АнглИйскИй - nsportal.ru · aid and to repel its attacks. To make buildings habitable and...

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Издательский центр «МарТ»Ростов-на-Дону

2010

АнглИйскИй для АрхИТекТоров

И з д а н и е т р е т ь е, д о п о л н е н н о е и п е р е р а б о т а н н о е

е. н. Безручко

ИнЯз для профессионалов

Пособие по английскому языку для студентов архитектурных и строительных

специальностей вузов

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Предисловие к 3-ему изданию

Настоящее учебное пособие представляет собой третье, исправленное и дополненное издание книги «Английский для архитекторов» (издательство «МарТ», 2004, Е. Н. Безручко).

Цель пособия — формирование и развитие у обучаемых умений и навыков эффективного профессионального обще-ния на английском языке.

В процессе работы над пособием была расширена его структура: добавлены новые уроки, задания, переработаны тексты. Кроме того, в пособие включены краткий граммати-ческий справочник и англо-русский мини-словарь.

В новом издании более полно представлен текстовой ма-териал, содержащий информацию об истории развития ми-ровой архитектуры, художественных стилях и направлениях, а также о творчестве выдающихся архитекторов. Профессио-нальная направленность пособия призвана повысить мотива-цию студентов к изучению иностранного языка.

Пособие состоит из 30 уроков, (в 1–20 уроках даются тек-сты по архитектуре, в уроках 21–30 — тексты инженерно-строительной тематики). Уроки имеют унифицированную структуру: предтекстовые упражнения, текст, словарь актив-ной лексики, послетекстовые тесты и лексико-грамматиче-ские задания, упражнения коммуникативного характера.

Представленная система упражнений и тестов направлена на обеспечение контроля понимания прочитанного, овладе-ние общеупотребительной и терминологической лексикой,

УДК ББК 81.2 КТК Б39

УДК ББК 81.2

Безручко Е. Н.Б39 Английский для архитекторов : учебное пособие

по английскому языку для студентов архитектурных и строительных специальностей вузов / Е. Н. Безручко. — Ростов н/Д : Издательский центр «МарТ» ; Феникс, 2010. — 306 с. — (ИнЯз для профессионалов).

ISBNISBN

Учебное пособие по английскому языку «Архитектура как наука и искусство» предназначено для тех, кто изучает анг-лийский язык с учетом потребностей в профессиональной сфере — архитектуре. Пособие рассчитано на пользователей, которые овладели основами общения с использованием со-ответствующих начальному этапу лексико-грамматических категорий и речевых моделей. Пособие способствует разви-тию и совершенствованию речевой деятельности в английском языке в области архитектуры.

ISBNISBN

© Е. Н. Безручко, 2010 © Издательский центр «МарТ», 2010 © ООО «Феникс», 2010

Английский для архитекторов

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Unit 1

ArchitectUre And the Architect

Pre-text exercises

1. Guess the meanings of the following international words.

Architecture, practical, expressive, civilization, culture, primi-tive, element, natural, human, institution, characteristic, con-struction, communication, idea, form, constant, social, function, monumental, hall.

2. Form nouns, using the following suffixes:

-ment: to arrange, to develop, to establish, to require, to settle;-tion: to civilize, to communicate, to constitute, to institute, to

organize, to recognize.-ty: activate, continue, realize, secure, stabilize, unite.

3. Match the pairs of synonyms (A) and opposites (B).

(A) importance; building; man; the simplest; to possess; structure; primitive; to have; a human being; a work of architecture; con-cern.

(B) civilized; general; with; more; primitive; particular; less; with-out.

развитие навыков чтения без словаря, активизацию навыков употребления правильных грамматических конструкций.

Автор желает преподавателям и студентам успешной ра-боты по данному учебному пособию и будет рад принять все замечания и пожелания по улучшению его содержания.


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Unit 1. Architecture and the architect

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read the text. tell about the main functions of architecture.

The ArT of ArchITecTure

Architecture is the art and the technique of building, employed to fulfil the practical and expressive requirements of civilized peo-ple. Almost every settled society that possesses the techniques for building produces architecture. It is necessary in all but the simplest cultures; without it, man is confined to a primitive struggle with the elements; with it, he has not only a defence against the natural environment but also the benefits ol a human environment, a pre-requisite for the development of civilized institutions.

The characteristics that distinguish a work of architecture from other man-made structures are (1) the suitability of the work to use by human beings in general and the adaptability of it to particu-lar human activities; the stability and permanence of the work's construction; and (3) the communication of experience and ideas through its form.

All these conditions must be met in architecture. The second is a constant, while the first and the third vary in relative importance ac-cording to the social function of buildings. If the function is chiefly utilitarian, as in a factory, communication is of less importance. If the function is chiefly expressive, as in a monumental tomb, utility is a minor concern. In some buildings such as churches and city halls, utility and communication may be of equal importance.

Active vocabulary

environment — окружающая средаstructure — структура, строй, строениеconstruction — построение, строительство, стройка; построй-

ка, сооружениеbuilding — зданиеfactory — фабрикаtomb — гробницаchurch — церковьcity hall — ратуша

tests

i. complete the sentences.

1. Almost every settled society that possesses the techniques for building produces… .a) nature b) architecture c) struggle

2. It is necessary in all but the simplest … .a) theories b) works c) cultures

3. With architecture, man has a prerequisite for the develop-ment of civilized … .a) importance b) institutions c) symbols

4. The stability and permanence of the work's construction is a/an … .a) idea b) form c) constant

5. If the function is chiefly utilitarian, communication is of less … .a) importance b) condition c) benefit

6. In a monumental tomb, utility is a minor … .a) feature b) concern c) experience

7. utility and communication are equally important in churches and … .a) markets b) plants c) city halls

ii. choose the correct adjective.

1. Architecture should fulfil the practical and expressive re-quirements of … people.a) primitive b) civilized c) common

2. With architecture, man has benefits of a/an … environment.a) essential b) natural c) human

3. expressive and utilitarian functions in architecture may vary in … importance.a) principal b) relative c) expressive


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Unit 1. Architecture and the architect

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4. In a … tomb, the function is chiefly expressive.a) monumental b) brick c) social

5. utility and communication may be of … importance in churches and city halls.a) simple b) practical c) equal

iii. choose the correct preposition.

1. … architecture, man is confined to a primitive struggle with the elements.

a) By b) At c) Without d) In

2. There are some characteristics that distinguish a work of architecture … other man-made structures.

a) from b) behind c) with d) for

3. With architecture, he has a defence … the natural environ-ment.

a) in b) behind c) against d) under

4. The combination of experience and ideas … the work's form is one of the functions of architecture.

a) with b) between c) after d) through

5. All these conditions must be met… architecture. a) at b) in c) from d) on

exercises

i. Using the information from the text find out if the following statements are true or false.

1. Architecture should fulfil requirements of primitive people.2. Without architecture, man is confined to a primitive struggle

with the elements.3. Structures should be built according to aesthetic and func-

tional criteria.

4. There are no differences between a work of architecture and other man-made structures.

5. The stability and permanence of the work's construction is a constant for all types of buildings.

6. In a factory, utility and communication are of equal impor-tance.

ii. translate into russian.

iii. Use the following in the sentences of your own.

� to be of less importance � to be of great importance � to be of equal importance

iV. Match the words and their definitions.

1. Culture. 2. The elements. 3. Institution. 4. Technique. 5. Work.

a) a method of doing something using a special skill that you have developed; b)a society that has its own set of ideas, beliefs, and ways of behaving; c) the weather, especially wind and rain; d)something produced by a painter, writer, etc; e) an important tradition on which society is based.

V. translate into english.

� требования цивилизованных людей; � борьба со стихией; � природная среда; � предпосылка и символ; � произведение архитектуры; � стихия; � в соответствии с общественной функцией зданий; � ратуша; здание муниципалитета.


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Vi. these are the types of architecture.

A. Give the examples of each type. Use the words and word com-binations from the box.

� Domestic Architecture � religious Architecture � Governmental Architecture � recreational Architecture � Architecture of Welfare and education � commercial and Industrial Architecture

theatres, hospitals, guardhouses, capitols, schools, stores, prisons, parliament buildings, museums, shrines, court houses, villas, circuses, athletic facilities, factories, huts, banks, exhibition halls, mines, churches, hostelries, libraries, apartment houses, markets, publishing houses, mansions, post offices, laboratories.

B. Make up the sentences of your own with the words from the box.

Vii. Answer the following questions.

1. Why did you make up your mind to become an architect?2. Did anybody advice you to choose a career?3. What do you think the word ‘architecture’ mean?4. What famous architects do you know?

Viii. speak on the topic: «i've chosen architecture as a career because…».

highlight at least 5 points which make profession so attractive.

Unit 2

ArchitectUrAl PlAnninG

Pre-text exercises


Type, attack, comfortable, control, effect, form, to discuss, fun damental, element, aesthetics, architecture, orientation, air, circulation, characteristics, to intensify, to produce, design, natural, colour, function, absorption, material, pigment, balance, economic, thermal, conflict, interior, special, temperature, me-thod, program, type, culture, individual, primitive, recreation, hall, limit, phase.

2. these are the false friends of the interpreter. translate them and memorize their meanings.

Termite, extremes, technique, activity, patron, apartment, procedure.

3. Use these prefixes and suffixes to form a) verbs, b) nouns, c) adjectives.

with-: draw, hold, stand;dis-: advantage, appearance, approval, comfort, order;-age: cover, grill, lever, sewer, store;-able: adapt, comfort, habit, change, move.


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Unit 2. Architectural planning

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4. Match the pairs of opposites.

Absorb, dark, receive, advantage, intensify, dryness, useful, unsuccessful, high, dependent, moisture, useless, reflect, collective, disadvantage, reduce, individual, low, independent, give, light, successful.

read the text. Give your reasons that the architect must possess

the knowledge in different sciences

The architect usually begins to work when the site type and cost of a building have been determined.

Planning the environment. The natural environment is at once a hindrance and a help, and the architect seeks both to invite its aid and to repel its attacks. To make buildings habitable and com -fortable, he must control the effects of heat, cold, light, air, mois-ture, and dryness and foresee destructive potentialities such as fire, earthquake, flood, and disease.

The placement and form of buildings in relation to their sites, the distribution of spaces within buildings, and other planning devices discussed below are fundamental elements in the aesthetics of architecture.

Orientation. The arrangement of the axes of buildings and their parts is a device for controlling the effects of sun, wind, and rainfall.

Within buildings, the axis and placement of each space deter-mine the amount of sun it receives. orientation may control air for circulation and reduce the disadvantages of wind, rain, and snow.

The characteristics of the immediate environment also influ-ence orientation: trees, land formation, and other buildings create shade and reduce or intensify wind, while bodies of water produce moisture and reflect the sun.

Architectural forms. Planning may control the environment by the design of architectural forms that may modify the effects of natural forces.

Colour. colour has a practical planning function as well as an expressive quality because of the range of its reflection and its ab-sorption of solar rays. Since light colours reflect heat and dark co-lours absorb it, the choice of materials and pigments is an effective tool of environmental control.

Materials and techniques. The choice of materials is conditioned by their own ability to withstand the environment as well as by properties that make them useful to human beings. one of the architect's jobs is to find a successful solution to both conditions; to balance the physical and economic advantages of wood against the possibility of fire, termites, and mold, the weather resistance of glass and light metals against their high thermal conductivity, and many similar conflicts.

Interior control. The control of the environment through the de-sign of the plan and the outer shell of a building cannot be com plete, since extremes of heat and cold, light, and sounds penetrate into the interior, where they can be further modified by the planning of spaces and by special conditioning devices.

Temperature, light and sound are all subject to control by the size and shape of interior spaces, the way in which the spaces are connected, and the materials employed for floors, walls, ceilings, and furnishings.

Today, heating, insulation, air conditioning, lighting, and acous-tical methods have become basic parts of the architectural program.

Planning for use. While environmental planning produces com-fort for the senses (sight, feeling, hearing) and reflexes (respiration), planning for use or function is concerned with convenience of movement and rest.

Differentiation. The number of functions requiring distinct kinds of space within a building depends not only upon the type of building but also upon the requirements of the culture and the habits and activities of i he individual patrons. A primitive house has a single room with a hearth area, and a modern one has a se-pa rate areas for cooking, eating, sleeping, washing, storage, and recreation. A meeting-house with a single hall is sufficient for Quaker


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religious services, while a roman catholic cathedral may require a nave, aisles, choir, apse, chapels, crypt, sacristy, and aimbulatory.

Economic planning. Major expenses in buildings are for land, materials, and labour. In each case they are high when the com-modity is scarce and low when it is abundant, and they influence planning more directly when they become restrictive.

When land coverage is limited, it is usually necessary to design in height the space that otherwise would be planned in breadth and depth, as in the ancient roman insula (apartment houses) or the modern skyscraper. When the choice of materials is influenced by cost, all phases of architectural design are affected, since the planning procedure, the technique, and the form of buildings are dependent on materials. high labour cost influence the choice of techniques and, consequently, of materials.

Active vocabulary

axis — осьmold — (зд.) плесеньextremes — экстремально высокие и низкие температурыmeeting house — молитвенный домcathedral — соборnave — нефaisle — боковой нефchoir — хорыapse — апсидаchapel — часовняcrypt — склепsacristy — ризницаambulatory — крытая внутренняя галерея

tests

i. choose the correct word.

1. The placement and form of buildings in relation to their … is one of the fundamental elements in the aesthetics of architecture.a) square b) comfort c) sites

2. The arrangement of the … of buildings and their parts con-trols the effects of sun, wind, and rainfall.a) rooms b) axes c) spaces

3. The characteristics of the immediate … also influence ori-entation,a) environment b) territory c) building

4. Bodies of water produce … and reflect the sun.a) shade b) moisture c) wind

5. colour has a practical planning … and expressive quality,a) choice b) feature c) function

6. Planning for use is concerned with convenience of… and rest.a) movement b) parts c) requirements

7. Major expenses in building are for …, materials, and labour,a) habits b) land c) phase

ii. complete the sentences.

1. The architect usually begins to work when … . a) a project of a building has been made b) the site type and cost of a building have been determined c) the choice of materials'has been made

2. The effects of sun, wind and rainfall are controlled by … . a) the height of a building b) aesthetical usage of spaces c) the arrangements of the axes of buildings and their parts


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3. The choice of materials and pigments is … . a) an effective tool of environmental control b) a device for distribution of spaces c) not connected with the function of a building

4. extremes of heat and cold, light and sounds … a) are regulated by fundamental elements of the aesthetics

of architecture b) penetrate into the interior c) are of less importance for interior control

5. The number of functions depends not only upon the type of building but also upon…

a) the site type b) the amount of sun it receives c) the requirements of the culture and the habits and acti-

vities of the individual patrons

iii. choose the correct adjective.

1. To make buildings … and comfortable, the architect must control the effects of natural environment.a) habitual b) habitable c) hospitable

2. colour has a … planning function as well as an expressive quality.a) practical b) great c) structural

3. Light colours reflect heat and … colours absorb it.a) pale b) blue c) dark

4. The architect should balance the weather resistance of glass and …

metals against their high thermal conductivity.a) bright b) light c) solar

5. A… house has separate areas for cooking, eating, sleeping, storage, and recreation.a) ancient b) primitive c) modern

exercises

i. classify the words from the box to the subject.

*Parts of architectural program *Parts of house* Kinds of inner space*

heating, wall, kitchen, bathroom, ceiling, air conditioning, study, acoustics, a hearth area, floor, lighting, dining room, hall.

ii. Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text.

1. To make buildings habitable and comfortable the archi-tect…

2. Trees, land formations, and other buildings create …

3. Planning may control …4. extremes of heat and cold…5. The choice of materials and

pigments …6. A primitive house has a sin-

gle …7. A roman catholic cathe-

dral may require …

a) the environment by the de-sign of architectural forms

b) is an effective tool of envi-ron mental control

c) room with a heat aread) must control the effects of

the natural environmente) light and sound penetrate

into the interiorf) a nave, aisles, choir, apse,

cha pels, crypt, sacristy, and ambulatory

g) shade and reduce or inten-sify wind

ii. replace the words and word combinations in italics (A) by their contextual synonyms (B).

A) 1. The natural environment is at once a hindrance and a help, and the architect seeks both to invite its aid and repel its attacks.

2. The architect must foresee destructive potentialities such as fire, earthquake, flood, and disease.

3. The placement and form of buildings in relation to their sites, the distribution of spaces within buildings, and other


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planning devices are fundamental elements in the aesthet-ics of architecture.

4. orientation may control air for circulation and reduce the disadvantages of wind, rain, and snow.

5. Planning may control the environment by the design of architectural forms that may modify the effects of natural forces.

6. The choice of materials is conditioned by their own ability to: withstand the environment as well as by properties that make them useful to human beings.

7. one of the architect's functions is to find a successful solution to both conditions.

B) to look for, to resist, to diminish, people, subversive, to vary, basic, a task.

iii. translate into english.

отразить атаку; пригодный для жилья; расположение, по ложение; результаты воздействия солнца, ветра и дождя; создавать влажность и отражать солнечные лучи; важное (эф-фективное) средство контроля; выбор материалов для строи-тельства; способность противостоять воздействиям окру-жающей среды; отопление, изоляция, кондиционирование воздуха, освещение, акустические методы; функциональное планирование; боковой неф; склеп, ризница, часовня, рас-ходы; влиять на выбор материалов; зависеть от требовании заказчика.

iV. With your partner, speak on the different aspects of architectural planning.

Suggested topics:

� environmental Design � Materials and Techniques � Aesthetic and functional criteria in Architecture � economics and Architectural Planning

V. Answer the questions.

1. When does the architect begin to work on the project?2. What are the main aspects of architectural planning?3. What are the fundamental elements in the aesthetics of ar-

chi tecture?4. What must the architect control to make buildings habitable

and comfortable?5. What is the planning for use concerned with?6. What are the major expenses in building?

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Unit 3. Egyptian architecture

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Unit 3

eGyPtiAn ArchitectUre

Pre-text exercises


Period, dynasty, metal, progress, to demonstrate, monument, pyramid, economy, material, experiment, to produce, formal, pose, cultivation, contact, civilization, to import, relief, universal, traditional, style.


Artist, court, impressive, plaster, originally, mark.

3. Use the following suffixes to form nouns.

-ment: refine, establish, encourage, enrich, embellish;-tion: cultivate, civilize, demonstrate;-ity: divine, simple, stable, active.

4. Match the pairs of synonyms.

craftsman, temple, to flourish, fortress, to survive, shrine, artisan, to thrive, citadel, to outlive.

5. translate into russian paying attention to the words in italics.

1. he always works hard. 2. The bridge was closed for repair works. 3. The researchers didn’t conduct experiments on animals. 4. he often experiments with new materials. 5. The wide avenue borders the park. 6. We can’t cross the border without documents. 7. She will show you all the sights of the city. 8. There was a new show in the theatre yesterday.

read the text and tell about the monuments of ancient egypt

During the old Kingdom, the period when egypt was ruled by the Kings of the 3rd to 6th Dynasties, artists and craftsmen were drawn to the court to work under tbe patronage of the king and his great nobles. Techniques of working in stone, wood, and metal made tremendous progress. It is demonstrated by surviving large scale monuments, such as the pyramids of the 4th Dynasty and the sun temples built by the 5th Dynasty kings. The pyramids of the 4th Dynasty are the most spectacular of all funerary works and the only remained wonder of the world. These monuments celebrated the divinity of the kings of egypt, linking the people with the great gods of earth and sky.

This was a time when trade and economy flourished. crafts men worked in the finest materials, and were able to experiment with techniques of metalworking. This enabled them to produce large metal figures. The earliest that survive are the copper statues of Pepi I and his son, found at hierakonpolis. Made c. 2330 Bc they are badly corroded but still impressive in their stiffly formal poses. The eyes are inlaid, and the crown and the kilt of the king, now missing, were probably originally made of gilded plaster.

During the prosperous period known as the Middle Kingdom fortresses were built to defend the southern and eastern borders, and new areas of land were brought under cultivation. craftsmen achieved


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new levels of excellence. Very little architecture remains — many royal monuments were robbed for their stone in later periods — but what has survived shows great simplicity and refinement. The example is the pyramid of Sesostris I at Lisht.

The establishment of the 18th Dynasty marked the beginning of the New Kingdom and a new blossoming of the arts and crafts of ancient egypt. craftsmen benefited from wider contact with other civilizations, such as those of crete and Mesopotamia, and were also able to work with imported raw materials.

The kings ordered to artists and craftsmen to build great temples and palaces all over egypt. The temple walls were covered with reliefs celebrating the achievements of the kings and the power of the gods. The courtyards and inner sanctuaries were enriched with statuary. The most notable monuments are the Mortuary Temple of Queen hatsheput at Deir-el-Bahari (c. 1480 ВС) and magnificent Great Temple at Karnak to Amon as the universal god of egypt.

Ancient egyptian architecture was revived under the Pto le-mies, the successors of Alexander the Great, who built numerous temples of traditional style. The finest examples that survive are the Temple of horus at etfu and the temples on the islands of Philae (c. 323–30 ВС).

Active vocabulary

craftsman — ремесленникlarge-scale — крупномасштабныйcopper — медьinlaid — инкрустированfunerary works — погребальные сооруженияrelief — рельефsanctuary — святилище, алтарьstatuary — скульптураtemple — храмgilded plaster — позолотаraw materials — сырьеmortuary — погребальныйramp — скат, уклон

tests

i. choose the correct sentence.

1. craftsmen worked in the finest materials. a) craftsmen used precious stones for their creations. b) craftsmen used concrete in their work. c) It was forbidden for craftsmen to use the finest materials

in their work.

2. The copper statues of Pepi I and his son are still impressive. a) These statues were made of stone. b) The copper statues of Pepi I and his son have not survived. c) These statues have the power of affecting and gaining

attention and feeling.

3. fortresses were built to defend the southern and eastern bor-ders of ancient egypt.

a) fortresses were built in the west of ancient egypt. b) fortresses were erected to protect the southern and

eastern boundaries of ancient egypt. c) During the Middle Kingdom many fortresses were built.

4. The beginning of the New Kingdom is associated with the blossoming of the arts and crafts of ancient egypt.

a) This was a period of stagnation in the history of ancient egypt.

b) In this period craftsmen and artists were ordered great temples and palaces to be built throughout egypt.

c) During the New Kingdom the arts and crafts flourished.

5. The Ptolomies built numerous temples of traditional style. a) Numerous palaces were built by the Ptolomies. b) Many traditional temples were constructed under the

Ptolomies. c) Ancient egyptian architecture was revived under the kings

of the 4th Dynasty.


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1. I hiring the old Kingdom artists and craftsmen … . a) were forbidden to work in metal b) worked under the patronage of king c) built pyramids and temples

2. craftsmen were able to experiment with … . a) stone and new techniques of metalworking b) concrete and clay c) ivory and granite

3. The surviving examples, found at hierakonpolis are … . a) the sun temples of the 5th Dynasty. b) the copper statues of Pepi I and his son c) the Temple of Mut and the Temple of Amum

4. Very little architecture of the Middle Kingdom remains be-cause … .

a) many royal monuments were robbed b) of earthquakes c) of wars

5. craftsmen benefited from wider contact with other civili-zations such as those of … .

a) India and china b) crete and Mesopotamia c) Assyria

6. The most notable monuments of the New Kingdom are … . a) the Mortuary Temple of Queen hatsheput at Deir-el-

Bahari and the Great Temple of Amon at Karnak b) Zoser's necropolis at Sakkara and Great Pyramid at

el-Gizeh c) The Temple of horus at etfu and the temples on the island

of Philae

7. Ancient egyptian architecture was revived under the Pto-lemies, the successors of … .

a) Tuthmosis III b) Alexander the Great c) Queen hatsheput

iii. choose the correct form of the verb.

1. During the old Kingdom egypt … by the kings of the 3rd to 6th Dynasties.

a) was ruling b) have ruled c) was ruled d) will rule

2. Techniques of working in stone, wood, and metal … tremen-dous progress.

a) made b) have made c) makes d) was making

3. These monuments … the divinity of the egyptian kings. a) celebrate b) will celebrate c) have been celebrating d) celebrated

4. The earliest that… are the copper statues of Pepi I and his son at hierakonpolis.

a) were surviving b) survives c) survive d) will survive

5. fortresses … to defend the southern and eastern borders, a) built b) were built c) build d) builds

6. Very little architecture … — many royal monuments were robbed in later periods.

a) had remained b) remain c) has been remained d) remains

7. craftsmen … from wider contact with other civilizations. a) benefit b) benefited c) benefits d) will benefit


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iV. choose the correct preposition.

1. craftsmen and artists were drawn to the court to work … the patronage of the king.

a) with b) under c) about d) at

2. The sun temples were built… the 5th Dynasty. a) from b) on c) into d) by

3. craftsmen worked… the finest materials. a) with b) for c) in d) after

4. New areas of land were brought… cultivation. a) under b) from c) over d) on

5. The Ptolemies built numerous temples … the island of Phi-lae.

b) on c) above d) in

exercises

i. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text.

1. Techniques of working in stone, …, and metal made tre-mendous progress, demonstrated by … monuments.

2. These monuments celebrated the … of the kings of egypt, linking the people with the great… of earth and sky.

3. craftsmen worked in the … materials which were often brought great… .

4. The earliest that … are the copper statues of Pepi I and his son … at hierakonpolis.

5. The prosperous period known as the Middle … began with the reunification of the country.

6. Many royal monuments were … for their stone in later pe-riods but what has survived shows great simplicity and … .

7. The temple walls were covered with … celebrating … of the kings and the powers of the gods.


1. During the old Kingdom techniques of …

2. These monuments celebrated the divinity of the kings of egypt…

3. fortresses were built to defend …

4. The earliest surviving large metal figures …

5. craftsmen benefited from con-tact with …

6. Many royal monuments of the Middle Kingdom …

7. The most notable monuments of the New Kingdom are the Mortuary Temple of Queen hatsheput and …

a) the Great temple of Amon

b) are the copper statues of Pepi I and his son

c) working in stone made tremendous progress

d) were robbed in later pe-riods

e) the southern and eastern borders of the kingdom

f) crete and Mesopotamiag) linking the people with

the great gods of earth and sky

iii. Find the false sentences using the information from the text. correct them.

1. Techniques of working in concrete made tremendous pro-gress.

2. The finest materials for craftsmen were often brought great distances.

3. Many architectural monuments of the Middle Kingdom can be seen nowadays.

4. craftsmen of the New Kingdom were in contact with the romans.

5. The Mortuary Temple of Queen hatsheput is near cairo.6. Ancient egyptian architecture was revived under the Pto-

lemies.


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iV. change into passive.

1. The king of the old Kingdom drew artists and craftsmen to the court to work.

2. They robbed many royal monuments for their stone.3. Artists and craftsmen covered the temple walls with reliefs.4. They enriched the courtyards with statuary.

V. Find in the text the synonyms of the following words.

pharaohs; spectacular; gigantic, to protect; to plunder.

Vi. say in other way using the information from the text.

1. Artists and craftsmen were given orders by the pharaohs.2. The pyramids of the 4th Dynasty are the most spectacular

monuments of the old Kingdom.3. Many royal monuments of the Middle Kingdom were plun-

dered.4. They built fortresses to protect the southern and eastern

bor ders.5. Techniques of working in stone, wood, and metal were

used in gigantic monuments.


1. Into what periods could ancient egyptian architecture be classified?

2. Who is supposed to be the first named architect?3. What typical structures did the architecture of egypt pro-

duce?4. What is the only remained wonder of the world?5. When did the final revival of ancient egyptian architecture

take place?6. What are the greatest examples of the period of revival?

Viii. translate into english.

� художники и ремесленники;

� под покровительством царя и знати; � храмы солнца; � достигать новых вершин мастерства; � расцвет искусств и ремесел; � поощрять художников и ремесленников; � достижения, прославляющие царей и могущество бо-

гов; � погребальный храм царицы Хатшепсут; � преемники Александра Великого

read the text and tell about one of the greatest monuments of egyptian architecture

GreAT SPhINX

from the 15th century AD european travellers carried home tales of the mysterious and amazing remains of the civilization of egypt. one of its most remarkable monuments, which still evokes this sense of awe and might, is the Great Sphinx of Gizeh, the oldest surviving sphinx, dating from c. 2550 ВС, carved from a rock with the crouching body of a lion and a human face.

The human head was the means of individualizing the sculpture, so that the Great Sphinx probably bears the idealized features of Khephren whose pyramid is nearby.

The concept of the king as a powerful lion goes back into pre-historic times, and several ceremonial objects have survived which depict him in this guise, overthrowing his enemies. The sphinx was, therefore, a natural development, personifying the divine power of the king as a force protecting his land and repelling the power of evil.

The Great Sphinx is one of the most distinctive and dominant of all the images of ancient egypt, which is perhaps the source of the misconception that sphinxes are of central importance in egyptian culture. however, those that have survived are among the most im-pressive as well as intriguing examples of egyptian sculpture.


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Active vocabulary

remains — (зд.) руиныsandstone — песчаник (-овый)

tests

i. choose the synonyms to the words in italics.

1. european travellers saw the mysterious and amazing remains of the ancient egyptian civilization. a) astonishing b) c)

2. The Great Sphinx probably bears the idealized features of Khephren.a) remains b) characteristics c) points

3. The concept of the king as a powerful lion goes back into prehistoric limes.л) idea b) story c) theme

4. The sphinx personifies the divine power of the king.a) individual b) human c) sacred

5. The Great Sphinx is one of the most distinctive and domin-ant of all the images of ancient egypt.a) structures b) idols c) persons


1. european travellers saw the mysterious and amazing … . a) ruins of the hanging Gardens of Semeramide b) remains of the civilization of egypt c) ruins of the Parthenon

2. The Great Sphinx of Gizeh was … . a) made of marble b) created by Imhotep c) carved from rock

3. The Great Sphinx has a crouching body of a lion and … . a) a dragon's head b) a human face c) a cow's head

4. The sphinx personified … . a) the divine power of the king b) the mighty of God c) the greatness of the roman empire

5. The concept of the king as a powerful lion goes back into… . a) the Middle Ages b) the Archaic period c) prehistoric times

exercises

i. translate into english.

� 15 век нашей эры; � вызывать чувство страха; � идеализированные черты фараона Хефрена; � доисторическая эпоха; � олицетворяющий божественную силу царя; � сила, защищающая родную землю и отгоняющая силы

зла.

ii. replace the words in italics by their contextual synonyms.

A) 1. from the 15th с AD european travellers told about mys-terious and amazing remains of the civilization of egypt.

2. The Great Sphinx of Gizeh is one of the most remarkable monuments of ancient egypt.

3. The concept of the king as a powerful Lion goes back into prehistoric times.

4. The sphinx personified the divine power of the king as a force protecting his land.


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B) obscure, astonishing; outstanding, notable, distinctive; mighty, strong; defending.

iii. Use the following expressions to describe the Great sphinx of Gizeh.

� the sense of awe and might; � carved from a natural outcrop of rock; � a powerful lion; overthrowing his enemies; � the divine power of a king; � a force protecting his land; � repelling the power of evil; � the most distinctive and dominant image of ancient egypt.

iV. your friend has just returned from egypt. Ask him about his impressions. Make up a dialogue, using the following.

— Where did you go? — I went…— What did you see there? — I saw …— What did you visit? — I visited …— What did you like? — I liked…— What did you buy? — I bought…

Unit 4

Ancient Greek ArchitectUre

Pre-text exercises


ruins, architectural, column, facade, design, statue, pantheon, anonymous, architect, proportion, monumental, frieze, procession, cult, motif, colonnade, construction.

2. these are the false friends of interpreter. translate them and memorize their meanings.

festival, brilliant, finish, complement.

3. Analyze the word-formation model of the following words.

Architecture — architectural, build — builder — building, god — goddess, fine — refine — refinement, love — lovely — loveliness, monument — monumental, grand — grandeur, parallel — unparal-leled, portray — portrayal, process — procession — processional, festive — festivity — festival, honour — honourable, differ — dif-ferent — differentiate, serve — service, construct — construction.


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Unit 4. Ancient Greek architecture. The Athenian Acropolis

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read the text and describe the Acropolis monuments

The ATheNIAN AcroPoLIS

As one of the world's oldest cities Athens boasts a wealth of splendid relics of hellenic art, some of which are more than 3,000 years old. The Acropolis, the Greek for upper town, the gem of world architecture, stands on a low rocky hill and contains the ruins of several ancient Greek architectural monuments.

The Parthenon, a stately building with an eight-column facade, was built by Ictinus and callicrates in 447–38 ВС. The temple was designed to serve as an exquisite, imposing architectural framе for a gold and ivory statue of Athena, the goddess in the Greek pantheon watching over the city.

Next to the Parthenon is another shrine, an Ionic temple of Athena, the erechtheum, built by an anonymous architect in 421–06 ВС. Its refined loveliness and proportions are as enchanting as the monumental grandeur of the Parthenon. It has the unparalleled portrayal on the frieze of the building: the procession of citizens in the festival in honour of Athena. Built on an awkward site, it also had to serve different cults, which meant that its architect had to design a building with three porches and three different floor le-vels. Its caryatid porch, with figures of women for columns, makes use of an old oriental motif that had appeared earlier, in Archaic treasuries at Delphi.

The monumental gateway to the Acropolis, the Propylaea was designed by Mnesicles, who had to adapt the rigid conven-tions of colonnade construction to a steeply rising site. In the precision and finish of their execution, which complements the brilliant innovation of their design, these three buildings had no rival in the Greek world.

Active vocabulary

frame — оправа, обрамлениеivory — слоновая костьshrine — святилище, храм

portrayal — изображениеporch — портик, крытая галереяsite — место, положение, участокtreasury — сокровищницаgateway — подходfloor — пол; этаж, ярус

tests


1. The Acropolis means… . a) upper town b) a platform c) front elevation

2. The Parthenon was built by … . a) an anonymous architect b) Imhotep c) Ictinus and callicrates

3. The Parthenon was a display place for a great statue of … . a) hera b) Athena c) Alexander the Great

4. The erechtheum was also designed to serve different … .a) cults b) architects c) cities

5. The porch of the erechtheum has figures of … for columns.a) atlases b) caryatids c) sphinxes

6. In the Propylaea the rigid conventions of colonnade const-ruction were adapted to a steeply rising … .a) floor b) building c) site

7. The Propylaea was … to the Acropolis. a) a temple


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b) the monumental gateway c) staircase


1. The Acropolis is the gem of… architecture.а) european b) contemporary c) world

2. The temple was designed to serve as a/an…, imposing archi-tectural frame for the statue of Athena.а) exquisite b) rocky c) deep

3. The erechtheum was built by a/an … architect.a) famous b) talented c) anonymous

4. Its caryatid porch features an old … motif.a) oriental b) monumental c) world


1. The Acropolis … on a low rocky hill. a) was standing b) stood c) stands d) are standing

2. The Parthenon … by Ictinus and callicrates. a) will be built b) is built c) builds d) was built

3. An old oriental motif with figures of women for columns … in the composition of the erechtheum.

a) was used b) used c) use d) uses

4. The Propylaea … by Mnesicles. a) designed b) is designed c) was designed d) has been designed

5. The major buildings of the Acropolis … no rival in the Greek world,

a) have b) had c) are having d) has

exercises

i. Find in text the words that have the following meanings.

� An area of land where something is being built; � all of the gods worshipped by people, who belong to a par-

ticular religion; � the best of particular kind; � an impressive quality that a place, object, or occasion has.

ii. replace the words in italics (A) by synonyms (B).

(A) 1. The wealth of splendid relics of Hellenic art can be seen in Athens.

2. The Acropolis contains the ruins of several ancient Greek architectural monuments.

3. The temple served as an exquisite, imposing architectural frame for the statue of Athena.

4. Next to the Parthenon is another shrine, the erechtheum. 5. It was built by an anonymous architect. 6. Its refined loveliness and proportions are every bit as

enchanting as the monumental grandeur of the Parthenon. 7. These three buildings had no rival in the Greek world.

(B) The remains, ancient Greek, unknown, greatness, temple, landmarks, delicate, competitor.

iii. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text.

1. The Acropolis, the gem of world …, stands on a low2. The Parthenon is with an eight-column facade.3. The statue of Athena stood in … of the shrine. 4. The erechtheum is an … temple.5. It has the unparalleled … of a contemporary event on the …

of the building.6. This oriental motif had appeared earlier … at Delphi.7. In the precision and finish of their … these Acropolis buil-

dings had no… in the Greek world.


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iV. Find the false sentences using the information from the text. correct them.

1. The Parthenon is a stately building with a six-column facade.2. The erechtheum was designed to serve as an imposing ar-

chitectural frame for a gold and ivory statue of Athena.3. This statue has not survived.4. The erechtheum is a corinthian temple.5. The architect of the erechtheum had to design a building

with three different floor levels.6. The Propylaea was built by callicrates.7. The most impressive examples of Greek architecture are the

buildings constructed for the Athenian Acropolis.

V. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the Greek for «upper town»?2. What are the major buildings of the Acropolis?3. Who designed the Parthenon?4. What was the Parthenon designed for?5. Why was the statue of Athena held in deep reverence?6. Who designed the erechtheum?7. What is the Propylaea?8. Why do you think these monuments are the finest models

for all generations of architecture?

Vi. translate into english.

� один из древнейших городов мира; � замечательные памятники древнегреческого искусства; � шедевр мировой архитектуры; � небольшой скалистый холм; � архитектурное обрамление; � из золота и слоновой кости; � жесткие условия; � была высокочтимым предметом культа; � ионический храм;

� не имеющий себе равных; � на фризе здания; � в честь богини Афины; � сокровищницы в Дельфе периода архаики; � соперник.

Vii. Make up a written story or an oral report on one of the suggested topics.

� Ancient Greek Town Planning � Domestic Architecture of Ancient Greece � Greek Theatre

Viii. interview your partner as an expert in ancient Greek architecture. Use the following words and expressions.

Splendid relics of hellenic art, gem, upper town, an architectural frame, an Ionic temple, treasuries, gateway, the rigid conventions of colonnade construction, a steeply rising site, precision, a rival.

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Unit 5. Orders of architecture

41

Unit 5

Orders OF ArchitectUre

Pre-text exercises


Architecture, structural, equivalent, form, expression, pro-por tion, result, section, order, specific, type, entablature, facade, basic, decorative, classical, base, column, massive, variant, theme, functionally, favourite, colony, history, volute, vertical, stereotype, ambitious, version, cornice, combine.

2. Use the suffixes to form a) adjectives b) verbs.

a) -ic: artist, base, class, cube; -less: base, emotion, end, home, use; -ern: east, west, north, south;

b) -ify: beauty, class, simple, intense, sign. -ate: celebration, decoration, excavation, investigation,

origin.


Pillar, form, effect, pattern, type, shape, result, post, kind, model.

4. translate into russian paying attention to the words in italics.

1. You may give the information in electronic form. 2. These decorative elements form the composition of the building facade. 3. London is the capital of Great Britain. 4. Capital expenditure is money that a company spends on equipment and buildings. 5. Let’s change these gloomy curtains. 6. A conference on climate change will be held soon in Stockholm.

read the text and tell about the different types of columns in ancient architecture.

The first step in architecture was the replacement of wooden pil-lars with stone ones, and the translation of the carpentry and brick structural forms into stone equivalents. This provided an oppor-tunity for the expression of proportion and pattern and resulted in the invention of the stone ‘orders’ of architecture. These orders, or arrangements of specific types of columns supporting an upper section called an entablature, defined the pattern of the columnar facades and upperworks that formed the basic decorative shell of buildings.

In classical architecture, there are three orders: the Doric, Io-nic, and corinthian, invented by the Greeks. The Tuscan and the composite orders were added by the romans.

The oldest order, the Doric, is subdivided into Greek Doric and roman Doric. The first is the simplest and has baseless columns as those of the Parthenon; roman Doric has a base and is less massive.

The parts of Greek Doric — the simple, baseless columns, the spreading capitals, and triglyph-metope (alternating vertically ridged and plain blocks) frieze above the columns — constitute an aesthetic development in stone incorporating variants on themes used functionally in earlier wood and brick construction. Doric long remained the favourite order of the mainland and western colonies, and it changed little throughout history.


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The Ionic order evolved later, in eastern Greece. About 600 ВС, in Asia Minor, the first intimation of the style appeared in stone columns with capitals elaborately carved in floral hoop. Its main feature is spiral scroll, or volute. The order was always fussier and more ornate, less stereotyped than the Doric. Ionic temples' of the 6th century exceed in size and decoration the most ambitious of their classical successors. Such were the temple of Artemis at ephesus and the successive temples of hera on the island of Samos.

The corinthian order originated in the 5th century ВС in Athens. It had an Ionic capital elaborated with acanthus leaves. In its general proportions it is very like the Ionic. for the first time the corinthian order was used for temple exteriors. Because of its advantage of facing equally in four directions it was more adaptable than the Ionic for corners. There are not many Greek examples of the corinthian order but the romans widely used it for its showiness. The monument of Lysicrates in Athens, 535/334 ВС is the earliest known example of the corinthian order used on the exterior.

The simplified version of roman Doric is the Tuscan order. It has a less decorated frieze and no mutules in the cornice.

The composite order is also a late roman invention. It combines the elements from all the Greek orders.

Active vocabulary

wooden — деревянныйpillar — столб, колонна, опораstone — каменьcarpentry — плотничьи изделияbrick — кирпичpattern — модель, образецentablature — антаблементshell — (зд.) оболочка, каркасalternating — чередующийсяridged — имеющий борозды, кромкиplain — (зд.) без узораelaborately — тщательно (разрабатывать)

to carve — резать, вырезать (по дереву или кости); высекать (из камня)

hoop — обручfussy — вычурный, аляповатыйacanthus leaves — листья акантаcorner — угол

tests

i. complete the following sentences.

1. The Ionic was always fussier than … .a) the Doric b) the corinthian c) the Tuscan

2. The corinthian order had an Ionic capital elaborated with… . a) lotus flowers b) acanthus leaves c) geometric ornament

3. for the first time the corinthian order was used for … . a) theatres b) residential structures c) temples

4. In its general proportions the corinthian is very like … .a) the Doric b) the Ionic c) the Tuscan

5. of all the three Greek orders the corinthian is … . a) the most elegant and the richest b) the simplest c) the oldest

6. The Doric order was used in … . a) the erechtheum b) the Parthenon c) the templele of Artemis


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ii. choose the correct term.

1. The upper section of a classical order is a/an …a) volute b) entablature c) base

2. Spiral ornaments are called …a) capitals b) mutules c) volutes

3. The triglyph-metopes are … a) alternating ridged and plain blocks of stone b) porticos c) floral hoops

4. The part of the column is …a) frieze b) capital c) cornice

5. A particular style of column with its entablature having stan-dardized dctails is …a) facade b) colonnade c) order

iii. choose the correct preposition.

1. The Doric, Ionic, and the corinthian orders were invented … the Greeks.a) for b) with c) by

2. Wooden pillars were replaced … stone ones.a) by b) on c) with

3. The Doric changed little … its history.a) in b) throughout c) by

4. The first intimation of the Ionic order appeared in stone columns willi capitals elaborately carved … floral hoops.a) from b) in c) to

5. Its capitals are decorated … acanthus leaves.a) with b) by c) for

6. The Ionic temples of the 6th century exceed … size and deco-ration their classical successors.a) after b) about c) in

7. The Tuscan order has no mutules … the cornice.a) above b) in c) on

exercises

i. Find the false sentences using the information from the text. correct them.

1. The first step in architecture was simply the replacement of woodc pillars with stone ones.

2. Greek Doric has a base.3. The Doric changed a lot throughout its history.4. The Ionic order evolved in eastern Greece.5. The volutes of an Ionic capital spread horizontally and curl

upwaul6. The corinthian order originated in the 5th century ВС.7. for the first time the corinthian order was used for tem-

ple interior,


1. This expression eventually took the form …

2. The oldest order, the Doric …

3. The Doric order was po-pular …

4. The volutes of an Ionic cap-ital.

5. The corinthian order had a capital…

6. The Tuscan order was added …

7. Another late ro man in ven-tion, the composite order…

a) elaborated with acanth us-leaves

b) on the Greek mainland and in western colonies

c) of the invention of the or-ders of architecture

d) by the romanse) combines the elements оf all

the Greek ordersf) spread horizontally fronii

the centre and cuil down-ward

g) is subdivided into Greek I Doric and roman Doric


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iii. you misheard the information. Make it more exact putting the questions.

Example: These styles arc called orders. — How are these styles called?

1. They are called orders.2. The orders defined the pattern of the columnar facades and

upperworks.3. Greek Doric has the simple columns without a base, the

spreading capitals and the triglyph-metope frieze above the columns.

4. The Ionic order was more ornate than the Doric.5. The romans preferred the corinthian order for its showi-

ness. corinthian order has the advantage of facing equally in four directions.

7. The Tuscan and composite orders were developed by the romans.

iV. Prove the following, using the information from the text.

1. The romans were not the first to invent the architectural orders.

2. Archaic forms of the Doric temples dominated the town-scape through the classical and later periods.

3. The Ionic order was used only for the smaller temples.4. An alternative for the Ionic order that could be viewed from

any directions was provided by the sculptor-architect cal-limachus.

5. The Greeks didn't often use the corinthian order.6. The Tuscan order wasn't developed by the Greeks.7. The composite order is a version of the corinthian.


1. What is the order in classical architecture?2. What orders of architecture do you know?3. What does the order consist of?

4. Which orders were invented by the Greeks?5. What is the difference between Greek Doric and roman

Doric?6. What can be said about the evolution of the Ionic order?7. Why did the romans often use the corinthian order?

Vi. read the text and tell about the use of the doric and ionic orders in the architecture of the Acropolis.

The Acropolis architecture exhibits considerable subtlety of de sign in the use of the Doric and Ionic orders. The ensemble of the major buildings — the Parthenon, a temple to Athena; the erechtheum, a temple to Athena and Poseidon — shows the or-ders used in deliberate contrast: the erechtheum provides a dec-orative Ionic counterpart to the severe Doric of the Parthenon, which itself has an Ionic frieze; and in the Propylaea columns of both orders complement each other.

Vii. Ask your friend to describe one of the orders of architecture.

48

Unit 6. Roman architecture

49

Unit 6

rOMAn ArchitectUre

Pre-text exercises


Architecture, empire, fragment, theoretical, restoration, in-formation, antiquity, composition, organization, line, mass, villa, group, central, hall, atrium, peristyle, element, forum, design, exte-rior, park, terrace, circular, theatre, amphitheatre, rotunda, niche, interior, bronze, acre, travertine.


record, block, residence, scale, dome.

3. translate the following words and analyze their word-formation model.

Derive — derivative — derivation; empire — emperor — em press, serve — preserve — preservation; store — restore — re storation, excavate — excation — excavator; even — uneven — unevenness; engine — engineer — engineering; alter — alternate — alternation.

4. Make up sentences using the table.

The culture of ancient romans

is decorated a rational urban system

The forum were invented by the etruscans and Greeks

The entrance of the building

was greatly influenced

by the romans

Triumphal arches had the heart of the city

Ancient roman cities was with spirals of acanthus leaves

read the text and tell about the architectural achievements of ancient rome.

Modern knowledge of roman architecture derives primarily from the remains scattered throughout the area of the empire. Some are well preserved and other are known only in fragments and by theoretical restoration. Another source of information is a vast store of records. especially important is ‘De Architectura’ by Vitruvius, (c.27 ВС), the only surviving treatise of antiquity.

Pervasive roman predilection was for spatial composition — the organization of lines, surfaces, masses, and volumes in space.

In roman architecture there were three types of houses: the domus, the insula and the villa.

The domus, or town house, consisted of suites of rooms grouped around a central hall, or atrium.

It often had further suites at the rear, grouped around a colon-naded court, or peristyle. The atrium, a rectangular room with an opening in the roof to the sky, and its adjoining rooms were pecu-liarly roman elements; the peristyle was Greek or Middle eastern. There were few windows on the street, light being obtained from the atrium or peristyle.


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In rome the chief examples of domus are the house of Ves-tals in the forum in rome and that of Livia on the Palatine hill.

Great blocks of flats or tenements were called insulae. exca-vations at ostia, Italy, have revealed the design of these blocks. Planned on three or four floors with strict regard to economy of space, they depended on light from the exterior as well as from a central court.

The villa was an estate, complete with house, grounds, and subsidiary buildings.

hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, began about AD 123, was a sumptuous residence with parks and gardens on a large scale. The unevenness of the site necessitated large terraces and flights of steps. There are remains of great brick and concrete structures. All the buildings are roman in style and method of construction, though with Greek names.

The romans were great builders and engineers famous for their factories, roads, aqueducts, viaducts, bridges, grand thermae and amphitheatres, theatres, and temples.

The greatest surviving circular temple of antiquity is the Pan-theon in rome. It consists of rotunda about 142 feet in diameter surrounded by concrete walls 20 feet thick, in which are alternate circular and rectangular niches. The rotunda and dome are among the finest examples of roman concrete work. The interior was lined with precious marbles, the coffers (decorative recessed panels) of the dome itself once were covered externally with bronze plates.

The largest and most important amphitheatre of rome was the colosseum. covering six acres (2.4 hectares), it had seating for about 50,000 spectators, and its 80 entrances were so arranged that the building could be cleared quickly. The whole is built of con-crete, the exterior is faced with travertine. other important amphi-theatres are those at Verona, Italy; Pula, croatia; Arles, france.

Imperial thermae were more than baths. They were immense establishments of great magnificence, with facilities for every gym-nastic exercise, and halls in which philosophers, poets, rhetoricians, and those who wished to hear them gathered.

The best preserved are the Baths of caracalla, which covered an area about 1,000 feet square, and those of Diocletian (c. AD 217), with accommodation for 3,200 bathers.

Active vocabulary

spatial — пространственныйsurface — поверхностьsuite — анфилада комнатrear — расположенный сзади, заднийrectangular — прямоугольныйroom — комнатаwindow — окноtenement — многоквартирный дом, сдаваемый в арендуexcavations — раскопкиopening — отверстиеestate — поместьеground — земля, грунтflights of steps — лестничный маршconcrete — бетонroad — дорогаaqueduct — акведукviaduct — виадукbridge — мостcircular — круглыйwall — стенаdome — куполcoffer — кессонrecessed — имеющий нишу, углублениеplate — лист, пластинаprecious — драгоценныйmarble — мраморfacility — приспособлениеaccommodation — размещение


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tests


1. Pervasive roman predilection was for spatial composition. a) Spatial composition was seldom used by the romans. b) The romans preferred spatial composition. c) roman architecture is characterized by the use of sym-

metrical composition.

2. The Latin word ‘villa’ means a suburban house. a) Villa is a country house. b) It is a sumptuous residence. c) The building is roman in style.

3. The Pantheon is the greatest structure of antiquity. a) The Pantheon is built of concrete. b) The Pantheon is a circular temple. c) The Pantheon is the masterpiece of antiquity.


1. The domus consisted of … . a) three or four floors b) suits of rooms grouped around a central hall c) two or three rooms with few windows

2. Insulae were planned … . a) to impress by their grandeur b) around a colonnaded court c) with strict regard to economy of space

3. handrian's Villa at Tivoli was … . a) a sumptuous residence with parks and gardens b) a tenement house c) a small country house

4. The rotunda and dome of the Pantheon are among the finest examples of … .

a) the architecture of the ancient Mediterranean world

b) roman concrete work c) contemporary architecture

5. The colosseum was the most important … . a) temple of antiquity b) theatre of ancient Greece c) amphitheatre of ancient rome

iii. choose the correct sentence.

1. The elements of earlier styles were used by the romans. a) The romans borrowed much from other civilizations. b) The romans preferred spatial composition. c) roman architecture had little in common with earlier

styles.

2. roman architecture was designed to reflect the power of the city.

a) There were three types of houses in ancient rome. b) The circus was also used for spectacles. c) The roman architects reproduced the might of the

empire in their works.

3. The bridges and aqueducts of the romans rank among their greatest monuments.

a) The law of perspective was discovered in rome. b) roman technical works still strike imagination as the most

perfect structures. c) The best preserved bridge is that built by Augustus and

Tiberius at rimini.

4. Imperial thermae had facilities for every gymnastic exercise. a) Grand baths featured luxurious interiors. b) The Baths of Dicletian had accommodation for 3,200

bathers. c) Grand baths were equipped with athletic facilities.

5. The forum was the political, economical and religious cen-tre of ancient rome.


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a) The temples and public buildings were grouped around the forum.

b) outside the city gates was the necropolis. c) Tiberius built a palace on the northwest side of the

Palatine hill.

iV. choose the correct form of the verb.

1. ‘De Architecture’ … almost every aspect of architecture, a) discovered b) proved c) covered d) knew

2. The romans… freely the elements of earlier styles. a) invented b) built c) differed d) used

3. The domus … of suites of rooms grouped around atrium and of peristyle.

a) designed b) consisted c) made d) added

4. Insulae … on light from the exterior and a central court. a) influenced b) gave c) depended d) determined

5. The exteriors of villa … colonnades and porticos. a) had b) connected c) planned d) decorated

V. choose the correct form of the adjective.

1. The Pantheon is … surviving circular temple of antiquity. a) greater b) greatest c) the greatest d) the greater

2. Among… remaining examples of circular temples are those of Vesta and Mater Matuta in rome, Vesta at Tivoli, and Ve-nus at Baalbeck.

a) important b) the most important c) more important d) most important

3. In front is a porch with an inscription commemorating … building of Marcus Agrippa but built with the existing ro-tunda under the emperor hadrian.

a) the earliest b) earlier c) an earlier d) earliest

4. The rotunda and dome are among … examples of roman concrete work.

a) fine b) finer c) finest d) the finest

5. The colosseum was … and most important amphitheatre of rome.

a) larger b) the largest c) largest d) the larger

Vi. Match the terms and their definitions.

1. town housea) forum b) domus c) basilica

2. quadrangular court of the roman housea) villa b) order c) atrium

3. blocks of flatsa) insulae b) rotunda c) porticos

4. suburban or country housea) interior b) villa c) thermae

5. colonnaded courta) facade b) entablature c) peristyle


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exercises

i. Find in the text the false friends of the interpreter. translate them and remember their meanings.


in many respects; a porch with an inscription; precious marbles; faced with travertine; adjoining rooms; depended on light; direct access to the street; the roman empire; the crown of the dome; the finest examples; recessed panels; around a colonnaded court; excavations; separate entrance; with accommodations for bathers.

iii. Guess in which meaning the following words are used in the text.

concretea) based on facts and information; b) a hard substance used in

building made by mixing cement, sand, small stones and water.

Flighta) a journey through air or space in vehicle such as a plane; b) a

movement through the air by a bird or object; c) a set of stairs going from one level to another.

lightbrightness from the sun or from light which allows you to see

things; b) a piece of electrical equipment that produce brightness; c) not weighing much.

iV. these are the building types. Give examples of each type using the words from the word box. Make up your own sentences with them.

*Domestic architecture *Public Architecture* religious Archi-tecture * Industrial Architecture* engineering Structures

Domus, factory, viaduct, thermae, villa, amphitheatre, road, temple, bridge, insula, hippodrome, theatre, basilica, aqueduct.

V. Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends.

1. Some remains are well preserved, and…

2. ‘De Architecture’ is …3. The Pantheon is the

greatest surviving …4. Light is admitted through

a central opening …5. Its 80 entrances were so

arranged …6. The domus consisted of

suites of rooms…7. Independent apartments

had …

a) or oculus at the crown of the dome

b) grouped around atriumc) separate entrances with direct

access to the streetd) the main source of infor mation

on ancient archi tec turee) circular temple of antiquityf) others are known in frag ments

and by theoretical restorationg) that the building could be

cleared quickly establish ments of great magnificence;

Vi. choose the correct form of the verb.

1. The domus or town house, (consisted/was consisted) of suites of rooms grouped around a central hall, or atrium. 2. further suites (added/were added) at the rear. 3. Great blocks of flats or tenements were called insulae. 4. excavations at ostia, Italy, (have revealed/have been revealed) the design of these blocks. 5. The unevenness of the site necessitated large terraces and flights of steps. 6. The interior of the Pantheon (lined/was lined) with precious marbles. 7. The colosseum (built/is built) of concrete.8. The Baths of caracalla (covered/were covered) an area about 1,000 feet square.

Vii. explain in english.

� roman predilection for spatial composition; � a colonnaded court; � as covered externally with bronze plates;


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� independent apartments; � the whole is built of concrete

Viii. Prove the following statements using the information from the text.

1. ‘De Architectura’ by Vitruvius is the source of information on roman architecture.

2. There were three types of houses in ancient rome.3. The Pantheon is the greatest temple of antiquity.4. The Сolosseum was the largest and the most impressive am-

phitheatre of rome.5. Imperial thermae were immense establishments of great

magnificence.

ix. translate into english.

� освещать почти все вопросы по архитектуре; � организация линий, поверхностей, масс и объемов

в пространстве; � античная средиземноморская цивилизация; � группироваться вокруг перистиля; � отверстие в крыше; � примыкающие комнаты; � раскопки в Остии; � неровная поверхность участка; � лестничные пролеты; � метод строительства.

x. translate into english.

КОЛИЗЕЙ

Амфитеатр Флавиев, обычно называемый Колизеем, уже много лет является символом величия и могущества Рима, а также одним из наиболее знаменитых памятников древ-ности во всем мире. Строительство Колизея было начато в 72 г. н. э., его автор неизвестен, но некоторые исследователи

отождествляли его с архитектором Рабирием, построившим Дворец Домициана. Амфитеатр, являющийся самым боль-шим памятником римской цивилизации, имеет эллиптичее-кую форму 188 × 156 метров и высоту 57 метров; внешняя че тырехэтажная структура полностью выполнена из траверти-на; первые три яруса состоят из 80 стрельчатых арок, распо-ложенных в канонической последовательности дорического, ионического и коринфского стилей, а четвертый, с неболь-шими проемами, декорирован пилястрами.

xi. Ask your partner which architectural monuments he would like to see if he were in rome.

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Unit 7. Medieval architecture. The Byzantine style

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Unit 7

MedieVAl ArchitectUre

Pre-text exercises


characteristic, empire, dominant, christian, community, basi-lica, separate, component, material, mosaics, contrast, modeling, religion, cathedral, plan, universal.

2. Use the following prefixes and suffixes to form a) nouns b) verbs c) adjectives.

semi-: circle, arch, sphere, detached;trans-: figure, form, port;-(i)an: basilica, suburb, republic, rome, egypt, europe.


Dominant, main, enormous, shrine, separate, pre-eminent, huge, temple, chief.

text 1. read the text and tell about the Byzantine art of building

The BYZANTINe STYLe

The art characteristic of the developed Byzantine empire can be traced back to the period just before the reign of Justinian, с AD 500. The style had enormous influence on both the east and the West.

early Byzantine art may be regarded as roman art transformed under the influence of the east. This style reached a high point in the 6th century, spread widely and flourished till the Middle Ages. It still survives among Greek or orthodox communities.

The dominant Byzantine art was architecture. As in early christian times, the two chief types of church were basilican and the vaulted centralized church. The first had a long colonnaded nave and a wooden roof terminating in a semicircular apse. In the second type the separate components were gathered under a central dome. of the latter type, the chief examples are SS Sergius and Bachus (526, constantinople), San Vitaly (526–547, ravenna). The outstanding example which combined the longitudinal qualities of the basilica with the centralized volume was the church of holy Wisdom (hagia Sophia) in constantinople.

Brick was the main material used for the construction of By-zantine churches. It was covered externally with plaster and in-ternally with thin marble sheets and mosaics above. Byzantine decoration was flat and incised in contrast to the bold modeling of western surfaces.

By the 9th century, the Byzantine style was wide spread through-out the countries of the Near east and eastern europe, where the Greek and orthodox religion was followed.

These Byzantine churches followed the plan of a Greek cross, that is a central domed space with four short square arms (evolved с. 7th century) This form of church eventually became almost universal, focusing in the brilliantly lit central space which dissolved mystically into the dark screens and galleries in the arms of the cross.


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russo-Byzantine style was the first phase of russian architec-ture (the 11th —16th centuries). It features churches of white stone with cruciform plans and bulbous domes.

Active vocabulary

nave — нефapse — апсидаlongitudinal — продольныйplaster — штукатуркаsheet — пластинаto incise — вырезать, насекать, гравироватьlit — освещенныйscreen — ширма, экран, щитarms of the cross — крылья крестаcruciform — крестообразныйbulbous — луковичный

tests


1. The Byzantine style had enormous influence on … ю a) the West b) the east and the West c) the North

2. The dominant Byzantine art was … юa) architecture b) painting c) sculpture

3. … was I lie main material used for the construction of-churches.a) stone b) concrete c) brick

4. hagia Sophia is a … юa) church b) palace c) chapel

5. Byzantine architecture of the period of hagia Sophia is markedly concerned with … юa) biology b) mathematics c) geography

ii. choose the correct sentence.

1. The Byzantine style still survives among Greek and ortho-dox communities.

a) The vaulted centralized church was typical of the early Byzantine period.

b) The Byzantine style influenced both the east and the West.

c) The works of this style can be seen in Greek or orthodox communities.

2. hagia Sophia is the supreme example of the centralized type. a) The church of holy Wisdom is the finest model of the

circular type. b) hagia Sophia was built by Justinian. c) early Byzantine architecture is characterized by wide

diversity.

3. The Byzantine churches were covered internally with thin marble sheets and mosaics above.

a) Brick Byzantine churches were covered externally with plaster.

b) Sheets of marble and mosaics were used for the decoration of the interior walls and arches.

c) The decoration of western surfaces was bold and pon-derous.

4. The Byzantine style influenced greatly the architecture of russia.

a) Symbolism had now begun to dominate church archi-tecture.

b) This form of church eventually became almost universal. c) Numerous churches in the Byzantine style were built in

russia.

5. These Byzantine churches followed the plan of a Greek cross.

a) These Byzantine churches were widespread in the coun-tries of the Near east and eastern europe.


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b) These Byzantine churches featured a central domed space with four short square arms.

c) each Byzantine church was conceived as a microcosm of all earth and sky.

iii. complete the sentences.

1. constantinople was established in 330 AD by … a) the emperor Justinian b) the emperor constantine c) the emperor Augustus

2. The church of holy Wisdom is in … . a) Istanbul b) ravenna c) rome

3. … reached a high point in the 6th century. a) The romanesque b) The Visigothic style c) The Byzantine style

4. Byzantine decoration was … . a) flat and incised b) bold c) heavy

5. cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed is in … . a) florence b) Paris c) Moscow

iV. choose the correct preposition.

1. Byzantine architecture flourished again … a short time to new heights duning the 11th and 12th centuries,

a) at b) after c) from d) for

2. As … early christian times, the two chief types of church were the basilican and centralized.

a) over b) in c) before d) on

3. Brick was externally covered … thin marble ladoes and mo-saics above.

a) by b) onto c) with d) at

4. The brilliantly lit central space dissolved mystically … the dark screens and galleries in the arms of the cross.

a) into b) between c) on d) from

5. By the 9th century the Byzantine style was widespread … the countries of the Near east and eastern europe.

a) at b) from c) throughout d) over

exercises

i. translate into russian.

� to trace back; � enormous influence; � to reach a high point; � early christian times;. � bold modeling; � central domed space; � the arms of the cross; � the church of holy Wisdom; � flat and incised decoration; � to follow the plan of a Greek cross; � arms of the cross.

ii. classify the words from the box by the subject:

Building types Parts of building Building materials Decorative elements

Dome, villa, wood, pillar, stone, plaster, arch basilica, sand, wall, floor, brick, terrace, pyramid, volute, marble, coffer, pantheon, mansion, mosaics, concrete, temple, hut, tile.


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iii. Match the terms to their definitions.

1. Apse2. Сross. 3. Dome. 4. Nave.5. Screen.

a) a shape with one long upright line and one short-er line across it, used as a symbol of christianity;

b) the long central part of a church where people sit;

c) a roof shaped like a top half of a ball;d) a flat structure that is used for separating one area

of a room from another;e) a curved area at one end of a church.

iV. Find the false sentences using the information from the text. correct them.

1. The style had enormous influence on the West.2. It was roman art transformed under influence of the east.3. The dominant Byzantine art form was architecture.4. In Byzantine architecture, there was only one type of church.5. Stone was the main material used for the construction of

Byzantine churches.6. hagia Sophia is a palace.

V. Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text.

1. The art characteristic of the developed Byzantine empire…

2. The chief examples of the cir-cular type are the churches of …

3. The outstanding example of a building combined…

4. The Byzantine churches fol-lowed the plan of a Greek cross …

5. This form of church …

a) the qualities of both ty pes the church of holy Wis-dom

b) that is central domed space with four-short square arms

c) SS Sergius and Bachus and San] Vitaly

d) became almost universale) can be traced back to

с AD 5

Vi. you misheard the information. Make it more exact putting questions.

Example:A: This art can be traced back to the period just before the reign

of Justinian.Q: To what period can this art be traced back?

1. This style influenced both the east and the West.2. Yes, the Byzantine style still survives among Greek and or-

thodox communities.3. The basilica and the centralized church were the main types

of Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture.4. The church of holy Wisdom (hagia Sophia) is the supreme

example of this style.5. Yes, Byzantine decoration was flat and incised.6. The Byzantine style spread throughout the countries of the

Near east and eastern europe by the 9th century.7. Yes, the Byzantine style influenced the arts of russia.


1. When was constantinople established?2. When did the Byzantine style develop?3. Why did the Byzantine style influence greatly both the east

and the West?4. how far did this style spread?5. What was the dominant Byzantine art form?6. What are the two chief types of churches of the Byzantine

period?7. When did this style come to russia?8. What greatest Byzantine architects and artists do you know?9. What are the examples of the Byzantine style in russia?


� нашей эры; � nод влиянием Востока;


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Unit 7. Medieval architecture. Hagia Sophia or the church of holy wisdom

69

� достигнуть высшей точки в развитии; � православные общины; � базиликальный и центрический типы; � церковь Святой Софии; � покрывать штукатуркой, мозаикой; � ярко освещенное пространство.

Viii. translate into russian.

� to emulate; � to prolong; � aisles; � pierced by the windows; � to perish. � to remain; � looked at from within; � on the ground; � non-load-bearing exterior walls; � marble slabs; � elaborately carved cornices and capitals;

ix. you are taking part in a conference «the Byzantine traditions in russian architecture». everyone is asked to make a report about the greatest representatives of the Byzantine style in russia and their works.

text 2. read the text and describe the plan of the church

and its interior

hAGIA SoPhIA or The church of hoLY WISDoM

Though Justinian's domed basilicas are the models from which Byzantine architecture developed, hagia Sophia remained unique, and no attempt was thereafter made by Byzantine builders to

emulate it. In plan it is almost square, but looked at from within, it appears to be rectangular, for there is a great semidome at east and west above that prolongs the effect of the roof, while on the ground there are three aisles separated by columns with galleries above. At either end, however, great piers rise up through the galleries to support the dome. Above the galleries are curtain walls (non-load-bearing exterior walls) at either side, pierced by windows, and there are more windows at the base of the dome. The columns are of finest marble, selected for their colour and variety, while the lower parts of the walls are covered with marble slabs. Like the elaborately carved cornices and capitals, these survive, but the rest of the original decoration, including most of the mosaics that adorned the upper parts of the walls and the roof, have perished.

Active Vocabulary

semidome — полукуполaisle — боковой неф храмаpier — устой, столб, контрфорсcurtain — занавес, штораnon-load-bearing — не несущие нагрузкуslab — плита

tests

i. complete the following sentences choosing the correct term.

1. The dome of hagia Sophia is supported by great … .a) niches b) piers c) curtain walls

2. A great… at east and west prolongs the effect of the roof.a) vault b) screen c) semidome

3. There are three … separated by columns with galleries above.a) aisles b) narthexes c) altars

4. It has elaborately carved … .


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Unit 7. Medieval architecture. Romanesque style

71

a) cornices and capitals b) arches c) pilasters

5. The lower parts of the walls are covered with … .a) mosaics b) plaster c) marble slabs

ii. choose the synonyms to the words in italics.

1. hagia Sophia is a unique example of Byzantine architecture.a) the latest b) the earliest c) unparalleled

2. No attempt was made to emulate this masterpiece.a) to supersede b) to enlarge c) to decorate

3. Great piers rise up through the galleries to support the dome.a) wooden b) elegant c) ponderous

4. The columns are of finest marble, selected for their colour and variety.a) chosen b) decorated c) supported

5. The mosaics adorned the upper parts of the walls and the roof of the church.a) developed b) beautified c) reflected

exercises

i. you don't know the meanings of the following terms. Ask your friend to help you. Use the information from the texts of this unit.

The centralized church; curtain walls; semidome; mosaics.

ii. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the english for hagia Sophia?2. how can you characterize its plan?3. What are the structural elements which support its dome?4. What can be said about the decorations of the church?

5. What is the main contribution of Byzantine builders to the development of architecture?

iii. express your opinion on the following statements.

1. No attempt was made by Byzzantine builders to emulate hagia Sophia.

2. The majestic dome of hagia Sophia is a real miracle of Byz-antine architecture.

3. The construction of the church was fantastically expensive.

iV. translate into english.

� купольные базилики; � большой полукупол; � самонесущие стены; � у основания купола; � покрыты мраморными плитами; � резные карнизы и капители.

V. Make up the report on the suggested topic. try to make it sound lively, interesting for the audience and questions-provoking.

‘The church of holy Wisdom is the outstanding landmark of the world architecture’.

Vi. translate into russian.

roMANeSQue STYLe

The generic term romanesque is sometimes applied to embrace all the styles of architecture which, in most european countries, followed the christian style and preceded the introduction of the Gothic style, c. 1200. It is often subdivided into pre-romanesque, which includes Lombardic, carolingian, and ottoman or rhenish styles as well as Saxon and romanesque proper, which is taken to have begun c. AD 1000.


72 73

from ancient roman tradition, the pre-romanesque architects adopted chacacteristic features: the semicircular arch, the groined crossvault and a modified and simplified form of the corinthian column with capital of acanthus leaves. occasionally, at an early period, they used fragments of antique buildings. They made important advances upon roman structural methods in balancing the thrust of heavy vaults and domes by means of buttresses, and in substituting thinner webs supported on the curved stone ribs for the thick vaults used by the romans. romanesque period lasted two centuries, and was the great age of european monasticism.

The architectural work of the romanesque period therefore consists almost exclusively of monasteries, cathedrals, parish churches, and castles. Very few domestic buildings have survived.

The greatest examples of this style are Benedictine abbey church at Jumieges, Normandy (1036–1066); S. Ambrogio, Milan, Italy, 1140; Sompting church in Succex, 11 th century; Augsburg cathedral, Germany.

8. translate into english.

Церковь Покрова на Нерли была воздвигнута в честь по-бедоносного похода суздальских войск на волжских булгар. Храм посвящен религиозному празднику Покрова. Шедевр древнерусского архитектуры, он поражает гармонией форм, безупречностью пропорций и поэтичностью образа.

Покровский храм выполнен в традициях владимирского зодчества. В то же время его отличает устремленность ввысь и преобладание вертикальных линий, что подчеркивают уз-кие прясла, окна и полуколонки на апсидах. В 12 веке церковь имела трехстороннюю галерею и стояла на искусственном холме, так как луг затапливало во время весеннего половодья.

Unit 8

MedieVAl ArchitectUre

Pre-text exercises


Architecture, association, style, technical, plan, phase, Per-pendicular, cathedral, architect, design, combine, repertoire, re-sult, extraordinary, final, emphasis, college, vertical, monument, catholic, form, regional, basis, monastery, provincial, traditional.

2. Use the following prefixes and suffixes to form a) verbs b) nouns.

sub-: divide, contract, due, merge;-sion: conclude, divide, decide, precise, provide;-tion: associate, describe, decorate, contribute, invent, protect.

3. translate the following words with the suffix -al which may be a) adjectives b) adjectives and nouns c) nouns.

a) functional, conventional, continental, cultural, envi ron-mental, national, regional;

b) capital, diagonal, horizontal, metal, professional, spiral, vertical;

c) animal, arrival, festival, pedestal, rival, revival, survival.


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Unit 8. Medieval Architecture. Gothic cathedrals

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4. Match the pairs of a) synonyms b) opposites.

a) style, heavy, emphasis, to import, pattern, multiple, extra-ordinarily, important, dense, fashion, to borrow, influential, design, numerous, stress, extremely;

b) to dislike, earliest, light, usually, to import, heavy, latest, to export, extraordinarily, to like.

5. Make up affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences using the table.

The romanesque could be seen between the 12th and 15th

centuries

The Gothic style is from the window

The spires of the church

was succeeded

very complicated struc-tures

A beautiful medieval castle

are by the Gothic

Gothic cathedrals developed in the centre of the city

read the text and tell about the main features of architecture.

GoThIc cATheDrALS

The architecture of the central Middle Ages was termed Gothic during the renaissance because of its association with the barbarian north. Now this term is used to describe the important style of building and art wide spread in europe between the 12th and the 15th centuries.

At the technical level Gothic architecture is characterized by the ribbed vault, the pointed arch, and the flying buttress.

one of the earliest buildings in which these techniques were introduced in a highly sophisticated architectural plan was the abbey of Saint-Denis, Paris. It is considered to be "the first Gothic building".

in france and Germany this style is subdivided into the early, high, and Late Gothic.

The french middle phase is called Rayonnant, the late phase — Flamboyant. In england one speaks of early english Gothic, the Decorated and Perpendicular styles.

early english Gothic developed from с 1180 to c.1280. The most influential building in the new fashion was the choir of can-terbury cathedral (1175–1184). The other examples are Salisbury, Lincoln and Wells cathedrals, and Westminster Abbey. Its main features are lancet windows without tracery and multiple attached colonettes.

english architects for a long time retained a liking for heavy surface decoration, thus, when rayonnant tracery designs were im-ported, they were combined with the existing repertoire of colo-nettes, attached shafts, and vault ribs. The result which could be extraordinarily dense has been called the english Decorated style (1280–1350, exeter cathedral, east parts of Bristol and Wells ca-thedrals, the Lady chapel at ely).

english Gothic came to an end with the final flowering of the Perpendicular style (c. 1350–1550). It was characterized by vertical emphasis in structure and elaborate fan vaults.

The first major surviving statement of the Perpendicular style is probably the choir of Gloucester cathedral. other noticeable mo-numents were St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, St. George's chapel, Windsor, King's college chapel, cambridge, the chapel of henry VII at Westminster Abbey.

Gothic was essentially the style of the catholic countries of europe. It was also carried to cyprus, Malta, Syria, and Palestine by the crusaders and their successors in the Mediterranean. The forms that were developed within the style on a regional basis were often of great beauty and complexity. They were used for all secular buildings as well as for cathedrals, churches and monasteries.

By the Gothic Survival is meant the survival of Gothic forms, particularly in provincial traditional building.


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Active vocabulary

rib — реброarch — аркаpointed arch — стрельчатая (остроконечная) аркаbuttress — контрфорсflying buttress — аркбутан, арочный контрфорсundulating — волнистыйclaim — требование; претензия; притязание; утверждение; за-

яв лениеRayonnant — лучистый (стиль)Flamboyant — «пламенеющий» (стиль)choir — место хора в соборе ряд окон, освещающий центр вы-

сокого помещенияtracery ажурная каменная работа, рисунок, узорtracery — ажурная каменная работа; рисунок, узор; перепле-

тение shaft — стволdense — густой, плотныйchapel — часовня

tests


1. At the technical level the Gothic style is characterized by the ribbed vault, the flying buttress, and … .

a) the round arch b) the bulbous dome c) the pointed arch

2. The title the "first Gothic building" is given to … . a) the abbey of Saint-Denis b) Westminster abbey c) King's college chapel

3. In english architecture the usual subdivisians are early eng-lish, Decorated and … styles.

a) carolingian b) flamboyant c) Perpendicular

4. english architects for a long time retained a liking for … a) plain surfaces b) heavy surface decoration c) curved surfaces

5. Gothic was essentially the style of… countries.a) the Buddhist b) the orthodox c) the catholic


1. The Gothic style developed in most countries of europe. a) The Gothic style was associated with the barbarian north. b) Gothic is represented in many european countries. c) Paris — for much of this period the home of a powerful

and artistically enlightened court — played an espe cial-ly important role in the history of Gothic art.

2. canterbury cathedral was the most influential building in the new fashion.

a) canterbury cathedral was the most important structure of the early english Gothic.

b) canterbury resembles St. Paul's cathedral. c) canterbury cathedral was built in the 12th century.

3. english architects retained a liking for heavy surface decora-tion.

a) english architects preferred restrained decoration. b) The stained glass of the period was heavily coloured. c) english architects kept on using ponderous exterior deco-

ration.

4. Gothic was used for cathedrals, churches and monasteries. a) Gothic was used for industrial buildings. b) Gothic was used for ecclesiastic structures. c) In most european countries artists imitated architectural

style from northern france.


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iii. Find the synonyms of the following words.

1. barbariana) civilized b) strong c) uncivilized

2. cathedrala) church b) nave c) palace

3. stylea) character b) skill c) fashion

4. front elevationa) foundation b) ensemble c) facade

5. decorateda) sophisticated b) ornamented c) pointed

6. seculara) not sacred b) essential c) final

7. to survivea) to stop b) to use c) to outlive

iV. Match the terms and their definitions.

1. Arch2. Buttress3. Stained glass4. Tracery5. Vault

a) glass that has been coloured or painted, traditionally used in church windows;

b) a curved structure that supports the wall of a building;

c) a pattern of curving lines in the stone above the church window;

d) a curved structure at the top of a door, window, gate;

e) a curved structure that supports or forms a roof, especially in a church.

exercises


� the ribbed vault; � because of its association with the barbarian north; � the pointed arch; � the flying buttress; � a highly sophisticated architectural plan; � the skill and precision; � undulating chain windows; � traditional claim; � to be obvious; � attached shafts; � the final flowering; � vertical emphasis in structure; � secular buildings; � the survival of Gothic forms

ii. replace the words in italics (A) by synonyms (B).

(A) 1. The most influential building in the new fashion was the choir of canterbury cathedral.

2. colonettes became extremely popular with english ar-chi tects.

3. They retained a liking for heavy surface decoration. 4. The architectural effects achieved were more inventive

generally than those of contemporary continental buil-dings (for example, the choir of St. Augistine, Bristol).

5. other major monuments were St. Stephen's chapel, Westminster and York Minster nave, St. George's cha-pel, Windsor.

6. Gothic was also carried to cyprus, Malta, Syria, and Palestine.

(B) very; chief; preference; european; structure, transferred


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iii. Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text.

1. This style was termed Gothic during the renaissance be cause of…

2. It lasted from the early 12th century to the advent of…

3. In france and Germany this style is subdivided into …

4. The french middle phase is referred to as rayonnant, …

5. canterbury cathedral retains …6. The Decorated style was char-

acterized by…7. The first major surviving work

of the Perpendicular style …

a) the late phase as flam-boyant

b) a passage at clerestory level

c) the renaissance in the 15th сentury

d) is probably the choir of Gloucester cathedral

e) its association with the barbarian north

f) the early, high, and Late Gothic

g) rich decoration and tra-cery

iV. increase your vocabulary. Make some sentences of your own using these phrasal verbs.

� to be characterized by; � to be subdivided into; � to be combined with; � to become popular with.


1. When did Gothic architecture develop?2. Why is this style called Gothic?3. In what countries did the Gothic style develop?4. What are the characteristic features of this style?5. What is considered to be the first Gothic building?6. What are the major monuments of Gothic architecture in

england?7. To what countries did the crusaders carry Gothic?8. What is meant by the Gothic Survival?

Vi. Prove the following statements using the information from the text and your own knowledge on the subject.

1. The abbey of Saint-Denis in Paris had a highly sophisticated architectural plan.

2. canterbury cathedral resembles that of Laon.3. english architects preferred heavy surface decoration.4. Gothic was essentially the style of the catholic european

countries.5. There are the examples of the Gothic style in the Medi-

terranean.

Vii. translate into english.

� ребристый свод; � стрельчатая арка; � арочный контрфорс; � аббатство; � лучистый (стиль); � пламенеющий (стиль); � верхний рад окон, освещающий центр высокого поме-

щения; � ажурная каменная работа; � место хора в соборе; � неф; � часовня; � крестоносцы; � Средиземноморье; � мирской, светский.

Viii. Ask your partner to explain you the meanings of the following terms. Use the information of the unit.

Pointed arch, ribbed (fan) vault, flying buttress, stained glass windows, tracery, choir, the Gothic Survival, Neo-Gothic.


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Unit 8. Medieval Architecture. Neo-Gothic

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ix. interview your partner as an expert in Gothic architecture. Use the following words and expressions.

The Middle Ages; the barbarian north; the ribbed vault; the pointed arch; the flying buttress; the skill and precision; to be sub-divided into; the most influential building; a cathedral; tracery designs; inventive; to come to an end; emphasis; chapel; the cru-saders; secular buildings; the Gothic Survival; Neo-Gothic.

text 2 translate into russian

Neo-GoThIc

The architectural movement most commonly associated with romanticism is the Gothic revival, a term first used in england in the mid-19* century to describe buildings being erected in the style of the Middle Ages and later expanded to embrace the entire Neo-Gothic movement.

The first clearly self-conscious imitation of Gothic architecture for reasons of nostalgia appeared in england in the early 18th cen-tury. Buildings erected at that time in the Gothic manner were for the most part frivolous and decorative garden ornaments, actually more rococo than Gothic in spirit. But, with the rebuilding begin-ning in 1747 of the country house Strawberry hill by the english writer horace Walpole, a new and significant aspect of the revived style was given convincing form; and, by the beginning of the 19th century, picturesque planning and grouping provided the basis for experimentation in architecture. Gothic was especially suited to this aim. Scores of houses with battlements and turrets in the style of a castle were built in england during the last years of the 18th century.

french architects, in particular, Viollet-le-Duc, who restored a range of buildings from the Sainte-chapelle and Notre-Dame in Paris to the whole town of carcassonne, were the first to appre-ciate the applicability of the Gothic skeleton structure, with its

light infilling, to a modern age, and the analogy was not lost on subsequent architects at a time when the steel frame was emerging as an important element of structural engineering. functionalism and structural honesty as ideals in the Modem movement were a legacy of the Gothic revival.

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Unit 9. The rebirth of classical art. The Renaissance

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Unit 9

the reBirth OF clAssicAl Art

Pre-text exercises


classical, style, basic, element, architectural, design system, traditional, different, decorative, harmony, proportion, perspective, formulate, linear, manner, arcade, regularly, symbolize, plan, inte-rior, represent, combine, characteristic, method, produce, facade.

2. Use the following suffixes to form a) nouns b) adjectives c) verbs.

a) -ance: appear, distant, elegant, important; -ence: exist, excel, differ, permanent, present; -ship: leader, relation, champion, student;

b) -ic: base, class, cube, geometry; -ful: care, colour, cheer, grace, peace, truth, wonder;

c) -(i)ate: decor, regular, different, substantial.

3. Make up word combinations and simple sentences using the adjectives (A) and nouns (B).

(A) ancient, architectural, elegant, classical, decorative, great, symmetrical;

(B) facade, composition, style, master, order, monument, sim-plicity, element, proportions.

read the text and speak on the renaissance in italy and in russia.

The reNAISSANce

The renaissance began in Italy, where there was always a resi due of classical feeling in art.

Knowledge of the classical style in architecture was derived dur-ing the renaissance from two sources: the ancient classical build-ings, particularly in Italy but also in france and Spain and the trea-tise De architectura by the roman architect Vitruvius. for classical antiquity and, therefore, for the renaissance, the basic element of architectural design was the order, which was a system of traditional architectural units. During the renaissance five orders were used, the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, corinthian, and composite, with vari-ous ones prevalent in different periods. for example, the ornate, decorative quality of the corinthian order was embraced during the early renaissance, while the masculine simplicity and strength of the Doric was preferred during the Italian high renaissance.

on the authority of Vitruvius, the renaissance architects found a harmony between the proportions of the human body and those of their architecture. There was even a relationship between ar-chitectural proportions and the renaissance pictorial device of perspective.

The concern of these architects for proportion caused that clear, measured expression and definition of architectural space and mass that differentiates the renaissance style from the Gothic and en-courages in the spectator an immediate and full comprehension of the building.

In the early 15th century an Italian architect filippo Brunelles-chi formulated linear perspective, which was to become a basic element of renaissance art. his brilliant work, the loggia of the ospedale degli Innocenti (1419–51) was the first building in the


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renaissance manner. A very graceful arcade was designed with composite columns, and windows with classical pediments were regularly spaced above each of the arches.

Donato Bramante's Tempietto San Pietro in Montorio (1502) symbolized the beginning of the high renaissance style in rome. Erected on the supposed site of the martyrdom of St. Peter, the Tempietto is circular in plan, with a colonnade of 16 columns sur-rounding a small cella, or enclosed interior sanctuary.

St Peter’s cathedral, the work of great masters, is the largest church in the christian world. Its architectural history shows the way in which the Baroque emerged out of the renaissance.

In russia the renaissance is represented by the works of Ita-lian masters (the Moscow Kremlin, the 15th — 16th centuries.) The cathedral of the Assumption was built in 1475–1479 by Aris-totile fioravante on the site of an old church dating back to the reign of Ivan Kalita. By combining the characteristic features of the Vladimir-Suzdal and early-Moscow style with Italian renais-sance decoration and construction methods fioravante produced a masterpiece of lasting beauty. Another example is the cathedral of the Archangel Michael, designed by Alevisio Novi in 1505–1508.

The Granovitaya Palata (faceted Palace, 1487–91) was built by russian craftsmen according to the design of Italian architects Marco72unit 9. The rebirth of classical artruffo, Aloisio da car-cano, and Pietro Antonio Solari. Its eastern facade is faced with faceted white stones, hence the name.

Active vocabulary

pictorial — живописный, изобразительныйloggia — аркада; открытая галерея с аркадомarcade — аркада, сводчатая галереяpediment — фронтонenclosed — окруженный, огороженныйto lay — (зд.) заложить фундаментlantern — фонарь верхнего светаassumption — (рел.) успениеfaceted — имеющий грани

tests


1. for the classical antiquity and for the renaissance the … was the basic element of architectural design.

a) order b) asymmetry c) the effect of illusionism

2. clear measured expression and definition of architectural space and mass differentiates the renaissance style from … .

a) the rococo b) the Gothic c) the Byzantine style

3. It was an Italian renaissance architect … who formulated linear perspective.

a) filippo Brunelleschi b) Donato Bramante c) Pietro Lombardo

4. The first building in the renaissance manner was … . a) Tempietto San Pietro b) Palazzo Medici-riccardi c) the loggia of the ospedale degli Innocenti

5. The cathedral of the Assumption was built by … .a) fioravanteb) Novic) Bernini

6. The eastern facade of the faceted Palace is faced with … .a) mosaicsb) glazed tilec) faceted white stones


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1. The ruins of… classical buildings were one of the sources of knowledge for the renaissance architects.a) ancient b) contemporary c) egyptian

2. The order was a system of… architectural units.a) casual b) famous c) traditional

3. The ornate, decorative quality of the … order was embraced during the early renaissance.a) corinthian b) Tuscan c) Ionic

4. The … simplicity and strength of the Doric was preferred during the Italian high renaissance.a) different b) basic c) masculine

5. A very … arcade was designed with composite columns.a) massive b) immediate c) graceful

6. The Tempietto is … in plan.a) rectangular b) circular c) semicircular

iii. choose the correct word.

1. The renaissance developed in … .a) france b) Italy c) england

2. The treatise "De architecture" was a handbook of … . a) renaissance architects b) Baroque architects c) Gothic architects

3. The renaissance is characterized by measured expression and definition of … .

a) pointed arches b) architectural space c) spherical pendentives

4. The plans for St. Peter's cathedral were prepared by … . a) Brunelleschi

b) Bernini c) Bramante

5. Alevisio Novi built in Moscow … a) the cathedral of Archangel Michael b) the cathedral of the Assumption c) the Granovitaya Palata

exercises


� a system of traditional architectural units; � the ornate, decorative quality of the corinthian order; � the masculine simplicity of the Doric order; � the renaissance pictorial device of perspective; � an immediate and full comprehension of the building; � a very graceful arcade; � windows with classical pediments above each of the arches; � the supposed site of the martyrdom of St. Peter; � enclosed interior sanctuary; � in a very poor condition; � the foundation stone; � in addition to the high altar; � to the top of the lantern

ii. Match the terms (A) and their definitions (B).

A. order; cathedral; the renaissance style; cella; arcade B.

� the rebirth of classical art and learning; � an arcaded gallery; � a system of traditional architectural units; � enclosed interior sanctuary; � a monumental church


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iii. Work in pairs. Ask your partner to tell you about the sources of the renaissance's origin, the differences between the renaissance and the Gothic, the works of Filippo Brunelleschi and the largest church in the christian world.

Use the following phrases:

� could you please tell me about… � can I ask you a question concerning … � With great pleasure. � certainly. � I see, thank you.

iV. Answer the following questions.

1. When and where did the renaissance begin?2. What is the meaning of the word “ renaissance”?3. What were the sources of knowledge of the classical sty le in-

architecture?4. What was the basic element of the architectural design for

the renaissance?5. Who was the first to elaborate and to show the renaissance

system of perspective?6. What was the first building in the renaissance manner?7. What is the largest church in the christian world?8. What outstanding renaissance architects do you know?

V. Paraphrase the following statements using the informationfrom the text.

1. The early renaissance is characterized by active use of the corinthian order.

2. The Doric was the favourite order of the Italian high re-naissance.

3. Bmnelleschi is supposed to be the initiator of the renais-sance.

4. The building of St. Peter's was begun in 1506.

5. The Assumption cathedral was erected by Aristotile fio-ravante.


� декоративные свойства коринфского ордера; � мужественная простота дорического ордера; � эпоха Возрождения; � пропорции человеческого тела и их связь с архитек-

турнымипропорциями; � первое здание в стиле Ренессанса; � равномерно распределены над каждой из арок; � был заложен фундамент; � Успенский собор; � характерные черты; � строительные методы; � русские ремесленники

Vii. With your partner, make up a dialogue using the information from the text 1 and your own knowledge on the subject.

Viii. translate into rusian.

The renaissance style of architecture made a very timid ap-pearance in england during the first half of the 16th century, and it was only from about 1550 that it became a positive style with lo-cal qualities. In fact, the Gothic style continued in many parts of england throughout most of the 16 th century, and english renais-sance architecture was a very original fusion of the Tudor Gothic and classical styles.

The renaissance style really begins in england in the middle of the 16th century in architecture built for the circle of the Lord Protector Somerset.

A typical example of the renaissance style of england is to be found in the quadrangle that John caius added to Gonville hall at cambridge.


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The architecture of the new court was basically Tudor Gothic, but caius planned three gateways in connection with the court, two of which were in Italian style. The three gates were to mark the progress of the student through the university. At the entrance was the Gate of humility (1565), a modest doorway, now in the Master's garden. The Gate of Virtue (after 1565), opening into the new quadrangle, is a fine classical portal with Ionic pilasters, but with a Tudor Gothic many-centred arch for the opening. finally, the Gate of honour (1573) is a separate tiny triumphal arch leading out toward the schools for the final disputation and degree.

Unit 10

BArOqUe And rOcOcO

Pre-text exercises


Philosopher, schematic, logic, irregular, architecture, integrate, sculpture, ensemble, illusionistic, colour, contrast, static, texture, conflict, unbalanced, aspect, artistic, style, form, active, region, monumentality, correct, spirit, formal, geometric, intellect, ba-lance, national, palace.

2. Analyze the following word formation models.

Apply — application; derive — derivation — derivative; sche me — schematic; perfect — imperfect — imperfectly; illu-sion — illusionist — illusionistic; luxury — luxurious; direct — direc tion — directional — directionality; art — artist — artistic; monument — monumental — monumentality.

3. Use the following suffixes to form adjectives.

-(i)an: Austria, Australia, Bohemia, Paris;-ese: china, Malta, Portugal, Japan;-ish: england, Poland, Spain, book, new, small.


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Unit 10. Baroque and Rococo

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read the text and tell about the main features of the Baroque.

BAroQue

Baroque and late Baroque, or rococo, are terms applied to european art of the period between the early 17th century — the mid 18th century. "Baroque" was probably derived from the Ital-ian word barocco. This word was used by philosophers during the Middle Ages to describe an obstacle in schematic logic. This word also described an irregular or imperfectly shaped pearl.

During the Baroque period (c.1600–1750), architecture, paint-ing, and sculpture were integrated into decorative ensembles. Ar-chitecture and sculpture became pictorial, painting became illu-sionistic.

Baroque art was essentially concerned with vivid colours, hid-den light sources, luxurious materials, and elaborate, contrasting surface textures.

Baroque architects made architecture a means of propagating faith in church and in the state. Baroque space, with directionality, movement, positive molding, contrasted markedly with the static, stable, and space of the high renaissance and with the frustrating conflict of unbalanced spaces of the preceding Mannerist period. Mannerism is the term applied to certain aspects of artistic style, mainly Italian, in the period between the high renaissance of the early 16th century and the beginning of Baroque art in the early 17th century.

The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate forms: the strongly roman catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal, flan-ders, Bohemia, southern Germany, Austria, and Poland) tended toward freer and more active architectural forms and surfaces; in Protestant regions (england, the Netherlands, and the remainder of Northern europe) architecture was more restrained and developed a quiet monumentality impressive in its refinement. In the Prot-estant countries and france, which sought the spirit through the

mind, architecture was more geometric, formal, and precise — an appeal to the intellect.

hardouin-Mansart's Dome des Invalides, Paris (c. 1675), is generally agreed to be the finest church of the last half of the 17th century in france. The correctness and precision of its form, the harmony and balance of its spaces, and the soaring vigour of its dome make it a landmark not only of the Paris skyline but also of european Baroque architecture.

other greatest works of this style are the church of Santa Su-sanna (Maderno, с. 1597), Versailles (Le Vau), National Palace in Madrid (Sacchelti, 1736), and royal Palace at caserta (Vanvitelli, 1752).

Active vocabulary

pearl — жемчугensemble — ансамбльtexture — текстураmolding лепное украшениеlandmark — объект местности, ориентир.

tests

i. choose the correct form of the adjective.

1. Baroque space contrasted with the static, defined space of the … renaissance.a) higher b) the highest c) high

2. The Baroque tended toward … architectural forms and sur-faces.a) free b) freer c) the freest

3. In Protestant regions architecture was … and developed a quiet monumentality.

a) the most restrained b) restrained c) more restrained


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4. In the Protestant countries and france architecture was …, formal, and precise.

a) more geometric b) the most geometric c) geometric

5. Dome des Invalides, Paris is generally agreed to be … church of the last half of the 17th century in france.a) finer b) finest c) the finest


1. During the Baroque period architecture and sculpture be-came pictorial.

a) Baroque architects and sculptors used luxurious materials. b) "Baroque" means imperfectly shaped pearl. c) Baroque architects and sculptors used the methods of

painting.

2. Baroque art was concerned with vivid colours, hidden light sources and elaborate contrasting surface structures.

a) Baroque art was characterized by vivid colours, hidden light sources and elaborate contrasting surface structures.

b) The Baroque never exploited hidden light sources. c) The Baroque developed from the early 17th century to the

mid 18th century.

3. This style contrasted markedly with the high renaissance and Mannerism.

a) The Baroque resembled the high renaissance and Man-nerism.

b) The Baroque had little in common with the high renais-sance and Mannerism.

c) The Mannerist period featured the frustrating conflict on unbalanced spaces.

4. In Protestant regions architecture was restrained. a) In Protestant regions architecture was austere.

b) In Protestant regions architecture had free and active forms.

5. Domes des Invalides is the finest church of european Ba-roque Architecture.

a) Domes des Invalides is the finest church of the 18th century.

b) Domes des Invalides was built in 1675. c) Domes des Invalides is a masterpiece of european Baro-

que architecture.

iii. complete the following sentences.

1. The term "Baroque" was used by philosophers … . a) during the period of the enlightenment b) during the Middle Ages c) in ancient times

2. During the Baroque period architecture and sculpture be-came … .a) illusionistic b) realistic c) pictorial

3. Baroque architecture was a means of propagating … .a) faith b) atheism c) anarchism

4. Mannerism is the term applied to certain aspects of … . a) social life b) artistic style c) scientific research

5. The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate … .a) forms b) sides c) parts

exercises

i. Find the false sentences using the information from the text. correct them.

1. Baroque is a term applied to european art of the early 15th

century.


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2. It is used to describe an irregular or imperfectly shaped pearl.3. It was concerned with bright colours, hidden light sources,

and contrasting surface textures.4. Architecture became a means of antireligious propaganda.5. The Baroque style had Very much in common with the high

renaissance and Mannerism.6. cheap materials were often used during the Baroque period.7. Baroque architects exploited effects of illusionism and made

one art imitate the methоds of the other.

ii. choose words from the following list to put in the sentences below.

Heavy, space, describe, Protestant, angle

1. The word "Baroque" was used to … imperfectly shaped pearl. 2. The Baroque … provided multiple changing views.3. The Baroque features the massive … relief.4. A Baroque statue had a principal view with a preferred …5. The Baroque developed both the catholic and … countries.

iii. Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends, using the information from the text.

1. This term was used by …2. The three arts — architec-

ture, painting, and sculp-ture …

3. Baroque architects made architecture …

4. This style was essentially concerned with vivid co-lours, hidden light sources …

5. Baroque space contrasted markedly with …

a) were integrated into decora-tive ensembles

b) luxurious materials and contrasting surface struc-tures

c) the static space of the high renaissance

d) and painting became illu-sionistic

e) philosophers during the Middle Ages

6. Architecture and sculpture became pictorial, …

7. Mannerism is the term of style in the period between the high renaissance and …

f) the beginning of Baroque art

g) a means of propagating faith in the church and in the state

iV. Use the following expressions to describe the Baroque, the high renaissance, the Mannerist period.

� unbalanced spaces; � vivid colours; � hidden light sources; � luxurious materials; � the harmony and balance of spaces; � the static, stable, and defined space.

V. read the text once more and write questions to these answers.

1. It is used to describe an obstacle in schematic logic.2. During the Baroque period.3. hardouin-Mansart's Dome des Invalides in Paris is a land-

mark of european Baroque architecture.4. It developed into two separate forms.

Vi. Ask your partner the following questions. listen to his/her answers.

1. how is the word "Baroque" defined?2. What are the main features of the Baroque?3. What arts were integrated into decorative ensembles?4. What outstanding Baroque architects do you know?


� препятствие; � средние века; � жемчуг неправильной формы;


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� живопись; � яркие цвета; � скрытые источники света; � вера; � более сдержанный; � утонченность; � дух; � обращение к разуму; � достопримечательность

text 2 read the text and speak on the difference between

the Baroque and rococo.

rococo

During the period of the enlightenment (about 1700 to 1780), various currents of post-Baroque art and architecture evolved. A principal current, generally known as rococo, refined the robust architecture of the 17th century to suit elegant 18th-century tastes. Vivid colours were replaced by pastel shades; diffuse light flooded the building volume; violent surface relief was replaced by smooth flowing masses with emphasis only at isolated points. churches and palaces still exhibited an integration of the three arts, but the build-ing structure was lightened to render interiors graceful and ethereal. Interior and exterior space retained none of the bravado and domi-nance of the Baroque but entertained and captured the imagination by intricacy and subtlety.

By progressively modifying the renaissance-Baroque horizontal separation into discrete parts, rococo architects obtained unified spaces, emphasized structural elements, created continuous deco-rative schemes, and reduced sizes to a minimum. In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to unify the space from wall to wall (church of the carmine, Turin, Italy, 1732, by filippo Juvarra; Pilgrimage church, Steinhausen,

near Biberach, Germany, 1728, by Dominikus Zimmermann; Saint-Jacques, Luneville, france, 1730, by Germain Boffrand.

Active vocabulary

to evolve — происходить, возникатьcurrent — течениеto flood — литься потокомflowing — текущий, плавный (о стиле)robust — крепкий; сильный; грубый

i. choose the correct verb.

1. Vivid colours were … by pastel shades.a) replaced b) chosen c) created.

2. Smooth flowing masses … emphasis only at isolated points,a) exhibited b) had c) separated

3. By progressively modifying the renaissance-Baroque hori-zontal separation into discrete parts, rococo architects … unified spaces.a) reduced b) obtained c) retained

4. rococo architects emphasized structural elements, … con-tinuous decorative schemes, and reduced column sizes to a minimum.a) described b) borrowed c) created

5. In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to … the space from wall to wall.a) unify b) divide c) close


1. During the period of the enlightenment, various currents of post-Baroque art and architecture evolved.a) showed b) developed c) remained


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2. churches and palaces still exhibited an integration of the three arts.a) displayed b) chose c) divided

3. The building structure was lightened to render interiors grace ful and ethereal.a) to open b) to combine c) to make

4. The rococo refined the robust architecture of the 17th cen-tury.a) created b) improved c) became

5. Interior and exterior space entertained and captured the imagination by intricacy and subtlety.a) arrested b) avoided c) violated

exercises


� the period of the enlightenment; � to refine the robust architecture of the 17th century; � to be replaced by pastel shades; � violent surface relief; � to be replaced by smooth flowing masses; � graceful and ethereal; � the bravado and dominance of the Baroque; � to capture the imagination by intricacy and subtlety; � continuous decorative schemes; � Pilgrimage church.

ii. Find in the texts "Baroque" and "rococo" opposites to the following.

regular; negative; informal;unimportant; pale; passive; uncertain; to increase; perfect; luxurious; to darken; to put down;maximum.

iii. express the main idea of the first passage of the text "rococo".

iV. Paraphrase the following.

� the robust architecture; � an integration of the three arts; � graceful and ethereal

5. translate into english.

� эпоха просвещения; � утонченные вкусы 18 века; � заменить пастельными оттенками; � поражать воображение; � разрозненные части; � потолки боковых нефов; � объединить пространство.

Vi. A. read the text about the development of the Baroque in england.

B. tell about the works of christopher Wren, inigo Johns, and sir John Vanbrugh.

с. comment on: "inigo Johns is to architecture what shakespeare is to literature".

The late designs of Inigo Jones for Whitehall Palace (1638) and Queen's chapel (1623) in London introduced english patrons to the prevailing architectural ideas of northern Italy in the late 16th century. Although he was influenced heavily by the 16th century ar-chitects such as Palladio, Serlio, and Vincenzo Scamozzi, Jones ap-proached the Baroque spirit in his late works by unifying them with a refined compositional vigour. Sir christopher Wren presented english Baroque in its characteristic restrained but intricate form in St. Stephen's Walbrook, London (1672), with its multiple chang-ing views and spatial and structural complexity. Wren's greatest


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achievement, St. Paul's cathedral, London (1675–1711), owes much to french and Italian examples of the Baroque period; but the plan shows a remarkable adaptation of the traditional english cathedral plan to Baroque spatial uses. Wren is notable for his large building complexes (hampton court Palace, 1689, and Greenwich hospital, 1696), which, in continuing the tradition of Inigo Jones, paved the way for the future successes of Sir John Vanbrugh. Van-brugh's castle howard in Yorkshire (1699) and Blenheim Palace in oxfordshire (1705) mark the culmination of the Baroque style in england.

Vii. you went on an excursion to the Winter Palace in st. Petersburg. describe its exterior using the information from the text.

In russia the Baroque was created by Bartolomeo rastrelli. his father, famous sculptor carlo rastrelli was invited to russia by Peter the Great, his sixteen-year-old son had no professional training when he came to russia. he learned at the construction sites of St. Petersburg masters and became an architect of world renown, the designer of many magnificent palaces and churches in the russian capital.

The Winter Palace executed in the fine taste and on a gigantic scale is rastrelli's masterpiece. rastrelli himself made the drawings and plans of the palace, designed the ornamentation patterns for window platbands, carvings, sculptures, lattices, parquetry, inte-riors and furniture. The palace building is nearly two kilometres long in perimeter. originally it had 1,050 chambers, 117 staircases, 1886 doors and 1,945 windows.

The project was started in the reign of elizabeth, Peter the Great's daughter who was fond of the Baroque, so the Winter Pal-ace is lavishly adorned with columns, stucco window platbands and sculptures over the roof cornice.

Viii. Prepare a report on one of the suggested topics.

1. Baroque Architecture.2. rococo Architecture.3. Baroque and rococo compared.4. Baroque Architecture in russia.

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Unit 11. Neoclassicism

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Unit 11

neOclAssicisM

Pre-text exercises


classicism, period, Neoclassicism, classical, architecture, intel-lectual, characterize, stylistically, illusion, ornament, manifestly, archaeologically, centre, international, actor, centre, academy, monument, produce, geometric, organization, form, detail, dra-matic, interior, urban, contrast.

2. Use the following suffixes and prefixes to form a) nouns b)adjectives c)verbs d) adverbs.

-tion: articulate, contribute, describe, explore, investigate, mani-fest, produce, project, create, form;

-ful: art, beauty, cheer, forget, grate, truth;un-: able, adorned, answered, clear, forgetful, truthful;-ly: active, archaeological, architectural, correct, great, mani-

fest, stylistical.


To search, appearance, serenity, crucial, emergence, to look for, vital, tranquility.

read the text and speak about the sources and qualities of neoclassical architecture.

The classicism that flourished in the period of 1750–1830 is often known as Neoclassicism, in order to distinguish it from the classical architecture of ancient rome or of the renaissance.

The search for the intellectual and architectural truth charac-terized the period. Stylistically this began with an onslaught on Baroque architecture, which — with its emphasis on illusion and applied ornament — was felt to be manifestly untruthful.

essentially representing a new taste for classical serenity and archaeologically correct forms, 18th-century classicism manifest-ed itself in all the arts.

The discovery, exploration, and archaeological investigation of classical sites in Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor were crucial to the emergence of Neoclassicism.

The centre of international Neoclassicism was rome. The cradle of Italian antiquities, it provided the stage, but the leading actors in the Neoclassical drama were french, German, or english; very little was contributed by Italians to this new movement. The centre of activity was the french Academy. The winners of the Academy's Prix de rome went to Italy to study the monuments firsthand. The projects produced by the french Prix de rome win-ners are characterized by their grandeur of scale; strict geomet-ric organization; simplicity of geometric forms; Greek or roman detail; dramatic use of columns, particularly to articulate interior spaces and create urban landscapes; and a preference for blank walls and the contrast of formal volumes and textures. The same qualities describe Neoclassical architecture as it emerged throughout europe and in America.

Active vocabularу

antiquities — древностиdramatic — (зд.) — волнующий, эффектныйto articulate — выделять


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formal — (зд.) — правильный, симметричныйblank — глухая (стена)

tests


1. Stylistically this began with an onslaught on … . a) romanesque architecture b) Greek architecture c) Baroque architecture

2. The excavations of classical sites were held in Italy, Greece, and … юa) Asia Minor b) egypt c) India

3. The projects produced by the winners are characterized by … .

a) rich floral decorations b) stained glass windows c) a preference for blank walls

4. There were also the strict geometric organization and … . a) simplicity of geometric forms b) spatially complex compositions c) massive walls and round arches

5. Neoclassicism emerged throughout europe and in … .a) Africa b) America c) Asia

6. Neoclassicism flourished … . a) during the first century A. D. b) in the late 19 th century c) during the period of 1750–1830

7. Neoclassicism is characterized by well proportioned facades, shadowed arcades, and…

a) balanced coloured schemes

b) massive stuccowork c) pretentious wrought irons

8. This style is called Neoclassicism to distinguish it from the classical architecture of ancient … .a) egypt b) rome c) russia


1. 18th-century classicism manifested itself in …a) painting b) sculpture c) all the arts

2. excavations at the newly discovered ancient cities of … and herculaneum began in 1748 and 1738.a) Paestum b) Pompeii c) Spalatro

3. The centre of international Neoclassicism was …a) Paris b) florence c) rome

4. The winners of the Academy's Prix de rome went to Italy … a) to study the monuments firsthand b) to take part at a design competition c) as tourists

5. … corresponded loosely with the enlightenment.a) Art Nouveau b) Neoclassicism c) rococo

6. Very little was contributed by Italians to … . a) the Baroque b) the 18 th century classicism c) the renaissance

7. Neoclassicism in its nostalgia for past civilizations was also a romantic … .a) movement b) creation c) centre


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exercises

i. choose the correct preposition.

1. The search … the intellectual and architectural truth char-acterized Neoclassicism.

a) of b) after c) for d) in

2. The classicism of the 18 th-century manifested itself… all the arts.

a) in b) by c) at d) to

3. coincidental with the rise of Neoclassicism was a new and more scientific interest… classical antiquity.

a) for b) about c) at d) in

4. Very little was contributed …Italians to this new movement. a) with b) by c) from d) to

5. The same qualities describe Neoclassical architecture as it was to emerge … europe and in America.

a) throughout b) through c) over d) at


� in order to distinguish it; � the search for intellectual and architectural truth; � classical serenity; � to manifest oneself; � discovery, exploration; � classical sites; � to be crucial to the emergence of Neoclassicism; � the cradle of Italian antiquities; � to study the monuments firsthand; � grandeur of scale; � dramatic use of columns; � a preference for blank walls; � the same qualities; � throughout europe and in America

iii. Find the false sentences using the information from the text. correct them.

1. Neoclassicism flourished in the period from 1750 to 1830.2. It was a reaction against the architecture of the renaissance.3. Paris was the centre of international Neoclassicism.4. This style was characterized by a new and more scientific in-

terest in classical antiquity.5. The leading actors in the Neoclassical drama were main-

ly Italians.

iV. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form.

1. As the Baroque was the style of absolutism, so Neoclassi-cism (to correspond) with the enlightenment and the Age of reason.

2. While superficially opposite, Neoclassicism and romanti-cism (to share) the same roots.

3. The spaces between the radiating avenues (to be subdivided) either geometrically or on a gridiron pattern.

4. In the second half of the 18 lh century the Greek ruins at Paestum (to begin) to attract the attention of visitors.

5. The term romantic classicism (to be used) by some 20 Ih-century art historians to describe certain aspects of Neoclas-sical architecture.


1. When did classicism come into being?2. Why is this style often called Neoclassicism?3. What is the difference between the architecture of Neoclas-

sicism and that of the Baroque?4. how did this style manifest itself?5. Where was the centre of international Neoclassicism?6. Name the leading architects of the period and their works.


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Vi. Match the words and their definitions.

1) the style of absolutism2) objects in nature3) the late phase of the Baroque4) the rebirth of classical style5) the centre of international Neoclassi-

cism

a) romeb) the renaissancec) the Baroqued) ruinse) the rococo style

Vii. Give the english equivalents.

� классическая архитектура Древнего Рима и Ренессанса; � классическая ясность; � возникновение неоклассицизма; � грандиозность масштаба; � строгая геометрическая организация

Viii. translate into russian.

robert Adam is one of the outstanding representatives of Neo-classicism in england. his executed works consisted mainly of the remodeling of existing houses, the most important of which were osterley Park, Middlesex (1761–80); Syon house, Middlesex (1762–69); and Kenwood house, hampstead, London (1767–69). At Kedleston hall, Derbyshire (c. 1765–70), he completed James Paine's plan and added a garden front in which the central portion (centrepiece) is clearly derived from an ancient roman triumphal arch, the first use of this form in domestic architecture. This use of antique forms in a new context is a recurring characteristic of Neoclassical architecture. Adam's planning, to which he devoted considerable attention, was based on a variety of contrasting room shapes, each geometric in itself and contained within an overall geometric plan yet creating a sense of movement, variety, and sur-prise.

of the next generations the leading architects were George Dance the Younger, henry holland, and James Wyatt. Dance's Newgate Prison, London (1769; demolished 1902), was among'the

most original english buildings of the century, a grim, rusticated complex combining the romantic drama of Piranesi with the dis-cipline of Palladio and the Mannerist details of Giulio romano in an imaginative paradigm of Neoclassicism. holland was architect to the Prince of Wales and his most important work in this capacity was the extensive remodeling of carlton house begun in 1783, a refined and elegant whole with a joint debt to Adam and to france.

ix. interview your partner as a neoclassical architect, one of the winners of the French Academy's Prix de rome.

x. you came to russia as a tourist and you are interested in classical architecture. Ask your friend about the development of classicism in russia.

xi. express your opinion.

1. Baroque architecture with its emphasis on illusion and ap-plied ornament was felt to be manifestly untruthful.

2. The 18th-century classicism manifested itself in-all the arts.3. The emergence of the science of archeology was indicative

of a new attitude to the past.

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Unit 12. The architecture of the turn of the centuries . Art Nouveau

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Unit 12

the ArchitectUre OF the tUrn OF the centUries

Pre-text exercises


Style, modern, decorative, ornamental, line, floral, asymmetri-cal, form, characteristic, result, imitation, exploit, material, fa-ience, cabochon, terracotta, panel, exotic, balcony, plastic, facade, accentuation, individual, sculptural, mass, aesthetic, social, theory, master, pioneer.


rubric, title, express, furniture, auditorium.


Affect — affectation — affectionate; vary — variable — vari-ably — invariably; refer — reference; engrave — engraver; pro-duce — product — production; imitatate — imitation — imitative; treat — treatment; inspire — inspiration — inspirator.

4. translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in italics.

1. The aim of this project is to give support to young architects. 2. We aim at reducing expenses to the minimum. 3. on exhibition are original prints of modern masters. 4. You should master the art of communication. 5. The roofs of the houses rise above the trees. 6. They could see a car coming over the top of the rise.

read the text and speak on the main features of Art nouveau

ArT NouVeAu

Art Nouveau was a style of art, decoration and architecture which affected many european countries and North America be-tween 1890 and 1910.

often referred to simply as the style 1900, Art Nouveau ex-presses an essentially decorative trend that aims to highlight the ornamental value of the curved line, which may be floral in origin (Belgium, france) or geometric (Scotland, Austria). This line gives rise to two-dimensional, slender, undulating and invariably asym-metrical forms. The applied arts were the first to be affected (textiles by William Morris, 1880; wood-engraved title page to Wren's city churches by Arthur h. Mackmurdo, etc.

Among the most characteristic products of Art Nouveau were: the houses built by Th. Sluyterman and L. A. h. Wolf in the Neth-erlands, Guimard’s castel Beranger (1897–1898), entrances to the Metro stations and the auditorium of the humbert de romans building (1902, destroyed) in Paris, and the former hotel Solvay (1895–1900) in Brussels.

In russia Art Nouveau is represented by the works of f. Schech-tel (ryabushinsky Mansion (Moscow, 1900), Yaroslavsky railway Station, (Moscow, 1904), ryabushinsky Printshop ("utro rossii", Moscow, 1907), Winter Theatre, (Krasnodar, 1908,) Suroshnikov


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Mansion, (Samara, 1913,) chekhov Library, (Taganrog, 1914) and many others.

All these works are the result of an attempt to put an end to imi-tations of past styles; in its place is offered a type of architecture. It uses such materials as faience cabochons, stained glass, stoneware, terracotta panels, as well as exotic veneers, moulded stonework, grilles, wrought iron fences and gates; bow and horseshoe windows, etc.

In the later phases of Art Nouveau, facade decoration was ac-companied either by the dramatic accentuation of individual parts of the structure (Glasgow Art School, 1898–1909, by Mackintosh) or by the sculptural modelling of the whole building mass (Werk-bundtheater, cologne, 1914 by van de Velde; casa Mila, Barcelona, 1905–1910, by Gaudi).

Art Nouveau was first and foremost an aesthetic undertaking, based on social theories and inspired by aesthetes such as ruskin, Morris and oscar Wilde. It was born of a reaction to the rise of in-dustrialism.

Distinguished architects of the Art Nouveau style, such as Mackintosh, Behrens and the Viennese masters became pioneers of modern architecture, it is true, but with their forward-looking buildings they overstepped the frontiers which the style had im-posed upon its adherents.

Active vocabulary

entrance — входtwo-dimensioeal — двухмерныйthe applied art — прикладное искусствоto engrave — гравироватьstoneware — керамические изделияstained glass — витражveneer — шпон; однослойная фанера; (кирпичная) облицовкаwrought iron — ковкая мягкая стальfence — забор, изгородь, оградаbow — дуга

horseshoe — подковаtreatment — обработка

tests


1. Art Nouveau was a reaction to the currents of eclecticism and academic classicism at the turn of the 19th century.

a) Art Nouveau was a reaction against Neo-Gothic. b) It was a reaction to the currents of eclecticism and aca-

demic classicism in the late 19th century.

2. This style has a lot of rubrics. a) It is often referred to as "style 1900"-. b) It was the "modern style" in england. c) It is known under a variety of titles.

3. The curved line gives rise to invariably asymmetrical forms. a) A florid type of architecture exploits craft skills. b) The whiplash line creates constantly asymmetrical forms.

4. fyodor Shekhtel is the main representative of Art Nou-veau in russia.

a) ryabushinsky's mansion by fyodor Shekhtel is one the best works of Art Nouveau in russia.

b) Mackintosh is an outstanding representative of Art Nou-veau in Scotland.

5. Art Nouveau was inspired by ruskin, Morris and oscar Wilde.

a) The echoes of Gothic had a considerable effect on the age and emerged in some Art Nouveau works.

b) Art Nouveau was an aesthetic undertaking.c) ruskin, Morris and oscar Wilde were the inspirers of Art

Nouveau.


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ii. complete the following sentences.

1. Art Nouveau is characterized by … and asymmetrical forms. a) plain surfaces b) whiplash lines c) symmetrical composition

2. This decorative trend highlights … of the curved line. a) structural value b) durability c) ornamental value

3. It was an attempt to put an end to imitations of… styles.a) past b) new c) different

4. This architecture exploits craft skills, using … a) coloured materials b) Simple geometric forms c) computer technology

iii. Answer the following questions. Only one variant is correct from the three choices.

1. What does Art Nouveau exploit? a) This style exploits the effects of illusionism. b) The artists of Art Nouveau imitate past styles. c) It exploits craft skills using coloured materials.

2. What were the sources of Art Nouveau? a) Increasing interest in archaeology was crucial to the emer-

gence of Art Nouveau. b) It was inspired by such aesthetes as ruskin, Morrison, and

oscar Wilde. c) It adopted the ideas of constructivism.

3. What kind of reaction was Art Nouveau born of? a) It began with an onslaught on Baroque architecture. b) It was the reaction to the ban on human representation. c) It was born of a reaction to the rise of industrialism.

4. What were the decorative elements of this trend? a) Art Nouveau featured exotic veneers, moulded stonework,

asymmetrical door-and window frames, horseshoe win-dows.

b) It was characterized by unadorned exteriors and interiors. c) The Doric order was preferred during this period.

5. Who were the greatest architects of Art Nouveau? a) carlo rossi is one of the greatest representatives of the

"modern style". b) August endell, charles r. Mackintosh and Antonio

Gaudi are among those who created this style. c) filippo Brunelleschi is supposed to be its initiator.

exercises


� ornamental value of the curved line; � to give rise; � the applied arts; � ornamental lettering; � wood-engraved title page; � mural tapestry; � to put an end; � to exploit skills of craftsmen; � asymmetrical door — and window-frames; � a powerful treatment of the whole building; � a reaction to the rise of industrialism; � forward-looking buildings; � to impose upon its adherents.

ii. Match the pairs of synonyms. Make up word combinations of your own, using these words.

architectural products; insteadin its place; to make use of


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diverse; trend, fashionto exploit; to suggeststyle; notable, outstandingdistinguished; buildings, structures, edificesmodern; dissimilarto offer; recentto call; to nameslender; decorativeform; shapeornamental slim

iii. increase your vocabulary. Make sentences of your own, using these phrasal verbs.

to give rise to, to differ in,to put an end to, to be accompanied by,to impose upon, to overstep the frontiers.

iV. Prove the following statements using the information from the text.

1. Art Nouveau is also known as the style 1900.2. The curved line was the essential element of this decorative

trend.3. At first Art Nouveau manifested itself in the applied arts.4. A wide diversity characterizes the architecture of the Art

Nouveau style.5. Various coloured materials were used by a florid type of ar-

chitecture.

V. in your group, discuss the following questions.

1. When did Art Nouveau develop?2. What are its sources?3. Why was Art Nouveau a diverse phenomenon?4. What outstanding architects of Art Nouveau do you know?5. What are the best examples of Art Nouveau in europe?

6. translate the text.

Antonio Gaudi was born in reus (cataluna) in a family of cop-persmiths.

The most universal architect which cataluna has given was the last of five brothers. he did not follow the traditional occupation of the family but it helped him to create his own conception of space and volume. Gaudi saw in the construction of boilers which his father produced a free treatment of space.

Gaudi worked at the moment of Modernistic outbreak, the mo-vement of regeneration and replanting of the arts. one must point out that Gaudi — always bound to his historic moment and his people — going forward to his era, never limited himself to some criterion of school. Therefore his figure and his work are the chapter apart in Modernism.

Among his first works were the "cuidadela" Park of Barcelona, the niche of the Virgin of Monserrat, the street lamps in the "Plaza real" of Barcelona, the Vicen's house, the furniture of the "comil-las" chapel. These were the first tests which allowed him to find solutions — synthesis of romanic-Gothic Medievalism, organic naturalism, orientalism, geometrism — which configured in all his posterior work.

Antonio Gaudi is the author of such world renewed architectural products as the college of the Teresinas, the Guell Park, the "Bot-ines" house, the episcopal Palace of Astorga, the houses "calvet" and "Battlo", the "Pedrera" (Mila house), the crypt of the "colonia Guell", and many others. his greatest work is the New cathedral of Barcelona — The "Sagrada familia" (holy family).

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Unit 13. Organic architecture. Frank Lloyd Wright

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Unit 13

OrGAnic ArchitectUre

Pre-text exercises


Interior, designer, concept, organic, architecture, initiator, style, innovative, type, museums, hotels, office, element, terrace, ma-terial, plan, pergola, garage, period, construct, balcony, vertical, horizontal, characterize, functional, elegant, geometric, forms, spiral, collection, foundation, technique.

2. Use the following prefixes and suffixes to make new words.

Over-, sub-, sup-, un-; -al, -an, -ese, -fy, -ize, -like, -ment, -or, -y.

Practice, rock, hang, Japan, engage, interrupt, europe, charac-ter, develop, spiral, function, America, achieve, simple.

3. Using the table make up affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences.

Arc, circle and spiral is harmony with the natu-ral surroundings.

Wright should be Wright’s favourites.

Geometrical clarity were unfinished materials for his buildings.

According to Wright’s philosophy, the building

are the main feature of his works.

Box-like forms used the elements of Wright’s vocabulary.

read the text and tell about the creativity of F. l. Wright

frANK LLoYD WrIGhT

frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959) is the greatest American ar-chitect and interior designer. he developed the concept of ‘organic’ architecture, was the initiator of the Prairie School movement, with his usonian homes set a new style for suburban design. Wright’s work includes innovative examples of different building types — mansions, churches, museums, schools, hotels and offices. he often designed the interior elements of his buildings, such as pieces of furniture, carpets, light fittings, and stained glass.

his famous ‘Prairie houses’ (between 1900 and 1917) were extended low buildings with flat roofs, suppressed chimneys, over-hangs and terraces, made of unfinished materials. These works are known to be the first examples of the ‘open plan’. These were the houses in Buffalo, New York, 1903–1908; the Westcott house in Springfield, ohio, 1907–1908; the Avery and Queene coonley house in riverside, Illinois; the frederick c. robie house in chi-cago, 1907–1909.

The Westcott house, inspired by Japanese art, shows the evolu-tion of Wright’s Prairie concept. It has an extensive 98-foot pergola capped with an intricate wooden trellis; this connects a detached carriage house and garage to the main house. The robie house is a masterpiece of the late ‘Prairie period. The structure features cantilevered roof, supported by a 110-foot steel channel. Its liv-ing and dining areas are unified to form one uninterrupted space.


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Greatly influenced young architects in post war europe, this work is often called the ‘cornerstone of modernism’.

The greatest example of residential design, the house named falling Water, was constructed on a rocky ledge with a stream and waterfall running under part of the building (1935–1939). The con-struction being an integral part of the landscape is a series of canti-levered balconies and terraces, the verticals were made of limestone and the horizontals of concrete.

In the 1930's Wright was also engaged in designing usonian homes. Aimed to be highly functional houses for middle-class cli-ents, these designs were characterized by simple, yet elegant geo-metric forms.

The Solomon r. Guggenheim Museum in New York (1943–1959) is probably his most recognized masterpiece. The spiral-like building grows from its site on fifth Avenue; its interior is like the inside of a seashell.

Modern American homes owe much to Wright: open plans, slab-on-grade foundations, simplified construction techniques, innovative use of glass and other building materials.

During his lifetime and well after his death frank Lloyd Wright received much honorary recognition for his achievements. In 1991, the American Institute of Architects named him “the greatest American architect of all time”. In 2000, an unscientific pool was taken in Philadelphia in which falling Water was named “The Building of the 20th century’’, as were the Guggenheim Museum, the frederick c. robie house and the Johnson Wax Building.

Active vocabulary

мansion — большой особняк, большой дом; дворецcarpet — коверlight fittings — осветительные приборыchimney — труба, дымоходoverhang — выступ, навесunfinished — необработанныйtrellis — шпалераcantilever — консоль, кронштейн

limestone — известнякfoundation — фундамент

tests


1. Wright’s work … innovative examples of different building types.a) includes b) concludes c) excludes

2. With his usonian homes he set a new style for … design.a) urban b) suburban c) industrial

3. The robie house is often called the ‘… of modernism’.a) cornerstone b) touchstone c) stone

4. The private residence named falling Water is a series of can-tilevered balconies and …a) roofs b) beams c) terraces

ii. choose the correct form of the verb.

1. Wright … the concept of ‘organic’ architecture.a) has developedb) had developedc) developed

2. By 1901 about 50 projects … by Wright.a) had been completed b) has been completed c) were completed

3. The living and dining areas of the robie house … to form one uninterrupted space.a) unified b) are unified c) are being unified


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4. Throughout his career Wright … in community and site plan-ning.a) was interested b) had interested c) interested

5. In accordance with Wright’s philosophy, the building … from its context.a) shall grow b) should be grown c) should grow

exercises

i. Match russian and english equivalents.

1. movement2. suburban3. simplify4. mansion 5. light fitting6. residential7. recognize8. waterfall9. trellis

a) особнякb) водопадc) шпалераd) жилойe) признаватьf) упрощатьg) осветительные приборыh) движениеi) пригородный

ii. Find out which parts of speech the following words from the text are referred to.

set par. 1 noun adjective verb

flat par. 2 noun adjective verb

overhangs par. 2 noun adjective verb

intricate par. 3 noun adjective verb

features par.3 noun adjective verb

series par.4 noun adjective verb

iii. Fill in the gaps with words from the text.

1. Wright’s work … innovative examples of different building types.

2. one of his most famous private residences, … was built near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

3. ‘Prairie houses’ were extended low buildings with … roofs, suppressed …, overhangs and terraces.

4. The robie house is … of the late ‘Prairie period.5. The interior of the Solomon r. Guggenheim Museum is like

the inside of … .

iV. Match the words to their definitions.

1. Cornerstone. 2. Evolution. 3. Innovative. 4. Masterpiece.

a) the way in which something gradually changes and develops; b) new, original and advanced;c) an extremely good example of something; d) a basic part of something, on which everything depends.

V. Match the terms to their definitions.

1. Cantilever. 2. Chimney. 3. Overhang. 4. Unfinished.

a) a part that sticks out from the edge above something; b) a piece of wood or metal fixed to the side of an upright post

or a wall and used for supporting something such as a bridge; c) not painted or protected with a special liquid; d) a tube or passage that takes smoke from a fire through a buil-

ding and out through the roof.


Новый стиль проектирования загородных домов, церк-ви, отели, осветительные приборы, ковры, мебель, вит-ражи, труба, дымоход, шпалера, выступ, оказать большое влияние, угловой (краеугольный) камень, шедевр, консоль, кронштейн, отдельный, сложный, замысловатый, «Дом над


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водопадом», заниматься проектированием, известняк, бетон, спиралевидный, признание, шпалера.

Vii. Ask your friend to explain you the following.

‘cornerstone of modernism’, innovative use, unfinished materi-als, cantilever roof (balcony), suppressed chimney.

Viii. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the main idea of ‘organic’ architecture?2. Who was its founder?3. how can be ‘Prairie houses’ described?4. What can you say about Wright’s most innovative private

residence?5. What features of modern American houses date back to

Wright?6. how does the Solomon r. Guggenheim Museum look like?7. Why do you think falling Water, the Guggenheim Museum,

the frederick c. robie house and the Johnson Wax Build-ing were given the title ‘The Building of the 20th century’?

ix. Make up a report on one of the suggested topics.

1. frank Lloyd Wright and his philosophy of organic architec-ture.

2. Japanese influences in Wright’s creativity.3. Wright’s theories of suburban development.4. Wright’s innovations in interior design.

Unit 14

FUnctiOnAlisM

Pre-text exercises


Dominant, figure, internationally, system, proportion, human, basis, formulate, definition, correct, construction, transportation, postulate, machine, practically, mechanistic, aesthetic, rationality, plan, serial production, function, terrace, composition, interior, exterior, unique, architect, finally, epoch, tradition, urban, plan-ning, scheme, centre, visual.


Section, series, general, reflection, concrete.

3. Use the following prefixes and suffixes to form a) verbs b) adjectjves c) nouns.

mis-: calculate, inform, lead, take, understood;ir-: rational, real, regular, relevant;-age: cover, lever, patron, pilgrim, marry;-(i)ty: able, hostile, formal, real.


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Unit 14. Functionalism. Charles Edouard (Jeanneret) Le Corbusier

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read the text and tell about le corbusier's innovations in architecture.

chArLeS eDouArD (JeANNereT) Le corBuSIer(1887–1966)

Le corbusier was the dominant figure internationally in modern architecture from 1920 to 1960.

he proposed the "Modulor", a system of proportions grounded on the golden section or the fibonacci series using the human fig-ures as its basis, formulated the famous definition of architecture as 'the masterly correct and magnificent play of masses brought together in light'. his comparisons with engineering constructions and with modern forms of transportation were formulated into such oft-misunderstood postulates as 'the house is a machine for living in' and that it should be as practically constructed as a type-writer. By this he meant not a mechanistic 'machine aesthetic' but rather complete rationality in plan, capacity for serial production and function.

his 'five points for a new architecture': the pilotis, roof terraces, free plan, continuous window strips and free facade composition were to be the essential elements of the new aesthetic.

Le corbusier's works have become monuments of modern ar-chitecture with their general independence of terrain as well as a rich variety of interior and exterior spaces achieved by means of double-height rooms, gallery floors, bridges and ramps with views into the interior as well as framed views looking out, all expressions of a genuine luxury in architecture.

Le corbusier's long period as a leading figure in modern archi-tecture — for nearly half a century — was unique among architects of his time and is, finally, a reflection of his capacity to endow ar-chitecture with an expression which evokes the spirit of his epoch. In this sense he was at once the 'terrible simplificateur' in the tradi-tion of the rationalist enlightenment and a creator of forms which will endure well beyond his time.

Among his works are Villa Savoye, Poissy (1929–1931); Pavilion Nuisse, cite universitaire, Paris (1930–1932); The clarte apart-ment house in Geneva (1930–1932); unite d'habitation, Mar-seilles (1947–1952); tin' urban planning schemes for large North African and South American cities (the 1930 s); the Pilgrimage church of Notre Dame-du-haut at rouchamp (1950–1954); the carpenter centre for the Visual Arts at harvard university in cambridge, Massachusetts (1961–1964); the plan for the city of chandigarh, India (1950–1951), and many others.

Active Vocabulary

section — сечениеwindow strips — ленточные окнаterrain — местностьramp — скат, уклон, наклонная плоскость, пандусpilotis — столбы, поднимающие здание над землей

tests

i. choose the correct adjective.

1. Le corbusier was the… figure internationally in modern ar-chitecture from 1920 to 1960.a) dominant b) foreign c) possible

2. According to Le corbusier architecture is "the masterly cor-rect and … play of masses brought together in light ".a) bright b) wooden c) magnificent

3. free facade composition is one of his "five points for a …architecture".a) new b) great c) modern

4. Le corbusier's long period as a… figure in modern architec-ture was unique among architects of his time.a) continuous b) leading c) wise


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5. Le corbusier's works have become monuments of … archi-tecture,a) modern b) medieval c) native


1. According to Le corbusier, "the house should be as practi-cally constructed as …".a) a TV-set b) a type-writer c) a refrigerator

2. he advanced the "Modulor" in order to determine the pro-portions of … .a) machines b) terrain c) building units

3. his formulas of architectural typology are: the pilotis, roof terraces, free plan, continuous window strips and … .a) free facade compositionb) conspicuous use of decorationc) complexity of forms

4. Le corbusier worked out the urban planning schemes for Paris and for several large North African and … cities.a) South Africanb) North Americanc) South American

exercises


� ‘The magnificent play of masses, brought together in light’; � the house is a machine for living in; � a mechanistic 'machine aesthetic'; � capacity for serial-production; � the pilotis; � continuous window strips; � general independence of terrain; � by means of double-height rooms;

� genuine luxury in architecture; � he rationalist enlightenment; � the "terrible simplificateur"

ii. Guess which parts of speech the following words from the text belong to.

complete noun adjective verb

play noun adjective verb

masses noun adjective verb

general noun adjective verb

endure noun adjective verb

iii. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.

1. he proposed the "Modulor", a system of proportions … on the golden section or the fibonacci series using the … figures as its …

2. he also formulated the famous … of architecture as 'the masterly, correct and magnificent… of masses brought to-gether in … '.

3. his 'five … for a new architecture' were to be the … elements of the new aesthetic.

4. he was at … the 'terrible simplificateur' in the tradition of the rationalist… and a creator of forms which … well beyond his time.

5. his works … monuments of… architecture.

iV. explain in english.

� the golden section; � complete rationality in plan; � capacity for serial-production; � free plan.


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� «дом — машина для жилья»; � возможность серийного производства; � столбы-ходули, поднимающие здание над землей; � сад на крыше; � ленточные окна; � большое разнообразие внутренних и внешних про-

странств; � галерейные этажи; � передавать дух эпохи; � просвещение

Vi. explain the following.

human figures are used as the basis of Le Modulor.

for nearly half a century Le corbusier was a leading figure in 20 th century architecture.

Why?

Le corbusier’s works have become monuments of modern architecture.

Vii. A: With your partner, make up a dialogue about the activity of le corbusier using the information from the text and your own knowledge on the subject.

Don't forget to mention: when and where he worked; what his formulas of architectural typology are; what his works are. Tell about his influence on the architecture of the 20 Ih century.

B. comment on the following:

The architect is a contemporary of the future.

Vi. translate into russian.

The rapid development of South American cities in the late 19th century and a growing awareness that city planning required specialized knowledge, created a climate that welcomed experts from abroad.

Active in the Southern cone during the first decades of the 20th

century were the frenchmen Joseph Antoine Bouvard, Jean claude Nicolas forestier and Leon Jaussely. The presence in Buenos Aires of Le corbusicr (1929) was significant for urbanism in Argentina.

Le corbusier's journey to Buenos Aires, Montevideo, rio de Janeiro, and San Paulo affected architecture and planning in all of South America. It seems likely that Le corbusier arrived with his proposal for the Argentine capital preconceived, resembling his "Plan for a contemporary city of Three Million," exhibited in Paris in 1925.

At his arrival at night — his ship had been delayed in Montevi-deo — he was exhilarated by the sight of Buenos Aires stretching out as a line of lights along the calm expanse of the La Plata river, under the southern sky "so full of stars." Walks through the city on the following days, however, filled him with sadness and even despair: "Buenos Aires is one of the most inhumane cities I have known; really, one's heart is martyred. for weeks I walked its streets 'without hope' like a madman, oppressed, depressed, furious, des-perate…." Moving through the "corridor streets" of Buenos Aires, the "tragic streets without hope," he was challenged by the posibili-ties this difficult scenario presented to the urbanist's imagination. Le corbusier decided to confront the city and its topographical setting with a grand gesture, superimposing a rational scheme of the human mind. The corbusian citii d'affaires makes only token reference to the Plaza de Mayo, substituting a megastructure as the symbolic centre for a world-city, distinct from its historic past. The concept is international not only in its architectural form but in its practical program and technology, and points to a brilliant future.

from earliest times the old part of Buenos Aires was separat-ed from the river by a steep incline, the barranca which formed a


136 137

moatlike barrier. Le corbusier overcame this confinement by merg-ing the flat mainland with the water table. The Swiss from the Jura Mountains was appropriating the absolute geometry of flatland. The scheme envisions a platform on lulotis in the la Plata river match-ing the level of the existing city. A core of sixty-storeyed skyscrapers rises on the platform. harbour facilities, docks, and railways are placed under it, and, downstream in the estuary, an airport.

Unit 15

AVAnt-GUArde in ArchitectUre

Pre-text exercises


constructivism, style, architecture, organize, functionalism, demonstration, revolution, sociological, program, constructivist, project, monument, International, armature, skeletal, spiral, sculp-ture, gigantic, conic, symbol, industrialization, ministry, central, economic, planning.


construct — construction — constructional, constructor, constructivism — constructivists; function — functional — func-tionality; functionalism; efficient — efficiency — inefficiency; sociology — sociological; industry — industrial — industrialize — industrialization.

3. translate the following words with the suffix -al which may be:

a) adjectives: architectural, classical, compositional, floral, identical, pictorial, rostral, structural;

b) adjectives and nouns: capital, diagonal, horizontal, ideal, international, material, original, potential, spiral, vertical;


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Unit 15. Avant-Guarde in architecture. Constructivism

139

c) nouns: arrival, mineral, metal, pedestal, portrayal, revival, survival.


Beauty, dislike, encourage, efficiency, informal, central, to com-plete, exposed, peripheral, discourage, formal, liking, ugliness, protected, inefficiency.

text 1. read the text and tell about the most famous works

of the style

coNSTrucTIVISM

constructivism is a style of architecture which uses concrete, steel and glass to organize planes and volumes in an extremely for-mal expression.

constructivism originated in Moscow after 1917. lt may be re-garded as part of the functionalism. The demonstration of the constructive solution was to be the basis for all building design, with emphasis on functional machine parts. The constructivists equated efficient construction with beauty.

After the revolution modern art at first was encouraged in rus-sia and several architects, notably the German Bruno Taut, looked to the new government for a sociological program. The construc-tivist project for a monument to the Third International (1920) by Vladimir Tatlin was machine in which the various sections would rotate within an exposed steel armature. This leaning skeletal spiral-like monument (1300 ft high) of tin-iron wire and steel bones could be regarded as either sculpture or architecture.

Konstantin Melnikov's Workers'club in Moscow (1920) had a plan resembling a fragment of a gigantic conic gear, the symbol ol industrialization of the country at that time.

The Ministry of central economic Planning (1928–1932) de-signed by Le corbusier, was intended to be a glass-filled slab but,

because of Stalin's dislike of modern architecture was never com-pleted.

Active vocabulary

armature — (зд.) — арматураleaning — наклонныйwire — проводgear — шестерняrotate — вращать

tests


1. constructivism originated in Moscow … 1917.a) in b) before c) after

2. The demonstration of constructive solution was to be the basis … all building design.a) for b) over c) in

3. After 1917, modern art was encouraged … russia.a) near b) at c) in

4. It was a machine in which the various sections would rotate … an exposed steel armature.a) within b) without c) with

5. The Ministry of central economic Planning was designed … Le corbusier.a) with b) by c) for

exercises


� planes and volumes; � constructive solution;


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Unit 15. Avant-Guarde in architecture. Constructivism

141

� modern art; � a monument to the Third International; � to rotate within an exposed steel armature; � the iron wire; � a fragment of a gigantic conic gear; � a glass-filled slab.

ii. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text.

1. constructivism used concrete, steel and … 2. This style may be regarded as … of the functionalism. 3. A monument to the Third International was a machine in

which the … sections would … within an exposed steel… 4. This monument could be … as either… or architecture.


1. constructivism is a style of architecture…

2. Planes and volume are orga-nized …

3. The demonstration of the constructive solution was …

4. Several architects looked to…5. A monument to the Third In-

ternational …6. The Workers'club in Moscow

resembles …7. The Ministry of central eco-

nomic Planning designed by Le corbusier …

a) in an extremely formal ex-pression

b) the new government for a sociological program

c) which used concrete, steel and glass

d) is the most famous con-structivist project

e) was intended to be a glass-filled slab

f) to be the basis for all building design

g) a fragment of a gigantic conic gear.

iV. Find the false sentences using the information of the text.

1. The constructivists used marble in their works.2. After the revolution modern art at first was encouraged in

russia.3. This movement originated in Germany.4. constructivism emphasized organic forms and ornaments.5. The constructivists equated efficient construction with

beauty.6. Vladimir Tatlin's project for a monument to the Third In-

ternational in Moscow is the most famous example of this style.

7. The building of the Ministry of central economic Planning was built in 1932.


1. When and where did constructivism originate?2. Why is this style called constructivism?3. What are its main features?4. What famous constructivists do you know?

V. Use the following definitions (A) to explain the word combinations from the text (B).

(A) armature — anything serving as a defence; construction — a building or other large structure; plane — a flat surface; slab — a large flat piece of a hard material such as stone or

wood etc; spiral — a shape that looks like a set of circles inside each

other, made by one line curving inside itself.

(B) efficient construction, an exposed steel armature, a spiral-like monument, a glass-filled slab.


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Unit 15. Avant-Guarde in architecture. The Bauhaus

143

V. Ask your group-mate to tell you about Vladimir tatlin's mon ument to the third international; the Workers club by konstantin Melnikov, le corbusier's project of the Ministry of central economic Planning and other architectural products of constructivism.

text 2. read the text and tell about the best world

architectural school of the late 1920s — the early 1930s

The BAuhAuS

In Germany Gropius followed a mechanistic direction. his fagus Works factory at Alfeld-an-der-Leine in Germany (1911) and the Werkbund exposition building at the cologne exhibition (1914) had been models of industrial architecture in which vigorous forms were enclosed by masonry and glass: the effect of these buildings was gained by the use of steel frames, strong silhouette, and the logic of their plans. There were no historical influences or expres-sions of local landscape, traditions, or materials. The beauty of the buildings derived from adapting form to a technological culture.

Gropius succeeded van de Velde as director of the ducal Arts and crafts School at Weimar in 1919. Later called the Bauhaus, it became the most important centre of modern design until the Nazis closed it in 1933. While he was at Weimar, Gropius devel-oped a firm philosophy about architecture and education, which he announced in 1923. The aim of the visual arts, he said, is to create a complete, homogeneous physical environment in which all the arts have their place. Architects, sculptors, furniture mak-ers, and painters must learn practical, crafts and obtain knowledge of tools, materials, and forms; they must become acquainted with the machine and attempt to use it in solving the social problems of an industrial society. At the Bauhaus aesthetic investigations into space, colour, construction, and elementary forms were flavoured by cubism and constructivism. Moving the school to Dessau in

1925 Gropius designed the pioneering new Bauhaus (1925–26) in which steel frames and glass walls provided workshops within severely cubistic buildings. Gropius assembled a staff of modern teachers, including the artists Laszlo Moholy-Nag, Wassily Kan-dinsky, Paul Klee, Marcel Breuer, and Adolf Meyer, whose projects, such as the 116 experimental standardized housing units of the Tor-ten estate at Dessau, Germany (1926–28), bore a highly machined, depersonalized appearance.

Active vocabulary

furniture maker — производитель мебелиtool — инструментworkshop — мастерскаяhousing unit — жилая единица

tests


1. Gropius's works at the cologne exhibition had been models of … .a) industrial architecture b) computer aided designc) domestic architecture

2. There were no historical influences, or expressions of local landscape, traditions, or … .a) details b) cultures c) materials

3. The Bauhaus became the most important centre of modern design until … .a) the Nazis closed it in 1933 b) the advent of Art Nouveauc) the World War I

4. At Weimar, Gropius developed a firm philosophy about ar-chitecture and … .a) policy b) education c) ecology


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Unit 15. Avant-Guarde in architecture. The Bauhaus

145

5. A staff of modern teachers worked at … .a) oxford universytyb) harvard universityc) the Bauhaus


1. In Germany, Gropius … mechanistic direction.a) was following b) follow c) followed

2. The effect of these buildings … by the use of steel frames, strong silhouette and the logic of their plans.a) was gained b) has gained c) gains

3. There … no historical influences, or expressions of local landscape.a) was b) were c) is

4. The beauty of the buildings… from adapting form to a tech-nological culture.a) derived b) has derived c) derive

5. 116 experimental standardized housing units at Dessau … a depersonalized appearance.a) born b) bears c) bore

iii. choose the synonyms to the following words.

1. Models a) figures b) elements c) patterns

2. Vigorous a) visual b) strong c) serious

3. To gaina) to obtain b) to receive c) to get

4. environmenta) landmark b) settlement c) surroundings

5. Aima) purpose b) desire c) target

6. To assemblea) to pick up b) to gather c) to include

exercises

i. translate into english.

� выставка в Кельне; � каменная кладка; � стальные каркасы; � школа искусств и ремесел; � производители мебели; � приобретать знания; � решение социальных проблем индустриального об ще-

ства.

ii. Match the words (A) and their definitions (B).

(A) � modern � workshop � crafts � landscape � cubism

(B) � an extensive natural scene or vista of land; � manual art; � pertaining to the present time; � the redutionary phase of the Modern art movement; � a building where any work or handicraft is carried on.


146 147

iii. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the Bauhaus?2. Who was its founder?3. What are other famous names associated with it?4. Why Germany was the most important centre of modern

design until 1933?5. What is the aim of the visual arts?

iV. Ask your friend to describe the works by l. Gropius shown at the cologne exhibition.

Unit 16

JAzzy ArchitectUre

Pre-text exercises


Architecture, technology, combine, archeological, archeologist, reporter, tourist, graphic design, element, primitive, terra-cotta, vertical, zigzag, pyramid, terrace, structure, complex, trapezoid, logical progression, rhythmical, era, geometric, pavilion, radio, music hall.


Decoration, icon, furniture, block, auditorium.

3. Make up new words, using the following prefixes and suffixes.

Dis-: abilty, advantage, agree, appear, approve, connect, cover, intergrate;

em-: balm, body, bed, brace, power;un-: accustomed, adorned, altered, attractive, block, civilized,

delete, disturb;-er: build, dine, design, line, scrape, work;


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Unit 16. Jazzy architecture. ART DECO

149

-sion: erode, express, impress, progress, success;-an: rome, Africa, Asia, India, America, egypt, Assyria, eu-

rope.


find, form, untouched, vivid, amazing, discovery, bright, to exploit, delicate, typical, to use, undisturbed, shape, subtle, char-acteristic, surprising.

5. Use the following in word combinations of your own.

Subtle, to express, excavations, motifs, streamlined, culture, terraced, design, pillar, primitive, an interest, archeological, forms, to borrow, house.

read the text and tell about the sources and typical features of the style.

ArT Deco

The term Art Deco was coined from the title of an interna-tional design exhibition held in Paris in 1925 (exposition des Arts Decoratifs / et Industriels Moderns).

During the twenties and early thirties, jazzy Art Deco architec-ture was the rage. Its sources were numerous — the austere shapes of the Bauhaus School and streamlined styling of modern technol-ogy combined with motifs taken from ancient Greece and rome, the far east, Africa, India, Aztec and Mayan cultures. But the most important was the influence of ancient egypt.

In 1922, the world was thrilled with the discovery of the King Tutankhamen’s tomb. reporters and tourists thronged the site for a glimpse at treasures which had laid nearly undisturbed for over 3,000 years. Soon a fascination for ancient egypt found expres-sion in advertising design, architecture, furniture, jewelry, and clothing.

It‘s easy to overlook the egyptian elements in the design of a posh theatre or a streamlined diner, a private residence or an office building. The very shape of these structures expresses admiration for orderly forms and primitive architecture. The terra-cotta facing and strong vertical bands, zigzag designs and vivid colours are also typical Art Deco features borrowed from antiquity.

The early Art Deco skyscrapers suggest egyptian or Assyrian pyramids with terraced steps rising to the top. These structures may have complex groupings of rectangles or trapezoids. Sometimes two contrasting materials are used to create subtle bands of colour, a strong sense of line, or the illusion of pillars. The logical progression of steps and the rhythmical repetition of shapes resemble ancient architecture yet also celebrate a new, technological era.

Vivid colour, strong lines and undulating, repeating patterns are a trademark of Art Deco design, especially in the Moderne Deco works of the 1930 s. Some buildings are embellished with flowing waterfall effects. others present colours in bold, geometric blocks.

In europe the main Art Deco works are ruhlmann’s Paris exhi-bition rooms, Le Pavillion d’un collectioneur (1925). In the uSA, Art Deco was embraced by raymond hood, who designed three of the most distinctive buildings in New York city: the radio city Music hall auditorium and foyer, the rcA building at rockefell-er center, and the New York Daily News building. The chrysler Building by William van Allen and the empire State Building by Shreve and Lamb are other greatest landmarks of Art Deco archi-tecture.

After 1935 Art Deco declined but has revived since the 1960s.

Active vocabulary

streamline — придавать обтекаемую форму; модернизироватьfacing — облицовка, отделкаskyscraper — небоскребblock — блок; (of houses) квартал; (of flats) многоквартирный

дом


150


151

tests


1. Most of all, Art Deco expressed … over a stunning archeo-logical find in egypt.a) concern b) thanks c) excitement

2. A fascination for ancient egypt found expression in clothing, jewelry, furniture, … design and architecture.a) graphic b) landscape c) retail

3. The terra-cotta…, strong vertical bands, zigzag designs are also typical Art Deco features borrowed from antiquity.a) face b) facility c) facing

4. The very shape of buildings expresses fascination for orderly forms and … architecture.a) sophisticated b) primitive c) classic

5. Some buildings are embellished with flowing … effects.a) waterfall b) waterline c) watercolour


1. In 1922, the world … with the astonishing archeological find in egypt.a) had been thrilled b) is thrilled c) was thrilled

2. extravagant ornamentation, streamlined forms and zigzag designs … the features we associate with Art Deco.a) was b) are c) is

3. hand made decorative goods …Art Nouveau mass-produced articles.a) are succeeding b) were succeeding c) will be succeeding

4. In the 1930 s, some Art Deco buildings … with flowing wa-terfall effects.a) was embellished b) will be embellished c) were embellished

5. Art Deco … since the 1960 s ….a) has revived b) has been revived c) had revived

iii. Match the sentences and tenses.

1. Art Deco expressed excitement over an amazing archeologi-cal find in egypt.

2. reporters and tourists saw treasures which had laid nearly undisturbed for over 3,000 years.

3. The very shape of these buildings expresses fascination for orderly forms and primitive architecture.

4. Art Deco was widely used in furniture design.5. Sometimes two contrasting materials are combined to create

the illusion of pillars.6. Since the 1960 s Art Deco has become popular again.

a) Present Simple Active; b) Present Perfect Active; c) Present Simple Passive; d) Past Simple Active and Past Perfect Active; e) Past Simple Active; f) Past Simple Passive.

iV. Match the types of structures and their definitions.

1. Diner. 2. Pyramid. 3. Skyscraper. 4. Ziggurat. 5. Tomb.

a) a large stone structure with a square base and walls with three sides that meet at a point on the top of the structure;

b) a very tall building containing offices or flats;c) a grave where a dead person is buried, especially one consist-

ing of a large stone structure;d) a terraced pyramid with each storey smaller than the one

below it;e) a small restaurant that sells simple cheap food.


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exercises

i. choose the correct form of the participle.

1. The term Art Deco was coined from the title of an interna-tional design exhibition (holding/held) in Paris in 1925.

2. (Streamlining/streamlined) styling of modern technology combined with patterns and icons (taking/taken) from dif-ferent cultures.

3. Art Deco expressed excitement over an (amazing/amazed) archeological find in egypt.

4. They saw the treasures which had laid nearly (undisturbing/undisturbed) for over 3,000 years.

5. Typical Art Deco features (borrowing/borrowed) from an-tiquity are zigzag designs and vivid colours.

6. The Moderne Deco works of the 1930 s feature strong lines and (repeating/repeated) patterns.

7. Some buildings are embellished with (flowing/flowed) wa-terfall effects.

ii. Match english and russian equivalents.

1. austere2. streamlined3. auditorium4. treasure5. fascination6. undisturbed 7. skyscraper8. flowing

а) строгий, суровый, аскетическийb) небоскребc) нетронутыйd) очарованиеe) сокровищef) гладкий, плавныйg) обтекаемыйh) зрительный зал

iii. Find in the text the sentences to prove the following statements.

1. Art Deco is an eclectic style — a conglomeration of influ-ences from many cultures and historic periods.

2. When howard carter opened the tomb of the ancient egyp-tian king the world was dazzled by the brilliance of the trea-sure.

3. Skyscrapers of the 1920 sand early 1930 s often took on a distinctive Art Deco shape: the ziggurat.

4. With their cubic forms and zigzag designs Art Deco buildings embraced the machine age.

5. These were the buildings of the future: sleek, geometric, dramatic.

iV. Make up 5 sentences using the information of the unit and your own knowledge on the subject.


Выставка, строгий, обтекаемые формы, заимствовать мо-тивы, древняя Греция, древний Рим, культура ацтеков и майя, влияние, испытывать трепет, быть взволнованным, сокрови-ща, очарование, ювелирные изделия, частная резиденция, облицовка здания, небоскреб, напоминать, прийти в упадок, возрождать стиль, моду и т. д.

Vi. Answer the following questions.

1. When did Art Deco flourish?2. What are its sources?2. What are the main features of Art Deco?3. Who were the main representatives of this style?4. What are the examples of Art Deco?

7. discuss the following in your group.

1. Major Art Deco influences.2. Art Deco in europe.3. Art Deco in the uSA.3. Art Deco revival.

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Unit 17. Modern architecture. Residential buildings

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Unit 17

MOdern ArchitectUre. residentiAl BUildinGs

Pre-text exercises


creative, factor, design, special, social, limitation, production, system, architect, technology, manufactured, material, metal, lau-reate, prize, prestigious, domestic, metre, irregular, trapezoidal, private, terrace, program, service, garage, plan, arcade, natural, visual, effect.

2. Use the following prefix and suffixes to form a) adjectives b) nouns.

Out-: break, door, lying, side, standing;-(u)ar: angle, rectangle, quadrangle, triangle;-(i)ous: danger, prestige, continue, ridicule, vigour;-(i)ty: creative, equal, author, proper, subtle.

3. Using the following prefixes form the opposites and translate them into russian.

ir-: regular, resist, rational, realim-: possible, patient, personal

un-: necessary, usual, equaldis-: ability, armament, coverin-: convenient, stable, human, vary.

text 1. read the text and tell about Frank O. Gehry and his work

The SchNABeL reSIDeNce

In order to appreciate the creative universe of frank o. Geh-ry it is necessary to understand a number of factors which affect his designs for houses in a very special way. firstly, his choice since the beginning of his career of a particular area (california), his ef-forts to provide a solution to some very specific social needs, and his acceptance of the limitations imposed by modem production systems. This canadian architect is considered to be one of the proponents of impoverished technology, advocating the use of low cost, industrially manufactured materials (chain link, corrugated cardboard and metal siding).

his work has made him one of the most acclaimed architects in the world. Gehry was named 1989 Laureate of the Pritzker Archi-tecture Prize, the most prestigious award for architectural achieve-ment presented to a living architect.

one of the most famous examples of Gehry's work in the field of domestic architecture is the Schnabel residence in Brentwood (Los-Angeles). The construction of this building was started in July 1987 and it took almost two years to complete.

The site selected was a property of approximately 530 square metres. At one end, the roughly rectangular site terminates in an ir-regular trapezoidal area where the slope was cut back to form a lower terrace.

The architect responded to the elaborate building program (private, service and leisure areas) in addition to a garage and out-door installations.

each of these buildings is laid out in a wide two-level garden. At-tached to the northern side of this cruciform element is a two-storey


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building housing a variety of rooms. The kitchen is situated on the ground floor of this rectangular structure (closely connected to the main dining room), and at the centre there is a double-height skylit family room. The ground floor plan is completed by a small study. The upper floor contains two bedrooms with bathrooms. This block has been finished on the outside with a simple grey stucco.

In the entrance area on the western side of the property a small stucco box has been constructed to house the garage. A smaller structure placed on its top contains the staff living quarters. Gehry has designed an arcade supported by pillars clad in natural copper, which crosses the garden to link this building to a door into the kitchen.

The focal point of the eastern part of the property is a shallow lake. It echoes the trapezoidal shape of this end of the site and pro-vides a charming setting for the house. This is the area with a lower, more private terrace. The play of the reflections mirrored in the sheet of water enhances the fascinating visual effect of the whole.

Active vocabulary

corrugated — гофрированныйcardboard — картонstucco — отделочный гипсfocal — фокусныйsetting — окружение, художественное оформлениеsheet — зд. поверхность (воды)

tests

i. complete the sentences,

1. frank o. Gehry is considered to be one of the proponents of … .a) high cost technology b) informational technologyc) impoverished technology

2. he advocates the use of low cost, industrially manufactured … .a) materials b) goods c) skyscrapes

3. In 1989 frank o. Gehry was awarded with … .a) the Builder's choice Grand Awardb) Distinguished Architecture Awardc) the Pritzker Architecture Prize

4. The Schnabel residence's unusual morphology, a typical typology and the surprising choice of materials were made possible by the comprehension of the … .a) authorities b) clients c) public

5. At one end, the roughly rectangular site terminates in an ir-regular … area.a) trapezoidal b) pentagonal c) quadrangular

exercises

i. Find in text the false friends of the interpreter. translate them and memorize their meanings. Use these words in the sentences of your own.

ii. Using the information of the text find out if the following statements are true or false.

1. The selected site had remarkable topographic features.2. The building program included private service and leisure

areas.3. each of these buildings is laid out in a wide two-level garden.4. The ground floor is completed by two bathrooms.5. In the northern part ofthe site there is a three storey building.6. In the western part ofthe property the garage has been con-

structed.7. A deep lake is in the western part of the property.


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iii. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text.

1. he tries … a solution to some very specific social needs.2. This canadian architect is one ofthe… of impoverished tech-

nology.3. The Pritzker Architectural Prize is the most prestigious

award for architectural …4. At one end, the roughly rectangular site… in an irregular

trapezoidal area.5. The objects are played against each other in an expressive …

and … dialogue.7. The upper … contains two bedrooms with8. The play of the … mirrored in the sheet of water … the fas-

cinating visual effect of…

iV. Find out which parts of speech the following words from the text belong to.

Affect noun adjective verb

efforts noun adjective verb

siding noun adjective verb

cruciform noun adjective verb

study noun adjective verb

stucco noun adjective verb

house noun adjective verb

V. classify the words from word box to the subject.

Forms of Structure * Type of Structure * Types of Spaces * Build-ing Materials

rectangular, bathroom, staff living quarters, corrugated card-board, family room, rectangular, dining room, copper, cruciform, lead, terrace, chain link, kitchen, trapezoidal, metal siding, bed-room, study, stucco, garage,

Vi. look at the various types of house below and match each with its correct description.

1. cottage2. Semi-detached

house3. Terraced house4. Bungalow5. council house6. Detached house

a) a house in a row of houses which are all joined together;

b) a house which stands alone and is not joined to any other;

c) a house which is joined to another on one side only;

d) a house which is rented from a local authority;

e) a small house in the country, usually with a garden;

f) a house which has only one floor.

Vii. change into passive.

1. frank o. Gehry supervised the construction of the Schnabel residence.

2. In 1989 frank o. Gehry received the Pritzker Architectural Prize.

3. They laid out a two-level garden.4. The architect added a small study to the ground floor plan.5. They have finished the block with a simple grey stucco.6. Gehry has designed an arcade supported by pillars.7. The arcade crosses the garden.8. The builders have constructed a small stucco box to house

a garage.9. A shallow lake provides a charming setting for the more pri-

vate areas of the house.

Viii. explain in english.

� the creative universe; � impoverished technology; � industrially manufactured materials; � domestic architecture, private areas;


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� a site; � a building program; � artificial; � to echo the shape.

text 2. read the text and express your opinion on the subject

The LANGuAGe of eSTATe AGeNTS

It is a running joke in Britain that the more disreputable estate agents will always try to make the houses they are going to sell sound much more desirable than they really are. An estate agent would never write: "This is a horrible little house in a very poor condition. The train go past every 10 minutes and shake the walls. The back garden is laughably small. That is why it is so cheap." Instead he would say: "This compact residence is ideally priced for the first-time buyer. Although in need of some renovation, it has some highly attractive features, including a small patio at the rear. It is very convenient to the railway station."

1. What do you think the following extracts from estate agents' descriptions really mean?

1. Planning permission has been granted for the addition of a bathroom.

2. The rooms have been decorated to the taste of the present owner.

3. The cottage has a particularly charming historical character.

2. try your hand at advertising of real estate. Write an ad attracting attention and revealing the advantages and desirable qualities of the house you are trying to sell.

Unit 18

MOdern ArchitectUre. PUBlic BUildinGs

Pre-text exercises


communication, technology, museum, popular, pavilion, infor-mation, mineral, form, crystal, process, limit, interior, stable, base, horizontal, acoustic, cinema, galvanize, quartz, hexagonal, prism, external, final, result, combination, gigantic, functional, sculpture, facade, reality, rhythm, effect, exterior, prelude, sensation, tennis, court, proportion, future, spectacle, designer, illusion, visitor.


Application, cross, attraction, simulation, series, projection.

3. Use the following prefixes and suffixes to form a) verbs b) nouns c) adjectives.

en-: close, courage, danger, force, gulf, large, slave, sure;-ment: achieve, amuse, develop, invest, manage;-(a)tion: communicate, present, inform, inspire, construct, insu-

late, project, transform;


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Unit 18. Modern architecture. Public buildings

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-like: cave, box, spiral, pavilion, tower;-proof: bullet, fire, fool, recession, water.


To inspire, level, to translate, spectator, stable, application, size, balanced, to motivate, visitor, use, dimension, to change, floor.

text 1. read the text and describe one of the most spectacular

buildings of the 20th century europe

The KINeMAX

The application of the most advanced communications tech-nologies is the common denominator of all of the areas in the mag-nificent futuroscope Park in Vienne, france.

The area is a cross between a large science museum and an im-pressive amusement park. It contains some of the most popular attractions in the park such as the communications Pavilion and the futuroscope Pavilion. It also includes the Kinemax, which presents information through all of the senses.

Inspired by mineral forms, the Kinemax is one of the most spec-tacular buildings constructed in europe in the last 20th century.

The simulation of the appearance of a rock crystal was achieved by a carefully studied structural layout which translates the origi-nal idea into architectural forms through a three-level construction process.

The primary structure is a steel ‘box’ which defines the limits of the interior space. This box is waterproof and provides a stable base for the whole construction. The structure is mainly composed of beams placed horizontally and at a 60° angle which bear the hori-zontal load of the secondary structure composed of the ‘crystals’. The inside of the box is lined with an acoustic insulation for the cinema. The secondary structure, made of galvanised steel, is a lat-ticed frame which duplicates the appearance of a quartz crystal by

superimposing a series of hexagonal prisms on the primary box-like structure. finally, the tertiary structure serves as a base for the dark mirrors which are fastened to the secondary structure and define the external appearance of the building.

A final result achieved by this combination of structures is a gigantic functional sculpture whose dark mirrored facades reflect reality to a syncopated rhythm.

The effect produced by this impressive exterior is merely a pre-lude to the sensations which are aroused inside the building. The Kinemax screen has a surface area of 600 m2 which is roughly is the size of a tennis court set on one end. Images projected onto this screen assume incredible proportions which seem to engulf the spectator.

After the projection of the film the dream continues. Before the astonished gaze of 400 spectators, the gigantic screen is trans-formed into the exit of the Kinemax leading the spectators towards the immense Lake of the city of the future, where the spectacle continues. Thus Denis Laming, the designer of the Kinemax has managed to make the illusion last long after the visitors have left the building.

In technical terms, the magical elevation of the screen is ef-fected by means of a unique procedure in which two large hydraulic jacks lift the 18-on screen. This apparently simple solution fulfilled two of the basic objectives of the architect: he wanted to use every possible device to create a fantastic atmosphere that would capture the imagination of the visitors; on the other hand, to make a totally hermetic structure which would exude a certain air of mystery and ambiguity.

Active vocabulary

simulation — воспроизведение; моделирование; имитацияlayout — расположение; планировка; план, разбивка, разметкаwaterproof — водонепроницаемыйbeam — балкаinsulation — изоляцияgalvanize — гальванизировать, оцинковывать


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latticed — решетчатыйsecondary — вторичныйtertuary — третичныйsuperimposing — наложениеjoint — соединение; стык; паз, шов, шарнир; узел фермыfastening — связывающий, скрепляющийangle — уголmirror — зеркалоexit — выходelevation — фасад

tests


1. futuroscope is the magnificent … .a) ship b) suburban residence c) park

2. This recreational area is in … .a) france b) Belgium c) Austria

3. The Kinemax is inspired by … .a) artificial fountains at Versailles b) mineral formsc) the constructivism motives

4. The primary structure is a … "box".a) wood b) concrete c) steel

5. The box provides a stable base for the whole … .a) construction b) structure c) frame

6. The secondary structure is made of … .a) reinforced concrete b) galvanized steelc) corrugated cardboard

7. The tertuary structure serves as a base for the …a) prisms b) beams c) dark mirrors

ii. choose the correct preposition.

1. A steel "box" provides a stable base … the whole construction. a) of b) for c) under d) from

2. In the Kinemax the information is presented … all the sen-ses.

a) by b) with c) for d) through

3. The Kinemax is inspired … mineral forms. a) from b) in c) by d) with

4. A carefully studied structural layout translates the origi-nal idea … architectural forms.

a) into b) in c) for d) to

5. The inside of the box is lined … an acoustic insulation of the cinema.

a) by b) for c) up d) with

iii. Match the sentences and tenses.

1. The simulation of the appe-arance of a rock crystal was achieved by a carefully studied structural layout.

2. The dark mirrored facades of a gigantic sculpture reflect rea-lity to a syncopated rhythm.

3. Denis Laming has pushed this capacity to surprise the visitors to its limits.

4. The gigantic screen had caused a sensation owing to its huge di-mensions.

5. The screen is transformed into the exit of the Kinemax.

a) present perfect active;b) future-in the-past;c) present simple passive;d) past perfect active;e) present simple active;f) past simple passive.


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6. The architect wished to create a totally hermetic structure that would capture the imagination of the visitors.

exercises

i. Match the pairs of opposites.

careful, large, fiction, horizontal, to absorb, internal, small, careless, backward, vertical, reality, advanced, to reflect, external.

ii. Match the words and their definitions.

Layout, information, structure, science, communication.

1) the interchange of thoughts, opinions, by speech, writing, or signs;

2) knowledge of facts and principles, gained by systema-tic study; a particular branch of knowledge; systematized knowledge of the laws and facts of the physical and material world;

1) facts or data; knowledge derived from reading or instruction, or gathered in any way;

4) plan or arrangement;5) a particular arrangement of parts or elements.

iii. increase your vocabulary. Use the following words and word combinations in the sentences of your own.

to be inspired by, to be lined with, to provide a stable base.

iV. your friend has just visited the Futuroscope park in Vienne. he is eager to tell you about his impressions. Ask him to describe the exterior and the inside of the kinemax.

Unit 19

MOdern ArchitectUre. renOVAtiOn And restOrAtiOn

Pre-text exercises


Architecture, myriad, form, practical, project, aesthetic, archi-tect, standard, individual, client, public, residence, transportation, centre, theatre, corporate, office, aviation, national, corporation, university, mental, department, architectural, idea, critic, director, renovation, mechanical, system, function, parking, terra-cotta, ornamentation, arcade, modernization.

2. Form the new words using the following prefixes and suffixes.

(a) re-, sur-;(b) -al, -ance, -(a)tion -er, -ence, -ful, -ity, -ive, -ment, -ship, -tion.

(a) mount, use, store, realistic, novation, pass;(b) prefer, active, expect, considerate, maintain, relation, history,

preserve, care, construct, history, dedicate, design, develop, institute, create, excel, commit, educate, ornate, mechanics, restore, function, require, install, renovate, origin, inform, au-thor, transport, build, corporate.


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Unit 19. Modern architecture. Renovation and restoration

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hope, goal, obvious, accomodate, mundane, equilibrium, re-quirement, housing, client, lobby, purpose, demand, expectation, house, predictable, balance, residence, everyday, patron, foyer.

4. Use the following words to make up word combinations.

(a) service, housing, accommodation, design, space, career;(b) to provide, to create, affordable, brilliant, superior.

read the text.

roThZeID KAISerMAN ThoMPSoN & Bee. ArchITecTS AND PLANNerS

The goal of architecture in today's society is to shape unique structures and spaces that can accomodate human activity in its myriad forms. All such projects require a careful balance of practi-cal considerations and aesthetic preferences. But what ultimately differentiates a memorable design from a mundane one is the archi-tect's ability to surpass expectation by reaching beyond the obvious solution.

Since 1963, rothzeid Kaiserman Thomson & Bee has main-tained many long-term relationships as a result of its dedication both to the individual client and to the highest design standards.

rKT&B offers design services for new construction, historic preservation, and adaptive reuse. The firm has a long track record with numerous private developers, institutions, and public agen-cies. Whether the task at hand is to create a residence or a school, a transportation centre or a theatre, a hospital or a corporate of-fice, every project reflects the commitment of rKT&B to superior design.

rKT&B's excellence in design and planning has been marked with numerous awards: Albert S. Bard Award, Distinguished Ar-chitecture I Award, Builder's choice Grand Award, restoration Award, National honour Award and many others.

Among its clients are American Aviation corporation, New York university, Brooklyn office of Mental health, Big Apple circus, New York Public Library, North General hospital, New York city Department of Design and construction, New York city Board of education, New York city housing Authority and others.

"rKT&B can turn ideas into action and that's what really good architectural firms are about." (John Jay Iselin, President emeritus, The cooper union)

"… closer to the luxury housing of another era than anything has been built in many years." (Paul Goldberger, Architectural critic, New York Times)

"Since 1981, rKT&B has been helping the show go on at city centre." I ludith Daykin, Artistic Director, city centre Theatre).

The following buildings are the brilliant examples of rKT&B's superior design standards.

Tompkins Square Branch Library

comprehensive renovation of a 1904 McKim Mead and White branch of the New York Public Library combines a modern expres-sion with the original design and adds new mechanical systems, expanded library functions and barrier-free access.

Sofia Apartments

renovation of a 1930s Art Deco automated parking facility into a mixed-used condominium of offices and residences requiring restoration original brickwork and terra-cotta ornamentation.

North General Hospital

renovation of a busy lobby into a welcoming public entry through a new softly configured arcade provides seating and information desk. The space doubles as a reception area for fund-raising events.

City Centre Theatre

Modernization of this landmark entailed painstaking restora-tion of original detail, reconfiguring seating, new lobby design, and installation оf barrier-free access.

Note: Big Apple is an informal name of New York.


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2. rKT&B offers design services … new construction, historic preservation and adaptive reuse.a) with b) on c) for

3. The New York Public Library combines a modern expression … the original design.a) under b) with c) without

4. rKT&B’s excellence in design has been marked … numer-ous awards.a) with b) in c) by

5. A busy lobby is renovated into a welcoming public entry … a new softly configured arcade, a) through b) by c) for

exercises


To accomodate project management a careful balance the task at hand to surpass expectations a health facility to-reach beyond the ordinary fund-raising events long-term relationships barrier-free access subway system

ii. choose the best variant

1. All such projects (require/are required) a careful balance of practical considerations and aesthetic preferences. 2. Design services (offers/is offered) by rKT&B. 3. The firm (has maintained/has been maintained) many long-term relationships. 4. rKT&B’s excellence in design (has marked/has been marked with numerous awards. 5. They (renovated/were renovated) a 1930s Art Deco parking facility. 6. The space (use/is used) as a reception area for fund-raising events. 7. Modernization of city centre Theatre (included/was included) restoration of original detail.

Active vocabulary

preservation — сохранение re-use — повторное использование circus — цирк housing — жилье library — библиотека brickwork — кирпичная кладка seating — места для сидения lobby — вестибюль, фойе installation — установка, сборка

tests


1. All such projects require a careful balance of practical con-siderations and aesthetic … .a) influences b) details c) preferences

2. In his activity, the architect strives to surpass expectations by reaching beyond the obvious … .a) solution b) situation c) resolution

3. rKT&B offers design services for new construction, historic preservation and adaptive … .a) standards b) reuse c) reception

4. The building required restoration of original brickwork and terracotta … .a) motive b) facade c) ornamentation

ii. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

1. rKT&B works with clients until a design is completely re-solved … everyone's satisfaction.a) by b) to c) in


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iii. Make up the dialogues using the present perfect continuous tense.

Example: — Since long have you been studying architecture? — I have been studying architecture since 1997.

iV. Use the present perfect tense to talk generally about your experiences.

Example: — have you ever crossed the ocean? — Yes, I have/No, I haven't.

(spoken to a foreigner, been to Japan, drawn a picture, tried coca-cola, failed an examination, made the fireworks, drawn a picture, etc.)

V. Match the sentences and tenses.

1. unique structures can accomodate human activity in its myriad forms.

2. rK.T&B has maintained many long-term relationships.

3. Design of a new station required improved passages, signage, staircases, and elevator tower.

4. "Since 1981, rKT&B has been helping the show go on at city centre".

5. An abandoned furniture store was transformed into a sparkling school in an imaginative space.

6. A 1929 loft building has been converted into luxury apartments.

7. The talented architects are creating revolutionary structures.

a) past simple activeb) present perfect passive c) present perfect actived) past simple passivee) present simple activef) present continuous

active g) present perfect

continuous active.

Vi. Answer the questions.

1. What is the process of restoration concerned with?

2. What is the difference between restoration and reconstruction?3. Would you like to specialize in the restoration of Landmarks?

Vii. Work in pairs. interview your friend as an architect working for rkt&B. he has just won the Albert s. Bard Award for Merit in Architecture and Urban design. Ask him about his latest projects and his plans. Use the following phrases and information from the text.

� I d' like to ask you some questions, if I may. � That must be very interesting. � could you give some details? � What kind of structures are these? � It would be interesting to know about your plans. � I see, thank you. I am very grateful to you. � It's pleasure/You are welcome.

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Unit 20. Architecture and ecology

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Unit 20

ArchitectUre And ecOlOGy

Pre-text exercises


Introverted, poetic, theory, grammar, architectural, manifesto, nature, renovate, inauguration, cultural, museum, cafe, restaurant, oasis, urban, reserve, international, permanent, graphic, model, sterile, monotonous, melody, ambassador, climate, contrast, air, practically, ecological, oxygen, radiation, aspect, regulate, effect.

2. Use these suffixes to form adjectives.

-ive: adapt, create, invent, prevent, protect;-y: dirt, dust, grass, noise.

3. Use these prefix and suffixes to form opposites.

un-: even, certain, common, critical, expected, familiar,-ful/-less: care, colour, cheer, harm, hope, use.

4. Match the pairs of synonyms (a) and opposites (b).

(a) to protect, to reduce, to make, to guard, to regulate, to cut down, to control, to produce;

(b) outside, dry, cold, sterile, humid, hot, inside, dirty.

read the text and tell about hundertwasser's creative activity and the kunsthausWien.

huNDerTWASSer

hundertwasser (friedrich Stowasser, 1928–2000) is an Aus-trian artist famous for his introverted and poetic paintings, pictorial theories, grammar of seeing", architectural manifestoes and an all-encompassing protection of nature and the environment.

At the end of the 1980s it was decided to renovate the former furniture factory to serve as a home for hundertwasser's works. on April 9, 1991 the inauguration of the KunsthausWien, a cultural trademark for Vienna, toок place.

on the ground floor you can find the Museum shop, the ward-robe, the ticket counter, and the cafe-restaurant, a green oasis in an urban dessert. The KunsthausWien has an exhibition area of 4.000 square meters on four floors. The two upper floors are reserved for travel exhibitions of international art, the two lower ones present a permanent exhibition of hundertwasser's paintings, graphic works, architectural models, postage stamps and tapestries.

on the occasion of the inauguration hundertwasser wrote: "The KunsthausWien is a house where you have a good conscience to-ward nature. It is a place of not regulated irregularities, of uneven floors, tree tenants and dancing windows. It is an adventure of modern time, a journey into the country of creative architecture, a melody for eyes and feet. "

These are the extracts from his famous architectural manifes-toes, "Tree Tenants are the Ambassadors of the Free Forests in the City." Ten tree tenants grow out of the windows of the Kunsthaus-Wien Vienna, dwelling inside the walls of the house in an area of about one square meter behind the windows. The tree tenant pays his rent in much more valuable currency than humans do. Tree ten-ants create oxygen, improve the climate of the city, bring the needed moisture and reduce the dry-humid and warm-cold contrast. They swallow noise, protect you like curtains from the outside view and create shelter.


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"Everything situated horizontally in the open air belongs to nature"from Biblical times man was called on to "have dominion over

the earth". Modern man has abused this thought and murdered the earth. Now we must submit to nature, which should be taken both symbolicalIy and practically.

We must build houses where nature is above us. We must give territories back to nature which we have taken from her illegally. The nature we put on the roof is the piece of earth that we murdered by putting the house there in the first place.

Grass roofs have many ecological advantages. They produce oxygen and catch dust and dirt. Another advantage of the grass roof is its sound-absorbing effect. It also protects from harmful en-vironmental influence, radiation and fire. even water could be puri-fied: after seeping through the layer of grass it is cleaner than before. It also saves fuel in winter, and has a cooling effect in summer.

Active vocabulary

wardrobe — гардеробticket counterpostage stamp — почтовая маркаspot — пятно, местоtapestry — гобеленuneven — неровныйtenant — арендатор, житель, жилецshelter — убежище, укрытиеoxygen — кислородgrass — траваsound-absorbing — звукопоглощающийharmful — вредныйto swallow — поглощатьto purify — очищатьlayer — слойfuel — топливо

tests


1. hundertwasser is famous for his … theories and "grammar of seeing".a) poetical b) pictorial c) rhetorical

2. The … furniture factory was renovated to serve as a museum.a) former b) new c) modern

3. on the ground floor you can find the cafe-restaurant, a "green oasis in an … desert.a) Arabian b) endless c) urban

4. The KunsthausWien is a … spot in the cheerless face of the district.a) restful b) colourful c) large

5. It is a place of… floors.a) even b) eleven c) uneven

ii. choose the correct modal verb.

1. Now we … submit to nature.a) can b) have to c) must

2. Streets in the cities will become green valleys where man … breathe freely again,a) should b) can c) must

3. Art … be a bridge between creativity of nature and creativity of man,a) must b) may c) might

4. We … build house where nature is above us.a) had to b) must c) were to

5. even water… be purified.a) had to b) ought to c) could


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179

exercises


"Grammar of seeing", postage stamps and tapestries, the ward-robe, the ticket counter, to reserve, uneven floors, to meet one's purpose, lasting values, a fashionable business for insiders, to strive, tin-tenants, a symbol of reparation towards nature, spontane-ous vegetation, to abuse, to submit to nature, illegally, grass roofs, to catch dust and dirt, sound-absorbing effect, harmful environ-mentiil influences, to seep through the layer of grass, to purify, the cost aspect, to regulate the climate, to save fuel, a cooling effect.

ii. increase your vocabulary. Use these phrasal verbs in the sentences of your own.

To grow out, to take away, to call on, to take in.

iii. Write questions to these answers.

Q.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

A.: he is famous for his introverted paintings, pictorial theories and architectural manifestoes.

Q.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.: It is a museum.

Q.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.: Art has to be a bridge between creativity of nature and cre-ativity ol man.

Q.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.: These are trees growing out of the KunsthausWien.

Q.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.: They have many ecological advantages.

iV. explain the following.

Tree Tenants are the Ambassadors of the free forests in the city.

Why?

The KunsthauseWien is a green oasis in an urban de-sert.

Why?

Grass roofs have many ecological advantages. Why?

V. Work in pairs. discuss hundertwasser's proposals to restore the harmonious relationship between nature and man.

Vi. Prepare a report on one of the suggested topics.

"Peace treaty with nature""The horizontal belongs to nature, the vertical belongs to man""If we do not honour our past we lose our future"

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Unit 21. Structural design. Design criteria

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Unit 21

strUctUrAl desiGn

Pre-text exercises


Basic, theory, static, criterion-criteria, element, material, pro-portion, system, test, effective, adequate, nature, dynamic, class, normal.


Safe, wagon, elastic, data, stress, shock.


Machine — machinery; mason — masonry, carpenter — car-pentry; measure — measurement; load — loading — overloading; rely — reliance — reliant; strength — strengthen; pass — bypass; valid — validity.

read the text and answer the question: What is required for the safety of the structure?

DeSIGN crITerIA

When the basic theory of static equilibrium for forces acting in any direction was first applied in structural design in the second half of the 18 lh century, the criterion of a safe design seemed obvi-ous enough. The structure would be safe if it could support its own weight, and perhaps the weight of a wagon passing over it, or of machinery on a floor, without overloading any crucial element — arch rib, beam, column, masonry pier, or tie rod. The strength of these elements could be assessed by loading specimens to failure, or by similarly loading specimens of the material if the strength of the element could then be estimated by simple proportion. for greater safety, some proportion. would be allowed on the measured or estimated strengths.

During the 19th century, loads other than the weight of the structure itself became more important. The development of elastic theories of the behavior of the main structural elements and some complete structural systems called for further criteria to bypass the reliance on strength tests of these elements and systems. Tests were made to determine both wind loads and the effective loads imposed by moving locomotives, but the data obtained remained of limited and somewhat questionable validity for want of adequate under-standing of the nature of these dynamic loads.

In the first half of the 20th century, design criteria for particular classes of structure — like steel frames and reinforced-concrete frames — were progressively codified for normal design in terms of design loads and allowable stresses.

By now, far more again has been learned about likely loads, particularly wind loads and earthquake shocks.

Active vocabulary

equilibrium — равновесиеwagon — тележка, повозка, фургон


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masonry pier — каменный столбtie — растянутый элементrod — стержень, прут, брусspecimen — образецstrength — прочность, сопротивлениеto bypass — обходить, окружать, окаймлять

tests

i. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate participle.

1. The basic theory of static equilibrium for forces … in any direction was first applied in the second half of the 18 th century.a) acted b) acting

2. for greater safety, some factor would be allowed on the … strengths.a) measured b) measuring

3. Tests were made to determine both wind loads and the ef-fective loads imposing by… locomotives.a) moving b) moved

4. The data obtained remained of … and somewhat question-able validity.a) limiting b) limited


1. The basic theory of static equilibrium for forces acting in any direction was applied in … .a) architectural design b) structural designc) town planning

2. The structure would be safe if it could support its own weight, and perhaps the weight of … passing over it.a) a train b) a bicycle c) a wagon

3. for greater …, some factor would be allowed on the mea-sured ui estimated strengths.a) ability b) beauty c) safety

4. Loads other then the weight of … became more important.a) the arch b) the structure c) the machinery

5. far more again has been learned about wind loads and … .a) earthquake shocks b) oxide rainsc) floods

exercises


� static equilibrium; � a safe design; � arch rib; � masonry pier; � tie rod; � loading specimens; � measured or estimated strengths; � the data obtained; � questionable validity; � reinforced-concrete frames; � allowable stresses; � last few decades; � earthquake shocks.


1. In the 18th —19th centuries the criterion of a safe design …

2. for greater safety, some factor would be allowed on …

a) the measured or estimat-ed strengths

b) and reinforced concrete frames were worked out


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3. During the 19th century loads other than the weight of the structure …

4. In the first half of the 20th cen-tury design criteria for steel frames …

5. In the last few decades, far more again has been lear ned …

c) seemed obvious enoughd) about likely loadse) became more important

iii. choose words from the following list to put in the sentences below.

To determine, strength, application, fails, edges

1. Galileo deduced that the bending … of a beam of rectangular cross section was proportional to its width and the square of its depth.

2. A stone beam … throughout its depth in tension.3. The practical… of structural theory usually calls for a knowl-

edge of material strengths.4. french testing machines (late 18 th century) were used… the

crushing strengths of building stone.5. The loading lever, pivoting on knife … allowed the applied

load to be magnified up to 64 times.

iV. Answer the following questions.

1. What theory was applied in structural design in the 2nd half of the 18th century?

2. What is required for the safety of the structure?3. When did loads other than the weight of the structure itself

become more important?4. Why were the data obtained not sufficient for want of ad-

equate understanding of the nature of dynamic loads?5. When were design criteria for steel frames and reinforced-

concrete frames worked out?6. What types of loading can you name?

V. read the text and tell about forces acting on any member of a building. Answer the question: What kind of stresses do you know?

The ultimate purpose of building techniques is to create a sta-ble structure. In mechanical terms, structures are stable when all their parts are in a state of equilibrium, or rest. Walls and roofs can buckle, crack, iu collapse if they are not properly designed. These movements are caused it by forces that tend to push or pull bodies in a given direction. forces acting on any member (part) of a building are, first, its own weight and, second the loads it carries, principally from other members but also from persons, furnishings, wind, etc. Their action encounters a reaction in opposinv forces that hold the member in place by resisting at its joints. These forces may be ac-tive in all directions, and they must be balanced for stability. They tend to crush, pull apart, and bend the member — in other words. to change its size and shape.

Within the member itself there are forces, too, that tend to re-sist; any deformation. They are called stresses, and they vary ac-cording to the strength of materials and the form of the member. The kinds of stress under consideration are compression, which resists crushing; tension, which resists pulling apart; and bending, which occurs when one part of a member is in compression and the other is in tension.

Vi. you are suggested to take part at the international design competition. discuss with your partner the criteria of a safe design.


� статическое равновесие; � критерии безопасности в строительном проекти ро ва-

нии; � перегрузка; � допустимое давление.


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Viii. you don't know the meanings of terms. Ask your friend to explain you them.

Static equilibrium, the measured or estimated strength, wind loads, reinforced concrete frames, allowable stresses.

ix. discuss the advantages of computer Aided design. Use the following:

operational systems, keyboard, data base, hardware, software, image access memory, grid (random) menu, etc.

Unit 22

strUctUrAl eleMents

Pre-text exercises


Architectural, history, cyclopean, monumental, form, profile, parabolic, plan, aesthetic.

2. Use the following prefixes and suffixes to form a) verbs b) adjectives c) nouns.

over-: balance, burden, come, do, estimate, flow, load;in-: capable, complete, consistent, definite, expensive, hu-

man;-shaped: I, S, T, V, cone, cube, heart, leaf, spiral, star;cy- inconsistent, efficient, legal, private, emergent;-ness: aware, complete, correct, firm, thick, stiff, white.

3. explain the meaning of the following complex adjectives.

I-shaped, V-shaped, spiral-shaped, box-like, three-centered, barrier-free.


188

Unit 22. Structural elements. Arches

189


commonly, last, false, smooth, appear, true, wide, rarely, rough, first, disappear.

read the text and tell about the early forms of arches and the later development

ArcheS

Throughout most of architectural history, the arch has been the chief means of overcoming the spanning limitations of single blocks of stone or lengths of timber.

There were three types of arches in ancient architecture. one, which survives today in Mycenean cyclopean construction, con-sisted of only three rough blocks of stone, the central one some-what larger than the gap between the other two and wedged between them. A second, of which monumental examples survive in egypt from the 3 rd millennium ВС, consisted of only two long blocks in-clined toward one another as an inverted V-shape. This form was probably constructed even earlier in timber. The third, of which surviving examples are very widespread, was what is commonly known as the false or corbeled arch.

None of these early forms was very efficient. Spans rarely ex-ceeded 6 ft. 6 in. (2 m). The spanning of substantially wider gaps called for true arches constructed on centering from large number of bricks or stone voussoirs. Small true brick arches appeared first in Mesopotamia and egypt.

from the first century AD the romans began to use concrete in place of cut stone for all the longer spans.

Later brick and stone arches departed from roman precedents mainly in adoption of other profiles. of these, the most important were the pointed profiles of most Islamic and of Gothic arches. The Islamic form appeared first and was preceded by a Sassanian form of roughly parabolic profile. The chief merit of the point-ed profile was probably the ease with which it could be used in

ribbed vaults of any plan shape and, without aesthe ic inconsistency, throughout structures that vaulted in this way.

early cast-iron arches of the late 18th and early 19th centuries all closely resembled braced timber arches. Later steel and reinforced-concrete arches have usually been given the necessary stiffness sim-ply by the adoption of an I-shaped, boxlike, or tubular cross section.

Active vocabulary

timber — лесоматериалы, строевой лесgap — промежутокto wedge — закреплять клиномinclined — наклонныйinverted — перевернутыйcorbelled — поясок, выступ; кронштейнspan — расстояние (между опорами арки свода)voussoir — клинчатый каменьbraced — укрепленныйstiffness — жесткостьtubular — трубчатый

tests


1. The spanning of substantially wider gaps … true arches con-structed on centering from large nv mber of bricks.a) received b) called for c) exceeded

2. from the first century AD the romans began … concrete in place of cut stone for all the longer spans.a) to bring b) to erect c) to use

3. The chief merit of the pointed profile… the ease with which it could I be used in ribbed vaults of any plan shape.a) proved b) was c) resembled


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1. The arch has been the chief means of overcoming the span-ning limitations of single blocks of stone or lengths of … .a) timber b) steel c) form

2. In ancient times, there was/were … type (s) of arches.a) many b) three c) one

3. Small true brick arches appeared first in … .a) Greece b) Byzantiumc) Mesopotamia and egypt

4. Gothic arches were usually built in … .a) timber b) stone c) concrete

5. early cast-iron arches of the late 18th and early 19th centuries all closely resembled … .a) reinforced concrete archesb) true brick archesc) braced timber arches

iii. choose the correct form of the adjective.

1. one of the … types of arches consisted of the only three rough blocks of stone.a) early b) earliest c) most earlier

2. The spanning of substantially … gaps called for true arch-es constructed on centering from large number of bricks or voussoirs.a) the widest b) wide c) wider

3. The romans used concrete for all the … spans from the 1st century AD.a) longest b) longer c) most long

4. The examples of false arch are very … .a) widespread b) most widespread c) more widespread

exercises


� the chief means of overcoming the spanning limitations of single blocks of stone;

� the 3rd millenium ВС; � two long blocks inclined toward one another; � the false or corbeled arch; � voussoirs; � the necessary stiffness; � tubular cross section.

ii. Guess which parts of speech the following words from the text belong to.

Means noun adjective noun

rough noun adjective noun

blocks noun adjective noun

widespread noun adjective noun

precedents noun adjective noun

merit noun adjective noun

boxlike noun adjective noun

iii. classify the words from word box to the subject.

*Shape of Arches* Building Materials

Steel, corbeled, stone, rounded, voissoir, cast-iron, reinforced-concrete, inverted, timber, pointed, brick.


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iV. replace the words in italics by synonyms.

1. The arch has been the chief means of overcoming the span-ning limitations of single blocks of stone.

2. Spans rarely exceeded 6 ft. 6 in. (2 m).3. from the first century AD the romans began to use con-

crete in place of cut stone for all the longer spans.4. The pointed arches were widespread in the Middle Ages.5. The chief merit of the pointed profile was probably the ease

with which it could be used in ribbed vaults of any plan shape.

excel; worth; instead; facility; popular.

V. Prove the following statements using the information from the text.

1. Arches were widely used in ancient architecture.2. Spans were seldom more than 2 metres.3. Small true arches were constructed in brick.4. The Islamic pointed arches were the first to appear.5. The pointed profile was universal.

Vi. divide the verbs in the box into two groups: regular or irregular. Give three forms of the verb.

Example: to consist — consisted — consisted to know — knew — known

to construct; to give;to survive; to depart; to useto consist; to begin; to be;to know; to build; to resemble;

Vii. explain in english.

� the chief means; � to be widespread; � the corbeled arch;

� the true arch; � aesthetic inconsistency

Vii. Ask your partner the following questions

1. What types of arches do you know?2. What building materials were used for the construction of

arches?3. Where did true brick arches appear first?4. When did the romans begin to use concrete in place of cut

stone for all the longer spans?5. What was the chief merit of the pointed profile?6. how did steel and reinforced-concrete arches acquire the

necessary stiffness?

ix. translate into english.

� Арка — криволинейное перекрытие проемов в стене (окон, ворот, дверей) или пролетов между опорами.

� Клинчатая арка выкладывается из камней клинча той формы или из прямоугольных камней с клино об раз-ными швами.

� Ложная арка выполняется путем горизонтального на-пуска камней, не дает бокового распора. Стрельчатая арка состоит из двух пересекающихся под углом дуг.

x. Make up a story or a report on one of the suggested topics.

1. roman arches.2. Gothic arches.3. Modern arched type structures.

194

Unit 23. Structural elements. Beams

195

Unit 23

strUctUrAl eleMents

Pre-text exercises


fact, palm, transport, material, compression, metal, element, geometry, designer, control.


found — foundation, transport — transportation, deliberate — deliberately, durable — durability; inferior — inferiority; tense — tension; compress — compression — compressor — compressive; force — reinforce — reinforcement; place — placement.

read the text and say what materials can be used for the construction of beams?

BeAMS

Already in the early 3rd millennium ВС, in Zozer's tomb com-plex at Saqqara, blocks of stone were being deliberately shaped for use as ceiling beams instead of just used as found. The fact that their undersides were cut to a rounded form suggests an even earlier use of cut timber, probably palm logs.

This is to be expected, since timber is easier to cut and transport. Apart from its inferior durability, it is also a more appropriate mate-rial because the structural action of a beam involves internal tension as well as compression. Besides, timber, unlike stone, has a tensile strength along the grain to match its compressive strength. With stone there was only one possibility — the use of metal reinforcement at the bottom to improve the tensile weakness.

Iron beams became structurally important elements only in the late 18th century with the widespread introduction of cast iron.

reinforced concrete became a highly versatile structural mate-rial, since the strength of the concrete, the overall geometry of the element, and the quantity and placement of the reinforcement rods were all under the designer's control.

Active vocabulary

ceiling — потолокlog — бревноdurability — прочность, стойкостьtension — растяжение, натяжениеtensile strength — предел прочности на разрывcompression — сжатиеreinforcement — укрепление, арматураgrain — (зд.) волокноalong the grain — по направлению волокна

tests


1. cut timber, probably … logs were used as ceiling beams.a) palm b) oak c) sequoia

2. The structural action of a beam involves … tension as well as compression.a) external b) internal c) overall


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Unit 23. Structural elements. Beams

197

3. Metal reinforcement at the bottom was used to improve the … weakness of stone.a) tensile b) earlier c) compressive

4. reinforced concrete became a highly … structural material.a) different b) versatile c) expensive

5. The … geometry of the element was under the designer's control.a) descriptive b) fundamental c) overall


1. In Zozer's tomb complex at …, blocks of stone were being deliberately shaped by use as ceiling beams.a) ramesseum b) Lysht c) Saqqara

2. Timber has a tensile strength along the grain … its compres-sive strength.a) to match b) to complete c) to spread

3. With stone there was only one possibility — the use of metal reinforcement at the bottom to improve the tensile …a) strength b) weakness c) thickness

4. Iron beams became structurally important elements with the widespread introduction of… iron.a) cast b) wrought

5. The quantity and placement of the reinforcement … were under the designer's control.a) beams b) rods c) foundations

exercises


� ceiling beams; � cut timber; � inferior durability;

� to involve internal tension and compression; � along the grain; � the use of metal reinforcement; � the tensile weakness; � cast iron; � the strength of the concrete; � the reinforcement rods.


1. This is to be …, since … is easier to cut and transport.2. Besides, timber, … stone, has a tensile … along the grain to

… its compressive strength.3. Metal reinforcement was used… the tensile weakness of stone

beams.4. Iron … became structurally … elements in the late 18 th cen-

tury.5. … concrete is a highly versatile structural material.


1. Blocks of stone were shaped for use …

2. This fact suggests an earlier use …

3. The structural action of a beam …

4. With the introduction of cast iron …

5. The strength of the concrete and the overall geometry of the element …

a) were under the designer's control

b) of cut timber, probably palm logs

c) iron beams became struc-turally important ele-ments

d) as ceiling beamse) involves internal tension

as well as compression

iV. explain in english.

� inferior durability;


198

Unit 23. Structural elements. LIGHTWEIGHT STEEL BEAMS AND JOISTS INTRODUCED

199

� structural important elements; � to be under the designer's control.

V. speak on the following, using the information from the text.

Advantages of timber beams.Advantages of reinforced-concrete beams.The possibility of using stone and iron beams.

Vi. discuss in your group these questions.

1. What is the function of beams?2. When did they begin to use stone for ceiling beams?3. Why is timber a more appropriate material than stone for

beams?4. What was used to improve the tensile weakness of stone?5. When did iron beams become structurally important ele-

ments?6. Why did reinforced concrete become a highly versatile struc-

tural material?


� в начале З тысячелетия до нашей эры; � более подходящий материал; � внутреннее напряжение; � по направлению волокна; � сила сжатия; � арматура; � чугун; � универсальный строительный материал; � арматурные стержни.

Vii. With your partner, compare the structural characteristics of timber and stone beams. speak on the usage of iron and reinforced-concrete beams.

ix. read the text and describe light Beams. say what projects they are designed for.

LIGhTWeIGhT STeeL BeAMS AND JoISTS INTroDuceD

fabricated from cold-rolled steel, the new Light Beam struc-tural Beams and joists are up to 55 percent lighter than conventional hot-rolled I-beams according to LBN corporation, a research and development company. The design of Light Beam's cross section allows for a combination of different thicknesses of steel to provide strength where needed while avoiding excess weight. Designed for large commercial and industrial projects, it is believed to be particu-larly appropriate for seismic and high-wind zones. The beam, 8 to 30 inches deep, can span 75 feet without bracing for practical load-ing conditions. Light Beams are manufactured from high-strength 50 KSI bare, painted, or galvanized steel; parts are prepunched, precut, and prenotched, and rolled-formed and joined in an au-tomated process. All connections in the field are made with bolts; welding is not required.

200

Unit 24. Structural elements

201

Unit 24

strUctUrAl eleMents

Pre-text exercises


circular, vertical, horizontal, meridian, line, form, material, profile, monumental, proportions, stability, potential, architect, octagonal, plan, central, idea, diameter, diagonals, double.

2. these are the false friends of the interpreter. translate tem and memorize their meanings.

3. Use the following prefixes and suffixes to form a) nouns b) verbs c) adjectives.

counter-: balance, culture, offer, part, weight;sur-: mount, pass, plus, round, tax;-ar: circle, column, line, tube.

4. Match the pairs of synonyms and opposites.

central, simple, surpass, shape, restrict, initiate, construct, principal, form, plain, exceed, start, constrain, erect.

Succeed, full, simple, stability, complicated, start, empty, in-stability, complete, fail.

read the text and tell about the development of the dome form.

DoMeS

The dome may be regarded as the three-dimensional counterpart ol the arch. In its true circular form, a vertical arch is rotated around a vertical axis and sweeps out, at every level, a continuous circular horizontal ring. Loads can be transmitted both along the meridian lines of the vertical arches and around the horizontal rings.

The simple dome form, set directly on the ground, was the first completely manmade spatial enclosure. Simple domed huts, constructed from a wide variety of materials, can still be found throughout the world.

The dome, constructed with horizontally bedded rings and sharply pointed profile, had already achieved monumental propor-tions by about the 14th century ВС in the great tombs at Mycenae. But these tombs were not completely freestanding. They depended partly for their stability on the earth piled against them outside.

The full development of the potential of the truly freestanding dome owed much to roman concrete. roman builders constructed over the Pantheon in the early 2nd century a dome that has twice since been equaled but never really surpassed.

The later Western development was initiated by an achievement that, in the circumstances of the time, probably exceeded that of hadrian's architect of the Pantheon dome. This was Brunelleschi's construction of the dome of florence cathedral in the early 15th century. A major difficulty here was the octagonal plan form which Brunelleschi was constrained to follow throughout the height of the dome itself. his central idea was to construct it, nevertheless, as if it were a circular dome of the same internal diameter as the diagonals of the octagon — a diameter that slightly exceeded that of the Pantheon dome. In this way, and by means of numerous related devices, he succeeded in completing it without any centering, as the first renaissance double dome.


202

Unit 24. Structural elements. Domes

203

Active vocabulary

counterpart — копия; дубликатring — кольцо; круг; окружность; обруч, ободокhut — хижинаenclosure — ограждение, оградаcentering — центрирование; кружало, опалубка


1. The dome may be regarded as the three-dimensional coun-terpart of … .a) the column b) the arch c) the roof

2. The simple dome form, set directly on the ground, was the first completely manmade spatial … .a) tomb b) palace c) enclosure

3. The dome, constructed with horizontally bedded rings and sharply pointed profile, was used in … at Mycenae.a) the temples b) the great tombs c) the palaces

4. romans builders constructed over … a dome that has never been really surpassed.a) the Parthenon b) the colosseum c) the Pantheon

5. The dome of … is considered to be the first renaissance double dome.a) Santa croce b) Siena cathedral c) florence cathedral


1. The dome may be regarded as the three dimensional coun-terpart of the arch.a) received b) considered c) chosen

2. Simple domed huts can still be found throughout the world.a) towers b) small cabins c) skyscrapers

3. The full development of the potential of the truly freestand-ing dome owed much to roman concrete.a) was indebted b) showed c) meant

4. he achieved it by means of numerous related devices.a) details b) contrivances c) sciences

5. The diameter of the dome of florence cathedral slightly exceeded that of the Pantheon one.a) rose b) excelled c) resembled

exercises

i. Find in the text the false friends of the interpreter. translate these words and remember their meanings.


� three-dimensional counterpart of the arch; � he first completely manmade spatial enclosure; � a wide variety of materials; � throughout the world; � bedded rings; � not completely freestanding; � in the circumstances of the time; � slightly exceeded; � without any centering.

iii. Put the verbs in brackets into appropriate form .

1. In its true form, a vertical arch (rotate) around a vertical axis and sweeps out, at every level, a continuous circular horizontal ring.

2. Simple domed huts can still (find) throughout the world.


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Unit 24. Structural elements. Domes

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3. These tombs (depend) for their stability on the earth piled against them outside.

4. The later Western development (initiate) by an achievement that probably exceeded that of hadrian's architect of the Pantheon dome.

5. his idea was to construct it, as if it (be) a circular dome of the same internal diameter as the diagonals of the octagon.

iV. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text.

1. Loads can be … both along the meridian lines of the vertical arches and … the horizontal rings.

2. Simple domed …, constructed from a wide … of materials, can still be found throughout…

3. The great tombs at Mycenae were not completely …4. The full… of the potential of the truly freestanding dome …

much to roman…5. A diameter slightly … that of the Pantheon dome.6. Brunelleschi succeeded in completing it without…7. florence cathedral features the first renaissance … dome.

V. speak about the development of the dome form. Use the following questions as a plan.

1. What is the three dimensional counterpart of the arch?2. how can you describe the true circular form of the dome?3. What material did roman builders use for domes?4. What is the great example of roman concrete work?5. Who constructed the first renaissance double dome?6. What was the idea of its construction?

Vi. imagine that you are a visitor to Florence. the magnificent Florence cathedral strikes your imagination. you want to get some information about it. your partner answers the questions. Find out:

� what architects took part in its construction; � who the author of the dome was; � what the main idea of its construction was; � what the main feature of this dome is.

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Unit 25. Structural elements. Floor systems

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Unit 25

strUctUrAl eleMents

Pre-text exercises


System, equivalent, extravagant, alternative, form, composite, system, element, horizontal, diaphragm, columns.

2. Use the following suffixes to form a) adjectives, b) nouns, c) verbs.

a) non-: architectural, bearing, classical, residential, structural; -able: avail, comfort, desire, prefer, sustain, transport; -proof: fire, water, shock;

b) -ture: advent, create, expend, text;

c) sup-: plant, port, pose, press; -en: broad, short, stiff, strength, wide.

3. Use the following to make up word combinations of your own.

concrete, fireproof, curtain, stone, polished, wooden, rein-forced concrete, load-bearing;

floor, tower, slab, ceiling, materials, wall, beam.

read the text and tell about the types of floor systems

fLoor SYSTeMS

The continuous slab constitutes a self-contained floor system, though it may be desirable for non-structural reasons to add a sepa-rate top surface and a separate ceiling below. Before the develop-ment of the reinforced-concrete slab, the nearest equivalents were the floor composed of beams of timber or stone set immediately alongside one another, and the floor provided by a more or less solid above a brick or concrete vault. The first of these involved a very extravagant use of material and hence expenditure of effort, so it usually gave way to a more differentiated form with increasing skill in construction. The second was more efficient, inherently strong, and fireproof, and continued to be used for these reasons until supplanted by the reinforced-concrete slab. But it had the drawbacks of greater overall depth than alternative forms, and of greater weight plus the generation of outward thrusts, so that stron-ger walls were called for.

The alternative to these forms was always some composite sys-tem, with beams as the principal spanning and load-bearing ele-ments. In the commonest of these systems, still widely used, light timber beams span at short intervals between opposite walls and are covered by boards or twigs and rammed earth.

Today the usual floor system, apart from intermediate floors within single dwellings, is the reinforced-concrete slab with or with-out projecting beams. for very heavy loadings and wide spans, a grid of beams within a bay may be used to stiffen and strengthen the slab without requiring it to be of great thickness throughout. In all cases, the slab has a great advantage over the earlier systems because it is a good horizontal diaphragm, binding the walls or columns together and distributing any side loads between them.

Active vocabulary

fill — наполнение; прокладкаfireproof — несгораемый, огнеупорный


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depth — глубинаoutward — внешний, наружныйthrust — опораtwig — дранкаprojecting — выступающийbay — пролет (между колоннами), ниша; глубокий выступ

комнатыto bind — связывать, скреплять

tests


1. It may be desirable for non-structural reasons … a separate top surface and a separate ceiling below.a) to take b) to add c) to support

2. The floor was … by a more or less solid fill for a brick or concrete vault.a) used b) built c) provided

3. The first method is characterized by a very extravagant use of material and hence … of effort.a) expenditure b) necessity c) possibility

4. The second method continued to be used for its …, more efficient and stronger characteristics.a) waterproof b) foolproof c) fireproof

5. А… of beams within a bay may be used for very heavy load-ings and wide spans.a) block b) grid c) side


1. It may be desirable for non-structural reasons to add a sepa-rate top surface and a separate … below.a) ceiling b) footing c) thrust

2. Today the reinforced-concrete slab with or without project-ing … is the usual floor system.a) columns b) beams c) loads

3. The first method usually gave way to a more differentiated form with increasing … in construction.a) skill b) parts c) depth

4. Light timber beams span at short… between opposite walls and are covered by boards.a) periods b) intervals c) length

5. A grid of beams within a bay may be used to stiffen and strengthen the slab without … it to be of great thickness throughout.a) finding b) being c) requiring


1. The continuous slab … a self-contained floor system. a) constitute b) constitutes c) is constituted d) will be constituted

2. The first method usually … way to a more differentiated form with increasing skill in construction.

a) gave b) was given c) has given d) will give

3. Light timber beams… at short intervals between opposite walls and are covered by boards or twigs.

a) were spanning b) will be spanned c) span d) have spanned

4. The reinforced-concrete slab … a great advantage over the earlier systems.

a) had b) has c) was having d) will be had

5. It is a good horizontal diaphragm, which … the walls or col-umns together.


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a) binds b) will bind c) was binding d) bind

exercises


� the continuous slab; � a self-contained floor system; � the reinforced-concrete slab; � beams of timber or stone set immediately alongside one

another; � fireproof; � the generation of outward thrusts; � greater overall depth; � the principal spanning; � to be covered by boards or twigs and rammed earth; � intermediate floors within single dwellings; � projecting beams; � to distribute any side loads between the walls or columns.

ii. Match the terms (A) and their definitions (B).

A) roof; floor; slab; beams; wall; column; ceiling

B) �a vertical structure of stone, brick, etc.; � the top covering of a house or other building; � a long piece of timber or iron used horizontally or vertically

to support the rafters of a building; � the part of a house, room, etc., on which one treads; � the inner roof of an apartment; � a flat piece of marble or stone; � a round pillar to support a building.

iii. explain in english.

� the nearest equivalents;

� a very extravagant use of material; � fireproof; � a composite system; � to have a great advantage; � a good horizontal diaphragm.

iV. discuss with your partner the following questions.

1. What were the nearest equivalents of the reinforced-concrete slab?

2. What can be said about the drawbacks of the earlier floor systems?

3. What was the alternative to these floor systems?

V. Ask your friend to prove that the reinforced-concrete slab has a great advantage over the earlier systems. Use the following word combinations.

A good horizontal diaphragm;to bind the walls or columns together;to distribute any side loads.

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Unit 26. Structural elements. Foundations

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Unit 26

strUctUrAl eleMents

Pre-text exercises


Normally, ideally, practiced, base, friction, pneumatic, parallel, universal, exploitation.


Level — leveling; fortune — fortunately — unfortunately; ex-cavate — excavation; hammer — hammered; foot — footing; de-velop — development; found — foundation; pump — pumping.

3. Form the comparative and superlative adjectives. translate them

-er (-est): close, early, great, firm, heavy, high, low, near, wide.

text 1 read the text and describe ancient and modern types

of foundations

fouNDATIoNS

The loads that a structure imposes on the ground normally reach the ground (or the level of the lowest floor if that is below the out-side ground level) through walls, piers, or columns. Ideally, if the ground surface is a firm stratum of natural rock, able to take the loads directly without noticeable settlement, the walls, piers, or columns can simply be ended when they reach it. They can also be built up directly from it after some preliminary leveling. unfor-tunately, such strata have rarely been found in the places where men have wanted to build. Therefore, some means have had to be provided to spread the loads more widely or carry them down to rock or firmer ground at a lower level.

Apart from shallow excavation to reach rock close to the surface, there were three means that were widely practiced in roman times.

These were the spread footing piling, and the continuous raft. The first and last spread the load fairly near the surface, simply by providing each wall, pier, or column with a substantially wider base.

The second, piling, carried the load further down without necessitating deep excavation. The piles were almost always of timber. once hammered into the ground, they acted as columns usually transmitting part of the load to firmer ground at the foot and spreading part of it through the intermediate strata by surface friction.

With the exception of the continuous concrete raft these meth-ods continued in use well into the 19th century, with little change except in such matters as methods of pile driving and of working below water level.

for deep underwater foundations the answer was the pneumatic caisson. This was a development of the earlier cofferdam — a wall within which, after pumping ouf the water, it was possible to exca-vate and then build the base of the pier in the dry.


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The new requirements for tall buildings were mainly met by the substitution of grillages of steel beams for the less efficient, earlier spread footings. These have since given way to footings and piles of reinforced concrete, while there have been parallel developments in piling with the substitution of steel and reinforced-concrete piles for the previously universal timber pile. The heaviest reinforced-concrete piles are nowadays cast in situ in prebored hole.

equally significant has been the increasing exploitation of the buoyancy principle — that of creating open basements below ground level of sufficient volume to displace a weight of earth comparable with the total weight of the building, so that there is only a small net change in pressure at foundation level when construction is completed.

Active vocabulary

stratum — пластleveling — выравниваниеfooting — основание, фундаментpile — сваяraft — плотhammer — 1. молоток, молот. 2. вбивать, вколачиватьfriction — трениеcaisson — кессонcofferdam — кессон для подводных работgrillage — решетка; ростверкbasement — основание, фундамент, цокольный этажnet — сеть, сеткаin situ — на местеprebored hole — предварительно просверленное отверстиеbuoyancy — плавучесть

tests

i. choose the correct form of the adjective.

1. The loads that a structure imposes on the ground reach the level of the … floor through walls, piers, or columns.a) lower b) lowest c) the lowest

2. Therefore, some means have had to be provided to spread the loads down to … ground at a lower level.a) the firmest b) firmer c) firm

3. The pneumatic caisson was a development of… cofferdam.a) the earlier b) the earliest c) earliest

4. The … reinforced-concrete piles arc nowadays cast in situ in prebored hole.a) heavy b) heavier c) the heaviest

5. … earlier spread footings were substituted by grillages of steel beams.a) efficient b) The less efficient c) The most efficient

ii. choose the correct word.

1. unfortunately, such … have rarely been found in the places where men have wanted to build.a) environment b) territory c) strata

2. There were three means that were already widely practiced in … .a) egypt b) roman times c) ancient times

3. The piles were almost always of … .a) timber b) stone c) concrete

4. once hammered into the ground, they acted as … .a) walls b) cross-beams c) columns


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5. With the exception of the continuous concrete raft these methods continued in use well into the … .a) 19th century b) late 17th century c) early 20th century

iii. choose the correct sentence.

1. The loads that a structure imposes on the ground reach the ground through walls, piers, or columns.

a) The loads placed upon by a structure on the ground reach the ground through different supports.

b) foundation is the basis or lowest part of a structure.

2. There were three types of foundations widely practiced in roman times.

a) Ideally, the ground surface is a firm stratum of natural rock.

b) In roman times three types of foundations were wide-spread.

c) The romans practiced only one means for foundations.

3. The piles were made of timber. a) Piling carried the load without necessitating deep excava-

tion. b) Piles acted as columns. c) Timber was building material for piles.

4. The pneumatic caisson was a development of the earlier cofferdam.

a) cofferdam was the earlier form of the pneumatic caisson. b) The pneumatic caisson was invented in the 19 th century. c) cofferdam is a temporary enclosure in water.

5. The exploitation of the buoyancy principle has been increas-ing.

a) There is only a small net change in pressure at foundation level.

b) The buoyancy principle has been used more widely. c) It is necessary to create open basements below ground

level of sufficient volume.

exercises


� to reach the ground through walls, piers, or columns; � the ground surface; � preliminary leveling; � to spread the loads more widely; � shallow excavations; � the spread footing, piling, and the continuous raft; � the pneumatic caisson; � grillages of steel beams; � exploitation of the buoyancy principle; � to displace a weight of earth comparable with the total weight

of the building.

ii. there are some notes the student made after reading the text "Foundations". did he remember everything right? read his notes and correct them if necessary.

1. The loads that a structure imposes on the ground normally reach the ground through walls, piers, or columns.

2. There were three types of foundations that were widely prac-ticed in ancient egypt.

3. The piles were almost always made of timber.4. The spread footing and piling were not used in the 19th cen-

tury.5. Deep excavation was necessary for piling.6. The pneumatic caisson was a development of the earlier

cofferdam.7. for tall buildings grillages of steel beams were used.


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1. The spread footing, piling, the continuous raft …

2. Ал ideal strata have rarely been found …

3. These piles acted as …4. It was a wall within which

after pumping out the wa-ter, …

5. The new requirements for tall buildings were mainly met …

a) columns, transmitting part of the load to firmer ground at the foot

b) it was possible to excavatec) in the places where men have

wanted to buildd) were widely practiced in ro-

man timese) by the substitution of gril-

lages of steel beams for the less efficient earlier spread footing

iV. What parts of speech are the words in italics referred to?

1. These means were the spread footing, piling, and the con-tinuous raft.

2. The second method carried the load further down without necessitating deep excavation.

3. The piles acted as columns usually transmitting part of the load to firmer ground at the foot.

4. The pneumatic caisson was a development of the earlier cof-ferdam — a wall within which, afterpumpingout the water, it was possible to excavate.

5. equally significant has been the increasing exploitation of the buoyancy principle.

V. now you have learnt some more facts about foundations.could you answer the following questions?

1. how do the loads reach the ground?2. What is an ideal stratum for building?3. What were the types of foundation practiced in roman times?4. What was used for deep underwater foundations?

5. What is used instead of spread footing?6. how can you describe the buoyancy principle?

Vi. your friend is revising for his examination. he would like you to explain him some terms. help him using the information of the unit.

The spread footing, piling, the continuous raft, the pneumatic caisson, the buoyancy principle.

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Unit 29. Structural design. Leaning Tower of Pisa

221

Unit 29

strUctUrAl desiGn

Pre-text exercises


calculation, strategy, engineer, stabilization vertical, plan, posi-tion, association, conference.

2. Use the following (a) prefixes (b) suffixes to form new words.

(a) counter-, em-, micro-, un-, under-, up-; bed, pile, end, weight, ground, veil;

(b) -al, -ence, -er, -ize, -ly, -sion, -(a)tion. calculate, temporary, compete engine, excavate, confer, na-

tion, short, associate, preserve, decide, structure, stabilize.

3. translate the following word combinations with nouns in the attributive function.

Preservations strategies, the tower underground, stabilization plan, the stabilization team, The International Association for Bridge and Structural engineering conference.

4. Use the following adjectives (a) and nouns (b) to make up word combinations.

(a) inevitable, archaeological, nearby, hydraulic, steel, strong, in-ternational, high, structural;

(b) design, result, base, frame, tower, system, timber, excavations, hotel, organization.

text 2. read the text and say what strategies were proposed to reinforce the base of the

leaning tower of Pisa

LeANING ToWer of PISA BeGINS To Be STABILIZeD

According to calculations by Paolo Napoli, an engineering pro-fessor at Torino Polytechnic, the Leaning Tower of Pisa is predicted to fall over between 2030 and 2040. In a race against its inevitable demise, engineers began reinforcing the base of the tower in sum-mer of 1992.

In 1975, a competition was held to find ways to shore up the tower, but ended without a decision on how to proceed. Shortly thereafter, city officials stopped the pumping of water from nearby wells, finding that it caused the Pisa Tower to tilt further.

other complex preservations strategies proposed in 1988 called for temporary supporting the tower by a pair of steel braces until hydraulic jacks could be embedded around the foundation to pre-vent further shifting. If that strategy failed, an underpinning structure of steel micropiles connected to brackets was to anchor the tower underground, transferring its load.

In 1992, a team of Italian engineers began implementing a sim-pler stabilization plan, suggested by Napoli, which applies a vertical force on the northern edge of the tower's base, opposite its tilt. The stabilization team excavated down to the footings of the building and then poured concrete and lead shot into the foundation to counterweight the upended base. In three months, the engineers


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have managed to reverse the tower's position by 0,3 degrees, accord-ing to results unveiled at the International Association for Bridge and Structural engineering conference.

Active vocabulary

well — колодецjack — домкрат; рычаг; клинembed — вставлять, врезатьunderpin — подпирать (стены); подводить фундаментshifting — смещение, сдвиг

tests

i. choose the appropriate word.

1. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is predicted to fall over between 2030 and 2040.a) designed b) decided c) foretold

2. A competition ended without a decision on how to proceed.a) organized b) completed c) held

3. other complex preservations strategies called for temporarily supporting the tower by a pair of steel braces.a) demanded b) chose c) caused

4. The stabilization team excavated down to the footings of the building.a) changed b) took c) hollowed out

5. According to results unveiled at the International Associa-tion for Bridge and Structural engineering conference the engineers have managed to reverse the tower's position by 0,3 degrees,

a) turn backward b) define c) create


1. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is in … .a) Milan b) Torino c) Pisa

2. engineers began reinforcing the base of … .a) the chapel b) the tower c) the palace

3. Shortly thereafter, city officials stopped the pumping of water from nearby … .a) lakes b) ponds c) wells

4. A team of Italian engineers began implementing a simpler … plan, suggested by Napoli.a) stabilization b) development c) ground

5. The stabilization team poured concrete and … shot into the foundation to counterweight the upended base.a) lead b) brick c) steel

exercises


� to predict; � inevitable demise; � steel braces; � to tilt; � the pumping water from nearby wells; � to prevent further shifting; � an underpinning structure of steel micropiles.

ii. Find in the text the synonyms of the following verbs.

to look for; to offer; to fulfil;to foretell; to reason; to uniteto use


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iii. Make up some sentences of your own using the following word combinations.

� to hold a competition � to implement a plan � to transfer the loads

iV. Find out if the words in italics are gerunds, participles or adverbial participles.

1. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is predicted to fall over between 2030 and 2040.

2. engineers began reinforcing the base of the tower in summer of 1992.

3. city officials stopped the pumping of water from nearby wells, finding that it caused the Pisa Tower to tilt further.

4. other preservations strategies called for temporarily support-ing the tower by a pair of steel braces.

5. An underpinning structure of steel micropiles was to anchor the tower underground, transferring its load.

V. look at the table and find out what parts of speech the words from the text are referred to.

Shore par. 2 noun adjective verb adverb

nearby par. 2 noun adjective verb adverb

well par. 2 noun adjective verb adverb

micropiles par. 3 noun adjective verb adverb

anchor par. 3 noun adjective verb adverb

underground par. 3 noun adjective verb adverb

results par. 3 noun adjective verb adverb

Vi. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. In a race against its inevitable demise, engineers (begin) reinforcing the base of the tower in summer of 1992.

2. In 1975, a competition (hold) to find ways to shore up the tower.

3. city officials stopped the pumping of water from nearby wells, finding that it (cause) the Pisa Tower to tilt further.

4. A plan, suggested by Napoli, (apply) a vertical force on the northern edge of the tower's base, opposite its tilt.

4. In three months, the engineers (manage) to reverse the tow-ers position by 0,3 degrees.

Vii. change into Passive.

1. Paolo Napoli predicted the Leaning Tower of Pisa to fall over between 2030 and 2040.

2. engineers began the reinforcement of the tower.3. city officials stopped the pumping of water from nearby

wells.4. Paolo Napoli suggested a stabilization plan of the tower.5. They unveiled the results of this work at the International

Association for Bridge and Structural engineering confe-rence.

Viii. Work in pairs. read the questions and let your partner answer them. don't forget to change over.

1. When is the Leaning Tower of Pisa predicted to fall over?2. Who made these calculations?3. What did complex preservation strategies propose?4. What did Paolo Napoli suggest to stabilize the Leaning Tow-

er of Pisa?5. What were the results of the work of stabilization team?


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Unit 27

strUctUrAl eleMents

Pre-text exercises


form, geometry, type, membrane, role, economy, airport, de-monstrate, original, opera, limit.

2. Use the following prefixes and suffixes to form a) adjectives b) verbs c) nouns.

im-: mobile, practical, possible;over-: balance, estimate, fill, hang, power, ride;-(i)ty: active, modern, practical, possible, stable;-like: atrium, box, pavilion, platform, terrace, vault.

3. Use the following in word combinations of your own.

ribbed, heavy, considerable, corrugated, fan, curved;vault, load, cardboard, form, magnitude, line.

SheLLS

The term shell is used to denote a spanning and space-enclosing element of domed or other vaultlike form, but with a thickness and order of magnitude less than was usual for these masonry and

ix. choose a partner and make up a dialogue using the following expressions from the text.

To be predicted to fall; an inevitable'demise; to reinforce the base of the tower; to hold a competition; a pair of steel braces; to prevent further shifting; steel micropiles; to anchor the tower underground; a simpler stabilization plan; to pour concrete and lead shot into the foundation; to reverse the tower's position by 0,3 degrees.


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Unit 27. Structural elements. Shells

229

mass-concrete forms. Like the latter, a shell may be curved in two directions or in one only; but the two curvatures of the doubly curved form may be of opposite sense, like those of a saddle — a possibility almost restricted to the fan vault in masonry — and the singly curved form may be taken to include barrel-shaped and folded or corrugated forms that span along the length of the barrel or the folds, and act as deep beams. To achieve the reduction in thickness, tensile strength must be provided in the shell itself, or at the level of support, or in both places, in accordance with the requirements of the surface geometry, the pattern of loading, and the type of support.

The shelf, together with the doubly curved tensile membrane or cable net, has so enlarged the formal vocabulary of architecture that it will continue to play an important role where economy is not the overriding consideration. The Saarinen/Ammann and Whitney roof of the TWA Terminal Building at Kennedy Airport demon-strates its versatility at the limits of practicality; Jorn utzon's origi-nal impracticable proposal of sharply ridged shells for the Sydney opera house went beyond these limits and called for a different arched type of construction.

Active vocabulary

shell — оболочкаmagnitude — величина, размерcurvature — кривизна, изгиб, искривлениеsaddle — подкладка, башмак; салазкиbarrel — цилиндр, барабан, валcorrugated — гофрированный, рифленыйridged — остроконечный

tests

i. choose the correct verb.

1. Shells … a thickness and order of magnitude less than was usual for these masonry and mass-concrete forms.a) have b) receive c) play

2. A shell may be … in two directions.a) taken b) added c) curved

3. corrugated forms… along the length of the barrel,a) reduce b) span c) provide

4. To … the reduction in thickness, tensile strength must be provided in the level of support.a) achieve b) demonstrate c) use

5. ridged shells for the Sydney opera house … beyond these limits.a) covered b) went c) saw


1. The term shell describes a spanning and space-enclosing element of … form.a) pyramidal b) columnar c) domed

2. The two curvatures of the doubly curved form may be of opposite sense, like those of a/an … .a) saddle b) arch c) volute

3. The singly curved form may be taken to include barrel-shaped and … forms.a) flat b) rounded c) folded

4. The shelf, together with the doubly curved tensile membrane has … the formal vocabulary of architecture.a) enlarged b) reduced c) invented


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Unit 27. Structural elements. Shells

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5. The Saarinen/Ammann and Whitney roof of the TWA Ter-minal Building at Kennedy Airport demonstrates its … at the limits of practicality.a) feature b) versatility c) rarity

exercises


� masonry and mass-concrete forms; � barrel-shaped and folded or corrugated forms; � to span along the length of the barrel � to enlarge the formal vocabulary of architecture; � space enclosing element; � to act as deep beams; � he reduction of thickness; � he pattern of loading; � sharply ridged shells

ii. Guess which parts of the speech the following words from the text belong to.

Vaultlike noun adjective verb

saddle noun adjective verb

span noun adjective verb

tensile noun adjective verb

support noun adjective verb

iii. Match the pairs of synonyms.

to denote; surface; folded;to indicate; contrary; corrugated;to do; requirement; outside;demand; form; opposite;shape; to act;

iV. Make up some sentences of your own using these word combinations.

� in accordance with the requirements of; � to go beyond the limits; � to call for

V. explain in english the meanings of the following word combinations.

� vaultlike form; � barrel-shaped form; � space-enclosing element; � mass-concrete form.

Vi. Answer the following questions.

1. What does the term shell mean?2. how can you describe its form?3. What are shells used for?4. What requirements should be taken into consideration

when it is necessary to achieve the reduction in thickness?5. What is the role of shells in modern architecture?


� каменная кладка; � гофрированные формы; � в соответствии с требованиями; � тип нагрузки; � тип опоры

Viii. Ask your partner about the latest examples of shell structures. Give your own examples.

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Unit 28. Structural elements. Trusses and Space Frames

233

Unit 28

strUctUrAl eleMents

Pre-text exercises


Linear, act, role, differentiation, risk, equivalent, form, primi-tive, system, diagonal, parallel, material.


Assembly — assemblage, assemble — disassemble; con-nect — connection — interconnection; differ — different — differentiate — differentiation; circumference — circumferen-tial — circumferentially; produce — reproduce reproduction; triangle — triangular — triangulated; transmit — transmission.

3. Use the following words to form complex adjectives.

Example: cone-shaped

Arch, centre, shape, frame, vault, dome, iron, cone, star, five, wood, round, three, like.

text 2. read the text and tell about the main features of trasses and space Frames

TruSSeS AND SPAce frAMeS

Trusses and space frames are assemblies of linear members that act primarily in axial tension or compression as ties or struts. The term truss denotes an assembly in one plane, and the term space frame describes a three-dimensional assembly in which the inter-connections are such that a load at any point is distributed in all directions through the assembly. The joints need not be rigid and, ideally, should allow free relative rotations of the members. But they must be capable of transmitting tension as well as compression. The usual role in a building is of carrying a roof — in place of the arch, dome, vault, beam, or slab.

In the early 19th century, the true timber truss, necessarily somewhat elaborated and with the bottom tie made from shorter lengths of timber with lapped joints was stretched to span about 150 ft. (45 m); but the first wide-span iron roofs (of basically arched form) had then been built, and future development was in iron and steel. With the introduction of wrought iron for the ties, there was a clearer differentiation between these and the struts that was carried over into steel construction. Because there was no risk of the ties buckling, they were made appreciably more slender.

The most important space frames are lighter framed equivalents of domes and vaults, or of slabs spanning in two or more directions simultaneously. The framed dome is a very early form, particu-larly if we include primitive dome-shaped huts. But even in fully developed timber-framing systems, the ribs were invariably aligned radially and circumferentially, and the system was then braced by additional diagonals or by the outer covering. early iron-framed domes merely reproduced this timber form, and it was only in the second half of the 19th century that an inherently stiff, triangulated pattern of framing was substituted. This might be regarded as the first true space frame.


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further development of the framed dome or vault has taken place almost entirely in the 20th century and has lagged somewhat behind parallel developments in airframe structures, where there was a greater incentive to seek the most efficient use of material to save weight.

Active vocabulary

assembly —truss — ферма, связь, стропильная фермаstrut — стойка, подкос, распоркаplane — плоскостьjoint — узел (фермы)lapped — перекрытый в напускbuckling — изгиб, прогибание, деформация

tests

i. choose the correct modal verb.

1. The joints … not be rigid.a) must b) can c) need

2. They … allow free relative rotations of the members.a) should b) ought c) may

3. The joints … be capable of transmitting tension as well as-compression.a) may b) must c) can

4. early iron-framed domes … be regarded as the first true space frame.a) should b) must c) might

5. Because space frame is much lighter than the equivalent solid slab, it … economically span much further at the ex-pense of some increase in overall depth.a) should b) need c) can


1. The term truss denotes an assembly in one … .a) direction b) plane c) point

2. The usual role of trusses and space frames in a building is of carrying … .a) a roof b) a wall c) a column

3. The first wide-span iron roofs had then been built, and future development was in iron and … .

a) lead b) steel c) reinforced concrete

4. The framed dome is a very early form, particularly if we in-clude primitive dome-shaped … .a) villas b) cottages c) huts

5. further development of the framed dome or … has taken place in the 20th century.a) arch b) vault c) slab

exercises


� axial tension or compression; � to allow free relative rotation of the members; � the first wide-span iron roofs; � an inherently, triangulated pattern of framing; � struts; � through the assembly; � primitive dome-shaped huts; � the outer covering; � the true timber truss

ii. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words.

pertinent; inflexible; to indicate;customary; to look for; supplementary;to consider;


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iii. Match the words (A) and their definitions (B).

A) steel; wrought-iron; lead; concrete; cast-iron

B) � iron refined and combined with carbon; � a compact mass of lime, sand, gravel mortar, etc., used for

building; � iron made malleable and capable of being welded; � iron produced in a blast-furnace and cast into mold; � a soft, heavy ductile, bluish-grey metal.

iV. Use the terms from ex. iii in the sentence, of your own.

V. Match the beginnings of the sentences to their ends using the information from the text.

1. Trusses and space frames are assemblies of linear members…

2. In the early 19th century, the true timber truss was stretched …

3. The most important space frames are lighter framed equivalents …

4. In fully developed timber-framing systems, …

5. early iron-framed domes …6. further development of the

framed dome or vault has taken place …

7. In airframe structures there was a greater incentive to seek …

a) the ribs were invariably aligned radially and cir-cumferentially

b) the most efficient use of material to save weight

c) merely reproduced this timber form

d) to span about 150 ft. (45 m)

e) of domes and vaultsf) that act primarily in axial

tension or compressiong) almost entirely in the 20th

century

Vi. divide the following verbs into two groups according to whether their Past simple tense is regular or irregular.

Example: act — acted; make — made — made.

to act; to make; to be; to carry;to take; to need; to denote; to build;to seek; to include; to regard; to align;to have; to reproduce


1. how do trusses and space frames act?2. What does the term truss denote?3. What does the term space frame describe?4. What is their usual role in a building?5. What might be regarded as the first true space frame?

Viii. With your partner, discuss the main features of trusses and space frames. Use the following words and word combinations:

The assemblies of linear members; axial tension or compression; ties; three-dimensional; to be distributed in all directions; the true timber truss; lapped joints; wrought iron; the ties buckling; space frames; the rib; to be aligned radially and circumferentially; the outer covering; stiff; to be regarded as: airframe structures; the most efficient use of material.

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Unit 30. Building engineering. The Millenium dome

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Unit 30

BUildinG enGineerinG

Pre-text exercises


Meridian, millennium, centre, visitor, hangar, interval, spheri-cal, line, ton, diameter, vertical, horizontal, compression.

2. Use the following suffixes to form new words: -age, -(a)tion, -ance, -or, -ly.

horizontal, deflect, assembly, define, radial, exhibit, resist, celebrate.

3. Use the following (a) adjectives (b) nouns to make word combinations.

(a) noble, heavy, public, patterned, cool, international, concrete;

(b) origin, building, exhibition, structure, weather, fabric, load.

read the text and speak on the dome's functions and its construction.

The MILLeNIuM DoMe

Since the Greenwich meridian and thus the world time finds its origin in Greenwich, in Britain it was decided that it should be the place where the world should celebrate its step into the new mil-lenium.

The centre of the Millenium celebrations was the Millenium Dome, the largest single public assembly building in the world. The architect of the Dome, richard rogers, is famous for such works as the Pompidou centre, opened in 1977, and the Lloyd's of London building.

The Dome is an exceptional example of building engineering. Its function is to provide an enclosure for the exhibition, to protect the exhibits and the visitors from the weather.

The concept of the Dome's roof is apparently very simple. Ten-sioned steel cables are arranged radially on the surface of the dome and held in space by hangar and tie down cables at 25 m intervals. The surface is defined as a spherical cap.

Between the cables, tensioned coated fabric is used as cladding. Both the tensioned cables and cladding carry the loads by deflection accompanied by increase in tension.

The forces in the cables, 40 tonnes in each radial line have to be resisted at the centre where they come together and at the boundary where they are anchored. In the centre of the roof there is a 30 m diameter tension ring consisting of 12–48 mm diameter cables which carry a total of 700 tonnes. At the edge the forces are resisted by vertical ground anchors going 12 m down into the gravel layers and horizontally by a concrete ring beam 1000 m in circumference which carries the loads in compression.

Active vocabulary

cable — кабель, канат, тросtie down —


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fabric — ткань, материяcladding — покрытиеanchor — якорьedge — край, кромкаgravel — гравийcircumference — окружностьdeflection — прогиб, провесto resist — противостоять; выдерживатьto anchor — скреплять, закреплятьlayer — слойcircumference — окружность

tests


1. It is supposed that Greenwich should be the place where the world should celebrate its step … the new millenium.

a) during b) in c) into d) onto

2. Tensioned steel cables are arranged radially … the surface of the dome.

a) under b) on c) in d) at

3. Both the tensioned cables and cladding carry the loads by deflection accompanied by increase … tension.

a) in b) for c) with d) on

4. The forces in the cables, 40 tonnes in each radial line have to be resisted … the centre where they come together.

a) from b) over c) at d) by

5. At the edge the forces are resisted … vertical ground anchors going 12 m down into the gravel layers.

a) by b) on c) in d) with


1. The world time finds its origin in … .a) Manchester b) Paris c) Greenwich

2. The centre of the Millenium celebrations is … .a) the Millenium Dome b) The Pompidou centrec) the colosseum

3. The concept of the Dome's … is apparently very simple.a) exterior b) interior c) roof

4. The tensioned cables and cladding carry the loads by deflec-tion accompanied by increase in … .a) tension b) thickness с) compression

5. … the forces are resisted by vertical ground anchors.a) at the centre b) on the ground c) at the edge

exercises


� new millenium; � an exceptional example of building engineering; � to protect the exhibitions and the visitors from the weather; � tensioned steel cables; � tie down cables; � a spherical cap; � cladding; � to be resisted by vertical ground anchors; � a concrete ring beam.


1. The architect of the Dome, richard rogers, is … for such works as the Pompidou centre and the Lloyd's of London building.


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2. The Dome is an … example of building …3. The … of the Dome's roof is apparently very ….4. Between the cables, tensioned coated … is used as cladding.5. In the centre of the roof there is a 30 m diameter… ring con-

sisting of 12–48 mm diameter…

iii. Make up some sentences of your own using the following.

� to be famous for � to be defined as � to carry the loads

iV. choose the verb and put it in the correct form. to arrange, to define, to be, to carry, to find

1. The world time … its origin in Greenwich.2. Tensioned steel cables … radially on the surface of the dome.3. The surface … as a spherical cap.4. Both the tensioned cables and cladding … the loads by de-

flection accompanied by increase in tension.5. In the centre of the roof there … a 30 m diameter tension

ring consisting of 12–48 mm diameter cables.

V. Match the terms and their definitions.

Cladding, deflection, force, compression, resistance.

� The process of pressing or squeezing something so that it becomes smaller;

� the amount by which something moves from its original po-sition;

� a hard substance such as wood, stone, or metal that is put on the outside of a structure, especially a building, to protect it or make it look more attractive;

� the ability of an object not to be affected or harmed by wind, water, heat etc;

� a power that makes an object move or that changes the way it moves.

Vi. explain in english.

Public assembly building, to provide an enclosure; a spherical cap.


1. What was the Millenium Dome designed for?2. Who is its architect?3. What can you say about the Dome's roof?4. What structural materials are used for the Dome's construc-

tion?


� выдающийся пример строительного и инженерного ис-кус ства;

� устройство кровли купола; � стальные ванты; � сферическая форма; � выдерживать нагрузку за счет предварительного напря-

жения; � бетонная кольцевая балка с окружностью 1000 м.

ix. Ask your partner some questions about the conception of the Millenium dome. listen to his/her answers and express your opinion on the subject.

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Keys

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Keys to Unit 1

Text 1 I. lb; 2 c; 3 b; 4 c; 5 a; 6 b; 7 c II. lb; 2 c; 3 b; 4 a; 5 c

Exercise 1 1 c; 2 a; 3 c; 4 d; 5 b

Exercise 3 1 b;2 c; 3 e; 4 a; 5 d.

Keys to Unit 2

Text 1 I. lc; 2 b; 3 a; 4 b; 5 c; 6 a; 7 b II. lb; 2 c; 3 a; 4 b; 5 c III. lb; 2 a; 3 c; 4 b; 5 c

Exercise 1 Id; 2 g; 3 a; 4 e; 5 b; 6 c; 7 f

Keys to Unit 3

Text 1 I. la; 2 c; 3 b; 4 c; 5 b II. lb; 2 a; 3 b; 4 a; 5 b; 6 a; 7 b III. lc; 2 a; 3 d; 4 c; 5 b; 6 d; 7 b IV. lb; 2 d; 3 c; 4 a; 5 b

Exercise 2 lc; 2 g; 3 e; 4 b; 5 f; 6 d; 7 a

Text 2 I. la; 2 b; 3 a; 4 c; 5 b II. lb; 2 c; 3 b; 4 a; 5 c

Keys to Unit 4

Text I I. la; 2 c; 3 b; 4 a; 5 b; 6 c; 7 b II. lc; 2 a; 3 c; 4 a III.lc; 2 d; 3 a; 4 c; 5 b

Keys to Unit 5

Text 1 I. la; 2 b; 3 c; 4 b; 5 a; 6 b II. lb; 2 c; 3 a; 4 b; 5 c III.lc; 2 c; 3 b; 4 b; 5 a; 6 c; 7 b

Exercise 2 lc; 2 g; 3 b; 4 f; 5 a; 6 d; 7 e

Keys to Unit 6

Text 1 I. lb; 2 a; 3 c II. lb; 2 c; 3 a; 4 b; 5 c III. la; 2 c; 3 b; 4 c; 5 a

Exercise 1 lc; 2 d; 3 b; 4 c; 5 a

Exercise 2 lc; 2 b; 3 c; 4 d; 5 b

Exercise 3 lb; 2 c; 3 a; 4 b; 5 c

Exercise 5 If; 2 d; 3 e; 4 a; 5 g; 6 b; 7 c.

keys

Keys to Unit 7

Text 1 I. lb; 2 a; 3 c; 4 a; 5 b II. lc; 2 a; 3 b; 4 c; 5 b Ill. lb; 2 a; 3 c; 4 a; 5 c IV. Id; 2 b; 3 c; 4 a; 5 c

Exercise 3 1 e;2 a;3 c;4 b;5 d

Exercise 5 le; 2 c; 3 a; 4 b; 5 d.

Text 2 I. lb; 2 c; 3 a; 4 a; 5 c II. lc; 2 a; 3 c; 4 a; 5 b

Keys to Unit 8

Text 1 I. lc; 2 a; 3 c; 4 b; 5 c II. lb; 2 a; 3 c; 4 b III.lc; 2 a; 3 c; 4 c; 5 b; 6 a; 7 c

Exercise 3 le; 2 c; 3 f; 4 a; 5 b; 6 g; 7 d

Exercise 4 1 d;2 b;3 a;4 c;5 e.

Keys to Unit 9

Text 1 I. la; 2 b; 3 a; 4 c; 5 b; 6 a; 7 c II. la; 2 c; 3 a; 4 c; 5 c; 6 b; 7 a III. lb; 2 a; 3 b; 4 c; 5 a

Keys to Unit 10

Text 1 I. lc; 2 b; 3 c; 4 a; 5 c II. lc; 2 a; 3 b; 4 a; 5 c III. lb; 2 c; 3 a; 4 b; 5 a

Exercise 3 le; 2 a; 3 g; 4 b; 5 c; 6 d; 7 f

Text 2 I. la; 2 b; 3 b; 4 c; 5 a II. lb; 2 a; 3 c; 4 b; 5 a

Keys to Unit 11

Text 1 I. lc; 2 a; 3 c; 4 a; 5 b 6 c; 7 a; 8 b II. lc; 2 b; 3 c; 4 a; 5 b; 6 b; 7 a

Exercise 1 lc; 2 a; 3 d; 4 b; 5 a

Exercise 6 lc; 2 d; 3 e; 4 b; 5 a

Keys to Unit 12

Text 1 I. lb; 2 c; 3 b; 4 a; 5 c II. lb; 2 c; 3 a; 4 a III.lc; 2 b; 3 c; 4 a; 5 b

Keys to Unit 13

I. 1 a; 2 b; 3 a; 4 c. II. 1 c; 2 a; 3 b; 4 a; 5 c.ex. 1. 1 h;2 i;3 f;4 a;5 g; 6 d;7 e;8 b;9 c.ex.4. 1 d; 2 a; 3 b; 4 c.ex.5 1 b; 2 d; 3 a;4 c.

Keys to Unit 14

Text 1 I. la; 2 c; 3 a; 4 b; '5 a II. lb; 2 c; 3 a; 4 c

Keys to Unit 15

Text 1 I. 1 a; 2 b; 3 a; 4 c; 5 bII. lc; 2 a; 3 c; 4 a; 5 b

Exercise 3 lc; 2 a; 3 f; 4 b; 5 d; 6 g; 7 e


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Keys

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Text 2 I. la; 2 c; 3 a; 4 b; 5 c II. lc; 2 a; 3 b;4 a; 5 c III. lc; 2 b; 3 a; 4 c; 5 a; 6 b

Keys to Unit 16

I. 1 c; 2 a; 3 c; 4 b; 5 a.II. 1 c; 2 b; 3 b; 4 c; 5 a.III. 1 e; 2 d; 3 a; 4 f; 5 c; 6 b.IV. 1 a; 2 e; 3 b; 4 d; 5 c.ex. 2. 1 a; 2 g; 3 b; 4 e; 5 d; 6 c; 7 b; 8 f.

Keys to Unit 17

Textl I. lc; 2 a; 3 c; 4 b; 5 a.II. 1 d; 2 b; 3 a; 4 c; 5 b; 6 a.

Exercise VI.le; 2 c; 3 a; 4 f; 5 d; 6 b.

Keys to Unit 18

Text 1 lc; 2 a; 3 b; 4 c; 5 a; 6 b; 7 c II. lb; 2 d; 3 c; 4 a; 5 d

Exercise 3.If, 2 e, 3 a, 4 d, 5 c, 6 b

Keys to Unit 19 (RKT& B)

Text 1 I. lc; 2 a; 3 b; 4 a; 5 c.Il.lb; 2 c; 3 b; 4 c.5 а

Exercise 5.le; 2 c; 3 a; 4 g; 5 d; 6 b; 7 f.

Keys to Unit 20 (Hundertwasser)

Text 1 lb; 2 a; 3 c; 4 b; 5 c lc; 2 b; 3 a; 4 b; 5 c

Keys to Unit 21 (Design criteria)

Textl I. lb; 2 a; 3 a; 4 b II. lb; 2 c; 3 c; 4 b; 5 a

Exercise 2 lc; 2 a; 3 e; 4 b; 5 d

Keys to Unit 22

Text 1 I. lb; 2 c; 3 b II. la; 2 b; 3 c; 4 b; 5 c III. 1 b;2 c;3 b;4 a.

Keys to Unit 23 (Beams)

Text 1 I. la; 2 b; 3 a; 4 b; 5 c II. lc; 2 a; 3 b; 4 a; 5 b

Exercise 3 Id; 2 b; 3 e; 4 c; 5 a

Keys to Unit 24 (Domes)

Text 1 I. lb; 2 c; 3 b; 4 c; 5 c II. lb; 2 b; 3 a; 4 b; 5 b

Keys to Unit 25 (Floor systems)

Text 1 I. lb;-2 c; 3 a; 4 c; 5 b II. la; 2 b; 3 a; 4 b; 5 c

Exercise 2 lb; 2 a; 3 c; 4 b; 5 a

Keys to Unit 26 (Foundations)

Text 1 I. lc; 2 b; 3 a; 4 c; 5 b II. lc; 2 b; 3 a; 4 c; 5 a

hI. la; 2 b; 3 c; 4 a; 5 b

Exercise 3 Id; 2 c; 3 a; 4 b; 5 e

Keys to Unit 27 (Shells)

Text 1 I. la; 2 c; 3 b; 4 a; 5 b II. lc; 2 a; 3 c; 4 a; 5 b

Keys to Unit 28 (Trusses and Space frames)

Text 2 I. lc; 2 a; 3 b; 4 c; 5 c

II. lb; 2 a; 3 c; 4 c; 5 b

Exercise 5 If; 2 d; 3 e; 4 a; 5 c; 6 g; 7 b

Keys to Unit 29 (Tower of Pisa)

I. 1 c;2 b; 3 a; 4 c; 5 a.II.1 c;2 a3 c;4 a;5 c.

Keys to Unit 30 (Millenium Dome)

I. lc; 2 b; 3 a; 4 c; 5 a II. lc; 2 b; 3 c; 4 a; 5 a.

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Краткий грамматический справочник

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крАТкИй грАММАТИческИй сПрАвочнИк

1. ИМя сущесТвИТельное (the nOUn)

1.1. Артикль (the Article)

Артикль — это грамматический элемент, с помощью ко-торого в английском языке выражается категория определен-ности-неопределенности.

Неопределенный артикль (The Indefinite Article)

Употребляется перед исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе: a — перед существительными на со-гласный, an — перед существительными на гласный:

Example: a book, a mother, a dog; an apple, an elephant, an umbrella.

Неопределенный артикль указывает на принадлежность предмета к классу ему подобных, но не выделяет его.

Example: Give me a pen. — Дайте мне ручку (какую-нибудь, любую, одну из тех, что имеются в наличии).

he is a pupil. — Он ученик (один из учеников). It is a town. — Это город (один из городов

A An

a bag an uncle

Артикль отсутствует:а) перед отвлеченными и вещественными существитель-

ными: freedom, love, happiness, water, sugar, gold;б) перед именами собственными: John, London, russia;в) если перед существительным есть существительное

в притяжательном падеже: mother’s bag, teacher’s table, my friend’s dog;

г) если перед существительным есть притяжательное или указательное местоимение: my book, that pencil;

д) если есть отрицание no: There is no table in my room.

Определенный артикль (The Definite Article)

Употребляется с существительными в единственном и во множественном числе.

Example: These are pupils. The pupils are at school.

Определенный артикль происходит от указательного местоимения. Он выполняет функцию выделения предме-та из класса ему подобных (в отличие от неопределенного артикля, указывающего на отнесенность предмета к классу однородных предметов).

Предмет выделяется с помощью определенного артикля:1) если о предмете говорилось ранее:

Example: This is a cat. The cat is black;

2) если о предмете говорится впервые, но он известен со-беседникам:

Example: Take the book from the shelf;

3) если предмет является уникальным, единственным в своем роде (the sun, the sky, the moon, the world, the weather, the sea, the country).

Употребление артикля с именами собственными

Имена собственные, как правило, употребляются без ар-тикля. Так, артикль отсутствует перед названиями стран и ма-териков: russia, canada, Asia, europe; названиями городов:


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Moscow, London, Geneva (нo: the hague); названиями улиц и площадей: high Street, regent Street, Trafalgar Square; име-нами и фамилиями Parker, Smirnov.

Со следующими именами собственными обязательно упо-требляется определенный артикль.

Географические названия:а) стороны света: the east, the West, the South, the North;б) реки, моря, океаны: the Thames, the Black Sea, the Pacific

ocean;в) горные цепи: the Alps, the urals;г) пустыни: the Gobi, the Sahara;д) страны, имеющие в своем названии слова union, state,

commonwealth: the united Kingdom, the united States, the commonwealth of Independent States;

е) страны, имеющие в своем названии слово в форме множественного числа: the Philippines, the Netherlands.

Названия гостиниц, кинотеатров, галерей, музеев, газет и т. д.: the Savoy, the odeon, the Tate Gallery, the British Museum.

1.2. оБрАзовАнИе МножесТвенного чИслА ИМен сущесТвИТельных

Множественное число имен существительных в англий-ском языке образуется с помощью прибавления окончания -s (-es) к форме единственного числа:

Example: cat — cats; hand — hands; pen — pens; way — ways.

Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на -s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh во множественном числе имеют окончание -es:

Example: bus — buses; glass — glasses; fox — foxes; lash — lashes; switch — switches.

Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на согласный с последующим -y, во множественном числе имеют оконча-ние — (e)s, при этом -y меняется на -i:

Example: country — countries; city — cities.

Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на -f и -fe во множественном числе имеют окончание -(e)s, причем -f переходит в -v:

Example: half — halves; knife — knives; scarf — scarves; life — lives; shelf — shelves; wife — wives.

Некоторые английские имена существительные сохрани-ли древнюю форму образования множественного числа:

Example: man — men; foot — feet; woman — women; goose — geese; child — children; tooth — teeth; ox — oxen; mouse — mice.

У некоторых имен существительных древняя форма мно-жественного числа совпадает с формой единственного числа:

Example: deer — deer; sheep — sheep; swine — swine.

1.3. ПрИТяжАТельный ПАдеж (the POssessiVe cAse)

Притяжательный падеж выражает принадлежность и в русском языке соответствует существительному в родитель-ном падеже или притяжательному прилагательному.

Притяжательный падеж образуется прибавлением апост-рофа и буквы -s (-’s) к существительному в общем падеже:

Example: Jane’s friend — друг Джейн; mother’s bag — мамина сумка.

К существительным во множественном числе с окончани-ем -s прибавляется один апостроф:

Example: my parents’ house — дом моих родителей.

Если во множественном числе существительное не имеет окончания, то его притяжательный падеж образуется так же, как и существительных в единственном числе:

Example: children’s toys — игрушки детей.


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2. ИМя ПрИлАгАТельное (the AdJectiVe)

Степени сравнения имен прилагательных (Degrees of Comparison)

В английском языке прилагательные имеют три степе-ни сравнения:

1) положительная (the Positive Degree) — (ис ходная форма прилагательного);

2) сравнительная (the comparative Degree); 3) превосходная (the Superlative Degree).Образование сравнительной и превосходной степеней

прилагательных происходит двумя способами:1) прибавлением суффиксов; 2) прибавлением специальных слов.

1. Степени сравнения односложных прилагательные об ра-зуются с помощью прибавления суффиксов к прилагательным в исходной форме. Суффикс -er прибавляется к прилагатель-ным в сравнительной степени, суффикс -est — к прилагатель-ным в превосходной степени.

Example: cold — colder — the coldest; high — higher — the highest; dark — darker — the darkest.

Степени сравнения некоторых двусложных прилагатель-ных также образуются с помощью этих суффиксов.

Example: simple — simpler — the simplest; clever — cleverer — the cleverest; narrow — narrower — the narrowest.

2. Степени сравнения многосложных прилагательных об-разуются путем прибавления к исходной форме прилагатель-ного специальных слов: в сравнительной степени — more, в превосходной степени — most.

Example: interesting — more interesting — the most interesting; dangerous — more dangerous — the most dangerous; expensive — more durable — the most durable.

! Запомните следующие исключения:

Положительная степень

Сравнительная степень

Превосходная степень

good хороший

better лучше

the best лучший, самый лучший

bad плохой

worse хуже

the worst худший

little маленький

less меньше

the least самый маленький, наименьший

far далекий

farther дальше

the farthest самый дальний

3. МесТоИМенИя (the PrOnOUn)

Местоимения some, any, no и производные от них слова

В утвердительных предложениях употребляются место-имения some, somebody, something.

Example: There are some books on the shelf — На полке есть несколько книг.

Somebody sent you a letter. — Кто-то прислал вам письмо.

he said something but I didn’t understand. Он сказал что-то, но я не понял, что.

В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях упо-требляются местоимения any, anybody, anything, no, nobody, nothing.

Example: I haven’t got any textbooks. — У меня нет никаких учебников.


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255

Don’t tell anybody about it. — Никому не говорите об этом.

I saw nobody in the street. — Я никого не видел на улице.

В вопросах, содержащих просьбу или предложение, упо-требляется местоимение some.

Example: Would you like some tea? — Не хотите ли чаю? can I have some more coffee? — Можно еще кофе?

В утвердительных предложениях местоимения any, any-thing, anybody употребляются в значении «любой», «что угод-но», «кто угодно».

Example: You may buy anything you like. — Вы можете купить все, что захотите.

4. глАгол (the VerB)

4.1. система глагольных времен

Глагол «to be»

The verb "TO BE" (быть)(Present Indefinite)

I am I am nothe, she, it is he, she, it is notYou, we, they are You, we, they are not

Am I?Is he?Is she?Is it?

Are we?Are you?Are they?

Yes, I am Yes, he is Yes, she is Yes, it is

Yes, we are Yes, you are Yes, they are

No, I am not No, he isn’ t No, she isn’ t No, it isn’ t

No, we aren’t No, you aren’t No, they aren’t

The verb «to be» (быть)(Past Indefinite Tense)

I was I was nothe was he was notShe was She was notIt was It was not

We were We were notYou were You were notThey were They were not

Was I?Was he?Was she?Was it?

Were we?Were you?Were they?

Yes, I was Yes, he was Yes, she was Yes, it was

Yes, we were Yes, you were Yes, they were

No, I wasn’t No, he wasn’t No, she wasn’t No, it wasn’t

No, we weren’t No, you weren’t No, they weren’t

The verb to be (быть)(Future Indefinite Tense)

I shall be I shall not behe will be he will not beShe will be She will not beIt will be It will not be

We shall be We shall not beYou will be You will not beThey will be They will not be

Shall I be?Will he be?Will she be?Will it be?

Yes, I shall Yes, he will Yes, she will Yes, it will

No, I shan’t No, he won’t No, she won’t No, it won’t


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257

Shall we be?Will you be?Will they be?

Yes, we shall Yes, you will Yes, they will

No, we shan’t No, you won’t No, they won’t

Оборот «There is/are»

Оборот «There is/are» употребляется для сообщения о на-хождении какого-либо предмета в определенном месте. При переводе на русский язык обстоятельство места выносится в начало предложения.

There is a park near the house. — Около дома находится большой парк.

1. Времена группы Indefinite

The verb "TO LIVE" (жить)(Present Indefinite Tense)

I live I do not livehe lives he does not live She lives She does not live It lives It does not live We live We do not live You live You do not live They live They do not live

Do I live?Does he live?Does she live?Does it live?

Do we live?Do you live?Do they live?

Yes, I do Yes, he does Yes, she does Yes, it does

Yes, we do Yes, you do Yes, they do

No, I don’t No, he doesn’t No, she doesn’t No, it isn’t

No, we don’t No, you don’t No, they don’t

Present Simple употребляется:

1. Для обозначения действия, имеющего постоянный ха-рактер.

Обстоятельства времени, характерные для Present Simple: every day, always, in the morning и т. д.

2. Для сообщения общеизвестных фактов.The water boils at 100 °C. — Вода закипает при температуре

100 градусов.

The verb "TO LIVE" (жить)(Past Indefinite Tense)

I lived I did not live he lived he did not live She lived She did not live It lived It did not live

We lived We did not live You lived You did not live They lived They did not live

Did I live?Did he live?Did she live?

Did we live?Did you live?Did they live?

Yes, I did Yes, he did Yes, she did

Yes, we did Yes, you did Yes, they did

No, I didn’t.No, he didn’t No, she didn’t

No, we didn’t No, you didn’t No, they didn’t

Past Simple употребляется:

1. Для обозначения действия, которое имело место в про-шлом. Обстоятельства времени, характерные для Past Simple: yesterday, last week, three years ago, in the 17th century и т. д.


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259

The verb "TO LIVE" (жить)(Future Indefinite Tense)

I shall live I shall not livehe will live he will not liveShe will live She will not liveIt will live It will not live

We shall live We shall not liveYou will live You will not liveThey will live They will not live

Shall I live?Will he live?Will she live?Will it live?

Shall we live?Will you live?Will they live?





future Simple употребляется для обозначения действия в будущем времени. Обстоятельства времени, характерные для future Simple: tomorrow, next week (month, year), in two days и т. д.

Примечание: В придаточных предложениях условия и времен и после союзов if, when, before after, until, as soon as вместо будущего времени употребляется на-стоящее.

Example: I shall go to the college when I finish my project. Я пойду в колледж, как только закончу работу над

проектом.

2. Времена группы Continuous

The verb "TO LIVE" (жить)(Present Continuous Tense)

I am living I am not livinghe is living he is not livingShe is living She is not livingIt is living It is not living

We are living We are not livingYou are living You are not livingThey are living They are not living

Am I living?Is he living?Is she living?Is it living?

Are we living?Are you living?Are they living?

Yes, I am Yes, he is Yes, she is Yes, it is

Yes, we are Yes, you are Yes, they are

No, I am not No, he isn’t No, she isn’t No, it isn’t

No, we aren’t No, you aren’t No, they aren’t

Present continuous употребляется для выражения дей-ствия, которое совершается в данный момент в настоящем. Обстоятельства времени, характерные для Present continuous: now, at this moment, today.

Примечание: Следующие глаголы не употребляются во вре-менах группы continuous: to be, to hear, to feel, to see, to recognize, to remember, to understand, to like, to love, to want, to hate, to feel. Эти гла-голы нужно употреблять во временах группы Indefinite, даже когда о действии говорится в момент его совершения. Глагол to have не упо-требляется во временах группы continuous в своем прямом значении «иметь».

Example: I have a sister.


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261

В устойчивых сочетаниях типа to have a lesson, to have lunch, to have a swim возможно употребление to have в форме continuous.

The verb "TO LIVE" (жить)(Past Continuous Tense)

I was living I was not livinghe was living he was not livingShe was living She was not livingIt was living It was not living

We were living We were not livingYou were living You were not livingThey were living They were not living

Was I living?Was he living?Was she living?Was it living?

Were we living?Were you living?Were they living?

Yes, I was Yes, he was Yes, she was Yes, it was

Yes, we were Yes, you were Yes, they were

No, I wasn’t No, he wasn’t No, she wasn’t No, it wasn’t

No, we weren’t No, you weren’t No, they weren’t

Past continuous употребляется для выражения действия, происходившего в определенный момент в прошлом. Обо-значения времени, характерные для Past continuous: at that time, at that moment, at 4 o’clock yesterday, the whole morning, all the time, from 5 till 7, when I came in.

Сравните: he read a book yesterday. (Past Simple) — Вчера он читал книгу.

he was reading a book the whole evening yesterday. (Past continuous) — Вчера весь вечер он читал книгу.

The verb "TO LIVE" (жить)Future Continuous Tense

I shall be living I shall not be livinghe will be living he will not be livingShe will be living She will not be livingIt will be living It will not be living

We shall be living We shall not be livingYou will be living You will not be livingThey will be living They will not be living

Shall I be living?Will he be living?Will she be living?Will it be living?

Shall we be living?Will you be living?Will they be living?





future continuous употребляется для выражения дейст-вия, которое будет иметь место в определенный момент в будущем. Обстоятельства времени, характерные для future continuous: at that moment, at that time, at 3 o’clock tomorrow, from 6 till 8, all day tomorrow.

Example: We shall be waiting for you from 2 till 3 tomorrow. — Мы будем ждать вас завтра с 2 до 3 часов.

3. Времена группы Perfect

The verb "TO LIVE" (жить)(Present Perfect Tense)

I have lived I have not livedhe has lived he has not livedShe has lived She has not livedIt has lived It has not lived


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263

We have lived We have not livedYou have lived You have not livedThey have lived They have not lived

have I lived?has he lived?has she lived?has it lived?

have we lived?have you lived?have they lived?

Yes, I have Yes, he has Yes, she has Yes, it has

Yes, we have Yes, you have Yes, they have

No, I haven’t No, he hasn’t No, she hasn’t No, it hasn’t

No, we haven’t No, you haven’t No, they haven’t

Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, законченного к настоящему моменту, но связанного с на-стоящим.

1. Действие закончилось к моменту речи.

Example: I have just written a letter. — Я только что написал письмо.

2. Действие закончилось, а временной отрезок еще про-должается.

Example: She has bought a jacket today. — Она купила куртку сегодня.

3. Время совершения действия не упоминается.

Example: They have not been to egypt. — Они не были в Египте.

The verb "TO LIVE" (жить)(Past Perfect Tense)

I had lived I had not livedhe had lived he had not livedShe had lived She had not lived It had lived It had not lived

We had lived We had not livedYou had lived You had not livedThey had lived They had not lived

had I lived?had he lived?had she lived?had it lived?

had we lived?had you lived?had they lived?

Yes, I had Yes, he had Yes, she had Yes, it had

Yes, we had Yes, you had Yes, they had

No, I hadn’t No, he hadn’t No, she hadn’t No, it hadn’t

No, we hadn’t No, you hadn’t No, they hadn’t

Глагол в форме Past Perfect обозначает действие, которое совершилось:

a) раньше другого действия в прошлом:

Example: he had studied english before he went to university. — Перед поступлением в университет он изучал английский язык.

b) к данному моменту в прошлом:

Example: By that time we had arranged all the documents. — К тому времени мы уже оформили все докумен-

ты.

Обстоятельства времени, характерные для Past Perfect: after, already, before, by that time, by 5 o’clock, by the end of the century.

The verb "TO LIVE" (жить)(Future Perfect Tense)

I shall have lived I shall have not livedhe will have lived he will have not livedShe will have lived She will have not lived It will have lived It will have not lived


264


265

We shall have lived We shall not have livedYou will have lived You will not have livedThey will have lived They will not have lived

Shall I have lived?Will he have lived?Will she have lived?Will it have lived?

Shall we have lived?Will you have lived?Will they have lived?





Глагол в форме future Perfect обозначает будущее дей-ствие, которое совершится:

a) раньше другого действия в будущем:

Example: I shall have translated the article by the time you come. — Я переведу статью к тому времени, когда ты придешь.

b) к определенному моменту в будущем:

Example: They will have finished this work by 6 o’clock. —Они закончат эту работу к 6 часам.

Обозначения времени, характерные для future Perfect: by that time, by the evening, by the end of the year.

4. Времена группы Perfect Continuous (законченные дли-тельные времена) в технических текстах встречаются доволь-но редко.

Сводная таблица всех глагольных времен изъявительного наклонения (действительный залог)

Present Past Future

Inde

finit

e I go to the college (every day).

I went to the col-lege yesterday.

I shall go to the college tomorrow.

Con

tinu

ous I am going to the

college now.When I was going to the college I saw this man.

I shall be going to the college between 2 and 3 o’clock tomor-row.

Per

fect

I have just com-pleted my work.

I had completed my work by 5 o’clock.

I shall have com-pleted my work by 5 o’clock tomor-row.

4.2. страдательный залог (the Passive Voice)

В активных предложениях глагол указывает на то, что действие совершается субъектом. В пассивных конструкци-ях действие (совершается объектом) направлено на субъект.

Формы глагола в страдательном залоге образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице, числе и причастия II смыслового глагола.

The verb to ask (Present Indefinite Passive)

I am asked he is asked She is asked It is asked

I am not asked he is not asked She is not asked It is not asked

Am I asked?Is he asked?Is she asked?Is it asked?


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267

We are asked You are asked They are asked

We are not asked You are not asked They are not asked

Are we asked?Are you asked?Are they asked?

The verb to ask (Past Indefinite Passive)

I was asked he was asked She was asked It was asked

We were asked You were asked They were asked

I was not asked he was not asked She was not asked It was not asked

We were not asked You were not asked They were not asked

Was I asked?Was he asked?Was she asked?Was it asked?

Were we asked?Were you asked?Were they asked?

The verb to ask (Future Indefinite Passive)

I shall be asked he will be asked She will be asked It will be asked

We shall be asked You will be asked They will be asked

I shall not be asked he will not be asked She will not be asked It will not be asked

We shall not be asked You will not be asked They will not be asked

Shall I be asked?Will he be asked?Will she be asked?Will it be asked?

Shall we be asked?Will it be asked?Will they be asked?

Способы перевода глагольных форм в страдательном залоге

Example: The letter was translated yesterday.

а) глаголом в действительном залоге в форме 3-го лица множественного числа с неопределенно-личным зна-чением — Письмо перевели вчера.

б) возвратным глаголом — Письмо переводилось вчера.в) глаголом «быть» и краткой формой страдательного

при частия. — Письмо было переведено вчера.

Сводная таблица всех глагольных времен изъявительного наклонения в страдательном залоге

Present Past Future

Inde

finit

e The site is examined by the experts.

The site was examined by the experts last week.

The site will be examined by the experts next week.

Con

tinu

ous The site is being

examined by the experts now.

The site was being examined by the experts at 3 o’clock yester-day.

X

Per

fect

The site has been already examined by the experts.

The site had been examined by the experts by 3 o’clock yester-day.

The site will have been examined by the experts at 3 o’ clock tomor-row.

Per

fect

Con

tinu

ous

X X X

В страдательном залоге употребляются глаголы, требую-щие рядом с собой предлога — to insist on, to refer to, to speak of и др. При переводе на русский язык предлог ставится перед подлежащим.


268 269

Example: This project is much spoken about. — Об этом проекте много говорят.

Определенную сложность вызывают случаи, когда в ан-глийском языке глагол употребляется без предлога, а в рус-ском языке с предлогом.

Example: The question was answered. — На вопрос ответили.

4.3. Modal Verbs (модальные глаголы)

Модальные глаголы выражают отношение лица к дейст-вию и имеют значение возможности, вероятности, необходи-мости или желательности какого-либо действия. Модальные глаголы не имеют категории лица, инфинитив c ними упо-требляется без частицы ‘to’ (исключение — модальный глагол ought to). В модальном значении могут также выступать глаго-лы to be, to have — эквиваленты, которые передают различные оттенки модальности, а также восполняют недостающие вре-менные формы модальных глаголов (см. табл. на с. 269–270).

Вре

мен

ные

фор

мы

мод

альн

ых

глаг

олов

Мод

альн

ые

глаг

олы

Pre

sent

Pas

tF

utur

eП

рим

еры

Пер

евод

Can

ум

еть

(фи

зи че

- ск

ая и

ли у

мст

- ве

нн

ая в

озм

ож-

нос

ть д

елат

ь чт

о-ли

бо)

to b

e ab

le to

бы

ть в

сос

тоян

ии

сд

елат

ь чт

о-ли

бо

can

am, i

s, a

re

able

to

coul

d

was

/wer

e ab

le to

—

shal

l/w

ill

able

to

Sh

e co

uld

read

w

hen

sh

e w

as o

nly

fo

ur.

Sh

e h

ad a

day

off

so

sh

e w

as a

ble

to

go to

the

mus

eum

.

Он

а ум

ела

чита

ть

уже

в че

тыре

го д

а.

У н

ее б

ыл

вы-

ход н

ой д

ень,

п

оэто

му

она

смог

ла п

ойти

в

муз

ей.

may

бы

ть в

ероя

тны

м;

выра

жае

т п

рось

-б

у и

ли р

азр

е ше-

ни

е сд

елат

ь чт

о-

либо

;to

be

allo

wed

to

may

am, i

s, a

re

allo

wed

to

mig

ht

was

/wer

e al

low

ed to

—

shal

l/w

ill

allo

wed

to

You

may

take

this

te

xtbo

ok.

Th

e to

uris

ts w

ere

allo

wed

to v

isit

the

cast

le.

Вы

мож

ете

взят

ь эт

от у

чебн

ик.

Тури

стам

раз

ре-

шил

и п

осет

ить

эт

от з

амок

.

270


271

Мод

альн

ые

глаг

олы

Pre

sent

Pas

tF

utur

eП

рим

еры

Пер

евод

mus

tдо

лжен

ство

ва-

ни

е, о

бяза

нн

ость

to h

ave

toп

ри

ходи

тся

сде-

лать

что

-ли

бо;

to b

e to

долж

ен с

дела

ть

что-

либо

(в

соот

- ве

тств

ии

с р

асп

и-

сан

ием

, пла

ном

, до

гово

рен

нос

тью

)

mus

t—

—W

e m

ust

do i

t im

-m

edia

tely

.

Sh

e ha

d to

wor

k la

st S

atur

day.

A n

ew h

igh

way

is

to b

e fi

nis

hed

in

Apr

il.

Мы

дол

жны

сде

- ла

ть э

то н

емед

-ле

нн

о.Е

й п

риш

лось

ра-

бота

ть в

про

шлу

ю

субб

оту.

Стр

оите

льст

во

нов

ого

шос

се

бу де

т за

кон

чен

о в

апре

ле.

shou

ld

след

ует

сдел

ать

что-

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4.5. неличные формы глаголов (non-finite forms of the verb)

Инфинитив (The Infinitive)

Инфинитив — это неличная форма глагола, обладающая свойствами глагола и существительного. Формальным по-казателем инфинитива является частица to, которая в ряде случаев не употребляется.

Ф о р м ы и н ф и н и т и в а

Время Действительный залог

Страдательный залог

Indefinite to built to be built

continuous to be building

Perfect to have built to have been built

Perfect continuous to have been building

В предложении инфинитив может выступать в следующих функциях:

а) подлежащего: To know english is a must nowadays.б) именной части сказуемого:

It is not necessary to invent a new architecture every Monday morning (Mies).

в) части глагольного сказуемого: They began to work out a new town planning scheme.г) определение: They trade centre to be redesign is the largest in our city.д) обстоятельство цели или следствия: The scientists met to discuss the environmental problems.


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Сложное дополнение (Complex Object)

Конструкция Complex Object — это сочетание существи-тельного или местоимения в косвенном падеже и инфини-тива.

Сложное дополнение употребляется:

а) после глаголов to expect, to want, to wish, to desire, would like.

Example: They want their son to be an architect. Они хотят, чтобы их сын стал архитектором.

б) после глаголов умственного восприятия to suppose, to think, to consider, to believe, to know, to understand.

Example: We considered him to be a very talented artist. Мы считали его очень талантливым художником.

в) после глаголов со значением просьбы, разрешения — to request, to let, to allow:

Example: He allowed us to realize this project. Он разрешил нам осуществить этот проект.

Инфинитив употребляется без частицы to:

а) после глаголов со значением приказа — to order, to make, to command:

Example: The manager made them prepare their drawings. Менеджер заставил их подготовить чертежи.

б) глаголов восприятия — to see, to hear, to feel:

Example: I saw her paint the fence. Я видел, как она красила забор.

Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)

Конструкция Complex Subject — это сочетание существи-тельного в общем падеже или местоимения в именительном падеже с инфинитивом.

1. Сказуемое в предложениях с Complex Subject может быть выражено глаголами со следующими значениями:

а) знания, утверждения: to know, to think, to state;б) предположения: to believe, to consider, to expect, to suppose;в) восприятия: to hear, to see.Эти глаголы могут стоять в любом времени в Passive Voice.Предложения, имеющие в своем составе complex Subject,

переводятся на русский язык с помощью неопределенно-лич-ных оборотов («Известно, что…», «Говорят, что…», «Видели, что…», « Сообщили, что…», «Оказалось, что…» и т. д.

Example: He was known to study at harvard. Известно, что он учился в Гарварде. Antonio Gaudi is supposed to be the greatest architect of

the 20th century. Считается, что Антонио Гауди — величайший ар-

хитектор ХХ века.

2. Complex Subject употребляется также с глаголами to appear, to happen, to prove, to seem, to turn out в Active Voice.

Example: I happened to meet him at the art exhibition. Я случайно встретил его на художественной вы-

ставке. The domes of the church seem to float above the city. Купола церкви, кажется, парят над городом.

3. Complex Subject употребляется для выражения различ-ной степени уверенности — to be certain to, to be likely to, to be unlikely to, to be sure to.

Example: He is sure to win the competition. Он, несомненно, выиграет конкурс.


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Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом For (The For-to-Infinitive Construction)

Имеет в своем составе предлог for и существительное в именительном падеже или местоимение в косвенном паде-же и инфинитив. В предложении этот оборот может высту-пать в роли подлежащего, дополнения, обстоятельства, опре-деления, может быть частью сказуемого. На русский язык он переводится придаточным предложением с союзами что, чтобы, который.

Example: They waited for their book to be published next year. Они ожидали, что их книга будет издана в следую-

щем году. It is necessary for us to make sure that all the data is

accurate. Нам необходимо убедиться, что все данные точные. I have a job for you to do. У меня есть работа, которую вы должны выпол-

нить.

Причастие (the Participle)

Причастие — неличная форма глагола, обладающая свой-ствами глагола, прилагательного и наречия. В английском языке причастие имеет простые и сложные формы.

Простые формы причастий: Participle I (Active) — creating (создающий) и Participle II: created (созданный); built (постро-енный).

Сложные формы причастий:Participle I (Passive) — being created, being built.Perfect Participle Active — having created, having built.Perfect Participle Passive — having been created, having been built.

Причастие обладает следующими свойствами глагола:a) имеет безпредложное управление:

Example: Translating the article, I write out the new words. Переводя статью, я выписываю новые слова.

б) определяется наречием:

Example: Working together we achieve better results. Работая вместе, мы достигнем лучших результатов.

в) имеет формы вида и залога:

Action Active Passive

Одновременное действие

V+ing working

Being + ed being worked(the 3rd form of the verb) worked

Предшествую-щее действие

having + V + -ed (the 3rd form of the verb) having worked

having been + V+ ed (the 3rd form of the verb) having been worked

В предложении Participle I и Participle II могут быть опре-делениями:

Example: The ramps linking the different levels of the structure are at the rear.

Пандусы, соединяющие разные уровни дома, на-ходятся позади здания.

The projects being presented to the jury were of great interest.

Проекты, представленные жюри, были очень ин-тересными.

These houses built in classical style are very old. Эти дома, построенные в классическом стиле,

очень старые.


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Причастия, как и наречия, выступают в роли обстоя-тельств:

Example: Having examined the site the experts discussed the details of the project.

Осмотрев участок, эксперты обсудили детали про-екта.

Participle I и Participle II могут использоваться с союзами when, while, as, if, unless.

When decorating the house interior don’t forget about functions of the rooms.

Оформляя внутреннее жилое пространство, не за-бывайте о функциях комнат.

Независимый причастный оборот (The Absolute Participle Construction)

В английском языке существует два типа причастных обо-ротов.

1. В зависимых причастных оборотах причастие обознача-ет действие, которое относится к подлежащему. На русский язык они переводятся деепричастными оборотами.

Example: Looking at landscapes we admired their beauty. Рассматривая пейзажи, мы восхищаемся их красо-

той.

2. В независимых причастных оборотах причастие сочета-ется с подлежащим, отличным от подлежащего предложения. В зависимости от места в предложении они могут переводить-ся обстоятельственными придаточными или самостоятель-ными предложениями.

Если независимый причастный оборот стоит в начале предложения, он переводится с помощью союзов если, когда, после того как, так как.

Example: The roof has been painted, they began repairing the fence.

После того как покрасили крышу, они начали ре-монтировать забор.

В позиции конца предложения указанный оборот перево-дится союзами а, и, но, причем:

Example: originally Greeks used mud for divellings, stone being reserved for temples and public buildings.

Первоначально греки строили жилища из глины, а камень использовали для возведения культовых и об-щественных зданий.

Герундий (The Gerund)

Герундий — неличная форма глагола, имеющая как гла-гольные, так и именные признаки.

Герундий обладает следующими признаками глагола:

a) имеет безпредложное управление:

Example: They enjoyed doing competition. Они с удовольствием участвовали в конкурсе.

б) может определяться наречием:

Example: he likes getting up early. Он любит рано вставать.

в) имеет формы вида и залога:

Action Active Passive

Одновременное действие

V+ing working

Being +V + ed (the 3rd form of the verb) being worked

Предшествую-щее действие

having + V + -ed (the 3rd form of the verb)

having worked having been + V + ed (the 3rd form of the verb) having been worked


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Герундий имеет следующие свойства существительного:

• Сочетается с притяжательными и указательными ме-стоимениями:

Example: We are proud of her being named the Best Designer of the Year.

Мы гордимся тем, что она получила звание лучше-го дизайнера года.

• Как существительное, в предложении герундий может выступать в функции:

а) подлежащего:

Example: Teaching is a hard job. Преподавание — тяжелая работа.

б) части составного именного сказуемого.Example: her hobby is painting. Ее хобби — живопись.

3. Часть составного глагольного сказуемого.

Example: We began discussing the project an hour ago. Час назад мы начали обсуждать проект.

4. Прямое и предложное дополнение

Example: The building needs repairing. Здание нуждается в ремонте. They spoke of taking part in the design competition. Они говорили об участии в конкурсе проектов.

5. Обстоятельство

Example: After studying the contract he signed it. Изучив контракт, он подписал его.

6. Определение

Example: There are different ways of decorating interior space. Существуют различные способы оформления ин-

терьера.

На русский язык герундий переводится отглагольным су-ществительным, глаголом, деепричастием или придаточным предложением.

Examples:1. The client insisted on retaining the abstract ornamentation. Заказчик настаивал на сохранении абстрактного орна-

мента.2. They began developing a new conception of the office space. Они начали разрабатывать новую концепцию офисного

пространства.3. he improved the hotel’s exterior by changing the facade

plan. Он обновил экстерьер отеля, изменив план фасада.4. We thanked the teacher for helping us. Мы поблагодарили учителя за то, что он помог нам.

Герундий всегда употребляется после глаголов to admit, to avoid, to deny, to enjoy, to finish, to mind, to need, to prevent, to suggest.

Герундий употребляется также после следующих словосо-четаний: to feel like, to look forward to.

После глаголов to begin, to continue, to start, to hate, to like употребляется как герундий, так и инфинитив.

Example: We began working on the project. Мы начали работу над проектом.

We began to work on the project. Мы начали работать над проектом.

5. Порядок слов в АнглИйскоМ ПредложенИИ the WOrd Order OF the enGlish sentence

В английском языке существует фиксированный порядок слов в предложении (ограничена возможность их свободной расстановки). На первом месте в английском предложении находится подлежащее, за ним идут сказуемое и дополнение.


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Обстоятельство является подвижным компонентом — оно может находиться как в начале, так и в конце высказывания. Определение распространяет любой член предложения, вы-раженный именем существительным.

Subject Predicate Object

city planners regulate the growth of towns.

Adverbial Modifier

Subject Predicate Object Attribute Object

Nowadays city planners

regulate the growth of large towns

Subject Predicate Adverbial Modifier

city planners met in Moscow

Если имеется несколько прилагательных, определяющих существительное, в английском предложении они распола-гаются следующим образом:

We saw a festive ancient five-domed stone church. оценочность временная форма материал

характеристика

6. ТИПы воПросов (tyPes OF qUestiOns)

В английском языке существует четыре типа вопросов: � общие вопросы (General Questions), � специальные вопросы (Special Questions) � альтернативные вопросы (Alternative Questions) � разделительные вопросы (Disjunctive Questions).

Общие вопросы (General Questions) задаются ко всему пред-ложению и требуют односложного ответа («да» или «нет»).

В общем вопросе сказуемое, выраженное глаголом to be, ставится перед подлежащим.

I am an engineer. — Am I an engineer?

She is a designer. — Is she a designer?They are architects. — Are they architects?

Вспомогательный или модальный глагол в общем вопросе также ставится перед подлежащим.

I can draw. — can I draw?he is working now. — Is he working now?They have been to rome. — have they been to rome?

Для образования вопросительных форм остальных гла-голов перед подлежащим ставится вспомогательный глагол to do:

I study at university. — Do you study at university?She likes music. — Does she like music?We made our projects. — Did we make our projects?

Cпециальные вопросы (Special Questions) задаются к опреде-ленному члену предложения. На первом месте в специальном вопросе стоит вопросительное слово. Как и в общих, в специ-альных вопросах существует обратный порядок слов.

Who is the author of the project? Кто является автором проекта?

Исключение составляют вопросы к подлежащему или его определению. В таких предложениях сохраняется прямой порядок слов.

Who studies art? — Кто изучает искусство?Whose works on Architecture won the Pritzker Prize? — Чьи архитектурные проекты получили премию При-цкера?

Aльтернативные вопросы (Alternative Questions) предпола-гают выбор одного из двух вариантов ответов. В начале пред-ложения может стоять вспомогательный глагол (как в общем вопросе) или вопросительное слово (как в специальном во-просе).

Do you study at school or at university?— Вы учитесь в школе или в университете?


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Ответы на альтернативные вопросы ко всем членам пред-ложения даются в полной форме.

Разделительные вопросы (Disjunctive Questions). Первая часть разделительного вопроса является утверди-

тельным или отрицательным предложением, вторая часть — это общий вопрос, включающий в себя соответствующий вспомогательный или модальный глагол и местоимение. На русский язык вторая часть разделительного вопроса перево-дится словами «не правда ли» или «не так ли».

Если в первой части разделительного вопроса содержится утверждение, то во второй — повторно употребляется вспо-могательный или модальный глагол, входящий в состав ска-зуемого первой части. При этом к глаголу добавляется отри-цательная частица not.

You study architecture, don’t you?— Вы изучаете архитектуру, не так ли?

They can speak english, can’t they?— Они говорят по-ангийски, не так ли?

Если в первой части в качестве сказуемого выступают гла-голы to be, to have, то во второй части эти глаголы также упо-требляются повторно.

The weather is fine, isn’t it? — Не правда ли, прекрасная погода?

They have a big house, haven’t they?— У них большой дом, не так ли?

Если в первой части вопросительного предложения содер-жится отрицание, то во второй его части соответствующий глагол ставится в утвердительной форме.

he didn’t go there, did he? — Он не ходил туда, не так ли?

ТАБлИцА неПрАвИльных глАголов

Infinitive Past Simple Participle II Translation

arise arose arisen возникать

awake awoke awaked будить, просыпаться

be was/were been быть

bear bore born, borne рождать; носить, нести

beat beat beaten бить

become became become становиться

begin began begun начинать

bend bent bent гнуть(ся), сгибать(ся)

bind bound bound связывать

blow blew blown дуть

break broke broken ломать

bring brought brought приносить

build built built строить

Burn burnt burnt гореть

burst burst burst взрываться, разрываться

buy bought bought покупать

cast cast cast бросать, кидать

catch caught caught ловить

choose chose chosen выбирать

come came come приходить

cost cost cost стоить

cut cut cut резать

deal dealt dealt иметь дело; торговать

dig dug dug копать

do did done делать

draw drew drawn рисовать

drink drank drunk пить


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drive drove driven вести, ехать

dwell dwelt dwelt обитать

eat ate eaten есть

fall fell fallen падать

feel felt felt чувствовать

fight fought fought сражаться

find found found находить

fly flew flown летать

forbid forbade forbidden запрещать

forget forgot forgotten забывать

freeze froze frozen замерзать

get got got получать

give gave given давать

go went gone идти

grow grew grown расти

have had had иметь

hear heard heard слышать

hold held held держать

hurt hurt hurt повреждать

keep kept kept хранить

know knew known знать

lay laid laid класть

lead led led руководить

lean leant, leaned leant, leaned наклоняться; прислоняться

learn learnt learnt учиться

leave left left оставлять

let let let позволять

lie lay lain лежать


light lighted lighted освещать, зажигать

lose lost lost терять

make made made делать, заставлять

mean meant meant иметь в виду; значить

meet met met встречать

mistake mistook mistaken ошибаться, заблуждаться

partake partook partaken принимать участие

pay paid paid платить

put put put класть, ставить

read read read читать

ring rang rung звонить

rise rose risen подниматься

run ran run бежать

say said said говорить, сказать

see saw seen видеть

seek sought sought искать

send sent sent посылать

set set set помещать

shake shook shaken трясти

shine shone shone сиять, светить

show showed shown показывать

shrink shrank, shrunk shrunk сокращаться

sit sat sat сидеть

sleep slept slept спать

slide slid slid скользить

speak spoke spoken говорить

spend spent spent проводить, тратить

split split split проливать


286 287


spoil spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled

портить

spread spread spread распространять

spring sprang sprung прыгать

stand stood stood стоять

steal stole stolen красть

stick stuck stuck приклеивать(ся)

strike struck struck ударять

strive strove striven стремиться

sweep swept swept мести, подметать, нес-тись, мчаться

swim swam swum плыть

swing swung swung качать(ся)

take took taken брать

teach taught taught учить, обучать

tell told told рассказывать

think thought thought думать

thrive threw thrown преуспевать, процветать

tread trod trodden, trod

ступать

unbend unbent unbent выпрямлять(ся)

undergo underwent undergone испытывать, переносить

understand understood understood понимать

wear wore worn носить

win won won побеждать

wind wound wound заводить (часы); виться

withstand withstood withstood противостоять, выдер-живать

write wrote written писать

словАрь

Aabbey n — аббатство abundant a — изобильный abuse v — злоупотреблять acceptance n — принятие, одобрение access n — доступ acclaim n — признание accompany v — сопровождать according adv. — в соответствии achieve v — достигать acquaint v — знакомить acquire v — приобретать activity n — деятельность adaptability n — приспособляемость adherent n — приверженец adjoining a — примыкающий admit v — допускать, признавать advanced a — передовой advantage n — преимущество advent n — появление adventure n — приключение, авантюра advocate n — защитник affect v — влиять aim n — цель air n — воздух


288

Словарь

289

align v — выравнивать allow v — позволять, разрешать allowable a — допустимый along — вдоль amazing — удивительный, изумительный amusement n — развлечение ancient a — древний, античный, старинный apart adv — отдельно appeal n — обращение appearance n — внешний вид appreciably adv — оценивать appreciate v — оценивать, понимать appropriate a — соответствующий area n — площадь arouse v — пробуждать artistic a — художественный astonishing a — поразительный attack n — атака, нападение attempt n — попытка attractive a — привлекательный austere a — строгий, суровый authority n — власть, полномочие; авторитет award — 1. n награда; 2. v награждать awe n — благоговение, трепет awkward a — неудобный

Bbeautify v — украшать beauty n — красота behaviour n — поведение belong v — принадлежать benefit n — выгода beyond adv — вдали blossom — 1.1) n цвет, цветение 2) расцвет. 2. v 1) цвести, расцве-

тать 2) преуспеть, добиться успеха

board — I. n доска. II. n правление, совет, департамент boast v — гордиться bone n — кость border n — граница, грань borrow v — брать, заимствовать boundary n — граница, рубеж, предел brace n — подпорка, распорка, связь, скоба

ccapacity n — вместимость capture v — захватывать, приковывать (внимание) carpet n — ковер carry v — нести, поддерживать case n — случай, обстоятельство, дело catch v — ловить, схватывать cause v — быть причиной, причинять, вызывать charming a — обаятельный, чарующий cheap a — дешевый chiefly adv — главным образом choice n — выбор circumstance n — обстоятельство citizen n — гражданин close — I a 1) закрытый 2) близкий II v закрывать (ся), заканчивать clothing n — одежда codify v — кодифицировать commitment n — обязательство commodity n — предмет потребления common a — общий, обычный, обыденный comparable a — сравнимый competition n — конкуренция, соперничество comprehension a — понимание, постижение conceive v — задумывать concern n — отношение, важность condition n — 1) состояние 2) положение, условие consequently adv — следовательно


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consider v — рассматривать consist v — состоять (из) constitute v — составлять, устанавливать constrain v — принуждать contemporary a — современный contributeconvention — съезд; обычай; условие cooling — охлаждающий counterpart — дополнение, пара court n — двор cover v — покрывать cradle n — колыбель create v — создавать crouch v- сгибаться crusader n — крестоносец currency n — валюта, деньги current n — струя, поток, течение

ddata n — данные decease n — кончина dedication n — преданность deep a — глубокий defenсe n –1.n защита 2. v защищать define v — определять degree n — степень, уровень deliberate a — преднамеренный denote v — обозначать depart v — отправляться depend v — зависеть depict v — изображать derive v — происходить descend v — спускаться desert n — пустыня desirable a — желательный

destructive a — разрушительный determine v — определять development n — развитие device n — прием devote v — посвящать disadvantage n — недостаток discovery n — открытие dislike n — неприязнь, антипатия displace v — смещать dissolve v — расстворяться distinctive a — отчетливый, ясный distinguish v — различать distribution n — распределение divinity n — божественность domestic a — домашний отечественный double a — двойной drawback n — недостаток dry a — сухой ducal a — герцогский dust n — пыль

eearth n — земля earthquake n — землетрясение edge n — грань, край effect n — результат effort n — усилие element n — стихия embellish v — украшать embrace v — охватывать emeritus a — заслуженный empire n — империя employ v — применять enable v — давать возможность enchanting a — чарующий, обворожительный


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293

enclose v — окружать, обносить стеной encompass v — окружать, заключать, охватить encouragement n — поощрение, поддержка endow v — наделять endure v — выдерживать испытание временем enemy n — враг engage v — 1) нанимать; заказывать заранее 2) заниматься

3) занимать, привлекать; вовлекать enhance v — увеличивать, усиливать enlarge v — увеличивать (ся), укрупнять (ся) enormous a — a громадный, огромный entail v — влечь за собой, вызывать (что-либо) entertain v — развлекать, занимать entire a — полный epoch n — эпоха equal a — равный erect v — сооружать, воздвигать establishment n — учреждение, установление estimate v — оценивать event n — событие eventually adv — со временем, в конце концов evil n — зло evoke v — вызывать evolve v — развивать, разрабатывать example n — пример exceed v — превышать excellence n — превосходство, совершенство exception n — исключение excitement n — волнение, возбуждение execution n — выполнение, исполнение exhibit n — экспонат exhibition n — выставка expectation n — ожидание expenditure n — расход, трата experience n — опыт

exploit v — разрабатывать, пользоваться extend v — простирать (ся), тянуть (ся); расширять (дом и т. п.) external a — внешний extract v — извлекать extreme n — крайность, экстремально высокие и низкие темпе-

ратуры exude v — выделять

Ffail v — провалить faith n — вера fascination n — очарование, обаяние, прелесть fashion n — образ, манера, мода fasten v — пристегивать, прикреплять feature n — черта feeling n — ощущение, чувства feminine a — женский, свойственный женщинам field n — поле, сфера деятельности firm a — твердый, крепкий flood v — наводнять flourish v — 1) пышно расти 2) процветать, преуспевать; быть в рас-

цвете 3) жить, действовать в определенную эпоху flowering n — расцвет, цветение follow v — следовать force n — сила foresee v — предвидеть former a — бывший frontier n — граница, предел fuel n — топливо, горючее fulfill v — выполнять fully adv — полностью, совершенно further a — дальнейший, добавочный

Ggain n — прибыль, выгода gather v — собирать


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gaze n — пристальный взгляд gem n — 1)драгоценный камень, самоцвет 2) перен. драгоценность,

жемчужина generation n — поколение graceful a — грациозный, изящный grass n — трава ground n — земля, грунт grow v — расти, произрастать guise n — 1) наружность, облик 2) личина, маска 3) уст. одеяние,

наряд

hhabit n — привычка, обыкновение, обычай harmful a — вредный health n — здоровье hearing n — слух hence adv — следовательно hidden a — скрытый highlight v — выделять hindrance n — препятствие, помеха hold v — держать homogeneous a — однородный honour n — честь, слава hub n — центр human being n — человек humid a — влажный

iillegally a — незаконно imagine v — воображать, представлять immediate a — непосредственный impose v — возлагать impoverished a — истощенный; лишенный средств impracticable a — невыполнимый improve v — улучшать incentive n — побуждение, стимул

include v — включать inconsistency n — непоследовательность, противоречивость incorporate v — объединять, включать increase v — увеличивать independence n — независимость inevitable a — неминуемый influence n — влияние inherently adv — свойственно initiate v — начинать inner a — внутренний inside n — внутренняя часть inspire v — 1) внушать, вселять (чувство и т. п.) 2) вдохновлять, во-

одушевлять institution n — учреждение, организация intensify v — усиливать intricacy n — запутанность, сложность introduction n — введение invariably adv — неизменно invent v — изобретать investigate v — расследовать invite v — приглашать involve v — вовлекать island n — остров

Jjazzy a — броский, яркий jewellery n — драгоценности, ювелирные украшения

kkingdom n — королевство, царство

llabour n — труд lag n — запаздывать landmark n — наземный ориентир lasting a — прочный


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layer n — слой, пласт ledge n — выступ leisure n — досуг length n — длина level n — уровень link 1. n — (связующее) звено; связь; соединение 2. v соединять,

связывать, смыкать; сцеплять lose v — терять luxury n — роскошь

Mmagnificent a — великолепный magnitude n — величина maintain v — поддерживать, сохранять manifest v — проявлять manufacture v — производить martyr n — мученик masculine а — 1) мужской 2) мужественный masterpiece n — шедевр matter n 1) вещество 2) филос. материя 3) материал 4) сущность,

содержание mean v 1) иметь в виду 2) предназначать (ся) 3) думать, подразуме-

вать 4) значить, означать, иметь значение means n — способ, средство memorable a — (досто)памятный, незабвенный, незабываемый merit n — достоинство might n — мощь mind n — ум, разум minor a — второстепенный, незначительный miss v — 1)упустить, пропустить 2) обнаружить отсутствие или

пропажу misunderstanding n — неправильное понимание modern a — современный moisture n — влажность, влага monasticism n — монашество move v — 1) двигать (ся); передвигать (ся) 2) приводить в движение

mundane a — обыденный murder v — убивать

nnearby adv — поблизости nearest a — ближайший necessitate v — вынуждать, обуславливать need n — потребность nevertheless adv — однако, тем не менее noise n — шум noticeable a — заметный nowadays adv — в наши дни numerous a — многочисленный

Oobstacle n — препятствие obtain v — получать obvious a — очевидный offer v — предлагать onslaught n — нападение opportunity n — возможность originate v — порождать, давать начало outer a — внешний outside n — наружная сторона outstanding a — выдающийся overall a — полный, всеобщий, предельный overlook v — возвышаться, выходить (на) overriding a — основной, первостепенный overstep v — перешагнуть overthrow v — ниспровергать owe v — быть должным oxygen n — кислород

Ppainstaking a — усердный, кропотливый pair n — пара


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particular a — особенный patio n — патио, дворик patron n 1) покровитель, патрон, шеф 2) постоянный клиент, по-

купатель pave v — мостить pearl n — жемчуг perish v — погибать permanence n — неизменность personify v — олицетворять pertain v — относиться picturesque a — живописный pierce v — 1) пронзать, прокалывать 2) пронизывать 3) прорывать-

ся placement n — размещение point n — точка, место, пункт posh a — шикарный, фешенебельный possibility n — возможность pour v — наливать power n — сила, мощь practicality n — практичность practice n 1) практика, применение; 2) обычай, обыкновение 3)

практика, деятельность prairie n — прерия precede v — предшествовать precedent n — прецедент precision n — точность predilection n — пристрастие prefer v — предпочитать prerequisite n — предпосылка prevalent a — распространенный prevent v — предотвращать previously adv — заранее, раньше primary a — первоначальный primitive a — первобытный private a — частный

proceed v — продолжать, направляться prolong v — продлевать proper a — свойственный, присущий, подходящий property n — собственность proponent n — пропагандист, поборник proposal n — предложение propose v — предлагать, выдвигать, предполагать provide v — обеспечивать purify v — очищать push v — толкать

qquality n — качество quantity n — количество questionable a — сомнительный, ненадежный

rrage n — 1) гнев, ярость; 2) cтрасть, сильное стремление;

3) разг. повальное увлечение (чем-либо, кем-либо) rare a — редкий reach v — достигать reason n — разум, рассудок; благоразумие recalcitrant a — непокорный receive v — получать rectangle n — прямоугольник reduce v — уменьшать refinement n 1) очищение; обработка, отделка 2)усовершенствова-

ние 3) утонченность reflection n — отражение reign n — 1) царствование 2) власть related a — связанный, имеющий отношение relation n — отношение, зависимость remain v — оставаться remarkable a — замечательный repel v — отталкивать, отбивать атаку repetition n — повторение


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replace v — заменять representative n — представитель requirement n — требование resemble v — иметь сходство residential a — жилой residue n — остаток, наследство respiration n — дыхание respond v — отвечать, реагировать restrictive a — ограничительный retain v — удерживать, сохранять reveal v — обнаруживать reverse a — обратный, противоположный revise v — пересматривать revive v — возрождать, оживлять rigid a — жесткий rise 1 n подъем, повышение 2. v подниматься rival n — соперник rob v — грабить robust a — крепкий, сильный rotate v — вращать rough a — грубый rule v — править

ssafe a — безопасный save v — беречь, экономить scarce a — скудный science n — наука scientist n — ученый search 1.n 1) поиски 2) исследование; изыскание 2. v 1) искать

2) исследовать secondary a — вторичный secular a — мирской, светский seek v — искать seep v — просачиваться, протекать

sell v — продавать senses n — органы чувств separate v — отделять serenity n — ясность settle v — оседать severe a — строгий, суровый shake v — трясти shallow a — мелкий shape n — форма, очертание showy a — броский sight n — 1) зрение 2) вид; зрелище significant a — значительный similar a — похожий, сходный simplicity n — простота, легкость simplify v — упрощать simulation n — воспроизведение, моделирование, имитация simultaneously adv — одновременно skyline n — 1) горизонт, линия горизонта 2) очертание на фо не неба slender a — тонкий, стройный soaring a — парящий society n — общество solid a — твердый, прочный solution n — решение solve v — решать sophisticated a — изощренный space n — пространство span n — 1) пролет 2) промежуток, отрезок времени spectacular a — эффектный, впечатляющий spectator n — зритель, наблюдатель spirit n — духовное начало splendid a — великолепный spread v — распространять (ся) staff n — персонал stamp n — 1) штамп, печать, 2) (почтовая) марка


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state n I. 1) состояние 2) строение, структура, форма II. 1) госу-дарство, штат

statement n — заявление steep a — крутой stiff a — жесткий, тугой stratum n — пласт, слой stretch v — простираться strict a — строгий strike v — ударять;struggle n — борьба subdivide v — подразделять subject n — тема, предмет submit v — подчинять substantial a — существенный substitute v — заменять subtle a — тонкий, утонченный successor n — преемник, наследник sufficient a — достаточный suggest v — предлагать, напоминать suit v — приспосабливать suitability n — пригодность sumptuous a — роскошный superior a — превосходный, высшего качества supplant v — вытеснять support v — поддерживать, подпирать suppress v — подавлять survive v — переживать swallow v — поглощать switch v — переключать

ttaste n — вкус, понимание temporary a — временный term n — термин terminate v — завершать

termite n — термит terrible a — ужасный tertiary a — третичный thereafter adv — после того, впредь thick a — толстый thin a — тонкий throng v — переполнять throughout adv — везде, повсюду tilt n — наклон tool n — инструмент track n — след trade n — ремесло, профессия; торговля trademark n — товарный знак training n — подготовка, обучение transmit v — передавать treasure n — сокровще treatise n — трактат treatment n — обработка tremendous a — огромный, замечательный trend n — направление, тенденция turn v — поворачивать, направлять; поворот twist v — крутить typewriter n — пишущая машинка

Uunderestimate v — недооценивать understand v — понимать undisturbed a — спокойный uneven a — неровный unfortunately adv — к сожалению unify v — объединять universe n — вселенная, мир untruthful a — неверный, ложный unusual a — необычный unveil v — открывать, излагать


304 305

upended a — поставленный перпендикулярно use v — использовать utility n — полезность, практичность

Vvalidity n — законность, вескость various a — различный vast a — обширный versatility n — разносторонность, универсальность vigour n — сила

Wwaterfall n — водопад wealth n — богатство weather n — погода whole a — целый wind n — ветер withstand v — противостоять witness v — свидетельствовать wonder n — чудо

содержание

Предисловие к 3-ему изданию . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Unit 1. Architecture and the architect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Unit 2. Architectural planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Unit 3. egyptian architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Unit 4. Ancient Greek architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Unit 5. orders of architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Unit 6. roman architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Unit 7. Medieval architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Unit 8. Medieval Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Unit 9. The rebirth of classical art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Unit 10. Baroque and rococo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Unit 11. Neoclassicism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Unit 12. The architecture of the turn of the centuries . . . . .114

Unit 13. organic architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Unit 14. functionalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Unit 15. Avant-Guarde in architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

Unit 16. Jazzy architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

Unit 17. Modern architecture. residential buildings . . . . . .154

Unit 18. Modern architecture. Public buildings. . . . . . . . .161

Unit 19. Modern architecture. renovation and restoration . .167

Unit 20. Architecture and ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174


306

307

Unit 21. Structural design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Unit 22. Structural elements. Arches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188

Unit 23. Structural elements. Beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Unit 24. Structural elements. Domes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201

Unit 25. Structural elements. floor systems. . . . . . . . . . .207

Unit 26. Structural elements. foundations . . . . . . . . . . .213

Unit 29. Structural design. Leaning Tower of Pisa . . . . . . .221

Unit 27. Structural elements. Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227

Unit 28. Structural elements. Trusses and Space frames . . . .233

Unit 30. Building engineering. The Millenium dome. . . . . .239

Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244

Краткий грамматический справочник . . . . . . . . . . .248

Словарь . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287

ИнЯз для профессионалов

Безручко Е. Н.

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ДЛЯ АРХИТЕКТОРОВ

Учебное пособие для вузов

Редактор М.Ф. Тарасова (тел. 8-928-296-30-45)Художественное оформление В. Кириченко

Компьютерная верстка А. ИльиновКорректор Л. Михайлова

Подписано в печать __.__.2010.Формат 84х108 1/32. Бумага газетная.Гарнитура Newtonc. Печать офсетная.

Тираж 3000. Заказ №

Издательский центр «МарТ»344002, г. Ростов-на-Дону, ул. Обороны, 43.

тел. (863)227-03-10, 227-03-11, 227-03-12.e-mail: [email protected]

Web: www.martdon.ru

ООО «Феникс»344082, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пер. Халтуринский, 80.

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