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Deciding About Children

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C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .

CHAPTER OUTLINE

2M&F3|CH11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .

1 Do you want to have children?2 How many children do you want?3 Infertility4 Adoption5 Foster parenting6 Abortion7 Trends in deciding about children

3C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Social Influences Motivating Individuals to Have Children

• Pronatalism:Culturalattitudewhichencourageshavingchildren• Family,friends,andreligionencouragechildbearing

• Government- Taxstructuresupportsparenthood

• Culturalobservances- Specialdaysareidentifiedtocelebrateparenthood

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4C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Individual Motivations for Having Children

• Desiretoloveandtobelovedbyone’sownchild

• Companionship• Personalfulfilment• Torecaptureone’sownchildhoodandyouth

• Toavoidcareertracking• Togaintheacceptanceandapprovalofparentsandpeers

5C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Evaluation of Lifestyle Changes

• Dailylivingroutineswillbefocusedaroundchildren’sneeds

• Livingarrangementshavetobemade• Workschedulehastobechangedtoallowparentstobehomemore

• Foodshoppingandmenuschange• Lossoffreedomofactivityandflexibilityinone’spersonalschedule

• Financialobligationsofparentsincrease

6C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Procreative Liberty

• Freedomtodecidetohavechildrenornot• Increasingnumberofwomenarechoosingtobechild-free• Viewedwithsuspicion,avoidance,discomfort,rejection,andpity

• Childlessnessconcerns:Ideathatholidaysandfamilygatheringsmaybedifficult- Duetonothavingchildrenorfeelingleftoutorsadthatothershavechildren

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7C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Procreative Liberty (continued 1)

• Antinatalism:Oppositiontochildren• Reasonstoremainchildfree

• Greatcurrentlife/relationshipsatisfaction• Freedomandindependence• Avoidanceoftheresponsibilityforrearingachild

• Nomaternal/paternalinstinct• Accomplishmentofcareerandtravelgoals

8C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Procreative Liberty (continued 2)

• Decisiontohaveasinglechildmaybeduetolifestylepreferencesanddifficultyinpregnancy

• MostpreferredfamilysizeintheU.S.isthetwo-childfamily• Reasons- Tohaveacompanionforthefirstchild- Tohaveachildofeachsex- Torepeatthepositiveexperienceofparenthood

9C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Procreative Liberty (continued 3)

• Havingathirdchildcreatesamiddlechild• Childissometimesneglected• Experiencesbothayoungerandanoldersibling

• Parentswithmorethanthreechildrenareinfluencedby:• Religion• Competitivebirthing:Havingthesamenumberofchildreninreferencetoone’speers

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10C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Contraception

• Helpsachievethedesiredfamilysize• Preventsunwantedpregnancies• Emergency(postcoital) contraception

• Combinedestrogen-progesteronemorning-afterpillsorpost-coitalIUDinsertionusedwhen:- Awomanhasunprotectedintercourse- Acontraceptivemethodfails- Awomanisraped

11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Sex Selection

• MicroSort• Preconceptionsperm-sortingtechnology• Allowsparentstoincreasethechanceofhavingagirloraboybaby- Procedureiscalledfamilybalancing

• Views- Expressionofreproductiverightsandasignoffemaleempowerment

- Contributestogenderstereotypes

12C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Infertility

• Inabilityto:• Achieveapregnancyafteratleastoneyearofregularsexualrelationswithoutbirthcontrol

• Carryapregnancytoalivebirth• Conception (fertilization)

• Fusionoftheeggandsperm• Pregnancy:Whenthefertilizedeggisimplantedintheuterinewall

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13C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Infertility - Types

• Womanhasneverconceivedeventhoughshewantsto

Primary

• Womanhaspreviouslyconceivedbutiscurrentlyunabletodosoeventhoughshewantsto

Secondary

• Womanhasbeenabletoconceivebuthasbeenunabletoproducealivebirth

Pregnancywastage

14C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Infertility - Causes and Solution

• Causesinmen• Lowspermproduction• Poorsemenmotility• EffectsofSTIs• Interferencewithpassageofspermthroughthegenitalductsduetoanenlargedprostate

• Highbodymassindex• Causesinwomen

• Age• Obesity

15C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Infertility - Causes and Solution (continued)

• Blockedfallopiantubes• Endocrineimbalance• Dysfunctionalovaries• Chemicallyhostilecervicalmucusthatmaykillsperm

• EffectsofSTIs• Costoftreatinginfertilityisenormous

• AssistedReproductiveTechnologies(ART)

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16C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Adoption

• Routes• Publicandprivateagencies• Independentadoption• Kinshipandstepparent

• Motives• Inabilitytohaveabiologicalchild• Desiretogiveanunwantedchildapermanentlovinghome

• Toavoidcontributingtooverpopulation

17C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Adoption (continued 1)

• Adopteesinthehighestdemandarehealthy,whiteinfants

• W.I.S.EUptool- Helpsadoptedchildrencopewithintrusivequestions• Walkaway• Ignoreorchangethesubject• Sharewhatyouarecomfortablesharing• Educateaboutadoption

18C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Adoption (continued 2)

• Leastexpensiveformsofadoption• AdoptingfromtheU.S.fostercaresystem• Stepparentandkinshipadoptions

• Openadoption• Biologicalparentcanstayinvolvedinthechild’slife

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19C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Foster Parenting

• Fosterparent:Personwhotakescareofachildtakenintocustody• Neitherabiologicalnoranadoptiveparent• Maybetemporaryorlongterm• Inspectedforpreviousarrestrecordsandchildabuse

• Paidfortakingcareofchildrenintheirhome

20C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Foster Parenting (continued)

• Childrenplacedinfostercarehavebeenremovedfromparentswhoare:• Abusive• Substanceabusers• Mentallyincompetent

• Aimsat:• Improvingchildren’slivingconditions• Returningthemtotheparents• Findinganotherpermanenthome

21C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Problems of Internet Adoption

• Potentialfraud• Exploitation• Lackofprofessionalconsiderationofthechild’sbestinterest

• Rehoming• ParentswhohaveadoptedachildusetheInternettoplaceunwantedadoptedchildreninnewfamilies

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22C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Abortion

• Inducedabortion:Deliberateterminationofapregnancythroughchemicalorsurgicalmeans

• Spontaneousabortion(miscarriage)• Unintendedterminationofapregnancy

23C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Incidence of Abortion

• About1.2millionabortionsareperformedannuallyintheU.S

• Abortionrate:Numberofabortionsperthousandwomenaged15to44

• Abortionratio• Numberofabortionsper1,000livebirths• Abortionisaffectedbytheneedforparentalconsentandparentalnotification

24C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Incidence of Abortion (continued)

• Parentalconsent:Womanneedspermissionfromaparenttogetanabortion,ifunder18

• Parentalnotification• Womanhastotellaparentthatsheisgettinganabortionifsheisunder18- Doesnotneedparentalpermission

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25C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Reasons for Abortion

• Interferencewitheducationorwork• Unabletoaffordachild• Singlemother• Relationshipproblems• Completedchildbearing• Therapeuticabortions

• Performedtoprotectthelifeorhealthofthewoman

26C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Transabdominal First-Trimester Selective Termination

• Livesofsomefetusesareterminatedtoincreasethechanceofsurvivalfortheothers

• Minimizesthehealthrisksassociatedwithmultifetalpregnancyforthewoman

27C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Pro-Life and -Choice Arguments

• Pro-lifearguments• Unbornfetushasarighttolive• Abortionisaviolentandimmoralsolution• Lifeofthefetusissacred

• Pro-choicearguments• Freedomofchoiceisacentralvalue• Thosewhobeartheburdenhavetherighttomakethechoice

• Procreationshouldbefreeofgovernmentalcontrol

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28C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Effects of Abortion

• Legalabortionsarephysicallysafer• Vacuumaspirationdoesnotincreasetheriskstofuturechildbearing

• Late-termabortionsincreasetherisksofmiscarriages,prematuredeliveries,andbabiesoflowbirthweight

• Abortionisassociatedwithsmalltomoderateincreasesinrisksof:• Anxietyandsuicidalbehavior• Alcoholandillicitdruguse/misuse

29C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Trends in Deciding About Children

• Havingchildrenwillcontinuetobetheoptionselectedbymostcouples

• Beingchildfreewillslowlyloseitsstigma• Individualismandeconomicsarereducingtheobsessiontohavechildren

• Googlebabywillbeconsideredasanoptionforhavingachild• Infertilecouplescansubmitanorderforababy- Firmwillfinddonoreggandsperm,fertilizetheegg,andimplantitinasurrogatemother

KEY TERMS

30M&F3|CH11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .

• Pronatalism• Procreativeliberty• Childlessness

concerns• Antinatalism• Competitivebirthing• Emergency

contraception(postcoitalcontraception)

• Infertility• Conception

• Pregnancy• Fosterparent• Inducedabortion• Spontaneous

abortion(miscarriage)

• Abortionrate• Abortionratio• Parentalconsent• Parentalnotification• Therapeuticabortions

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SUMMARY

31M&F3|CH11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .

• Socialinfluencesreflectpronatalism• Procreativelibertyisthefreedomtodecidewhetherornottohavechildren

• Infertilityistheinabilityto:• Achieveapregnancyafteratleastoneyearofregularsexualrelationswithoutbirthcontrol

• Carryapregnancytoalivebirth• AdoptingfromtheU.S.fostercaresystemistheleastexpensivetypeofadoption

SUMMARY

32M&F3|CH11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .

• Fosterparentinginvolvestakingcareofchildrenwhohavebeenlegallyremovedfromtheirhome• Theparentisneitherbiologicalnoradoptive

• Abortioncanbeinducedorspontaneous• Havingchildrenwillcontinuetobetheoptionselectedbymostcouples

33C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t . M&F3|CH11

Chapter Review

• Whatmotivatesindividualsandcouplestohavechildren?

• Whatisprocreativeliberty?• Whatarethecausesofinfertility?• Whatcharacteristicsdoadoptiveparentslookforinchildrenavailableforadoption?

• Whoisafosterparent?• Whatarethereasonsforabortion?• Whatcouldbethefuturetrendsindecidingaboutchildren?

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34M&F3|CH11C o p y r ig h t © 2 0 1 6 C e n g a g e L e a rn in g . A l l R ig h t s R e s e rv e d . M a y n o t b e s c a n n e d , c o p ie d o r d u p l ic a te d , o r p o s te d t o a p u b l ic ly a c c e s s ib le w e b s i t e , in w h o le o r in p a r t .