© Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobias. © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobia Main symptoms:...
-
Upload
arthur-black -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
description
Transcript of © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobias. © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobia Main symptoms:...
![Page 1: © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobias. © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobia Main symptoms: –Marked and persistent fear –Anxiety response –Avoidance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082415/5a4d1b517f8b9ab0599a7a7c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Phobias
![Page 2: © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobias. © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobia Main symptoms: –Marked and persistent fear –Anxiety response –Avoidance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082415/5a4d1b517f8b9ab0599a7a7c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Phobia• Main symptoms:
– Marked and persistent fear – Anxiety response– Avoidance– Interferes with everyday activities– Duration 6 months or more
• Affects 6-11% of population (more F)• Lifetime problem in 10% of cases
![Page 3: © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobias. © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobia Main symptoms: –Marked and persistent fear –Anxiety response –Avoidance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082415/5a4d1b517f8b9ab0599a7a7c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Explanations of Phobia• Biological
– Genetics– Nervous system abnormalities
• Psychological– Learning theory
![Page 4: © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobias. © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobia Main symptoms: –Marked and persistent fear –Anxiety response –Avoidance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082415/5a4d1b517f8b9ab0599a7a7c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Genetic Influences• Compare concordances of MZ & DZ twins
Same genes Same environment
MZ twins
DZ twins
• Greater similarity of MZ twins is assumed to indicate a genetic influence
![Page 5: © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobias. © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobia Main symptoms: –Marked and persistent fear –Anxiety response –Avoidance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082415/5a4d1b517f8b9ab0599a7a7c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Genetic Data (Simple Phobia)MZ DZ
Carey & Gottesman (1981) 13.0 8.0
Kendler et al (1992) 25.9 11.0
Kendler et al (2001) 15.9 7.7
![Page 6: © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobias. © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobia Main symptoms: –Marked and persistent fear –Anxiety response –Avoidance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082415/5a4d1b517f8b9ab0599a7a7c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Genetic Data (Simple Phobia)• MZ concordance usually significantly
higher than DZ– Suggests genetic influence
• MZ concordance always significantly lower than 100– Indicates environmental influence is also in
operation
![Page 7: © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobias. © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobia Main symptoms: –Marked and persistent fear –Anxiety response –Avoidance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082415/5a4d1b517f8b9ab0599a7a7c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Twin Studies• Commonly affected by several problems:
– Small samples (NB: not always – check)– Unreliable zygosity tests (early studies only)– MZ twins tend to be treated more similarly than
DZ, which may account for greater similarity– DZ twins can be M&F, which may be
important with sex-differentiated disorders (like simple phobia)
![Page 8: © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobias. © Banff and Buchan College 2004 Phobia Main symptoms: –Marked and persistent fear –Anxiety response –Avoidance.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082415/5a4d1b517f8b9ab0599a7a7c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
© Banff and Buchan College 2004
Henderson Road, Fraserburgh, AB43 9GATel: (01346) 515777 Fax: (01346) 515370