بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
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Transcript of بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
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INTESTINAL PARASITES AMONG STUDENTS OF A MULTI-NATIONALITY INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL
IN JEDDAH
DONE BY : ALI DEHIGI
JAFAR AL-SHARDI SUPPERVISED BY :
DR. MAJED WAKID
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CONTENTS• INTRODUCTION• AIMS OF PROJECT• MATERIALS AND METHODS• RESULTS• DISCUSSION• CONCLUSION
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What is the parasite?
Parasite is an organism living in or on another living organism, obtaining from it part or all of its organic nutriment, usually to the detriment (harm) of its host.
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What are the intestinal parasites?
Intestinal parasites are organisms that inhabit the gastro- intestinal tract of the host.
They are often spread by poor hygiene related to feces, contact with animals, or poorly cooked food.
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Intestinal parasites are one of the public health problems worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Some 3.5 billion people are affected Some 450 million of them are symptomatic. 2,00,000 deaths annually are directly attributed to the intestinal parasites.
WHO
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How are intestinal parasites transmitted? Poor sanitation and hygiene. Contaminated foods & drinks. Lack health education. Via vectors. Skin penetration.
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OF INTESTINAL PARASITES CLASSIFICATION
PROTOZOA HELMINTHS
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INTESTINAL PROTOZOA
Amoeba Flagellate Ciliate Coccidia
E. histolytica G. lamblia B. coli C. parvum
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INTESTINAL HELMINTHS
Trematoda Nematoda Cestoda
Heterophyes heterophyes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Hymnolepis nana
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AIMS OF THE PROJECT To study prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection
among the chosen intermediate school in Jeddah. To compare the results between Retchie technique
and direct technique. To study prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum by
using Modified Kinyoun’s Stain. To compare the result of Modified Kinyoun’s Stain
with CERTEST CRYPTO CARD. To study prevalence of Giardia lamblia by using
CERTEST GIARDIA CARD. To study the correlation between intestinal parasitic
infection and several parameters.
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MATERIALSAND
METHODS
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IN COOPERATION WITH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCHOOL HEALTH UNIT
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Questionnaire form
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SAMPLES COLLECTIONStool samples were collected from students of an intermediate school
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DIRECT SMEAR
The steps of direct smear:
Glass microscope slide
Stool sample
Wooden stick
Saline and Iodine
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FORMAL ETHER SEDIMENTATION TECHNIQUE
In this technique four layers formed:1) Top layer of ether2) Plug of debris3) Layer of formalin4) Sediment
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MODIFIED KINYOUN STAIN This technique useful for detection Cryptospridium
1) Thin fecal smear was prepared2) The smear was fixed with methanol for 1 min3) Slide was stained with Kinyoun’s Carbol Fuchsin
for 3 min4) Decolonization with acidified alcohol to several
dips5) Water washing6) Staining with methylene blue for 1 min 7) Water washing8) Microscopic examination
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CERTEST CRYPTO CARD
1) 150 mg of stool sample was dissolved well with diluente
2) 4 drops were dispensed.
3) at 10 minutes the colored band can be read.
Principle of this test use one step immunochromatographic system and by using mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against antigen of Cryptosporidium
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CERTEST GIARDIA CARDPrinciple of this test is immunochromatographic assay for detection Giardia in stool samples. The membrane is precoated with antibodies on the test band region against Giardia antigen.1) 150 mg of stool sample was dissolved well with diluente
2) 4 drops was dispensed.
3) at 10 minutes the colored band can be read.
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Statistical analysis
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RESULTS
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Multi- nationalities male governmental intermediate
school.
120 students were included in this study.
Age ranged between 12 – 18 years (15 ± 1.38)
NUMBER AND AGE OF STUDENTS
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PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS AGE
1.7%
19.2%17.5%
28.3% 22.5%
7.5%3.3%
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NATIONALITIES OF STUDENTSThe students were from 11 countries: Yemeni (30%) Saudi (21.7%) Afghani (20.8%) Palestinian (3.3%) Nigerian (2.5%) Chadian (13.3%) Somali (0.8%) Sudanese (5%) Turkish (0.8%) Pakistani (0.8%) Blushestani (0.8%)
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PERCENTAGE OF NATIONALITIES
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23 (19.2%) students were infected with
intestinal parasites.
97 (80.8%) students were not infected.
INFECTION AMONG STUDENTS
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80.8%
19.2%
PERCENTAGE OF INFECTED STUDENTS
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Infected samples Total samples
%b %a No % No Nationality
39.13 7.5 9 30 36 Yemeni
26.08 5 6 21.7 26 Saudi
13.04 2.5 3 20.8 25 Afghani
4.35 0.8 1 3.3 4 Palestinian
0 0 0 2.5 3 Nigerian
8.7 1.66 2 13.3 16 Chadian
0 0 0 0.8 1 Somali
8.7 1.66 2 5 6 Sudanese 0 0 0 0.8 1 Turkish
0 0 0 0.8 1 Pakistani
0 0 0 0.8 1 Blushestani
100% 19.2% 23 100% 120 Total
%a: calculated to the total number %b: calculated to the infected number.29
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INFECTION PER NATIONALITY
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Six parasites were detected among the students:
Blastocystis hominis Endolimax nana Entameoba coli Entameoba histolytica Giardia lamblia Hymenolepis nana
DETECTED PARASITES
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DETECTION BY MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
Parasites B. hominis E. nana E. coli E. histolytica G. lamblia H. nana
Frequency 17 3 4 2 4 1
%a 14.2 2.5 3.3 1.7 3.3 0.8
%b 73.91 13.04 17.39 8.69 17.39 4.35
%c 54.84 9.68 12.90 6.45 12.90 3.23
%a calculated to the total number of students.%b calculated to the infected number of students.%c calculated to the total number of detected parasite.
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DETECTION BY USIND MODIFIED KINYOUN STAIN
Non of the 120 samples reacted positively for
Cryptosporidium oocyst.
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DETECTION BY USING CERTEST CRYPTO CARD
Non of the 120 samples reacted positively with CERTEST CRYPTO CARD
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DETECTION BY USING CERTEST GIARDIA CARD
Among 120 samples, 4 samples reacted positively with CERTEST GIARDIA CARD
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DISCUSSION AND
CONCLUSION
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Prevalence of parasitic infection was 19.2%
Students were from 11 countries
Students from six countries were infected,
Yemenis (39.13%), Saudis (26.08%), Afghanis
(13.4%), Chadians (8.7%), Sudanese (8.7%) and
Palestinians (4.35%).
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Only 12 samples were positive with direct smears.
23 samples were positive using Ritchie concentration technique.
Non of the samples gave positive results for Cryptosporidium by staining and CERTEST CRYPTO CARD.
All four positive samples of Giardia lamblia in microscopic examination reacted positively with CERTEST GIARDIA CARD
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Illiterate fathers were 22.5%
Illiterate mothers were 31.7%
37.5% of students have intestinal symptoms
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37.5%
62.5%
PERCENTAGE OF SYMPTOMATIC AND ASYMPTOMATIC STUDENTS
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22.5% 23.3% 20%
24.2%
7.5% 1.7% 0.8
%
PERCENTAGE OF FATHER EDUCATION
Father education
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31.7%25%
16.7%22.5%
2.5% 0.8% 0.8%
PERCENTAGE OF MOTHER EDUCATION
Mother education
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Total Non infected Infected Father education
27 23 4 Illiterate
28 22 6 Primary
24 21 3 Secondary
29 22 7 University
9 7 2 Master
2 1 1 PhD
1 1 - Read and write
120 97 23 Total
FATHER EDUCATION AND INFECTION
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MOTHER EDUCATION AND INFECTION
Total Non infected Infected Mother education
38 33 5 Illiterate30 24 6 Primary20 18 2 Intermediate27 20 7 Secondary3 1 2 University- - - Master1 - 1 PhD1 1 - Read and write
120 97 23 Total
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There was no correlation between parasitic infection and parents education. (P = 0.8)
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• Blastocystis hominis was the common parasite
(54.84%) then Entameoba coli (12.90%), Giardia
lamblia (12.90%), Endolimax nana (9.68%) and
Hymenolepis nana ( 3.23%)
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Protozoan infection was 96.77% while helminthes
infection was 3.23%.
High incidence of infection was in Yemenis
followed by Saudis due to the high number of
students from these nationalities.
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Detected parasites
Nationality B. hominis E. nana E. coli E. histolytica G. lamblia H. nana
Yemeni 6 - 1 - 3 -
Saudi 5 2 1 1 - -
Afghani 2 - - - 1 1
Palestinian - 1 - - - -
Nigerian - - - - - -
Chadian 2 - - - - -
Somali - - - - - -
Sudanese 2 - 2 1 - -
Turkish - - - - - -
Pakistani - - - - - -
Baluchi - - - - - -
DISTRIBUTION OF INTESTINAL PARASITES PER STUDENTS NATIONALITY
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There was no correlation between parasitic infection and nationality. (P = 0.8)
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Infection with single parasite was in 73.96% of the
infected students.
Double infection was in 17.19%.
Triple infection was in 8.85%.
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80.8%
1.7%3.3%14.2
%
PERCENTAGE OF INFECTIONS TYPES
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The majority of students, 108 (90%) were from south region of Jeddah and 20 (19%) of them were infected with intestinal parasites.
There was no correlation between parasitic infection and region of residency in Jeddah. (P = 0.8)
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HAND WASH AFTER WC AND INFECTION
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Total Not infected Infected Hand wash after W.C
110 90 20 Yes
10 7 3 No
120 97 23 Total
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HAND WASH BEFORE MEAL AND INFECTION
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Total Not infected Infected Hand wash before meal
102 85 17 Yes
18 12 6 No
120 97 23 Total
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20
90
3 7
Hand wash after WC
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17
85
6 12
Hand wash before meal
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There was no correlation between parasitic infection and hand wash after WC visiting and before meal. ( P = 0.70)
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AGE AND INFECTIONTotal Not infected Infected Age
2 1 1 12
23 19 4 13
21 12 9 14
34 30 4 15
27 24 3 16
9 7 2 17
4 4 - 18
120 97 23 Total
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There was no correlation between parasitic infection and age of the students. (P = 0.3)
The highest infection was among the students of the age 14.
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Each student was provided with a report about his diagnosis result, so the infected group get treatment and reexamination
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RECOMMENDATION Health education and awareness programs for students regarding intestinal parasites.
Increase the Cooperation between ministry of health and ministry of education regarding intestinal parasitic infection among students.
Using other techniques in addition to direct smear such as: Ritchie tech, kits, acid fast stain and other technique.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT First, we would like to thank the Allah. Special thanks to our supervisor Dr. Majed Wakid for all what he gives us from support, time and teaching. We thank the Ministry of Education. We thank the cooperated intermediate school, manager, teachers and students. We thank School Health Unit and specially to Dr. Mohammed Khashugji. Finally, We would like to thank our parents and friends
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Thank you