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Augustus and TiberiusBy Anna Widder

The Julio-Claudians

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Augustus27 BCE-14 CE

+Background

Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus in 63 BCE

Equestrian family with mild connections, most importantly that his Mother (Atia Balba Caesonia) was the niece of Julius Caesar

Father died when Octavian was young, thereby allowing Octavian to become the adopted son of Caesar

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+Rise to Power

Octavian massed armies of Caesarian veterans and marched on Rome against Marc Antony in 44 BCE

Octavian becomes senator 43 BCE and joins in the second Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus

Pompey’s son Sextus Pompeius threatens the Triumvirate and Lepidus is broken off

Octavian and Antony fight over Rome, culminating in Octavian winning the naval Battle of Actium in 31 BCE and killing Antony and his ally Cleopatra

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+Imperator

27 BCE became Augustus Caesar, and the princeps civitatis among other titles

First Augustus restored the senate to old ways, with only the upper class and less members

He also restricted the power of the popular assemblies to practically nonexistent

He also cut the army in half with less men per legion and kept them on the borders Set up praetorian guard of 9,000 to keep the peace in and

around Rome He allowed the Republic based offices to continue as a title

of honor, not real power, which was reserved for his advisors.

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+Improvements (Pax Romana)

Augustus lightly extended the borders, mostly to fortify the preexisting Empire Organized provinces into the Roman style, with power

over them split between himself and the Senate Set up civil services, such as a post office and road crews Within Rome, Augustus put together different offices to

maintain the peace and food with capable people. Organized the treasury by what is his and what is the

Senate’s while centralizing the collection of taxes to his own offices.

+Improvements (Pax Romana)

Augustus preferred peace to war, and after making diplomatic peace with the Parthians (in the east), he tried to defeat the Germanic tribes but gave up after Teutoberg Forest (9 CE

He was advised primarily by Agrippa as a general, and Maecenas for the arts

“I found a Rome of bricks; I leave to you one of marble” Augustus built temples, palace, libraries, and encouraged

poetry and literature and the ancient forms of religion.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa

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+Death

Reigned for 45 years, instigating a long period of peace in Roman history

Left his adopted son Tiberius in charge after his natural death in 14 CE h

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+Augustus Bibliography

"Augustus." PBS. 2006. Accessed March 10, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/augustus.html.

Fagan, Garrett G. "Roman Emperors - DIR Augustus." Roman Emperors - DIR Augustus. July 5, 2004. Accessed March 11, 2013. http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggie.htm.

"HISTORY OF AUGUSTUS CAESAR." HISTORY OF AUGUSTUS CAESAR. Accessed March 8, 2013. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=aa09.

Morey, William C., PhD. "Chapter 23." In Outlines of Roman History. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: American Book, 1901.

"Octavian - Augustus." Roman Emperors. Accessed March 10, 2013. http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/augustus.html.

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Tiberius14 CE-37 CE

+Background

Son of Claudian Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla

Step-son of Augustus when Livia divorced Nero for Augustus

Married Augustus’ daughter and adopted by Augustus, joining the Claudian and Julian lines

A great general, chosen heir of Augustus by Augustus

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+Imperator

Became Emperor following Augustus’s death

Opposition from the army:

Legions in Rhine area wanted Germanicus on the throne

Germanicus remained loyal to Tiberius and invaded

Germany to occupy his troops with mild success

Tiberius sent Germanicus to Parthians after German

success with no success with Parthians

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+A Few Changes

Took away people power, popular assemblies lose power to elect to the senate

Tiberius was more paranoid about his rule, so he made treason include hostilities against the emperor Set up paid spies to listen if people spoke badly

Kept his friends and enemies in one place near Rome, for his own safety and to continue his paranoia

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+Provinces

Tiberius only focused his paranoia on Rome, and took care of the provinces of Rome better than Rome itself

Tiberius mostly allowed the provinces to continue as they had with Augustus, trying to continue the Augustan legacy

Gave relief to provinces from earthquake in Asia while Rome was savaged by plight and his own paranoia

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+Sejanus Sejanus was Tiberius’s trusted advisor,

who shouldn’t have been trusted

Sejanus caused the murder of Drusus, Tiberius’s son so that he could rise to power

Sejanus forced Tiberius into retiring to Capri in 26 CE after an uncertain reign with increasingly harsh laws in Rome

Sejanus instituted a reign of terror on Rome, killing any and all opposition, eventually plotting the death of Tiberius

His treason was eventually discovered and he was executed, but the killing did not stop there

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+Aftermath and Death After Sejanus’s treason and his son’s death, Tiberius

ruled Rome from seclusion at Capri

His paranoia had reached exponential levels, and he ordered the prisons emptied in case of lingering Sejanus supporters

Rome was allowed to run on fumes left over from Augustus until Tiberius died in 37 CE to be succeeded by Caligula

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+Tiberius Bibliography

"The Early Emperors." The Early Emperors. Accessed March 9, 2013. http://www.roman-empire.net/emperors/emp-index.html.

Morey, William C., PhD. "Chapter 24." In Outlines of Roman History. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: American Book, 1901.

"Tiberius." PBS. 2006. Accessed March 10, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/tiberius.h.

"Tiberius." Roman Emperors. Accessed March 10, 2013. http://www.roman-emperors.org/tiberius.htm.