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Sustainable Cities


How can urban traffic problems be managed?

How can urban waste be managed?

Where should future building take place and why?

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Future urban growth needs to be managed in aSUSTAINABLE way:

‘meeting the needs of the present, without compromisingthe ability of future generations to meet their own needs’(Brundtland Report 1987).

How can urban growth be managed?

It is predicted that global levels of urbanisation will continueto rise.


Why is urban traffic a problem?

High car ownership

Less income for public transport schemes

Less use of public transport schemes

Public transport schemes decline

Greater use of cars

This vicious circle results in high use of fuel, increased air pollution, increased health problems, delays in delivery times for businesses and accidents.


Congestion charging scheme

Improving bus services

Cutting fares on buses and limiting increases on fares on the underground

Proposals for ‘Crossrail’ – a new rail network across the city from S to W and SW to NE

Did you know that over a million people commute into London every day?

The Mayor of London’s schemes include…



Mexico City – congestion and health concerns

Mexico City ranks among the most polluted cities in the world. Studies calculate that the city's 2.6 million private automobiles are responsible for 50% of traffic congestion and 80% of air pollution.Ozone levels exceed World Health Organization standards 300 days a year.


Over 15 years ago the government introduced a car tagging system. For one day every week (the day depends on the last digit of the car’s number plate), each car is forbidden from being on the road. For example, cars with a nine or zero as their last digit on the number plate are not allowed on the road on Fridays.

Some people have managed to overcome this by buying more than one car!

Cars fitted with catalytic converters can travel on all days.

Use of unleaded fuel is now also encouraged. Taxis are painted green if they are running on unleaded fuel.

The subway system has been developed. It now has 11 lines and is the cheapest subway system in the world – a ticket is about 2 pesos (10 pence!).

Mexico City – congestion and health concerns


How should traffic be managed?





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It has been estimated that the largest Greater London landfill site will be full in less than five years' time.

But this on its own is not enough!

Why do urban areas need to manage waste?

Is there a solution?

New technology for the treatment of waste has begun in London. In July 2004, work began on a Mechanical Biological Treatment plant in Havering, East London.Advanced technology is used to shred, dehydrate andstabilize waste to increase recycling. Once the recyclable items have been taken out, the stabilized waste will be used as Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF).


The mayor’s aim was that London should achieve 25% recycling by 2005. It is currently recycling 8% of its waste.

Londoners produce 3.4 million tonnes of rubbish a year, which is enough to fill Canary Wharf tower every 10 days!

Why do urban areas need to manage waste?


How can Londoners reduce their waste?

The mayor’s waste strategy is aimed at encouraging Recycling, Reusing and Reducing waste.

Every London borough has a roadside collection scheme from households.


Do you know what you can recycle?


How can a business reduce its waste?


Use of electricity is greatly reduced as a result of using cold groundwater instead of refrigeration to air-condition the building.

Water is saved, as water used for cooling is also used in the toilet system.

The shape and angle of the building is also energy efficient; the building leans back towards the south, where floor plates are stepped inwards from top to bottom, providing natural shading from the most intense direct sunlight.

There is no car parking except for the disabled. Cycle racks are provided in the basement.

London’s City Hall is one example of what can be done:

Constructing ‘green’ buildings is also helping!


London’s City Hall

Constructing ‘green’ buildings is also helping!

List four ways in which City

Hall is contributing

towards sustainable

development.


Examination question

• Using a case study explain how waste from a city can be managed sustainably





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brownfieldland that has already

been built upon

Greenfield and brownfield development

greenfieldland that hasn’t been

built upon before


It is estimated that 3.8 million new dwellings will be needed in England by 2021.

Why do you think so many new houses are needed?

New housing


Why are more houses needed in the UK?

70% of new homes are wanted by single people.

The population of the UK will keep rising until 2036.

560000

580000

600000

620000

640000

660000

680000

700000

720000

2003

babies born

people died

UK

Are there any alternatives to building more houses?


Prescott acts to stop greenbelt building

‘Housing developers are to be told that they can no longer build upon greenfield sites if alternative brownfield sites are available…Mr Prescott has also asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer to impose VAT on all new house building. At the moment, no VAT is levied on new building, although the full 17.5% rate is applied to the refurbishment of old properties…..Local authorities rather than developers will be able to determine which land is built upon, and a national land use database will identify suitable brownfield areas. Councils will also be told to convert derelict industrial land to housing use.’ March 2000

How is Mr Prescott (the former Secretary of State for Environment, Transport and the Regions) encouraging brownfield development?

Greenfield or brownfield development?


Greenfield or brownfield development?


designated major housing developments in Cambridgeshire

Cambourne

2 proposed housing developments

Nearly half a million houses are to be built in Eastern England by 2021 – many on greenfield sites:

New housing on greenfield sites


Cambourne is a private development of three villages – Great Cambourne, Little Cambourne and Upper Cambourne – nine miles west of Cambridge. It is being developed by three private companies – Bovis, Bryant Homes and Alfred McAlpine – and was started in 1994.

Cambourne – greenfield development

The housing in Great Cambourne is now complete and the developers are concentrating on building in Lower Cambourne. Eventually the development will comprise of over 3,000 houses.


Cambourne

Cambourne is built on a greenfield site (land that hasn’t previously been built upon).


Cambourne

A428

To Cambridge

A1198

Cambourne

Describe the location of Cambourne.


Cambourne is more than just housing. The development includes a primary school, a business park, ecumenical church centre, planned wooded areas, cycle lanes and ecological areas.

Cambourne


Great Cambourne has been built but the villages of Little and Upper Cambourne are incomplete.

Why do you think that the shops have yet to move into the area? (hint – think about threshold population.)

Cambourne


Great Cambourne

Describe the type of housing found in Great Cambourne.

Cambourne


Building on greenfield sites

Cambourne

Foxton

There are proposals to build more houses in the village of Foxton.

Cambourne is a new town development that is already being built.


Should more housing be built around Foxton?

Choose one of the following stakeholders and argue your case!


Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of developing new homes on greenfield sites compared to using brownfield sites.Consider the following issues:

the cost of building new homes?

the need for new roads?

impact on the drainage basin cycle and flooding?

impact on congestion?

impact on derelict land in the inner city? (there is over 300 square km² of derelict land in England)

impact on the countryside?

increased urban sprawl?

Developing new homes


In 1997, development work at Greenwich Peninsula (previously the site of the largest gas works in Europe) was begun by English Partnerships, a national regeneration agency supporting sustainable growth.

Building on brownfield sites is possible!

Over £200m has been invested in acquiring, reclaiming and developing the site. English Partnerships received an Environmental Award for their work at the 2001 Property Awards.


Millenium Village on Greenwich Peninsula


Managing urban areas sustainably


Using examples that you have studied, explain how cities can be made more sustainable.

Summary question


Future urban growth must be sustainable.

Traffic management includes congestion charging, tagging, reducing fares and improving public transport.

Waste management involves the 3Rs – recycle, reuse and reduce. Individuals and businesses can make a difference.

Future developments should take place on brownfield rather than greenfield sites.

There are many advantages and disadvantages to brownfield and greenfield developments.

Millennium Village is a project aiming at true sustainability.

Key ideas

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