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Transcript of міжнародний досвід використання е-петицій для...
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE on E-PETITIONSJORDANKA TOMKOVA, PhD Swiss Funded Expert on E-Governance24 June 2015 - Open City Forum, Odessa
…some facts
Over 75 countries are using some form of petitioning system
78% of people living in Sweden have signed a petition,
72.6% in Switzerland,
72.5% in Canada,
70.4% in the US
68.2% in the UK World Values Survey (2006)
Preference for e-petitions, 6 million citizens across Europe supported European Citizens Initiative - 70% online, Latvia e-petitions 6.5 million online visits - 1st 100 days
Approximately 50% e-petitions qualify to be registered
E-petitions tend to attract younger demographic users
WHY E-PETITIONS?
One of several instruments in democracy’s toolbox
Collective action instrument + bottom-up political agenda setting
Enables citizens’ preference articulation “voice” & influence on decision + policy-making processes
Stimulates debate + awareness on issues of public concern that would not get attention otherwise
E-petitions new modality for civic participation, much wider audience, transparent, convenient, built in civic education
Ukraine – Draft Law 2299 in progress…
… key features
Signature threshold 1 signature (Scotland) 50,000 (Finland),100,000 – (US
’We the people’), 1 million (EU Citizen Initiative)
Local level – signature thresholds = LOWER
Pre-moderation & Collection of Signatures time allowed
Multi-level, multi channel
Obligation for Institutional Responsiveness non vs. binding, time requirements
Opportunities for influence on Policy Making (Latvia, UK, Finland, ECI (slide)
Special features – “social lift”, involvement of NGOs
… jointly determine the ‘power’ of the instrument
…Policy Influence Effects
FINLAND …if 50,000 signatures directly to Parliament
GERMANY …if >50 000 signatures Commission Reviews – recommends to Parliament, If <50 000 petitioner presents in Public Hearing in Parliament
SWITZERLAND …if 100,000+ signatures national referendum and possibility to vote on constitutional change
UK …if 100, 000 signatures consideration by Backbench Business Committee (House of Commons)
City Manchester (UK) …cascading model: 100 – response in 6 days, 1000 – debate by committee, 4000+ signatures debate in by full City Council.
US “We the People” (2011)
RESPONSE + APIs13+Years old, email only, 100 000 signatures = response
https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/how-why/api-gallery
Latvia (2011)
16+ years of age, via online banking ID, 10 000 signatures Parliament https://manabalss.lv
City of Birmingham, UK
Simple – active petitions, guidelines, terms and conditions, archive of non-active petitions
http://epetition.birmingham.public-i.tv/
…successful petitions
MONTENEGRO
(2012) “Overcrowding of kinder gardens”
Response: The Government contracted €10m loan from the Council of Europe Development Bank to build 7 new
kindergartens in 4 municipalities where overcrowding was most acute.
UK (2007) (1 million) “Opposing new Vehicle tracking + Transport Tax policy” ….Tax seen as unfair by citizens, if road tax then other subsidies, tax reductions on fuel tax, vehicle excise duty to be instituted, roads to be improved Response: Commission for inquiry established
… process
UNITED KINGDOM
8 weeks to develop – procurement, assembly of the team, development, hosting solution & deployment.
Cost £ 80,700 + 3-years of staff running costs (£67 500 per annum).
System is maintained by in-house team of IT developers in the Cabinet Office.
Built on open source software and crowdsourcing to engage different parties in problem solving techniques;
Reusable and made available to anyone in the public sector, e.g. local governments.
MONTENEGRO
Donor initiated (Gov. of Montenegro + UNDP) Cost 100,000 USD Based on a mixed model (UK, US +
Germany) Technical solution - outsourced through
open procurement procedure 2 stage process – 1) web platform with link
to Central ID register + 2) digital certificates (110 EUR – expensive & later discontinued).
1 administrator + 1expert per ministry appointed for processing and responding to e-petitions,
Each ministry responsible to pass on relevant e-petitions to Government for response.
…challenges & lessons learned
Signature Authentication– different countries, different solutions Scottland, UK cities – simple, postal code + duplication
Montenegro - Central ID register + Digital certificates, Latvia – 2 stage process)
UK(3 stage process) - postal code + automated words validation +
Australia – acceptance of conditions of use + random identification number + postal,
email address
Petition instrument to be volume tolerant pretesting is criticalE.g. (UK) 2+ million visitors, 12 million+ page views, 12,000 petitions raised, 700,000 signatures collected, first petition of +/- 200,000 signatures in 5 days, at peak with 12 000 hits/ minute.
Ideally Open Source
Process and outcome as important as instrument
Back office & institutional coordination as important as interface
Involvement of NGOs critical for impactful e-petitions
E-Governance for Accountability and Participation (EGAP)
4 years 2015-2019, 4 oblasts, 4 Components, 4 mil CHF
COMP 1 – E-Service Delivery
COMP 2 – Capacity Building
COMP 3 – E-Democracy
COMP 4 – National & Inter-regional Policy Dialogue