Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 is the father of binomial nomenclature

Way of identifying organisms K,P,C,O,F,G,S Now we have three domains1. Archae – methanogens, thermophiles,

halophiles2. Bacteria (Eubacteria) – all other

prokaryotes3. Eukarya – protists, fungi, plant animals

Classification of Organisms

Protists - protozoans

Amoeba

Giardia – hiker’s diarrhea

Trichonympha - termites

Trypanosoma – African sleeping sickness

Paramecium

Diatom

Red Algae

Kelp Forest

Volvox – Green Algae

Slime Mold

Fungi Fungi grow as filaments – hyphae Mycelium – mass of hyphae Most do not have complete cell walls –

septa divide walls Cell walls – contain chitin Haustoria – hyphae that penetrate their

host. Zygomycota – Bread mold Ascomycota – cup fungus Basidiomycota - mushrooms

zygomycota

Ascomycota

Mushrooms - Basidiomycota

Mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms Green algae is the ancestor of plants

Plants

No symmetry – sponges – Porifera Radial Symmetry – jellyfish – Cnidaria Acoelomates – flatworms – Platyhelminthes Pseudocoelomates – roundworms/rotifer –

Nematoda Coelomates – all others Protostome – Molluscs, Annelids, Arthropods Deuterostome – Chordates and Echinoderms

Animal Phylogeny

Symmetry

Body Cavity

Sponges – Phylum Porifera

1. Sessile – does not move2. Mostly marine3. Multicellular – but has no tissues4. No body symmetry5. Gets nutrients through pores

Sponges - Porifera

Sponge Anatomy

Phylum Cnidaria – stinging animals1. Soft bodies with tentacles and stinging

cells2. Radial symmetry3. One opening - both mouth and anus4. Nerve net5. Two cell layers – ectoderm and

mesoderm6. Polyp and medusa7. Hydra, jelly fish, sea anemone

Cnidarians

Cnidarian Anatomy

Tentacles

Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworms1. Flat bodies with bilateral symmetry2. Nerve ladder with brain3. 3 cell layers – ectoderm, mesoderm and

endoderm4. Mostly parasitic5. One opening 6. Planaria, flukes, tapeworms

Tapeworm - Platyhelminthes

Planarian – Free Living flatworm

Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms1. Bilateral symmetry2. Tough outer covering - cuticle3. Digestive cavity4. Can be parasites5. First to have body cavity – pseudocoelom6. Ex. Roundworms, pinworms, heartworms

Phylum Rotifera - pseudocoelomates Very small Pseudocoelom Crown of cilia for feeding

Nematodes

Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms1. Ringlike segmented bodies2. Bilateral symmetry3. Tubelike digestive tract4. Organ systems5. Setae on segments6. Dorsal vein7. Ventral nervous system8. True Coelom9. Ex. Earthworms, leeches

Annelids

AnnelidaSegmented Worms

Phylum Mollusca – Soft bodied invertebrates1. Soft bodies with shells2. Move with muscular foot3. Have a mantle that secretes the shell4. Bilateral symmetry5. True Coelom6. Ex. Clams, scallops, squid, octopus, snails,

slugs

Mollusca

Class Bivalves

Mollusca

Class Gastropoda

Mollusca

Class Cephalopoda

Phylum Arthropoda - Insects Segmented Jointed Appendages Exoskeleton made of Chitin Head, thorax, abdomen Crustaceans – crabs, lobster, shrimps Millipedes and Centipedes Insects

Crustaceans

Insects

Protostome and deuterostome development

Protostomes – determinate cleavage where early cells have predetermined fate

Deuterostomes – indeterminate cleavage where early cells can be the whole organism

Echinoderms Deuterostome development – blastopore

becomes the anus Star fish, brittle stars, sea urchin

Sea Star

Echinoderms

Chordates

Lancelets

Tunicate