problems
Child protection services (in Australia and NZ are) “demoralised, investigation-driven bureaucracies”;
Trawling through low income families leaving immense damage;
State’s coercive power causes further harm rather than protects. (Prof Dorothy Scott, 2006)
UNCRC Relevant Articles
Protection from all physical and mental violence (19)
Standard of living adequate for development (27)
Opportunity to have a say and be heard (12/13)
Special protection for children deprived of families (20)
Best interests of the child (3)
Also articles 2, 6, 24, 29,
Worrying Statistics (PHA Report)
Decline in child well-being indicators since 70s;
Child injuries, pneumonia, whooping cough, rheumatic fever and child maltreatment
Inequality, single parenthood
Investment in children
Other Statistics
3rd highest rate of child maltreatment in OECD (2003)
Increasing rates of abuse and neglect (from 44,408 in 2006 to 55, 482 in 2010)
46% family/whānau care, 36% with CYF caregivers, 15% CYFS bednight or caregiver homes
51.6% children in care are Māori
1 in 4 children living in poverty
Seventh highest rate of poverty in OECD
More Bad News for NZ from UNICEF Report 2013
Child Health and Safety (24th out of 35) UK 23rd
Material Well-Being (21st) UK 16th
Child Homicide (27th) UK 14th
Immunization (24th) UK 18th
NEET scores (33rd) UK 28th
Good News
New Zealand ranks 4th out of 33 countries for educational achievement in reading, maths, science and literacy (UK is 14th);
[But long tail of underachievement especially in low income areas and for Māori and Pasifika].
UN CRC Concluding Observations
“The Committee remains alarmed at the high prevalence of abuse and neglect of children in the family and at the lack of a comprehensive nation wide strategy in this regard” (UNCRC Concluding Observations, 2011, para 34).
Policy Context
CYPF Act 1989 (positive framework)
Radical economic restructuring 1984-1988 (Rogernomics or Thatcherism);
Mother of all budgets 1990 Reduction to benefits, decline of collective
bargaining Children and families bear the brunt of economic
changes (especially Māori and Pasifika)
Philosophy of CYPF Act
“..wherever possible, a child’s or young person’s family, whanau, hapu, iwi or family group should participate in the making of decisions affecting that child or young persons, and accordingly that, wherever possible, regard should be had to the views of that family, whanau, hapu, iwi, and family group” (CYPF Act, 1989, 5a).
CP Process in NZ
Notification (toll free Call Centre); Intake, assessment, investigation; Family Group Conference, no further
action, or informal whānau agreement; FGC – information-sharing, deliberation by
family, reaching an agreement with SW; If no agreement goes to Family Court.
Views on FGCs
In Favour
Innovative, family empowerment
Avoidance state power
Widely adopted throughout world
Against
‘New Right’ fiscally driven
Families lack social capital and resources
Lack of focus on children’s rights
Childhood Studies/Rights Perspective
Children hidden because of focus on family;
Children constructed as dependents and “becomings”– masking individuality and agency;
Children often don’t attend FGCs;
No provision for a child advocate (except if it gets to court).
Munro Report UK
“Children and young people are a key source of information about their lives and the impact any problems are having on them in the specific culture and values of their family. It is therefore puzzling that the evidence shows that children are not being adequately included in child protection work” (UK Munro Review of Child Protection, 2012, p.25
Families – Helping them cope
Most children want to be with their families;
The state an ineffective parent;
Economic and social context of families - housing, poverty, mental health, unemployment;
In NZ lack of balance family autonomy and child protection;
Intensive intervention plus strong universal services and additional funding for some children needed (especially ECE).
Developments since 2008
Shocking cases of Child Abuse (aftermath of deaths of Kahui twins and Nia Glassie)
Expert Forum on Child Abuse 2009
Green Paper 2011
White Paper 2012 and Children’s Action Plan 2013
PM’s challenge to public service 2012 “supporting vulnerable children” and “reducing the number of assaults on children”
Green Paper on Vulnerable Children 2011
Written by an “independent expert”
Focus on vulnerable children – at risk because of abuse, neglect, disability, not doing well (15%);
Dominant themes in submissions, criticised:- Narrow definitions Focusing on deficits Absence of children’s rights focus Surveillance of families over support
Childhood Studies Lens on Risk Discourse
Discourses of concern, risk and vulnerability …”can lead to a very partial and distorted concern – to protect a child from abuse at virtually any cost. This renders invisible all other concern about other ‘needs’ the child may have (such as access to information) and, indeed, about their fundamental human rights” (Stainton-Rogers, 2004, p. 131)
Outcomes of Risk/Deficit Discourse
Creation of a climate of fear
Loss of privacy
Restriction of children’s play
Suppression of affectionate contact
Deskilling children, undermine self-efficacy and resilience
Diversion of attention from serious risks
(Kennedy, 2010; Boothby et al, 2012)
White Paper 2012
Compulsory child abuse notifications by agencies
Child Protect telephone line
Vulnerable Children Information System
New Risk Predictor tool
Children’s Teams of community professionals
Evidence-base for interventions
Critique of WP
Narrow focus, tweaking current systems
Lack of attention to primary prevention
Lack of focus on Māori
Lack of attention to poverty/unemployment
Few details of implementation
Lack of new funding
TOTAL ABSENCE OF MENTION OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS
Research Evidence and Policy
Research Vacuum on Child Protection
Welfare rather than surveillance works
Social workers overwhelmed by investigatory functions
Social workers – heavy caseloads, lack of training, lack of rights focus
Early investment cost effective
Research on State Care
Importance of high quality alternative care;
Significance of relationships foster carers and child protection workers;
Lack of support for carers (especially kinship);
Health and education issues for children unattended to.
Dunedin Study
Qualitative study of children in kinship or foster care. Children did not know about:
• why they were in care;
• their birth families;
• role of professionals in their lives;
• processes (such as Family Group Conferences).
(Smith, Gollop & Taylor, 2000)
Nicola Atwool study (2010) – the quality of caregiving
environment
Children’s views of:
What is good or bad about being in care?
Social workers;
Listening and consultation;
Education.
What did the studies show?
Most children profoundly affected by separation and not all were in caring stable environments;
Huge variation in children’s adjustment to their placement;
Much more attention needed to be focused on appropriate placements, increased engagement of social workers, and children’s involvement.
Atwool
“They [children] wanted to be provided with information and listened to by adults prepared to act on what they have heard.. Children very clearly said that adults do not listen, but despite this they wanted the adults they lived with and trusted to be the ones with the most say about day-to-day decisions that affect them … They did not want strangers making decisions about them” (Atwool, 2010, p. 53).
Questions about the ‘Evidence-Base’
Government wants to fund those programmes that make a difference;
Withdrawal of funding from existing services to fund governments’s new proposals;
Assessments, validity of tools; short-term vs long-term;
Negative effects of regimes of assessment.
Swampy Lowlands
In the varied topography of professional practice, there is a high hard ground, where practitioners can make use of research-based theory and techniques, and there is a swampy lowland where the situations are confusing ‘messes’ incapable of technical solution. The difficulty is that the problems of the high ground, however great their technical interest, are often relatively unimportant to clients in the larger society while in the swamp are the problems of greatest human concern. (Schon, 1983, cited by Scott, 2006, p. 18):
Conclusions
Alarming statistics on child abuse and children’ s health;
Family empowerment model needs overhaul;
Fiscal restraint means minimal progress;
Children should be treated as social actors, be listened to, provided with supportive responsive framework;
Way forward a public health model with empirical base.