Invertebrates 95-99% of animal species Animals without a backbone Many have exoskeleton :-hard or tough outer covering that

provides a framework of support-protect soft tissues-prevent water loss-provides protections from predators-is shed as the animal grows

Endoskeletons

Some invertebrates have internal skeletons, called endoskeletons (sea urchins, sea stars)

If an animal has an endoskeleton and a backbone, it is called a vertebrate.

Endoskeleton grows with the animal Protects internal organs, provides

support for the body, and can provide a place for muscles to attach on.

Endoskeleton

Vertebrates

Include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Have vertebral column or spinal column

Functions as a strong, flexible rod that muscles can pull against during swimming and running.

Bones enable forceful contraction of muscles, improving the strength of an animal.

Skeletal System: Bones (206)

Functions: movement [bones + muscles movement shape – framework – support:

gives your body shape produces blood cells protects internal organs

[skullbrain; ribs heart, lung] stores minerals calciumSPELLS: M SS PP : MISSISSIPPI

Blood Cell Production

Bone marrow: produces the blood cells2 Kinds:-yellow marrow stores fats-red marrow produces blood cells

Protects internal organs

skull protects the brain rib cage vital organs: heart, lungs vertebreae spinal cord

Stores Minerals

Calcium:- needed by your bones [skeletal

system]- needed by muscles [muscular system]- needed by nerves [nervous system]

Bone Development

Most bones develop from cartilage-softer, more flexible than bone tissue Except the bones of the skull come

from membranes

Appendicular Skeleton

arm/legs and hands/feet that are attached to these

[appendages: arms & legs]

Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

Required Bonus

humerusradiusulnaphalangesfemurpatellatibiafibulacarpalstarsals

metacarpalsmetatarsalscalcaneus

Axial Skeleton

head [skull] chest [thoracic area] back pelvis

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Required Bonus

craniummandibleclaviclesternumribscartilagescapulavertebraepelvissacrum

maxillazygomaticxiphoidcervicalthoraciclumbarcoccyx

Osteoporosis

is a disease – loss of bone mass brittle, thin bones that break easily,

especially in neck & femur & spine effects females Estrogen helps to maintain bone mass problems after menopause (loss of

estrogen production)

Osteoporosis contd.

other factors that may contribute to problems:

- diet poor in calcium & protein- lack of Vitamin D- smoking- exercise insufficient to stress

(need weight-bearing)

Osteoporosis

Gout “Gouty Arthrisis”

due to accumulation of uric acid [normal waste product of protein metabolism]

accumulate in blood and deposits crystals in soft tissue

usually big toe affects more males after age 30 possibly genetic

Gout Treatment

diet drugs lose weight

Rickets

bones fail to calcify bones soften & bow under weight

(legs) due to lack of calcium (and/or Vitamin

D that is needed to absorb Calcium into blood)

Scoliosis

Sideways curvature of the spine Makes it difficult for lungs to function properly

Leukemia

Cancer of blood forming tissue (Bone marrow and Lymphatic system)

Sprain

Stretched or torn ligament Pain, swelling, bruising

Rickets

Bones fail to calcify Bones soften and bow under weight

(legs) Due to lack of Catt (and or vitamin D

needed to absorb catt into blood.)

Arthritis

Accumulation of uric acid Accumulates in blood and deposits

crystals. In soft tissue (usually big toe), affects

males more (after 30), possibly genetic.