Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура...

87
Cemen~o 13.A. 3 ~OC~&~~CTBO H IIpaBO, HCTOPHH H KyllbTypa B~JIHKO~~HT~HHH H Cm. Koncne~~ nema. - M.: np~op-~sna~, 2005. - 256 c. Bonpoc 1. npea~e~ Kypca ISBN 5-95 12-0347-3 Asmop - Arcade~uK PAEH, dorcmop ucmopurecKux tiayrc, npo@eccop rca@edpbr ucmopuu u zeozpa@uu 3apy6extib1x cmpati M o c ~ o a c ~ o z o rocydapcmse~tiozo fluti- zeucmurectcozo Yti~~sepcumema. Yumaem ~ypcbr fle~qllli no datiti0Li npo6ne~amu- tce OKOAO 30 em. 1. Kypc "Tocydapcmgo u npaso, ucmopiix u Icyflbmypa Beflu~o6puma~uu 11 CL[IA'' OTHOCMTCR K cmpa~osedenu~) ti npenonaeTcx cTyneHTaM H~CTOXUUM MJA~HM~M M ~ I npononxaeM ceplrm "K0ticne~m nenr(rrii. B nohrorr(b cmy- detlmy", B K O T O P p B X O m T n)f'IlLlUe KOHCneKTbI ne~~~fi n0 AMCUMnJWHLlM, M3yWeMblM JIMHTBMCTW9eCIUIX, MCTO1)L.NCCKIIX M H)PMHMYeCMX C I E U M U I ~ H O C T ~ # . B IJNilHMTLlpHbM BY3aX. CT~~HOB~A~HM~ - ~eo~belwre~a~ rac~b JIMH~BMCTMY~CKO~O o6pa- Mnrepuan lIpMBeAeH B COOTBeTCTBMe C yre6tioIi ~ ~ O Z ~ A M M O L ~ Kypca "rocydap~mt30 U 30BaHMR. ~P~KTHY~CKH HeB03MOXHO Ka4eCTBeHHO BbIYqBTb MHO- npaao, UCm0pu.a u rtynbmypa Benurto6purnanuu u CJTU". CP~HH~I# R3bIK, H e 3HaR MCTOPH'M M KJ'JIbTYPbI CTpaHbI nPOMCXOXC- B 0~~0fi K H M R CMCTeMZlTU3MpOKlH M B K ~ T K O ~ ~ KOHC~~KTHO~~ (POpMe AaH Ma'EpMkVI AeHElR R3bIKa. 6 yre6nux nped~emoe, r r 3 y m e ~ ~ x e mprrd~rrec~ux, ucmopurecnux rr xtrnzerrcmuvecnux Tunurlnale OIUII~KU cmydenmos, u3paloyux unocmpannblC mbl~ & e,V30X. &H~I n e p B M ' 4 H b l e CBi?AeHMR 06 ~M~PMK~HCKO~~ M il~mMfi~K0fi MCTOP~IMM K Y~7bw (KOTOP~I~ MXHO 3HnTb nm6o~y, wpamueMy a~rn~fic~wfi t l 3 b l ~ ) , rOCYAapCTBeHHOM U u u : nonumqec~o~ crpoe, a ~ame npu~ene~41 ycwfire~~e abrpome~m a~rn~fic~oro 513b1~a d ne3nanue KonmeKcma ynompe6~enux CAOK M O~~SICH~H MX CMblCn. HeAOCTaT09HOe nOHMMaHMe TOTO, 9TO OAHM M Te Xe CJIOBa MO- f'icnonb3~5I &3HHyKl KHMV npM nOArOTOBKe K CAZl'fe 3K3aMeHa, CTyAeHTbI C M O W B TYT MMeTb pa3HOe 3Ha9eHMe B 3aBMCtiMOCTB OT KOHTeKCTa MX IIpepenbHO CXaTble CpOKM CMCTeMBTM3MpOBflTb M KOHKpeTMJMpOBElTb 3HaHMn, npuo6pe- YROT~~~JI~HMR; 'EI4HblC B npOUeCCe M3peHMR TOR AMCUMnnHHbl; COCpenOTO'fMTb CBOe BHMMaHMe H a He3HaHMe YCTO&HB~IX ~blpa>t<e~MG,cJIoBoo~~~~oB~HMG, npH- OCHOBHbIX llOH5lTUSIX, MX nPM3HilK;LX M OCO~BHHOCTIIX; c @ o ~ M ~ J I M ~ o B E ~ T ~ IXpMMepHp CTpyKTypy (w~H) OTBeTOB Ha B03MOXHble 3K32lMeHilUMOHHbIe BOnpOCbI. HRTbIX B R3bIKe, MCTOPMM WX B03HMKHOBeHMR; HelTOHMMaHMe MX s~aqe~ax; JUHHUR ntirrza tie ~ e ~ ~ a e m ~ l l a~bmeptiarn~reori YL~~~HUK~M d m noxyretirrx @ Y H ~ C I M ~ H - muflb~ux ~HCIH~II~, no uywrrrn noco6um am ycneurnoi caalru 3rt3a~enoe. d omcymcmsue rlemKUX 3 ~ a ~ u i 06 ucmopuu Qiopmup06a~1~1 x3bl~a; K~ura npeAHll3HaqeHa LUlSl CTyReHTOB-MCTJPMKOB, mpUCT0B H IMHrBMClOB, a TaKXe d nenonwanue 3a~onomep~ocmeC x3113al~a, ezo csmu c dpy~umu xm- nrul BCeX, M3)f'IaIOUUIX ll~tn~fi~~~fi n3bIK. d HenOATOTOBJIeHHOCTb K lIOJIHOUeHHOMY o6ue~~m (B CMnY He3Ha- HI49 MCTOPHM ti KJ'llb~ypbl) C HOCMTeJIRMM R3blKa. HaoGopo~, 3HaHMe MCTOPMM, KYJIbTYpbI, OCHOB TOCYAapCTBeHHOTO CTPOR CTPaHbI IIPOMCXOX,QeHMR R3bIKa n03BOJIReT rny6xe IIOHRTb MeHTUIMTeT HOCMT~JI~# R3bIKa, OCO~~HHOCTH @OPM~~POB~HM R3bI- Ka, eT0 CBR3b C APvHMM R3bIKaMM, JIWRiUIe p a 3 0 6 p a ~ b ~ f f B KOHTeK- CTe yno~pe6ne~ax OTAeJlbHbIX CJIOB I? YCTO~~~HB~IX CJIOBOCO'IeTa- HM~, nOBbICMTb YPOBeHb KyJIbTYPbI. A~HH~I# wpc npe~~a3~are~ He TonbKo WR annonoro~, HO M mrr MCTOPHKOB M IOPHCTOB. MCTOPHKOB OH nOJIe3eH TeM, 9TO B KHMre AaHbI KpaTKtie KYPCbI IIO MCTOPMM B~JIMKo~PMT~HMM M MC- TOpMki CmA, &JIR IOPMCTOB - OCHOBbI TOCYnaPCTBeHHOTO YCTPOC- CTBa M n p a B a B~XEIKO~~HT~HMH II CmA. Becb MaTepkiUI 6yne~ no- JIe3eH BCeM TeM, KT0 H3YqaeT ~ H ~ M # c K M # R3bIK. ISBN 5-9512-0347-3 785951 203472

description

2005 год

Transcript of Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура...

Page 1: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

Cemen~o 13.A. 3 ~ O C ~ & ~ ~ C T B O H IIpaBO, HCTOPHH H KyllbTypa B ~ J I H K O ~ ~ H T ~ H H H H C m . K o n c n e ~ ~ n e m a . - M.: n p ~ o p - ~ s n a ~ , 2005. - 256 c. Bonpoc 1. n p e a ~ e ~ Kypca ISBN 5-95 12-0347-3

Asmop - Arcade~uK PAEH, dorcmop ucmopurecKux tiayrc, npo@eccop rca@edpbr ucmopuu u zeozpa@uu 3apy6extib1x cmpati M o c ~ o a c ~ o z o rocydapcmse~tiozo f lut i - zeucmurectcozo Yti~~sepcumema. Yumaem ~ypcbr f l e ~ q l l l i no datiti0Li npo6ne~amu- tce OKOAO 30 em. 1 . K y p c "Tocydapcmgo u npaso, ucmopiix u Icyflbmypa B e f l u ~ o 6 p u m a ~ u u

11 CL[IA'' OTHOCMTCR K cmpa~osedenu~) ti n p e n o n a e T c x cTyneHTaM H~CTOXUUM M J A ~ H M ~ M M ~ I n p o n o n x a e M ceplrm "K0ticne~m nenr(rrii. B nohrorr(b cmy-

detlmy", B K O T O P p B X O m T n)f'IlLlUe KOHCneKTbI n e ~ ~ ~ f i n0 AMCUMnJWHLlM, M3yWeMblM JIMHTBMCTW9eCIUIX, MCTO1)L.NCCKIIX M H)PMHMYeCMX C I E U M U I ~ H O C T ~ # .

B IJNilHMTLlpHbM BY3aX. C T ~ ~ H O B ~ A ~ H M ~ - ~ e o ~ b e l w r e ~ a ~ r a c ~ b J I M H ~ B M C T M Y ~ C K O ~ O o6pa- Mnrepuan lIpMBeAeH B COOTBeTCTBMe C yre6tioIi ~ ~ O Z ~ A M M O L ~ Kypca "rocydap~mt30 U 30BaHMR. ~ P ~ K T H Y ~ C K H HeB03MOXHO Ka4eCTBeHHO BbIYqBTb MHO-

npaao, UCm0pu.a u rtynbmypa Benurto6purnanuu u CJTU". C P ~ H H ~ I # R3bIK, H e 3HaR MCTOPH'M M KJ'JIbTYPbI CTpaHbI nPOMCXOXC-

B 0 ~ ~ 0 f i K H M R CMCTeMZlTU3MpOKlH M B K ~ T K O ~ ~ K O H C ~ ~ K T H O ~ ~ (POpMe A a H Ma'EpMkVI AeHElR R3bIKa. 6 yre6nux nped~emoe, r r 3 y m e ~ ~ x e mprrd~rrec~ux, ucmopurecnux r r xtrnzerrcmuvecnux Tunurlnale O I U I I ~ K U cmydenmos, u3paloyux unocmpannblC mbl~ & e,V30X. & H ~ I nepBM'4Hble CBi?AeHMR 06 ~ M ~ P M K ~ H C K O ~ ~ M i l ~ m M f i ~ K 0 f i MCTOP~IM M K Y ~ 7 b w

( K O T O P ~ I ~ M X H O 3HnTb nm6o~y , w p a m u e M y a ~ r n ~ f i c ~ w f i t l 3 b l ~ ) , rOCYAapCTBeHHOM U u u :

n o n u m q e c ~ o ~ crpoe, a ~ a m e n p u ~ e n e ~ 4 1 y c w f i r e ~ ~ e a b r p o m e ~ m a ~ r n ~ f i c ~ o r o 513b1~a d ne3nanue KonmeKcma ynompe6~enux CAOK M O ~ ~ S I C H ~ H MX CMblCn. HeAOCTaT09HOe nOHMMaHMe TOTO, 9TO OAHM M T e Xe CJIOBa MO-

f ' i cnonb3~5I &3HHyKl K H M V n p M nOArOTOBKe K CAZl'fe 3K3aMeHa , CTyAeHTbI C M O W B TYT MMeTb p a 3 H O e 3 H a 9 e H M e B 3aBMCtiMOCTB OT KOHTeKCTa MX I I p e p e n b H O C X a T b l e CpOKM CMCTeMBTM3MpOBflTb M KOHKpeTMJMpOBElTb 3HaHMn, npuo6pe- Y R O T ~ ~ ~ J I ~ H M R ; 'EI4HblC B npOUeCCe M 3 p e H M R TOR AMCUMnnHHbl; COCpenOTO'fMTb CBOe BHMMaHMe H a He3HaHMe YCTO&HB~IX ~ b l p a > t < e ~ M G , c J I o B o o ~ ~ ~ ~ o B ~ H M G , n p H - OCHOBHbIX llOH5lTUSIX, MX nPM3HilK;LX M OCO~BHHOCTIIX; c @ o ~ M ~ J I M ~ o B E ~ T ~ I X p M M e p H p

CTpyKTypy ( w ~ H ) OTBeTOB H a B03MOXHble 3K32lMeHilUMOHHbIe BOnpOCbI. HRTbIX B R3bIKe, MCTOPMM WX B03HMKHOBeHMR; HelTOHMMaHMe MX s ~ a q e ~ a x ;

JUHHUR ntirrza tie ~ e ~ ~ a e m ~ l l a~bmeptiarn~reori Y L ~ ~ ~ H U K ~ M d m noxyretirrx @ Y H ~ C I M ~ H - muflb~ux ~ H C I H ~ I I ~ , no uywrrrn noco6um am ycneurnoi caalru 3rt3a~enoe. d omcymcmsue rlemKUX 3 ~ a ~ u i 06 ucmopuu Qiopmup06a~1~1 x3bl~a;

K ~ u r a n p e A H l l 3 H a q e H a LUlSl CTyReHTOB-MCTJPMKOB, m p U C T 0 B H IMHrBMClOB, a T a K X e d nenonwanue 3a~onomep~ocmeC x3113al~a, ezo csmu c dpy~umu x m -

nrul BCeX, M3)f'IaIOUUIX l l ~ t n ~ f i ~ ~ ~ f i n3bIK.

d HenOATOTOBJIeHHOCTb K lIOJIHOUeHHOMY o 6 u e ~ ~ m (B CMnY He3Ha-

HI49 MCTOPHM ti KJ ' l lb~ypbl ) C HOCMTeJIRMM R3blKa.

HaoGopo~, 3HaHMe MCTOPMM, KYJIbTYpbI, OCHOB TOCYAapCTBeHHOTO

CTPOR CTPaHbI IIPOMCXOX,QeHMR R3bIKa n03BOJIReT rny6xe IIOHRTb

MeHTUIMTeT H O C M T ~ J I ~ # R3bIKa, O C O ~ ~ H H O C T H @ O P M ~ ~ P O B ~ H M R3bI-

Ka, e T 0 CBR3b C A P v H M M R3bIKaMM, JIWRiUIe p a 3 0 6 p a ~ b ~ f f B KOHTeK-

CTe yno~pe6ne~ax OTAeJlbHbIX CJIOB I? Y C T O ~ ~ ~ H B ~ I X CJIOBOCO'IeTa-

H M ~ , nOBbICMTb YPOBeHb KyJIbTYPbI.

A ~ H H ~ I # wpc n p e ~ ~ a 3 ~ a r e ~ H e T o n b K o WR annonoro~, HO M mrr MCTOPHKOB M IOPHCTOB. MCTOPHKOB OH nOJIe3eH TeM, 9TO B

KHMre AaHbI KpaTKt ie KYPCbI IIO MCTOPMM B ~ J I M K o ~ P M T ~ H M M M MC-

TOpMki CmA, &JIR IOPMCTOB - OCHOBbI TOCYnaPCTBeHHOTO YCTPOC- CTBa M n p a B a B ~ X E I K O ~ ~ H T ~ H M H II CmA. B e c b MaTepkiUI 6 y n e ~ no- JIe3eH BCeM TeM, KT0 H3YqaeT ~ H ~ M # c K M # R3bIK.

ISBN 5-9512-0347-3

785951 203472

Page 2: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 3: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

Keflbmbl tcatc Hapod: 2. PMMCKO~ rOCnOnCTB0 B B ~ J I H K O ~ P H T ~ H M M YCTaHOBHJIOCb 60nee, (/ ~ ~ I J I M OYeHb BOMHCTBeHHbI II XeCTOKM ( M ~ W Y KeJIbTCKMMM H a P o - Y ~ M ~a 300 n e ~ (C I B. ~ . 3 . no 410 r. ~3 . ) . . P d 3 v f l b l l l f l l l l a ~ ~ 350-flem-

~ e z o s f l a d b ~ ~ e c m s a ~ I ~ M / U I H cmmu: (/ n p k i 0 6 U e H M e XMTeJIefi EPMT~HMM K C ~ M O A B ~ ~ C O K O P ~ ~ B H T O ~ ~ KYII6-

(/ n p e M M y U e C T B e H H 0 BeJIM r p a 6 M T e J I b c ~ M f i 06pa3 XM3HM, XOTH 3aHM- T y p e T o r 0 BpeMeHM - KYJIbTYPe P H M ~ ;

M ~ J I M C ~ M s e ~ n e n e n w e ~ , M CKOTOBOACTBOM; (/ K p e t q e H a e E p ~ ~ a ~ a a , ee nepexaa OT B a p B a p c T s a K XPMCTB~HCTBY;

(/ OTJIMqUMCb BbICOKMM YPOBHeM kil-I.IIMBI.inyUM3Ma; (/ H ~ J " ~ H O - T ~ X H M S ~ C K M ~ ~ n p O r p e C C ; d nOYMTaJIM @kl3klqe~KyK) CMJIY, BOMHCKyW A06JIecTb; d CMJIbHOe BJIMRHMe H a @ O ~ M H ~ O B ~ H H ~ a ~ J I M f i c K o r 0 H3bIKa;

(/ 3HaKOMCTBO C J I ~ T M H C K O ~ ~ nACbMeHHOCTbK).

3. EoJIbLUaH %CTb KeJIbTOB, OCeBLUMX B K)TO-BOCTOYHO~~ M J J e H T p U b -

H0fi B ~ J I M K O ~ P H T ~ H H H M CMeLUaBLUMXCH C MeCTHbIM HaCeJIeHMeM,

nonywna HaMMeHoBaHMe 6pumrnoe (OAHW 143 n p e n K o B a~znurali). ,@VZ,ZLLMU H O V O ~ ~ ~ M U tceflbmctcozo npoucx031~de~ua CMCUIU: (/ n p o n o m n k i ~ O P O ~ M M MOCTM;

(/ crcommbr, Z ~ A W ( ~ ~ C ~ J I M J I M c e ~ e p ~ y m r a c ~ b O C T ~ O B ~ B ~ J I M K O ~ ~ M T ~ - (/ npwo6~ana M ~ C T H O ~ ~ a c e n e ~ k i e K n e p e a o ~ o ~ y ma T Q ~ O B ~ ~ M ~ H M HMII), CTaJIM OAHMMM M3 HpenKOB COBpeMeHHbIX u i o m f l a ~ d y e s ; CeJIbCKOMy X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B Y - ] ~ ~ W T ~ H H R C T m a OAHMM M3 JJeHTpOB PMM-

(/ I E I U H P ~ ~ - ~ ~ H H J I M ~ ) r 0 - 3 a n w ~ b 1 f i ~ O J I ~ O C T ~ O B B e J I k i ~ 0 6 p k i ~ a ~ M k i C K O ~ ~ MMlTepMM no BbIpalUMBaHkilo nLUeHMJJb1.

y 3 n b C , 60JIbLUe BCeX COXpaHMJIM CBOK) HaJJMOHaJIbHYK) C ~ M O ~ ~ I T -

HOCTb, CerOAHH M3BeCTHbI KaK @ f l n / l ~ & b l (UJIU y3flbCCybl); Bonpoc 4. A H ~ ~ O C ~ K C O H C K O ~ ~ ~ B O ~ B ~ H P I ~

(/ a i p ~ ( y ~ d a r ) - y m n M n a n b u e H a sanw, s a ~ m k i OCTOB Hpnaa- AMH, CMeUIaBUIMCb C MeCTHbIM HaCeJIeHMeM, CTaJIM I IpenKaMH Up-

Bonpoc 3. 3 a ~ O e ~ a H H e B ~ ~ L I K O ~ ~ L I T ~ H H H PHMnRHaMH

!?.{ - Hp~~upk;nb~yk&&i&P"rrm -$&p7b~1pa&~$4~~z~&fo

~ ; - C O ~ ~ I T M ~ M , lTOBJIMRBUIMM H a BCIO n a J I b ~ e f i I I l y K ) MCTOPMIO B e n ~ ~ o - ~ P M T ~ H H A , pa3BMTMe ~ H U M ~ ~ C K O ~ O R3bIKa M KyJIbTYPbl, CTtUO 3a8Oe- sanue Be~urco6puma~uu puM/urnaMu 8 I 8. n.3. (narree pesb 6 y A e T

MATH 0 ~ ~ M T ~ H M M ( T ~ K PMMJIHHe Ha3bIBaJIM BaHHbIe OCTpOBa, n p M -

VeM n e p B O e BpeMR D a H H O e HaMMeHOBaHMe 3ByWJlO KaK " E p ~ n a - CTORHHble ~ 8 6 e r M C BOCTOKa ( J J e ~ T p U b ~ ~ e ~ p ~ n e f i c ~ M x B a p B a p O B M

HPW" OT CJIOBa " ~ P B T T ~ ~ ' . H a 3 ~ a ~ M e B ~ J I M K O ~ P M T ~ H H R C T U O IIIMPOKO a3MaTCKMX KO~~BHI . IKOB) , PWMCK~R MMnepMH H e MMeJIa B03MO)KHO-

IlpMMewrThCH IIOCJIe o ~ W X M H ~ H M H AHT~MM M ~ o T J I ~ H A M M B 1707 r.). CTB KOHTpOJIMp€)BaTb 3 a n w H b I e OTAaJLeHHbIe TeppMTOpMM. B 4 10 r.

B 55-54 rr. no H.3. apMMI1 PMUrrRH n0JI KOMaWOBaHMeM H)/luJZ yKa3OM M M n e p a T O p a P M M ~ PMMCKOe BJIajlblVeCTBO Hail, B e n ~ ~ o 6 p a - Qe3apJZ BbICWMJIaCb H a EPEIT~HCKMX OCTpOBaX. & i H H b ~ f i llOXOA H e ~ a ~ ~ e f i 6b1~10 n p e ~ p a ~ e ~ o . vepe3 66 J I ~ T , B 476 r., 3 a n w ~ a ~ PMM- IIpMBeJI K IlOKOpeHMK, E ~ M T ~ H M M , HO K I B. H.3. JJeHTpiUbHaR M C K ~ R M M ~ ~ ~ M H n p e ~ p a ~ a n a C B O ~ C ~ ~ ~ C T B O B ~ H M ~ . K)>KHaR YaCTM O-Ba EPMT~HWX ~ ~ I J I M 3aBOeBaHbI PMMJHHaMM. & YuHaMu 3asoesa~ua ~ V U ~ C I H U U ~ U M ~ H C I M U cma~ll: B 3TOM Xe BeKe H a r t U M C b P e r y J I R p H b I e BTOPXeHHR B B e n a ~ o 6 p ~ -

(/ p a 3 0 6 l U e ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ b KeJIbTOB, MX B P a m a M e m y co6oii; TaHMK) HOBbIX 3 a I 3 0 e ~ a T e n e f i C KOHTMHeHTa - aHTJIOCaKCOB.

(/ BOeHHOe n p e M M y u e C T B 0 PMMJIRH.

Page 4: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

2. An2flocaKcbr - ~ a s ~ a ~ ~ e c o 6 ~ i p a m a b ~ o e . ~ T M n n e M e H a B T O ~ ~ M C ~ B

6 p a T a H t r I O C TeppHTOpHM C O B ~ ~ M ~ H H O ~ ~ r e p M a H H M . B UX COC?7tU6

~xod~mu: d a a r n b r ;

d CaKCbI;

d mTbI;

(/ Qpki3b1.

C ~ M ~ I M M CklJIbHbIMM R BJIMIITeJIbHbIMB CPenPi YKa3aHHbIX IIJIeMeH

6bIJIA a H r n b 1 M CaKCbI. OHM A U M Ha3BaHMe HOBOMY HaPo&)' - a H r -

nOCaKCb1, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ C T U @OPMMPOB~T~CR IIOA MX IIpenBOnMTeJIbCT-

BOM B TeYeHMe MHOTHX BeKoB.

3. A H ~ O C ~ K C ~ I , KOTOPbIe 06na4m~ H M K O ~ ~ ~ J l b ~ y p ~ f i M BOeHHbIM ripe-

BOCXOnCTBOM, B O L U B B H ~ I I ~ ~ I M W P L I M ~ I ~ ~ KOH@NMKT C 6onee WJIb- TYPHbIM, HO OTBbIKUIHM OT B O ~ H KeJlbTCKO-POMaHCKHM HaCeJleHAeM.

E0~1b11IaSl 4aCTb KeJIbTCKO-POMaHCKOTO HaCeJIeHMH 6bma M c ~ p e 6 J I e H a

C~IM~MY~CKI?, HX MMmeCTBO pa3rpa6ne~0, MHOMe n 0 n a n k I B ~ ~ ~ C T B O .

B V-VI BB. K e n b T c K o e H a c e n e m e seno r e p o M s e c K y t o 6opa6y npo- TMB aHrnOCaKCOHCKMX 3 a ~ o e B a ~ e J I e f i . K 3TOMY BpeMeHM OTHOCMTCX

H a p o ~ H b l f i 3 n 0 C 0 n O J I y J I e r e m a p H O M KOpOJle KeJlbTOB Ap~ype, On-

HOM M3 J I W e P O B COIIPOTHBJIeHHII. n03)1<e 06 3TOM B03HHKIIO HPO-

~ s s e n e ~ ~ e "The knights of the round table". JIaweno~ (IIa~cesro~) - r n a s a b r k p b n l a p b (Lancelot). Pyccmfi n e p e B o A s s y l r a ~ MK "JIere~nbr o K o p o n e Ap~ype" (Arthur's Legends). Paryapu c o 6 ~ p m k i c b perymp- HO 3a ~py2nbw cmoaoM ( ~ p y r n b ~ f i C T O ~ - B c e p a ~ ~ s ~ ) . Camelot - pesude~yus rcopom Apmypa B ropone 3rccemep.

4. H ~ C M O T ~ R H a n o w M 200-ne~~ee r e p o k i r e c K o e c o n p o T n m e H I . i e K e r n -

TOB, I I 0 6 3 ~ y OAep>KanM aHrJfOCaKCb1. KeJIbTCKOrO HaCeJTeHJGI 6b1- JIa aCCMMkvrHpOBaHa, WCTb - yHHYTOXeHa, CIaCTb - 6exma B ~ O T -

J I a m H K , a Y 3 n b c . Ha T e p p m o p a k i B ~ ~ M K O ~ ~ M T ~ H M H n o c T e n e H H o

(V-VJ I BB.) nod py~osobcmeom aHzaocarccos eo3numo cenrb qbeo- d4dbIlbf~ 20cydap~m8.

(/ Y3cce~c (Wessex) - s a n a r r ~ b ~ e caKcbr . C a ~ o e K p y n H o e M c a M o e

CMnbHOe B BOeHHOM OTHOUeHHM;

(/ ~ C C ~ K C (Essex) - BOCTOYHbIe CaKCbI;

(/ CYCC~KC (SUSS~X) - IOlKHbIe CaKCbI;

I / K ~ H T (Kent) - I O T ~ I ;

(/ Mepcm (Mercia) - a H r n b I ;

d BOCTOLIH~R & ~ H R (East Anglia) - a H m b I ;

(/ Hop~y~6par r (Northumbria) ( nepe~onkr~c~ KaK "K cesepy OT YM- G ~ H W " ( pa i i o~ B Cesep~oii Mran~a) - a w n b r .

5. C M n b ~ e i i U M h l KOpOneBCTBOM 6bm Y~CCCKC, CTOJIMUa - Bunliecmep ( Winchester). Koponb Y3cce~ca Bt6epm ( 775-839) B O ~ H H O ~ ~ C H ~ O ~

I? A M ~ J I o M ~ T B ~ ~ 0 6 - b e ~ a a k i n BnaCTbIO Y ~ C C ~ K C ~ OCTaJIbHbIe

lrreCTb aHrnOCaKCOHCKMX rOCy&apCTB. 0 ~ 0 ~ ~ 4 m e f l b f l 0 e 066edu~e~ue npoa30~~1no B 829 r. Ho~oe rOCy&apCTBO nOJIylrHJI0 Ha3BaHHe "AHz- n u " - no m e H u rcpyn~eu'uiezo n n e M e n u . C ~ o n ~ u e 5 enmoro rocy- n a p c T s a c ~ a n ropon B t l ~ s e c T e p ( o c ~ a ~ a n c ~ HM rro XI B.). C 597 2. anzflocawcbl cmam nocmenenno n p u n w a m xpucmuancmso.

6. CJIenJ'eT OTMeTBTb, 9TO A H ~ ~ M R 6bma H e eAMHCTBeHHbIM r0Cyrrap-

CTBOM H a TePPMTOPMM B ~ ~ M K O ~ ~ M T ~ H H K B 3 T 0 Xe B p e M g H a CeBe-

pe o c T p o s a c @ o p ~ ~ p o s a n o c b npyroe r o c y n a p c T B o - LUomandtm, o T n m a s m e e c x no K y n b T y p e A o p r a ~ a s a u ~ ? ~ X M ~ H W . Ero OCHOBY

COCTaBMnM Keflbmbl M IIOCTORHHO I ~ P M ~ ~ I B ~ B L U ~ I ~ C I C ~ H ~ U H ~ B C K U ~

WZeMeHU (B OCHOBHOM HOPBeXUbI I? ~ a ~ q a ~ e ) . ~ O C ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O C T ~

Pi CHJIbHYIO KynbTYPHYIO C ~ M O ~ ~ I T H O C T ~ COXpaHMJII? KUMpbl ( Y 3 f l b ~ ) .

Bonpoc 5. B T O ~ X ~ H M ~ B A~rnwro BHKHHTOB.

Anb@pefl Benw~mi 5 !

1. C 793 r. H a E ~ ~ M T ~ H c K I ? ~ O C V O B a C T U M COBepUaTb PeryJIRpHbIe

~ a 6 e r a H o m e s a ~ o e ~ a ~ e n ~ - ~ U K U H Z U (npenm H O P B ~ W ~ B ) I? danbi (B Amnmi TaK Ha3bIBaTIEI BCeX C K ~ ~ M H ~ B O B ) . B 870-e 22. B~CI?l~li~arr hut^ 6~ m~OCmb?O 346Oe64Ha 6UKUHzaMu. 3 ~ a 0 6 J I a c ~ b C T U a

Ha3bIBaTbCII "Danelaw" ( " 0 6 J I a c ~ b ,&aTCKOID npa~a"). Ha A ~ H H O ~ ~ Tep-

PHTOPMM BMKklIWM YCTaHOBHJIH CBOA 3aKOHbI. B &nMM .ipaBI?n KO-

POJIb .%leflbped (Ethelready - Hepa3yMHblC). OH AOnyCTkiX KOH-

~ J I A K T ~ I C BMKI.IHTaMA, B pe3yJIbTaTe KOTOPbIX 6 b 1 n n nOTePFIHbI

MHOrMe TepPHT0pHl.i. A ~ J I H H 6 b m a H a rpaHI? re6enn KaK CaMO-

CTOHTeJIbHOe rOCynaPCTB0.

Page 5: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

(/ nepBbIM CTWI , J J O ~ H B ~ T ~ C R PaCUIHpeHMII MeX4YHaPOL[WbIX KOHTaKTOB

AHrn~a, r r p e o n o n e H m ee "oc-rpo~~oii" H ~ O ~ U H H OT ~ c e i i O C T ~ H O ~ ~

E s p o n b r ("npopfikm OKHO" R KOHTHHeHTaJIbHylO E~pony AllFi A ~ m k i H ) ;

(/ CIIOCO~CTBOB~UI B 0 3 H M K H O B e H ~ M Pa3BHTHIO ~ e m y ~ a p o q ~ o f i MOP-

C K O ~ ~ TOPrOBnH (HO 3 T O r 0 TOPrOBIITI Una npeHMyLl&XTBeHHO B PaM-

K a x o c T p o s a ) ;

(/ aKTHBH0 ITOOUpIIn PaCl lpOCTpaHeHHe 3HaHHfi , KYJIbTYPbI, HayKH;

d WaCTBOBaTI B COCTaBneHHH ~ H T ~ O C ~ K C O H C K O ~ ~ XPOHHKW ( ~ ~ T o ~ ~ H c M ) ;

d HanHCaJl C ~ O P H M K 3aKOHOB King Alfr;ed's Code (Kode~c KOpOflII

Anat$peaa, r n ~ 3 a r c o ~ b i h b # p e d a ) , ~ a x ~ e f i r u ~ C i H c T o r H H K n p a B a

A ~ r n H k i T o r 0 BpeMeHH.

IIpa A r r b @ p e a e B ~ ~ H K O M AHrnm y K p e n H n a c b H a c T o n b K o , r T o ee BOeHHOZ ITOKOpeHHe BHKHHTaMH C T m O HeB03MOXHO. O K o ~ a ~ e n b -

HO BHKMHTH 6b1n1.1 no6eme~b1 H H ~ T H ~ H ~ I 11.13 A H ~ H H sepe3 150 n e T

npr? K o p o n e 3dyapde N c n o s e d n u l c e (Edward the Confessor), npa- BHBllIeM B 1042-1066 rr.

P H H C O B P ~ M ~ H H O ~ ~ C e B e p ~ o f i @ ~ ~ H U M M ( H a ~pJT0fi CTOpOHe np0- n ~ s a na-Ma~m) . DII H o v ~ a ~ d u u mozo e p e ~ e ~ u 6 b m u x a p a r c m e v ~ b r .

(/ OYeHb CkinbHaX rOCyAapCTBeHHaR BnaCTb;

d pa3BHTbIe @ e o a 2 U I b ~ b I e OTHOUeHMR;

(/ BOeHHaR MOJUb.

3. B 1066 r. XOpOUO BOOpyXeHHaR H nHCuHrrJIHHMp0BaHHaR a p M H R

H o p M a H n c K o r o n p a B m e n s B~u/tbzeflbma Sasoesamem (William the Conquf?ror) BbICaAHJIaCb H 3 Hop~amtrl l H a E ~ M T ~ H C K H ~ OCTpOBa.

B ~ c ~ o p m e c ~ o f i 6umee npu I ' a c m u ~ z c e 10 o ~ ~ a 6 p s 1066 rona ap- MHII a H m H Y a H 6b1na pa3CpoMJ1e~a HOpMakllluaMM. B 6010 norr?G

KOpOnb A H ~ J I H H r a p o f l b d H KJIIOYeBbIe BOeHa%JIbHHKH. AHrJIHR H a

300 n e T n o T e p r r n a CBOIO H ~ ~ ~ B H C H M O C T ~ .

4. Ha T e p p H T o p a H k P J l H H YCTaHOBHJIaCb BJIaCTb HOpMaHqUeB. BUR&-

zeflbm 3 a s o e s a m e ~ z b (William the Conqueror) B K o H u e 1066 r. 6bm tcopo~oea~ B K a v e c m e e KOPOM AHZJZUU u ~ U H U M ~ ~ npecmol 21 zod (1066-1087). Hop~a~dcrcoe saeoeea~ue n p u e e f l o K rcvvnHbm u 3 ~ e ~ e - HUM B no~umuuecrcoii u 3~o~o~uvecrcoLi c u e m e M a x A~znuu:

(/ 6 ~ n a y c m a n o s f l e n a o l i e n b c u b n m (caina~ c u b n m 8 Espone) ~ o p o - ~ e s c ~ m anacme:

KOPOflb (BMnbreJIbM 3 a ~ o e B a ~ e J I b ) 6 b m O ~ W K B J I ~ H c o 6 c m e e ~ ~ u ~ o ~ ecex 3eMWlb - p e ~ K H i i cnpafi B Espone, me C O ~ C T B ~ H H M K ~ M M 3 e M e n b ( u e n b I X I T p ~ B t i ~ u H f i ) 6 b ~ H @ ~ o & ~ J J ~ I , PaBHbIe no CTaTy-

Cy KOpOnIO;

3 e w ~ b l d a ~ a ~ a ~ b mOflbKO 34 ~ n y ~ 6 y KOpOflW; POflb $ e 0 d ~ 0 6 (no CpaBHeHHIO C O C T ~ J I ~ H O ~ ~ E~ponofi) 6b1na s ~ a r u m e ~ z b ~ o M e m u t e (OHH 6 b m ~ H e cyeepeaam ( c y s e p e ~ a ~ ~ ) , a TOnbKO Cn)T'aMW K O ~ O ~ X ) ; . B o T n m M e OT e~ponefic~oro npaaqma "saccan M o e r o saccma - H e ~ 0 % B ~ C C ~ T I " (T. e. Ka3yabIfi H a CBOeM ypOBHe @ e o & a r r 6 ~ 0 f i He-

papXHH 6 b ~ a 6 ~ 0 n I O ~ ~ b l f i ~ O C ~ O A H H ) , B AHrJIHH B a C C m b I sac-' c m o ~ T a m e 6 b m ~ B a c c a n a M n ( c n y r a ~ ~ ) K o p o n r r ;

YCTaHOBHJlHCb T P W H U H H n 0 9 H T a H H R , lTPH3HaHEIR ~ ~ C O ~ K I T H O ~ O

c y s e p e H m e T a a~rnt l f ic~oro M o H a p x a (OH H e 6b1n " n e p s b ~ ~ cpe- AH P ~ B H ~ I X " 110~06~0 ApJTHM ~ B P O ~ ~ # C K B M KOPOJIRM);

(/ o K o n l i a m u a n o 3a~pennenu (s m. Y. ropudu~ec~u) xecmme t$eodana- HMC OI?lHOUleHUII, COCJIOBHa% HepapXWl, OCHOBaHHXI H a HepaBeHCTBe:

B 1086 r. B u n b r e n b ~ o ~ 3 a ~ o e ~ a ~ e n e ~ 6bma n p o s e n e H a eceo6- nepenUCb HaCef leHU U 3eMe/lb, pe3YJIbTaTbI K O T O P O ~ ~ 6 6 1 1 ~

3aHeCeHbI B CneUHanbHyIO KHHrY, lTOnyYHBUyIO B H a p o n e Ha-

s s a ~ a e " K n u z a Cmpaurnozo cyda" ("Domesday Book");

Page 6: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

n e p e n m b n p o B o n m a c b o s e H b x e c T K o - 3a O T K ~ ~ OT m a c m B ~ e i i MllM COKPbITMe C B ~ A ~ H M ~ ~ HaCTyn2UIa C M e p T H a R Ka3Hb; H a c e n e H M e 6 b m o o6noxe~o H a n o r a M M ; no pe3yJIbTaTaM n e p e n M C H (M 3anMCnM B K ~ m e ) C B O ~ O ~ H ~ M . ~ U OC- mUAUCb mORbK0 OKORO 10% HUCeReHUR; 90% HUCe/leHlM n0R)nlKIlO 3 o G ~ c L l ~ b l l i CmQmyC pfl3HWO ypOf3HJl ( O K O ~ O

40% - K p e n O C T H b I e KPeCTbRHe (viffein~); 10% - nOnHOCTbI0 6 e ~ n p a B H b I e p a 6 b 1 (Ed; 30% - @ O P M ~ T ~ ~ H O C B O ~ O & H ~ I ~ , HO 6 e ~ - H b I e A 3aBACAMble 3eMJIeAef ibybI ( ~ 0 t i e r S ) ; 10% - COCTORTeJIb- H b I e 3aBMCMMbIe K p e c T b R H e ) .

5. ~ O ~ T M H a 6 e C b ~ p e f l ~ e B e K 0 B b I f i n e p M 0 n YCTaHOBMJlaCb geTKaFI CUC-

mema manopa. Manop ($eodmbr ioe m e r i u e , noyemoe 3a wzy31~6y KOPORK)) C T ~ J I OC-

H O B H O ~ ~ R9efiK0fi O ~ W ~ C T B ~ . ~ K O H O M U Y ~ C K ~ ~ ~ . O ~ U ~ C ~ B ~ H H ~ R M L W b ~ i U ~ d b 1 6 ~ A a ~ b @KpVZ MUI~O-pa:

d ~ o 3 r n a ~ n ~ n M a H o p nopd (Gapes), nonyscrsrn~ii s e ~ n 1 0 OT K o p o n R

3a.cnyx6y ( ~ ~ C T O B O ~ H H ~ ) A ~ O A ~ M H R B L U M ~ ~ C F I KOpOJII0;

d nanee IIIJIM 6onee M e n m e @ e o n a n b ~ - paiyapu, n o n y r a s r u M e 3eun10 OT J IOpna , nOJJWIH5UlMCb H JIOpAy, M KOpOJIIO; P b I u a p M (M B O p r a H M - 3aUMI.r X O ~ ~ I ~ ~ C T B ~ , M B CJIf lae B0f iHbl ) AOJIXHbI 6b1nM & ~ ~ ~ C T B O B ~ T ~ s a o n ~ o co CBOMM n o p n o M (cocma6nm~i " ~ o ~ a n a y " ~opda), nopn men B B O ~ H H ~ I % IIOXOA BMeCTe CO CBOMMM PbT4apRMM;

d nocne nopna M pb~qapefi B M e p a p m w LUJIH ceo60dHare A ~ U , c e n w B - UMeCR BOKPJT M a H O p a ( ~ ~ M ~ c J I ~ H H M K H , m b I , 3aXUlTOYHbIe KpeCTb- R H ~ ) , - OHM OCyLUeCTBJL%W CBR3b M e w AaHHbIM MaHOPOM M APJT'M-

MM MaHOPaMH, a T a m e TOplTlBO-PeMeCJIeHHOe 0 6 c n ~ a ~ ~ e MaHOpa;

d LCUIee llLTIM 0 6 b ~ H b 1 e 3aBMCMMbIe (B 3KOHOMFleCKOM C M ~ I C ~ ~ ) OT M a H O p a , J IOpna , p b 1 q a p e G KpeCTbRHe;

d H a ~ J I e n y ~ o u l e f i CTyIIeHM - KpenOCTHbIe KPeCTbRHe, &l(MWHf?CTpa- TMBHO lTpMnMCaHHbIe K M a H O p y H 06R3aHHb1e p a 6 o ~ a n H a JIOpAa (OHM KaK 6 b 1 6 b ~ M YaCTblO M a H O p a K a K M M m e C T B e H H O r O KOMnneK- Ca - M a H O p B b z 4 a B U C R KOpOJIeM OnHOBpeMeHHO C K ~ ~ C T ~ F I H ~ M M ) ;

d H a CaMOM HM3Y ( P e ~ n a ~ b H ~ i ? JIeCTHMUbI - IIOnHOCTblO H ~ C B O ~ O A H ~ I ~

pa661 ( O ~ ~ I ' I H O IIJIeHHMKM, npeCT)TlHMM, 6 e 3 H a 4 e x H b 1 e JIOIDKHMKM), BbLnO~HIFBUHe, KaK lIpaBMn0, (PJ'HKLLMK) H e p a h ~ b ~ , a 06cnymf~a~wr. , Q ~ H H ~ R c M c T e M a , s a n o x e ~ ~ a ~ H o p M a m q a M n , n p o c y u e c T B o s a n a BnJIOTb A 0 6 y p ~ y a 3 ~ 0 f i peBOJII0uMM XmI B. n e p B b 1 e 200-250 n e T o H a s e T K o pa60~arra, HO s a ~ e ~ c T m a n e p e p o w a T b c r r . JIopno~ c T a - HOBMnOCb BCe 6 0 n b ~ ~ e M 60nbLUe; R O C T e n e H H O M3 CnYr KOpOnR, ynpaane~rec~ofi ~ I M T ~ I OHM n p e B p a T m M c b B c a M o c T o m e n b H o e ca- MOAOCTaT09HOe naPa3MTkNeCKOe COCnOBMe, nPOTKBOIlOCTaBMBLLlee c e 6 ~ K a K KOpOnK), T a K M OCTaIIbHOMy O ~ U & C T B Y .

6. llocne c M e p T M B a n b r e n b ~ a 3 a ~ o e s a ~ e n ~ B 1087 r. B n a c T b nepeuura er0 n 0 T O M K a M M3 HoPM~H.QcKo~~ AkiHaCTWM, KOTOPbIe n O C T e n e H H 0 aCCMMWIHPOBanMCb C aHrJ IkNaHaMH, HO ~ M J I M HOCMTentlMM apaH4~3- C K O ~ ~ KYJIbTYPbI.

Cnenymu~fi BMTOK @ P ~ H U ~ ~ C K O ~ O 3 a ~ o e ~ a ~ r n np0~30uen B 1154 r. K p y n ~ b l i i $ p a ~ l ( y 3 c ~ u i t @ e o d a R I'enpux (renpu) l7..anmazenem AH- ;ncyi?ck.lli?, 0 6 n a q a ~ ~ u ~ f i 6 0 n b m M ~ M ~ O ~ ~ T C T B ~ M H , C ~ O C O ~ H O C T I I M M M

c T p e ~ ~ s r n ~ f i c ~ K 061ueesponefic~o~y snammo, 3a~oesa.n A H r J I M l o

M 6 b 1 n npo~o3mame~ a ~ r n ~ f i c ~ w ~ K o p o n e M . B nepuod 35-~emnezo npaedenua I'enpuxa 11 ~ ~ a n m a z e n e m a ( 1154-1 189) :

d ,k-rrfia~ M @ p a H q M R @ ~ K T K ' ~ ~ C K M CT2LlIM OAHMM r0CynapCTBOM;

(/ l T p O M 3 0 W O CJIMFIHMe a ~ r J T M f i c K 0 f i M I $ P ~ H ~ Y ~ c K o ~ ~ 3JIMTbI; Be&)'-

u y I 0 P O n b n p H 3TOM 3 a H m M @paH~J'3br;

d npOM3OllrJlO CMJIbHOe @ P ~ H ~ Y ~ C K O ~ BJIMRHMe H a a H m M f i c K M f i R3bIK

f? KYnbTYPY.

HO n a H H O e RBJIeHMe 6bmo BpeMeHHbIM. H3-39 ~ L M ~ H L I M ~ ~ IIOJIWTMKOB,

e c ~ e c ~ s e ~ ~ o i i reorpa@~.rsec~ofi p a 3 n e n e ~ ~ o c ~ ~ n p o n a B o M , M H ~ I X pamws~fi h r n m M a p a ~ u w r H e CT~JIH O ~ H M M r o c y n a p c T B o M . Ilocne cMepTM r e ~ p m a l l n a ~ ~ a r e ~ e ~ a B 1189 r. npow30~~~1o MX n m a c T M s e -

CKOe M rOCYAaPCTBeHHOe p a 3 M e X e B a H M e . Hec~oTpcr H a TO YTO AHT- npOfiOIDKilJIH npaBMTb @ p a ~ w 3 b 1 (AIXQ%CK~R AMHaCTMFI, ae0-

AaJIbI), MX MHTepeCbI C @paHLlMefi, a p a H 4 ~ 3 ~ ~ 0 f i 3 J I M ~ 0 f i CTilJIM

PaCXOAMTbCR. W J I M R M @PIHUMR nOLUJIH no Q'lX COWaHMR OTAeJIb- HblX r O C Y ~ p C T B , ROCTeIIeHHO MX rOCYnaPCTBeHHOe YCTPO~~CTBO, K y m - T y p a , R3bIK M MHTepeCbI C T U M CMJIbHO pa3JlMYaTbCX. B ~ O C ~ ~ & C T B H M

hirnm M @ p a H ~ w ~ CTaRM HenPBMHPMMbIMB BparaMM I4 K O H W H - TaMM KaK B Eepone, TaK M B 3aOKeaHCKMX BJIZQeHMlur. ~ L W n i i e l h u ~ U

UHZ/IO-@~U~H~~!~CICUMU BOeHHblNU CMORKHOGeHlL%ViU 6 ~ 1 ~ :

d C T O J ~ ~ T H I ~ ~ B 0 f i H a (1337-1453); d C ~ M M J I ~ T H F M ~ 0 f i H a (1756-1763), B p e 3 y J b T a T e KOTOPO~~ B ~ ~ T I M K O -

~ P H T ~ H H ( I OTBOeBaJIa y @ p a w M M 6 0 n b l L I M H ~ ~ 8 0 C e B e p O a M e p M K a H -

CKMX K O J I O H M ~ ~ , B T. q. K a ~ m y ; d B O ~ H ~ I B ~ J I M K O ~ P H T ~ H K M nPOTMB ~ ~ B o ~ I ~ L ( w o H H o ~ ~ W HaIlOlIeOHOB-

C K O ~ ~ (DP~HUMK (1793-1 8 15), B p e 3 y a ~ a ~ e KOTOP~IX Hanoneo~ 6b1n C B e p r H F .

T o J I ~ K o B 1904 r. B ~ J I M K O ~ P M T ~ H M R M < D P I H ~ H R YperyJIMpOBaJIM

MHOI'OYMCJIeHHbIe Cl lOpbI M 3aIUIK)SMJIH COI03 "Anmanma Kopduade" (" C e p d e l r n o e coznacue") , B pe3ynb~a~e K o T o p o r o B ~ J I U K O ~ ~ M T ~ H M H a @ p a ~ ~ k i H OT B p a m b I KepeLLlJIM K n p M M M p e H H I 0 M C T a M COm3HM-

KaMM B ABYX MMPOBbIX B O ~ ~ H ~ X .

Page 7: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

7. @,nii l l -v3cicoe zocnodcmeo ~ a n o x u f l o c u n b ~ b l a o m n e l i n m o i c ~a auz~uli- C ~ I H r e ~ p ~ x a I1 n n a ~ ~ a r e ~ e ~ a Puliapd IJIbeunoe Cepdye (Richard cicuu' X ~ ~ I K : the Lion-Hearted) ITna~mazenem ( 11 89-1 199) npononmun nom-

(/ OKOnO 300 JIeT B h n M M @ p a H U y 3 ~ K H f i R3bIK ~ L L J I T O C Y A ~ P C T B ~ H H ~ I M ; TMKY CBOeTO OTUa n0 YKpenJIeHMIO BJIaCTM KOpOJIH. O C O ~ ~ H H O O H

(/ nOYTM BCH 3 n M T a AHTnMM ( K O ~ O J T ~ , @eonaJ Ib I , B O ~ H H ~ I ~ ) rOBOpMJIa c T p e M n n c H y K p e n M m B n a r i m e AHmm a aarnafic~oro K o p o n r r 3a

H a ( P P ~ H U Y ~ C K O M R3bIKe; P ~ ~ ~ X O M . BoIIbrrry~o YaCTb XM3HM npOBeJI BHe k n M M . YY~cTBoBCUT B

(/ ~ H T J I M ~ ~ c K M ~ ~ R3bIK 6 b 1 n SI3bIKOM ~ ~ A H R K O B M H H 3 0 B ; TPeTbeM KpeCTOBOM nOXOae (1189-1192), B B O ~ ~ H ~ X C Q > p a ~ M e f i M

(/ B COBpeMeHHOM ~ H T J I M ~ ~ C K O M R3bIKe nPOCJIeXMBaeTCH 4 e T K a R 3aKO- Mcna~~ef i . ABTOPMT~T KOPOJIFI B TO BpeMII 6b1n OYeHb BbICOKMM.

H o M e p H o c T b - nolimu ece cnoea, uzeioque omnouenue rc X U ~ H U O A H ~ K O AaJIeKO H e BCH ~ H M H ~ ~ C K ~ R aPBCTOKpaTMR > K e n m a nono6-

eepxoe, umeiom qbpanyy3crcoe npoucxowdenue ( ~ n ~ o p , MoHapx , nopd, HOrO YCMJIeHMR K O P O ~ ~ B C K O ~ ~ BJIaCTM.

zeapdu~, nmac (deopey), Jaw, y u i c - 3 ~ d u dp.) M ~ O Y T M H e T ( P p a ~ - n p o ~ ~ ~ o p e ~ 1 . 1 ~ 1 O ~ O C T P M ~ M C ~ n p M K o p o n e Noanne Be33emenbnom UY3CKMX CnOB B Ha3BaHkiRX I IpeaMeTOB XM3HM nPOCTOrO H a p O A a ; (1199-1216). - 6 p a ~ e P M Y a p n a I ~ ~ B M H O ~ Cepaue (no ~au6onee

(/ A 0 CMX n O p p94 ~ ~ M T ~ H C K M X u e p e M 0 H M U O B OCyUeCTBnrieTCR H a p a c n p o ~ ~ a ~ e ~ ~ o f i B ~ P C M M , I I P O ~ B M I U ~ " E e 3 3 e ~ e n b ~ b 1 f i " C B R ~ ~ H O c (PP~HUY~CKOM R J ~ I K ~ ; T ~ M , YTO M o a ~ ~ y OT o ~ u a ( T e ~ p a x a I1 l l n a ~ ~ a r e ~ e - r a ) n o c - r a n o c b

(/ 8 U H U T U ~ C K O M U @PUH~Q~CKOM X3blKUX eCmb MHOZO 0 6 4 ~ ~ ZpUMMU- TOnbKO ~ ~ ~ @ C T B O M ~ H ) , K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ YHaCJIeHOBLUI n p e C T O n B 1199 I'. musecrcux ~arconomepnocmei ( ~ a n p ~ ~ e p R B H o e H e c o o m ~ e m c m e u e B npaenenue Noanna fie33eme~tanozo coom~ouenue nonumuliecrcux G y i c e e ~ ~ o z o H a n u u c a u R u n p o u 3 ~ o u l e ~ u x ) ; C ~ J I 6 nonuy icopom 6bmo napylueno. Ms-sa orpotviIibrx s a ~ p a ~ H a se-

(/ U H ~ ? . ~ U ~ C K U ~ u qbpanyy3cuud ~ 3 b l ~ u Ue iom C X O ~ H Y H ) Q ~ O H ~ ~ U K Y AeHMe ~ 0 f i ~ b 1 C @ p a H ~ M e f i (HeynaYHofi) 0 6 0 c m p u f l u c b C O y l t a ~ b H b l e ( ~ ~ O U ~ H O I U ~ H U ~ ) , H e T M ~ M Y H Y H ) A ~ F I APYMX ~ B P O ~ ~ ~ ~ C K H X R ~ ~ I K O B ? ~ p o m ~ 8 0 p e l i l l ~ . A ~ M C T O K ~ ~ T ~ M C B O ~ O ~ R ~ I ~ IIOEQaHHbIe H e XenalTM ( H ~ Y ~ T K O C T ~ BbITOBOPa HeKOTOPbIX 3ByKOB ( H a n p M M e p [PI), AOJITMe HeCTM 6pem H e ~ 0 f i MM B O ~ ~ H ~ I . O m ~ p b l m ~ e H ~ ~ O ~ U H O ~ ~ H U ~ KO- TflaCHbIe, 3BYK, ~ T P O M ~ > K Y T O ~ I H ~ I ~ ~ Me>KI[Y [Y] M [B]); POAH) OICU~UAU 6aponbi - IcpynHble qbeodanbr, KOTOPbIe H a Y a n H np0-

4 o ~ o n o 40% anznuicrcux cnoe u cnoeo06pa3oeanu~ uzeem namuncrcue TMB ~ o p o m B O ~ H ~ . KOPHU, npUHeCeHH b le l i e p e 3 @ p a H l { y 3 C i c ~ ~ II3blK. B 1215 r. B xone B O ~ ~ H ~ I icopoflb NO~HH 6 e p 3 e ~ e n b ~ b l ~ i n o n a f l e n n e H M

Bonpoc 7. A~rnnsl B XIII-XIV BB. C T ~ H O B ~ ~ H H ~ 15 H ~ H H 1215 rona na nyzy Pannuzed OKOAO Bund3opa 6 b 1 n B ~ I H Y -

C O C J ~ O B H O - ~ ~ ~ ~ A C T ~ B H T ~ J ~ ~ H O ~ MOHapXHH. m e H n o d n u c a m b n p e d s x e f l e ~ ~ b l e e M y mpe6oea~ux. TOT AOKYMeHT, COCTORWM~~ M3 63 c ~ a ~ e f i , n0JI)'Ylm H a 3 B a H M e Be- nmaa xapTHs ~ o n a n o c ~ e l 1215 r. - The Great Charter (eng.) Magna Charta Libertatum (Jam.); Magna Carta ( ~ a s s a ~ a e M c n o n b -

3ye~cx c e h a c KaK ~ ( P ~ u ~ a n b ~ o e ) - nepebii ~oncmumyyuonn~ri arcm e ucmopuu Benu1~06pumanuu.

7 . - K XIII B. B A ~ r n a a cnomacb cuJIbnaR yenmpm1~30ea~naa macmb, B H a c T o r r u e e sperm Magna Carta 1215z. x ~ ~ x e m c ~ O ~ H U M u s o c ~ o -

K o T o p a R O n u p a n a c b H a n o d d e p x i c y p b l y n p c m e a , zopodoe u ceo6od~ozo 6 o n o f l a z a m l y u x a i c m o e ~enucaiioii 6 p u m a ~ c i c o u ' i c o t t c m u m y y u u .

i c p e c m b m c m e a . n p ~ K o p o n e pa6o~an rcopofleecrcu6 coeem, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ Coz/lac~o Xapmuu: senan qbunancmu u cyde6no6 cucmeniori: K O ~ O ~ ~ B C W ~nacn, H ~ M - (/ 6bma o z p a ~ u l i e ~ a e f l a c m b icopoflx 6 ~ a n o z o e o l i ( @ a ~ a ~ c o ~ o f i ) u cy- 6onee y ~ p e n ~ n a c b ~ P M A U H ~ C T M M ~ ~ ~ H T ~ T ~ H ~ T O B , O C O ~ ~ H H O n p ~ de6~ou' c@epax. Q>~oAXTOB MOr CynMTb TOnbKO C y n PaBHbIX JIMIJ. ee o c H o s a T e n e renpuxe 11 (1154-1189), icomopblu": A a ~ ~ a x uden ozpanulienux enacmu KOPOM, 3anowenna~z e xapmuu,

(/ y K p e n M n r o c y n a p c T B o , nposenrr cyde6nyio peqbopmy (common law cmanem sumem ocnoeoi codanwt napnamenma (39 naparpaa ma- System) - BBeJl KOPOA~~CKU~' cyd, B K O T O ~ ~ I ~ ~ MOT O ~ P ~ W ~ T ~ C R ~1~060fi CMn: "HM 0QMH ~ ~ 0 6 0 J l H b I f i Y e n O B e K H e 6 y n e T apeCTOBaH, MnM 3a-

KJTH)YeH B TIOpbMY, MnM 0 6 ' b m e ~ BHe 3aKOHa, BnM 0 6 e 3 q 0 n e H 7 KilM (/ 68M ~a3~alieicm80 6 ~ M U U (Exchequer). @ M H ~ H C ~ I ~ ~ U I M OTaeneEfbI

OT KOpOJIeBCKOrO COBeTa.

Page 8: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

17

B3THaH 6e3 PeLUeHHR COBeTa II3p0BW. TO ~ p e 6 0 ~ a H 1 1 e KaCZUIOCb TO 6b1n n e p 8 b l i CIHZAU@CKU~ napfl luNeHnt u 0 g b ~ y ~ a f l b ~ 0 - n e p s b i u '

T o n b K o C B O ~ O H H ~ L X nlonefi); napnamenm s mupe. XOTR o p r a a b r , n 0 ~ 0 6 H b l e n a p n a ~ e ~ ~ a ~ , cywe- c/ 6 b m C03AaH tcOMUmem u3 25 6apo~o8, tcomopblu' ~a6fllodafl 3a deu'cm- CTBOBaJIB ewe C aHTWIHbIX BpeMeH, @nept?ble 8 UCmOpUU:

8ueM tcopoflfl, 3a co6 f lmde~ue~ Be~utcoL Xapmuu; d 6b1n co3naa opzan H a ocnose n p e d c m a s u m e n b c m s a om cocnosuu'; d 6 b m a ~ s e n e ~ a e d u ~ a ~ c u c m e ~ a ~ e p u secos. TO C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~ J I O d n a a a b r f i o p r a ~ ozpanuvu snacma monapxa.

pa3BHTMlo TOPrOBIIM ti B UeJIOM ~ K O H O M W ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ XB3HM; T ~ K M M o6pa30~, c 1265 2. ~ Z A U H a v a n a ~ ~ ~ H C ~ ~ O ~ M U P ~ I ~ U ~ ~ C J I

d 6 b ~ ~ Y3aKOHeHbI M ~ ~ O Y C O ~ H ~ I ~ B O ~ ~ H ~ I . U3 a6conmmnoi MOHapXUU 6 KOHCmUm~UOHHYH).

B UenoM B e m m x a p m mena n p o z p c c u s n b ~ u Y xapahmep ( ~ p o ~ e He- C 1295 r. pa6o~a n a p n a ~ e ~ ~ a c ~ m a perynrrpaoii. ~ o ~ o p b n r ~ ~ H K T O B , q p e 3 ~ e p ~ 0 pacmpmowm npasa aeonano~). 170 csoeli cmpPvtcmvpe nap~ahze~m cocmom u3 dsvx nmam: Enaronap~ eii no c ~ x nop c y q e c ~ ~ y e ~ cucmema mpoe, OHM BXOWT d 17nnama nopdos (House of Lords), B ~ o ~ o p y ~ o sxodunu $eodanbr u

tcpynmle 3 e ~ f l e s ~ a d e ~ b y bl (n3pbl); d 17anama o6yun (House of Commons), B ~ o ~ o p y r o B X O ~ U / I U pblyapu u

zopoxaHe. ITepso~aranb~o napflaMeHm cocmom moflbtco u3 od~ou' nanambl - Ha-

d BHKOHT (viscount); CfledCm6eHH0u" 17anambl ~opdoa. Tona~o novmu vepes 80 nem, s 1343 Z., 6 b m a y l r p e x d e n a 8 m O p a R n&Zama ( n n R npeACTaBBTeJIbCTBa

d 6 a p o ~ (baron). 6onee H B ~ K B X cocno~~f i ) - s b 1 6 0 p ~ a r r nanama o6yun.

HapJIaMeHTa B 1265 r. HeCKOnbKO C~JIaQKJIl i COJJBaJIbHbIe npOTKB0-

2. Xapmux 1215 z. npoma C A O X H ~ K J 3so~myum. K ~ K n o ~ a 3 a n ~ n m b - pesm B AHrna~, HO ~e n p ~ ~ e n ~ K ~ a p y B 06mec~se. ~e f imae nefic~sarr K o p o n R ( M o ~ H H ~ Ees se~em~oro ) , OH BoBce H e rna~aar r npwqm-xa 3~0ro C o c T o R n a B TOM, TO Magna Carta u nap- co6apanc~ ee ~ 0 6 n l o a a ~ b B IIOnnMCan aaHHb1f i AOKYMeHT TOnbKO f l a ~ e ~ m Y ~ ~ I C O H U A U 1tpa8a m 0 f l b ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ C I U U X c f l 0 e 8 obyecmsa - nop- AnR TOrO, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1 BbIPBaTbCR 113 I IneHa. 9epe3 r O n OH OTKa3aJICR OT AOB, p b ~ r l a p e f i , ~ O P O X ~ H . XaPTkiB B B 0 f i H a B O ~ O ~ H O B B ~ ~ C ~ . B XOne 3~0fi B O ~ ~ H ~ I B 1216 r. M O ~ H H Ee33eMeJIbHblfi YMep, TaK H H e npM3HaB XapTkno. a a H H b 1 e K O H C T B T ~ H O H H b I e HOBOBBeAeHMR HMKaK H e YJIYYLUlinM

n 0 n O X e H H e 60nbLUHHcTBa HaCeneHl lR - KpeCTbRH. % C T ~ KPeCTbRH renpux 111 (1216-1272), C ~ I H M O ~ H H ~ E e s s e ~ e m ~ o r o , C ~ H T ~ J I ce- 6 b m a KPeIIOCTHbIMB 11 @ ~ K T I . N ~ C K ~ I HaXOnBJIBCb H a n O n O X e H B M 6~ MiLlIO CBR3aHHbIM Benki~oii xaprllefi B o J I ~ H o c T ~ ~ ~ . Korna B 1257 r. p a 6 0 ~ y nOnYY11BLUBX C B O ~ O A Y f$eonaJIoB. B3-3a r O n O a a , BbI3BaHHOrO HaBOnHeHFIeM B HeYPOXaeM, ae0 .4mb1

OKa3aJIMCb H ~ C I I O C O ~ H ~ I nJIaTBTb B Ka3Hy HZUIOTM, OH no~pe60san ~ O ~ O X ~ H M ~ ~ ~ O C T O ~ O H ~ P O A ~ y ~ y n l l r k l n 0 TO, TO B 1337 r. ~ H ~ J I ~ ~ R

1/3 M M y u e c T s a BMecTo HitTIora. B c T y n a n a B Cmonemnmm eou'ny c CDpanyueu' 1337-1453 zz. (non- po6~ee CM. Bonpoc 8). C T O ~ ~ T H X ~ B 0 f i H a np11BeJIa K IIOBbILUeHBlo Bcna~xnyna uosm zpaxdancxm sou'na, B xone K O T O P O ~ ~ apMum 6a-

POHOB s03zflasufl rpaa Cmon de Mongbop (Simon de Monfort). HaJIOrOB, B311MaeMblX C KpeCTbRH.

B xone B O ~ ~ H ~ I mpona renpux 111 6 b u menen. B XIV B. IIPOIICXOaBT P5T.Q c T H x B ~ ~ H ~ I x KPeCTbRHCKHX B O C C T ~ H U ~ ~ . B 1381 r. H a mro-BOCTOK~ A H r n a ~ H a s a n o c b soccmanue rcpecrnmn

B 1265 z. CHMOH ne M o ~ a o p co3san "cosem xoponescmea", u nod py~oeodcmsom Yoma Takzepa - ~pyn~efiurarr KpecTbRHcKaR tcomo~blu' 6blf l~ n ~ ~ ~ f l a u i e ~ b l : B0f iHa T o r 0 BpeMeHki.

P ~ K O B O ~ ~ ~ T ~ J I R M H BOCCTaHWI 6bmk1 Y0m Tatep (6b1~LUBfi C O ~ ~ T ) d e n u c K o n b 1 ; . B , @ C O H &OM ( C B R ~ ~ H H H K , HAeOIIOr BOCCT~HMR) .

d no m a pbrUapR OT K a m o r o rpaac~sa; d no a B a IIpeACTaBMTenX OT TOPOnOB.

O c ~ o s ~ b m u m p e 6 0 s a ~ ~ u 6occmasuiux 6bu.z~: d omaeHa yeptcosnozo 3eMnesflade~m;

Page 9: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

C/ OTMeHa AOPO~OCTORLUerO 6 0 r o c n y x e ~ ~ ~ ; C/ OTMeHa KPeIIOCTHOrO n p a B a ;

J pase~cmso scex neped ~ ~ ~ C O H O M . E O ~ B ~ I M JI03YHTOM BOCCTaBUlWX C T m a nOrOBOpKa: " Whet2 ' Adam delved and Eva span, who was then the gentleman?" ("Kozda Adam naxafl, a Esa npma, rcmo mozda 6bffl Z O C ~ O ~ U H O M ? " ) B O C C T ~ H M ~ 6bIJ I0 IIOAaBneHO, pyKOBOAMTenM CXBaYeHbI H Ka3HeHbI.

OAH~KO AaHHOe BOCCTaHHe HMeJIO 6 o m ~ l a e HCTOPMYeCKEle IIOCJIen-

C T B ~ - e mnqe X N e. rcpenocmHoe npaeo e AWAUU 6bu0 ommene- HO. Bce HacefleHue CmpaHbl cmaflo @ o p ~ m b ~ o ~6060dHblM.

Bonpoc 8. CToJleTHslsl B O ~ H ~ (1 337-1 453) 1

1. K p y I l ~ e f i m H ~ C O ~ ~ I T H ~ M MV-XV BB., lTOBnWBUlMM H a BHYTPMnO-

JIkiTkiYeCKOe ki BHeUIHenOJIHTMYeCKOe Pa3BMTMe M J I k l M , C T m a Cm0- n e m w eori~a npomue @pa~yuu 1337-1453 zz. CTOJI~THRR B O G H ~ - nonblmrca 066edunumb AHZAUH) U @ ' C I H ~ U H ) 8 o d ~ o zocydapcmeo nod eAacmbio a ~ z ~ u r i c ~ u x rcopoderi. K TOM^ MMenMCb BCe npeAnOCbIJIKki, n0CKOJIbK)' y 6flaCmU U 6 AHZAUU. U 60

@D~HUUU ~ H A U p0dCm6eHHble 3flUmbf ~ R ~ H I ( V ~ C K O Z O ~ U O U C X O ~ I C ~ ~ H U I I : d HaTypmM3OBaHHaR ~ X Y ~ ~ C K ~ R ( @ P ~ ~ Y ~ c K ~ R ) KOPOneBCKaR AHHa-

CTHR B AHrJIMM;

d AkiHacTarr Banya BO (Dpa~uwa. 06e 3JIMTbl rOBOpWIki H a Pa3HbIX AHaJIeKTaX @ ~ ~ H J ~ ) ' ~ c K o T o R 3 b I M ,

c q x M w r a c b p a c n p o c T p a H H n CBOIO snacn H a B c e @pa~~oro~opxwee npOCTpaHCTB0. Ha HavUJbHOM 3mane (1154-1337) #paHLQ3b1 zocnod- Cm606UJU 6 AHZAUU. ( D O P M ~ ~ ~ H O f l n a H T a r e H e ~ b 1 ( A H ~ C K ~ R AHHa-

CTUR) CYMTaTIACb ~H~'JIMGcKMMM KOPOJIRMM, HO HX c@epa HHTepeCOB,

~ O ~ ~ T C T B O HaXO~WlkiCb BO ( D ~ ~ H u A w . T ~ M Xe OHH IIpellMyrueCTBeHHO

ki >KIlJIH. K XIV B. CHTYaLIWI H3MeHMJIaCb - y>Ke HaTypaJIK30BaBUMCb

a n e p e c e n k i s m a c b B AHT~Mw, nmac-rm l l n a ~ ~ a r e ~ e ~ o ~ c T p e M m a c b

p a c n p o c T p a H a m macn H a (Dpa~uaw - T. e. a H r n m a H e @pamy3- CKOrO IIpOPiCXOXAeHH5I HaWJIM npeAnpMHMMaTb n0nbITKIl yTIpaBmTb

@paHuMefi A 3 k J I M H . BTOMY BOCnpOTMBHnaCb HOBaR KOpOJIeBCKaR

A a H a c T a R Barrya, npmuenruax K m a c T a BO @pawmi B 1328 r. K ~aran-v Cmonem~eu' sou'nb~ K e~lacrnu 6 o6eux cmDauax npuucnu dexmenb~bre u a~?46uuuo3rtble MoHapxu:

J 3dyapd III I l ~ a ~ r n a z e ~ e m (B AHrnm);

k d @wunn VI Bmya (BO @pa~uaa ) . K a m b I i i M3 HMX H a Y m npenI IpMHMMaTb aKTaBHbIe neficTBMR, YTO-

6 b 1 0 6 ' 6 e ~ M H M T b A H ~ J I M K ) Pi ( D P ~ H U H I O n 0 H c B 0 e f i BnaCTbIO.

l l o ~ o n o ~ K ~ o f i ~ e c T a n a n o n b I T K a @ n a ~ a m s e ~ ( ~ a c e n e ~ a e co- B P ~ M ~ H H O ~ ~ C ~ B ~ P H O ~ ~ 6eJBrki~) BblfiTM H 3 - n O n BJI2iCTI.r @ p a H U y 3 -

CKOrO KOpOJIR H I Iepef iTH n0n BJIaCTb A H ~ H H . @ p a H u y 3 c K H f i KO-

p o n b H e MOT H O ~ ~ C T A T ~ , Y T O ~ ~ I AHrna~ comma n n a w a p M c~oefi TeppHTOpMM H a KOHTHHeHTe, M H a Y m BOeHHbIe ~ ~ ~ ~ c T B W I . Bof i~a PaCTRHyJIaCb H a 1 16 JIeT.

2. B xode Cmoflem~eu' soli~bl 6blde/lllem~11 vemblve O C H O ~ H ~ L X 3mana: d 1337-1360:

aKTHBHbIe 6 0 e ~ b l e ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B I . L R ( I I ~ ~ B o H ~ Y Z U I ~ H O - nOnbITKa MOP-

CKOG 6 J I o ~ m b 1 h r J I H k i @paHLIy3aMM C IIOMOlJJbIO HaHRTOrO re- HY33CKOrO @JIoTB; 3 a T e M - BbICWKa a H m H Y a H BO @ P ~ H U B H ,

B 0 f i H a H a @ ~ ~ H U Y ~ C K O ~ ~ T~PPHTOPWH);

BTOpXeHHe aHrJ lHYaH BO (DP~HUMIO BbI3BaJIO rny60~trfi IIOJIHTM-

Y ~ C K M ~ ~ H ~ K O H O M F I ~ C K M ~ ~ KPH3MC. K O P O ~ @ P ~ H U H M 6b1n BbI-

HJGK,QeH ki3naTb y K a 3 0 lTpI.iHy&HTeJIbHOM T p y a e HaeMHbIX pa6o- sax AJLR BOeHHbIX HY>Kq. Tame 6b1na yBeJIkIYeHbI no60pb1 C

KpeCTbRH. K p e c T b R H e HaYtlJlM B 0 f i H y T[POTHB KOPOJIR (%KC?-

PMR). C UeJIbIO KOHCOJImauMM 3JIHTbI BO @ p a H L ( ~ k i BIIepBbIe

6bm CO3BaH n a p n a M e H T - r e H e p ~ H b 1 e LLITaTbI;

HeCMOTpR H a aKTHBHOe COnpOTHBneHHe, @ P ~ H ~ U R 60u"lfy npOUZ- pma u s 1360 r. n o n n M c a n a M W P H ~ I ~ ~ n o r o B o p ( @ a ~ ~ m e c ~ a rca- numynuposma u nonma s 3asucu~ocmb om a~znuficrciix rcoponeti); 3dyapd III Il~anma2enem ( c 1340 2.) n p u w mumyA "rcopo~a AHZAUU u @panquuW;

1 J 1362-1396: ~ 0 3 0 6 ~ 0 B J l e ~ k i e ~ O ~ B ~ I X n e f i ~ ~ B H f i ;

34-JIeTH5E3 l703MUMOHHaR B O ~ ~ H I H a C)UIe M H a M o p e ( M O ~ C K M ~ 1 ~ a 6 e r ~ @ P ~ H U Y ~ O B B ~ J I M I O , O C m a aHrJIllYaHaMM @ p a H u y 3 c K H x

I ropono~ (aaa6onee ~ H ~ M ~ H H T ~ R 1372 r. - ocma Jia-Poruena);

I P e r y J I R p H b I e ABOpUOBbIe IIepeBOpOTbI KaK BO @ p a w H H , T a K ki B

A H m H P i ( B O C ~ O J I ~ ~ O B ~ B L U M C ~ ~epa36epaxofi, B ~ I ~ B ~ H H O ~ ~ B o g -

H o f i , M a H m k l f i ~ K H e , Pi @ ~ ~ H U Y ~ C K H ~ AMHaCTPiki Pi @ e o ~ t l J I b H b ~ e

AOMa BeAyT O T Y a R H H p 6 0 ~ 6 6 ~ 3a n p e c T 0 J I ) ;

B 1396 r. ( D p a ~ u m nonnacana n e p e M a p a e c M n ~ e f i H a

28 n e T , HO O H 0 BCKOpe 6bIJ I0 HapJUleHO;

d 1402-1422: H a h J I H I O H a n U I k i I l IOTJIamubI , @ P ~ H U Y ~ ~ I BbICaAHJIMCb B A H r -

JIBH Pi CTaTIki COIO3HMKBMB LIIOTJIaH4UeB, HO L U O T J I ~ ~ C K O - @ P ~ H -

Page 10: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

21

U Y ~ C K O ~ B O ~ ~ C K O no~epnen0 ~ O P ~ X ~ H M ~ ; O A H O B P ~ M ~ H H O B C ~ ~ K - HaMM & ~ H K ~ C T ~ ~ O B ki ~ ~ O ~ K O B 3a a ~ J I M f i c K M f i npeCTOn (BOfiHa HYXO B O C C T ~ H M ~ B Y ~ I I ~ c ~ , HO 6b1no ~ O A ~ B ~ ~ H O ~ H ~ M ~ H ~ M M ; h 0 f i M 6en0fi P03b1) M a ~ m l l f i ~ ~ ~ f i ~ J I M T ~ C T ~ O ~e AO Q P ~ H -

• aHTnMYaHe BHOBb Bb1Ca)KMBaH)TCR BO @ P ~ H ~ M I . I ; OKOAO 20 n e T uMM; B 1453 r. C T O J I ~ T H ~ I R BOfiHa 3aBepIUHAaCb pa3rPOMOM aKT- nMqaH M nonHbIM O C B O ~ O X ~ ~ H M ~ M Q p a H u ~ 1 . 1 ( ~ p o ~ e H o p T a Ka- ne Ha CeBepe @ p a ~ q H M , K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ OCTanCR 3a aHmM9aHaMM).

661 rcatc Anznuu. marc u @pnHuuu: / npou30uno orcowiamenbrroe zocydapcmee~~oe u VnbmypHoe pa3me-

weeawe Alunuu u @paariyuu ( a ~ r n ~ r a ~ e , @ ~ K T M Y ~ C K M HeoaHoKpaT-

HO BbIMrpbIBaBUIHe B O ~ ~ H Y , M3-3a AMHaCTM4eCMX ~ e m o y c 0 6 ~ u YnyCTMnM U a H C CAenaTb ~ I - I r n M r n M @paHqMH) eAMHb1M r0cyAapCT-

5ICHMnI.I Me>KL[Y ~060ii OTHOIlleHWR; U 8 AHMUU, U 80 @ ~ U H ~ U U yC- manoeunacb a6conlom~as mouapxm.

c/ 1422-1453: 1422-1429 rr. - ~ O ~ M ~ M O H H ~ H ~ o i i ~ a , a ~ 2 ~ u q a ~ e mosb smopz- nucb so @ p a ~ y u ~ , u e3mu OKOAO 40 ~opoaos; 1 . Cmonemum e o i ~ a (1337-1453) m e d y A~znuei u Qpanyuei no- - 1429- 1430 rr. - nepeno~ e e o i ~ e ; X a n ~ a d Yprc opzanusoea~a

c T e n e H H o nepepocna B 3 0 - n e ~ m m r p a > y q a H c ~ y m @ e o ~ m b ~ y m napod~oe ono~reriue u naliana odep;ncueamb no6edy 3a nobedoi B O ~ H Y B h m ~ ~ - 6 o i ~ y h o i u Genoi Po3bl (1455-148a. no-

( n e p s b r e KpynHbIe n06eAb1 @pa~uy30~) ; B 1431 r. X ~ H H ~ A'APK ~ e p n e ~ n o p a x e ~ ~ e BO paw^^, a ~ r n ~ f i c ~ a x @ e o ~ a n b ~ a ~ 3 n ~ ~ a 6 b m a B3RTa B n n e H K O H K Y P M P Y I O U ~ ~ ~ ~ @ ~ ~ H U Y ~ C K O ~ ~ rpynnMpOB- ~ a s a n a BbHCHxTb OTHOLUeHMR Me>K4Y ~060ii. ~ 0 f i M C O m e H a ;

,@unacmrrrr flan~acmepoe - "has Po3a" ( ~ o p o n ~ r e ~ p ~ x IV, T ~ H - p ~ x V M r e ~ p ~ x VI) npuurfla K sflaemu B 1399 z., omempartus h a - emuto /7/la~maze~emos. Jan~acmepbl 6buu atcmus~bmu C ~ O ~ O H H U K C I ; U U

d YCTaHOBneHMR ~ ~ C O J W T H O ~ ~ MOH~PXMM;

/ npOnOJIXeHMR CTOJIeTHefi B O ~ H ~ I ;

/ 0 6 ' b e ~ ~ H e H k i R h m M M M @P~HUI?M B OAHO TOCYAaPCTBO.

a H r n U r I a ~ e n o T e p m M n o c n e a ~ ~ i i m a w a p M BO QP~HUKM (5opno) r e ~ p u x V fla~lcacmep 6b1n orem 6 n ~ 3 o ~ K AocTMxeHHm uenefi M 6 b l n ~ M3THaHbI M3 CTpaHb1; B fbiUIMtr B 3TO BpeMR Ha3peBana . ~ ~ H K ~ c T ~ ~ o B . B 1420 r. OH 6b1n o65sene~ ~ H O ~ ~ ~ M ~ H H O KOpOfleM M e X 4 0 y ~ 0 6 H a R BOfiHa M e w K p Y l T H e ~ M M M @ ~ O ~ ~ L T I ~ H ~ I M M ma- Anznuu U npattUmefl&'bf @'UH&UU (npM C ~ ~ ~ O ~ M H O M @ P ~ H U Y ~ C K O M

Page 11: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

K o p o n e Kapne VI). B TO xe BpeMtI OH x e H M n c s r H a H a c n e x H n u e

@ p a H u y 3 ~ ~ 0 r o n p e C T o n a E K ~ T ~ ~ M H ~ Bmya H a o m e H 6b1n CTaTb

nocne CMepTM Kapna VI OnHOBpeMeHHO KOpOflem U Anzauu, U

@panyuu. @ ~ ~ H U Y ~ C K ~ H apMMR 6b1na p a 3 6 ~ ~ a , a C e ~ e p H m pa^- UMR (HoPM~H,QMsI) - BKJIIOYeHa B COCTaB AH~JIBM. T O ~ ~ K O HeOXM-

AaHHaR CMepTb r e H p M x a V B 1422 r. C O p B U a n n a H b 1 C03AaHIIR a6- C0nK)TMCTCKOrO ~ H ~ o - @ ~ ~ H J . Q ' ~ c K O ~ O rOCyAapCTBa. B o f i ~ a C @paH-

u ~ e f i ~0306~osmacb. Aeno r e ~ p m a V nponomm T e ~ p m VI. C O I I ~ ~ H M Y ~ ~ O I ~ H M C f l a H K a c ~ e p a ~ M KJIaHOM 6b1n lurUU E;fop/C08 - "6eaas Po3aW, rcom o p e :

J n p e T e m o s a r r M H a aarnafic~afi TPOH;

C/ MMeJIM CBOH nOnMTMZIeCKMe H 3KOHOMIIYeCKHe MHTepeCbI;

/ BbICTynmM npOTMB B0fiHb1 C @paHl@Ie# (I4 COOTBeTCTBeHHO pev- JIripHbIX no6opo~);

c/ MMenM MHTepeCbI IlpeMMyrueCTBeHHO H a ~ P M T ~ H C K M X OCTPOBaX M BbI-

C T ~ ~ M C H 3 0 ~ M O H M C T C K k I X n03HIJMfi ( X O T ~ ~ H COCpeAOTO'IMTbCR H a

~ H ~ J ~ M ~ ~ c K M X AeJIaX M MeHbUre BMeUrHBaTbCR B A e n a KOHTMHeHTmb-

~ o f i Esponb~). y ~ ~ O ~ K O B 6bm0 MHOrO CTOPOHHMKOB, T. K. H e BCe 0n06pm~ PaC-

TOYHTenbHyM kI 3aXBaTHM4eCKJ'IO IIOJIMTMKY ~ ~ ~ H K ~ C T ~ P O B .

B o c n o n b s o s a ~ r r r a c b n o p a x e H M e M B C ~ o n e ~ ~ e ~ sofiae, FIOPKM pas- BR3aJIM npOTMB ~ ~ ~ H K ~ C T ~ P O B B O ~ ~ H Y , O ~ B M H H B MX B n O C n ~ H M X He:

ynasax. B A H ~ ~ M M H a q m a c b ~ e m o y c o 6 ~ a r r KnaHoBasr r p a m n a H -

CKaR B0f iHa - B0f iHa h 0 ~ M 6eJI0fi P03b1.

Bol i~a nuoxodma G Hecrconbrco 3manoe:

J 1455-1461 rr. - ~ O ~ K H M COK)3HbIe MM CBnbI B KaYeCTBe OIIn03M-

uMH BenM B O ~ ~ H Y npOTMB KOPOJIFI r e H p M x a VI, ~ ~ H K ~ C T ~ ~ O B M MX

COIO3HMKOB;

/ B 1461 r . D O ~ K M o n e p x m x ? no6eny M HoBbrM KOpOneM AIWJIMM

C T m MX npenCTaBMTeJIb 3 ~ y a p n IV ~ O ~ K C K H ~ - B h n M M CMeHM-

JIaCb npaBRIUaR JXMHaCTHR ( B M ~ C T O ~ ~ H K ~ C T ~ P O B K BnaCTM npI.nunM

~ O P K H ) ;

/ ~ O P K M HaYSLT[M nPOBOAMTb HOBYK) IIOJIMTMKJ' - OKOHYaTeJlbHO ripe-

KpaTMnM BMeWaTenbCTBO BO @ ~ ~ H u M I O B Ha4aJIM ewe 6onee y K p e n n m b ~ ~ C O ~ I O T M ~ M ; J a ~ ~ a c ~ e p b ~ H e c M w p a n M c b c no~epefi T p o H a M n p o A o n x a n A ~ o f i ~ y yxe B K a s e c T s e o n n o 3 ~ u ~ ~ F I O ~ K ~ M ;

J B o f i ~ a nponomanacb ewe 6onee 20 n e T I? 3a~ommacb no6enoii "TpeTbe$' mHaCTHM - T~AOPOB, nePBOHa%UbHO CTOSIBUI~~~ B CTOPOHe.

nocne cMepTM B 1483 r. Koponsr Bdyapda N Hoprca ( n p a ~ ~ n B

1461-1483 IT.) - OnHOrO M3 rnaBHbIX 3a4MHUMKOB B O # H ~ I , K B n a -

CTM IIpMLUeJl M e H e e c n 0 ~ 0 6 H b 1 f i HaCneAHMK P M ~ a p n 111 f i o p K , KO- r

~ 0 p b 1 i 4 n p o ~ e p x m c ~ ~a npec~one ~ c e r o 2 rona (1483-1485). Ha 3 a s e p r u a m u e M s ~ a n e B O ~ ~ H ~ I c u n b l M F ~ O ~ K O B , I? n a ~ ~ a c ~ e p o ~ 6b1-

JIM IIOAOpBaHbI M B 60pb6y BCTynMna A e p X a B U a R C R p a H e e H a BTO-

PbIX POJ'IRX AMHaCTMH T I O A O ~ O B . r e H p r ? x TWO^, ~ U l b H ~ f i POACT-

BeHHMK ~ ~ H K ~ C T ~ ~ O B , B 1485 r. O n e p X a n no6eny H a P k l Y a p n 0 ~

R O ~ K O M M BepHYn BJIaCTb AMHaCTMM ~ ~ ~ H K ~ c T ~ ~ o B - T K ) ~ o ~ o B . T ~ K - x e OH x e H M n c H H a ~ n ~ 3 a ~ e ~ e ~ ~ O ~ K C K O ~ ~ , n o ~ e p ~ 3ayapna IV, M

TeM CaMbIM 0 6 5 e n a ~ ~ n BpamyK)rr[Me POnbr.

B o k a 3UKOHru/lOCb 06aedlc~eiiue~ /laH~aCmep00 u ~ ~ O ~ I C O G , KOTOpbIe

nopoAHMnMcb M 0 6 ' b e ~ M ~ M n k f U Y M M 6eny10 p 0 3 b [ H a CBOeM HOBOM

rep6e. K BnaCTM n p M U J I a AMHaCTHR TIOAOPOB, POnCTBeHHaFI M

n a ~ ~ a c ~ e p a ~ , M i i o p ~ a ~ . K o p o n e ~ CTU renpux VII Tmdop (1485- 1509). npoasoruna K O H C O A U ~ ~ ~ W anzauricrcoi $eodaaanori 3aumar H

yCKOpWICR lTpOUeCC lTOCTpOeHHH B h J I M M a 6 ~ 0 n 1 o ~ H o f i MOHBPXMM.

2. reapax VII CTU ocnosonoaoxnurcoM ~ H Z J I U ~ C K O ~ O ~ ~ C O R I O ~ U ~ ~ ,

dnx ~or~zopozo 6bmu xaparcmepubl:

J 3ayuma unmepecos ue moaarco rcpynnarx $eodaaos, no u dxenmpu (cped~ux ll Mef lKUX 3eMenbHblX ~ O ~ C ~ G ~ H H U I C O G , KOTOPbIe CTpeMHnMCb

npacnoco6a~b CBOe X O ~ H ~ ~ C T B O K TOBaPHO-AeHeXHbIM OTHOLUeHM-

RM, MCnOJIb30BaTIM H a e ~ H b I f i T P ~ ) ; J coxpauewe napameuma; J omcymcmsue pa3semsaeunozo 6mpoupamuliec~ozo annapama, T. K.

@YHKUMM G I O P O K ~ ~ T M M B ~ I ~ O ~ H R ~ n a p n a M e H T ; " HHanMlrMe sar6op~alx M U p t t b l x cyderi U B ~ ~ ~ O P H ~ L T Z O ~ ~ C K I U T tuacmei, npMBOAMBIIIMx B A ~ ~ ~ C T B H ~ KOpOneBCKMe yKa3bI;

J omcymcmsue nocmosnnou apmuu (B c n p a e B O ~ ~ H L I c60p onome- HMR MnM H ~ ~ M H H K O B ) ;

J sanpem $eodaam codepxama soennare ompsdar. r J I a B ~ b 1 f i pe3yJIbTaT B0fiHb1 h 0 f i I? 6eJI0fi Po361 M ~~COII IOTMCT-

CKOG nonMTMKM r e ~ p ~ x a VI I - pe3rcoe sossarzuenue rcopom (a m e - c T e c HMM M rocynapc~~a) HW @ e o ~ a n a ~ ~ , npespayenue Anzauu s edunoe yeumpaau30san~oe zocydapcmso.

Page 12: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

3a @em UCmOPUm A H Z ~ ~ U U . Kas~wr cBoero KaHmepa - Tomaca Mopa ( n o m a s More).

xe BPeMR ~ ~ H P M X VIII R B m c R a40XHOBkiTeJIeM a~mkif ic~ofi P e @ 0 ~ M a 4 ~ a . Peqbop~Wa4U~I - O ~ U ~ C T B ~ H H O - ~ O ~ M T ~ ~ ~ ~ K ~ ~ M penH- rM03HOe ABMxeHHe, npaHRsUee @ o p ~ y 6opb6b1 ~ P O T H B KaTonnqe-

U~PKBM. I7~ednocb1flrcmu K unlimv ~ e ~ o ~ ~ a ~ u ~ ~ 6 AHZ,~UU GbUIU:

xenaHkie r e H ~ a x a MI1 ti a ~ k i f i c ~ o f i 3nkiTbI 6b1~b MaKCMMmbHO

1. B B. B h m n n 6b1i YCTaHOBneH a6conm~kic~c~afi peXHM, a He3aBkiCkiMblMki OT nanb1 PMMCKO~O ki erO BnaCTB;

Tame HagmOcb pa3sumue icanuma~u3ma. O C H O ~ H ~ ~ U U C ~ O Y H U K ~ M U d kicn0-Jb30~a~kie ~ ~ H P ~ O M aHTkiKa~0JIFIec~ofi meonorki~ 060zaure~urr ~ ~ N I U : y ~ p e r r ~ ~ e ~ k i ~ c~0ef i BJIaCTki:

d o r p a 6 n e ~ ~ e 6pHTaHCKHX KonoH~fi; npaBneqeHkie f l o ~ 4 0 ~ VeHbIX, Mb~c~~kiTeJIeii, X Y A O ~ H ~ ~ K O B ,

/ BHeuHRR T O ~ ~ O B J I R C QpaH~kieG, nop~yrm~efi , WcnaHkiefi; BbICTYnaBUIkiX nPOTkiB 3aCkiAbR KaTOnHUH3Ma;

4 HcTOpmec~~fi npouecc ozopaxusanu~ (enclosing). ~ Z U - I U M ~ J I He- * c ~ e ~ c ~ ~ f i XapaKTep HayKki ki kicKyccTsa B k n a a .

c ~ o n b ~ o COT neT. Qe0nmb1 T O p r O B m M mepcTbm ki .'YKHoM H e n O c ~ e ~ c ~ ~ e ~ ~ b ~ ~ noBOAOM K Pa3PbIBY C B ~ T M K ~ H O M n o c n w ~ f l QpaHu~efi (cywonenbuec~kie M ~ H Y @ ~ K T Y P ~ ~ , n a c T 6 ~ u mR OBeu OTKa3 h ~ k i ~ a ~ a AaTb pa3perrreakie ~a p a 3 ~ o ~ r e ~ p ~ x a V I ~ I co He xBaTmo). 3emro om6upailu y icpecmbrrn u ozopaxueaflu (qT06b1 c ~ o e 2 n e ~ ~ o f i x e ~ o f i Elcamepunoi Apazonclcoi, HCnaHcKofi npMH- npo~oPMMTb o ~ e u ) . qaCTb KpeCTbRH ufla B rOpOAa HaeMHblMki pa- ueccofi. nana He X O T ~ ~ CCOPHT~CR c Rcna~kiefi ki repMaHcmM MM-

6 0 9 ~ ~ ~ , gaCTb nepecenmacb Ha ~pyrkie sema, H ~ K O T O P ~ ~ ~ cTaHo- ~ ~ P ~ T O P O M Kap~om n n e m H H k i K o M npkimeccb~.

snnkicb 6 ~ 0 A ~ r a M k i ; E? 1534 r. napnaMeHT nPHHILTI 3 ~ x 0 ~ 0 cynpemamuu (0 sepxose~cm- d ~0poneBCKOe napaTcreo (nomepmnsmocb Em3aseT0W). ~ o ~ o f l e @ c ~ o l i sflacmu nad yepicosbio - ~ c t of Supremacy).

O r o p a x < f i ~ a ~ ~ e ~b13bIBmO pe3Idi IIpOTeCT co CTopoHbl KpeClbRH

(pacxomeij 6bma norosopxa " O B ~ ~ I n o m p a m ~ a c " ) - He P ~ ~ K O npo- acxoama 6 y ~ ~ b 1 , KOTOpbIe nOAaB.TU;UIMCb BJIaCTRMM ki @eOAma~ki. H0 MeCTO nanbl Ha TeppnTOpkiki hnk ik i 3 a W amnkificmfi Koponb.

h r n ~ x mna no n y ~ ~ aicm~#~020 y l i a c m ~ ~ 8 ~ e x d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 mop- e z- A~rnkiki CTma CyUeCTBOBaTb oco6a~ uepKoBb - anzflu- 206fle. B npouecce HaKOnJIeHkiR HaqMbHOrO K a n H T a a cTarrki qaTb lcancKm. He Gbma H a KaT~nki~ecK~fi , HM ~ P O T ~ C T ~ H T C K O ~ ~ 6 o n b m ponb ~ ~ e m ~ n e PblHKM, O C O ~ ~ H H O KOnOHkiH. 3aHkiMmklcb (3aakiMma npoMexyToqHoe n o n o ~ e ~ k i e ) . B n ~ C n e ~ c T ~ ~ k i 3 ~ 0 B ~ I - ~ o ~ b ~ e TeppMTOpHM, npkiHOCMUIkie 60nbmMe AOXOAH. nkiHacTkiR POcn0 K O H @ ~ M K T MemY ~ P O T ~ C T ~ H T C K O ~ ~ M K ~ T o J I H ~ ~ c K o ~ ~ uep- Tdopoe nomepm~ana TOprOBbIe KOMWHMB- ~ P R Enki3aE3eTe I MM B 1536 1539 6b1~1ki 3aKPbITbI BCe MOHaCTbIpM (560) ~a 6brno AaHo ~OHononbHOe npaBo Ha Toprosnm B c O O T B e T c T B ~ u a x T e ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ EPHT~HCKMX OCTPOBOB, 4epicoenbie 3emu nepeuu so

sflademe K O P O ~ (ce~y~epuwwr yeplcoanbrx semena). Koponb ona- paBan 3axBaqeHHbIMki 4ePKOBHbIMI.I 3eMJIRMH gentry ( ~ e ~ k i ~ ~ n o - BaHHoe CpeAHee ki MenKoe ABOPRHCTBO). EnklcKona~ CT~JI onopofi

/ kiCTJIRHJiCKm ( F ~ T H K ~ ) ; ~ ~ C O J I K ) T H O ~ ~ MOHapXkiki.

d MOCKOBCKaR (C Pocc~efi); / n ~ ~ a ~ ~ a f i c ~ a r i (C EIIHXHHM BOCTOKOM); (/ O C T - M ~ K ~ (C Hmne2 M 6nki3nexaukiMH ~ T P ~ H ~ M @ -

Page 13: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 14: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 15: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 16: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 17: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 18: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 19: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

Rnnnoc 14. B O ~ H M c p e ~ o n ~ ) w o ~ ~ o G 4 21 O K T ~ ~ P ~ 1805 roAa MOpcKOe J t p e ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ E 5 o A ~ r n ~ a 6 b m o 3 a ~ p e - m e H o r[oroBopoM. A~rnax 3aXBaTMJIa BJIweHHfi B B ~ c T - M ~ H ~ (Ka-

H H ~ ~ O ~ ~ O H O B C K O ~ @ p a ~ ~ ~ e f i P ~ ~ ~ K O M Gacce#He): C~H-AOMMHTO, M ~ P T M H B K ~ , r ~ a e ~ ~ y n y np. 5 b I n ~ 3 a x B a q e H b I @ ~ ~ H U Y ~ C K H ~ Bnil4eHMfi B HH&MM.

O ~ O C T P ~ M C ~ OTHOlIIeHkitI A H ~ ~ M M M C m . C m W M n M y OpaH- 4 H a ~ ~ Y I . I ~ M ~ H Y , H a K O T O p W npeTeHLloBana &JIM. 1812-1814 22. -

a s e m e r n a q e n b u b ~ COCyrUeCTBOBaJIM M 6 b l n H CaMbIMM BfikIfiTeJIbHbIM C 1806 2. AH~AMM k i~ena 6 0 n b u o e 3 ~ a y e ~ a e ~ o f i ~ a c apaH- m a c c a ~ a B O ~ W ~ C T B ~ . B AHZ/IUU De6OflK)UUII MO2Ja f l p 0 ~ 3 0 ~ m ~ : u~~~ H a M o p e , K o r m Hanoneo~ BBen KOHTkiHeHTanbHym 6 n o ~ w y

4 a s - 3 2 npfiCBOeHMfl 0 6 W e c ~ B e H ~ o f i 3eMnM; A H ~ ~ M M . Bee n o p T b I 6brna 3aKpbITbI AJIR a ~ r n a f i c ~ ~ x ~opa6nefi.

/ ~ ~ I C T P O ~ ~ MeXaHH3auf iH npOM3BOACTBa; K O ~ a ~ ~ ~ m ~ a ~ a f f m ~ f i ~ ~ t r ~ a CYXOnYTHblMM B O ~ ~ C K ~ M M 6 b 1 n ~ a - / c K o p o r o p o c ~ a ~ a c e n e ~ a ~ . 3 H a q e ~ r e ~ e ~ m Bennuuzmou (Wellington). nocne no6en B Hcna-

A ~ m ~ f i c ~ o e npaBHTeJIbCTB0 ~ O J M O C ~ peeoJlWuu. TO TO MY HWM OH B O u e J I BO @P~HUMIO. Hano~eon, o c n a 6 n e ~ ~ b r f i gofi~ofi c Pocc~efi, cda~cx @ 1814 2. Ha cneaymwafi roa OH 6emm M3 n n e H a

HIlmbl C R ~ ~ V K ) U I U ~ Me1361: * 6 b 1 c ~ ~ C O ~ P ~ H O B p aPMMH). B ~ J I J I H H ~ T o H C n o M O m b K ) npyc- C K O ~ ~ ~ P M H M ( re~epm Ijnmxep) OKOHYaTeJIbHO p a 3 r p o M E n Hanone- O H a B 6010 n P M Bamep~oo (Waterloo) e umue 1815 2.

a n o c a x e a b r B TIOpbMY; Nmoz~l ~ o f i ~ b l : c/ 6b1na J tocTpoeHb1 OTI(eJCbHb1e Ka3apMbI m f l pa3MeWeHaH apMH

Y ~ 0 6 ~ ~ o ~ O P O H H T ~ ee OT BnHfiHMR O ~ ~ I Y H ~ I X nmI(efi. AHrnMfl (B C o m e C POCCM~G) C T m a flOIIHOCTbI0 AOMMHEPOBaTb B

E s ~ O n e - O P ~ H U ~ R KaK C M J I ~ H ~ I ~ COnepHMK 6 b m a H w o n l - 0 BbIge- B e n f l ~ 0 6 p ~ ~ a H ~ R , 6 y ~ y t I M OCTPOBOM, 6 b m a B MeHbmef i OnaCHoCT A e H a 143 CTPOR; YeM A p p f e e~poneficme CTpaHbI, HO o H a Tame ecmynma 6 soti

6b1n B o c c T a H o B n e H CTaTyC M n M H KaK " B J I ~ ~ I Y ~ u ~ ~ Mopefit ' , KOTO- npomue @pa~yuu (nocne saxsa~a @ p a w a M f i ~ ~ J I b ~ f l ~ O J I J I ~ ~ ~ p b ~ f i Y a H r n k l y a H X0TenI.I OTHRTb @ p a H ~ y 3 b I .

4 - 4 C T p e m e H M e 6 p a ~ a ~ c ~ o r o n p a s a - r e n b c T s a H e &onYCTMTb BHYTPe*

H e r o p a c K o n a 0 6 w e c ~ ~ a ( p e B o J K ) r ~ ~ f i ) . 1 Bo 6mopofi nonoeuxe X V I ~ I 6. - n e p o i noAo6uHe XIX 6. 6 ~ , g ~ ~ ~ npo- u3OLUeR n p ~ ~ b l ~ l / l e ~ ~ b l ~ nepe6opom. l Z ~ o m b l m e ~ ~ b r f i nepeeopom - TO nepexod om ~ a ~ y @ a ~ m ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n~ou36odcm6a K @ ~ ~ P ~ Y H o M ~ , om pyruoro mpyaa K aauruuuomy; 3TO HBfleHMe MaPOBOrO M ~ c u T ~ G ~ , HO HMeHHO AHZ/IUR OKa3aflaCb K ~ e -

Page 20: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

. -

4 1 A,-- -

oBe KpynHbIX C,QBMrOB B pa3BMTHM np0Ci3BOAxTenbHbIX C&f

rnMR npeBpaTMnacb 1.13 arpapaofi B BeAyuW U H ~ Y C ~ P U ~ J ~ ~ d BbInnaTa xmoBaHm YneHaM napnaMeHTa;

J YTBepaMflcR ~anumanucmuriecrcuri cnoco6 npOM3BoncTBa; J h ~ ~ t m cmana 06ecneuueamb 6onee 1/2 MUpO8020 0 ~ ~ ~ a doGblq

y m , eblmas~u riyzyna, nompe6nenruz xllonrca; npeBocxoaMJIa KPYn ~ e f i m ~ e e ~ p o n e i i c ~ a e CTpaHbr ( r e p ~ a ~ u m , OP~HUMIO) Bbl

nycKy npOAyKukiI4 T H X ~ ~ O ~ npOMbIUeHHocT~ B 4-5 pa3. K cepeAMHe XIX B hIrnM5I npeBpaTkinacb B CmPaHY ZoPo 60q14.i~ nocenKoB, rae COCpeAOTOswIOCb 86% HacefleHwr. d 1867 r. - no61zn~cb ~ 3 6 n p a ~ e n b ~ o r o npaBa nnx pa6osax, nony-

samwwx BMCOK~KI sapnna~y; d 1868 r. - O ~ ' ~ ~ A M H ~ [ I M C ~ B ~ p u r n a ~ c ~ c u i Konzpecc m p e d - ~ ) ~ u o ~ o s

(f n m c (Leeds); (nade Union Congress). EKT ~ a w b r i i ron co6~pae~c f i B n e p ~ b ~ f i

4 f l ~ ~ e p n y n b (Liverpool). noHeAeJlbHMK C ~ H T H ~ ~ R ; d B 1893 r. OHM C03HmM He3aBMCMMp p a 6 o s p napTMm - npe&- KopeHHb1e I.isMeHeHI.lri npOH30IlInI4 B 06LUecT~eHHb1x oTHomeHMR IlIeHHMUY naPTAM J I C ~ ~ ~ O P M C T O B .

Co~u~flbHble nocfledcrnsusl nl)OMblWfleHH020 ne-Ve@ol)oma: (/ ~ a c c a MenKI.l.lx n p o ~ 3 ~ o f i ~ ~ e n e i i 6b1~1a BblTeCHeHa I43 X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B ~ H 3a BnacTb I4 MeCTa B napAaMeHTe B TO BpeMR GOPOJIMC~ ABe nap-

HOG XM3HM 14 npeBpaTBnaCb B HaeMHbm p a 6 o ~ ~ x ; TMH: ~ U Z U - wigs (nubepanbl) M mopU - lory (rco~cepsam~pbl).

. nponeTapaaT; . 6ypxya3~m;

(f P ~ ~ B H T H ~ M Xe~e3HO~OPOXCHO~O CTPOHTeAbCTBa (C 1836 r.), j~06b1~1.1

Ee O C O ~ ~ H H O C ~ U : ToproBnM A ~ r n ~ t i npeBbIulU o 6 5 e ~ TOprOBnll @P~HUMM, r e p ~ a - J 6bm pacLU~pe~ ~ p y r u36wpa~eneii (aonyrue~a K B ~ I ~ O P ~ M ~ e n ~ a HMM, Z . I T ~ . ~ I I ~ ~ M 6b1n B 3-4 pasa 6onb~lre ToproBoro o 6 a e ~ a CUIA.

M cpenam 6ypxcya3~~); B ~ ~ K ~ o P ~ ~ H c K ~ H , 3noxy y~penu~ocb nolurmue pecne~rna6eflb~ocm~, (/ 6bma nl.rKBwMpoBaHa 3HaqMTenbHacI M C T b " Z H ~ U X ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ e so3podmuca udeanal cemerinori ~ J C U ~ H U .

(rotten boroughs - B HI4X llOYTM He 6bmo x ~ ~ e n e f i , Ho OH*

nmM nenyTaToB B n a p n a ~ e ~ ~ ) .

Page 21: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

Bonpoc 16. A ~ r n k l R BO BTOPOA flOnOBMHe XIX - 2. r n a ~ ~ o e HanpmeHMe B H ~ U H ~ G n o n m ~ m B T O P O ~ ~ nOJIOBMHbI XIX - Hagma XX BB. - 3axeam noeetx K O A O H U ~ .

Ha.tane XX BB. B CepeRMHe XIX B. llPOM3OLLInO BOeHHOe CTOIIKHOBeHMe A H ~ ~ M M H

c/ CTpeMJIeHMe 3aXBaTMTb HOBbIe TepPMTOPMM;

c/ HexenaH~e ycMneHMR n o 3 w ~ W Pocca~ , sbrxona ee K qepHoMop-

1. B~ BTOPOR ~ O ~ O B M H C XIX B. B AHTJIMM Y B ~ ~ C T M noorePeAH0 Me- CKMM ~ P O I I M B ~ M M B C P ~ A M ~ ~ M H O ~ MOP^;

H R J I M C ~ HBe napTMM - KOHCep6amOpbf ( m o p ) u flu6epaflbl (euzu). c/ XenaHMe 06e30nac~~b CBOM CpeAM3eMHOMOpCKMe TOprOBbIe Map- O6pa3o~anMcb K a K napTMM B XIX B. f l ~ e ~ b r :

I / TopH - J ~ H ~ ~ ~ M u H ,@3pa3~u ( ~ p y n ~ e f i w ~ i i n o n ~ ~ k ~ ~ e c ~ ~ f i AeR- AHrnm BcTynMna B corn3 c Q p a ~ u ~ e f i H Typu~eii . IIocne 3 neT TeAb AH~JI I~M XIX B.); COnpOTMBJIeHMR POCCMR 6b1na 1106exqe~a. ,~HI-JIMR BbIlrrAa M3 CO-

cf BMrM - yimq.,n r~adcmon (William Gladstone). m3HbIX AoToBOPOB. B 3T0 BPeM.2 6 0 ~ 6 6 ~ 3a eBp0nefic~oe I'OCnOACTBO HaYaHaeT npycctf~. B 60-x rr. n p y c c ~ ~ no6emae~ ABCTPM~, Ha-

@ o p ~ a 1884 u 1885 22. Oc~06Hble 113MeHeHl(fl: Y M H ~ ~ T B O ~ B ~ T ~ c < D p a ~ ~ l l e f i M n o 6 e w a e ~ ee B 1871 r. A H ~ ~ M R ~e cf 1884 r. - p a c u ~ p e ~ ~ p y r u36~pa~enei i : KaTerOpMR 3axMTO'-WbI o ~ a 3 b 1 ~ a e ~ Q P ~ H U M M H M K ~ K O ~ ~ ~ O R I [ ~ P ) K K M . HO B M T O ~ ~ 113-311 no-

palllcenurr @panyy3os y 5pumanuu noaeu~ca e4e 6oflee ~ 0 4 ~ e l i nmfiefi (KTO ma&en AOMOM M n W K B ~ P T M P O G apemOBm

nPomU6HuK - 06~edunuelum 8Ce 2epnzaHcKue Kn.xxecmea repMan- 10 ~ n w 6onee @YHTOB B rod; cKU m n e p m BO rJtaBe c KaHWePoM SUCM~PKOM. D m e ~ e p c m o ~ ,

(/ 1885 r. - YCTaHOBneHbI paBHbIe ~36Mpa~emHbIe OKpVa. npeMbeP-MMHMcTp: "The English have no permanent friends, they

Ewe p ~ b u e B 1872-1874 rr. B A H T ~ M M 6b1n0 YCTaHOBJIeHO ma6 only have Petmanent interests". "Y A ~ Z A U U Hem nocmOaHHt,lX dpysei, Hoe zo,zocoeanue Ha eer6opax B napnaMeHT. Y AHZJ~UU ecmb rnofletco nocmoannele unmepecu".

B 1870-x rr. BO~HMKJIO Ha3BaHMe "&pumanc~ax unmepd'. naprra- MeHT no PeKoMeWauMM A~spasnki npMcBor?n amnwi3c~oi3 Kopone- Be TMTYJr KOPOJIeBbI M ~ M M . Bce U H Z A U ~ ~ C K U ~ KOflOHUU Ha3bleaflUCb Epuma~crcoli wnepuea.

1875 2. - aKUMM C Y ~ U K O ~ O K a H U a 6b1nM KynneHbI y E r~nTa 3a 4 mxn $ynmoe cmepflunzoe.

O~paaqaHkiR K O ~ O H M ~ ~ H ~ I X ~ ~ X B ~ T O B B A H ~ ~ . I I M M 6bma pa3Bep-

~ y ~ a nponarama. B ~ e f i y.racTBosanM ra3e~b1, UepKoBb M naxe nM- B HeRpaX KanMTaJIM3Ma; WTenM M n03TbI. K P Y ~ H ~ ~ M M n03TOM, BOCneBaBLl.IMM CMny 6 p ~ -

c/ n o c ~ e n e ~ ~ o 0pra~b1 ~ecmoro c a ~ o ~ p a m e m 6 y ~ n ~ ~ n o w a TaHc~oro c~naaTa MOW E P M T ~ H C K O ~ MMlTepklM, 6b1n PebbRpb 6onbme n p a ~ , npenocTasnReMb1X rOCynapCTBoM. A caMo rocyaapcT & ~ ? U U H ~ (1865-2936). B~ ~ Y A ~ T OIJnHklqMBaTb CBOM rrpaBa. nepexod O m 6 ~ ~ 3 1 c ~ a 3 ~ o z o ?Ocy H a q u o XX B. 03HaMeHOBZt.iIOCb ~ H Z A O - ~ ~ ~ C K O ~ 60inoi 1899- dapcmea rc co~umucmuuecrcoMy MeCmHOMY c~oYnpa@fleHuro - rnaB 1902 ZZ., KoT0paR BbI3Bma pe30HaHC BO BCeM MMpe ( 0 c m ~ a ~ b Hax meR @a6ua~cxozo coyuanuma.

V O p a ~ x e s a ~ pecny6nki~a (no ~ a s s a ~ m o peKM O p a ~ x e s a ~ ) .

Page 22: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 23: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 24: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 25: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

CCOUM B ~ ~ ~ I U U M K O ~ O H U X M :

B 0TBe-r H a TOT mar 6 b 1 ~ m a e K O ~ O H H H BO M H O ~ O M n e p e m n k i 6pa- T ~ H C ~ n 0 n H T m e C K Y I O CHCTeMY H COmaCkiJTBCb ( K P O M ~ M ~ n k i ~ )

H a TO, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1 ~ P M T ~ H C K I . ~ ~ ~ MOHaPX OCTaJICH IXa~0fi 3W rOCYAapCTB.

B more E ~ H T ~ H C K ~ R mnepm n o c T e n e H H o MapHbrM nyTeM T p a H c -

@ ~ P M M P ~ B ~ ~ C ~ B &umauc~oe codpyxecmeo (Commonwealth) - o c o 6 ~ CkiCTeMY nOnuTmeCKkfX, 3KOHOMklqeCKHX H KYnbTJ'PHbIX c ~ ~ s e f i , n p k i KOTOP~IX ~ ~ I B U I M ~ K O ~ O H H H @ O P M ~ H O CTUH ~ e 3 a - BMCMM~IMH, HO OCTanMCb B "c@epe BJIHHHMR" B ~ A H K o ~ ~ H T ~ H M H .

Upasumenbcmeo 3mmnu marc31ce ocvlaecmswo D R ~ cMenblx B H V ~ D U -

nonumuYecrcux L U ~ Z O ~ :

J ~ayuouanu3upoeano y20nbuy10 u ta30ey10 npoiublunennocmb, a T a m e

s n p a ~ o o x p a ~ e ~ ~ e . Hauuo~anusauw nposodwacb HU sblzod~blx d m rcanurnanucmoe vcnoemx

BbIKYnitRMCb ~ 6 b 1 ~ 0 ' I ~ b I e IIpeAnpHHTHH;

K ~ T O P ~ I X peJ&3JIOCb y c ~ p o i i c ~ ~ o n o c n e B o e H H O r o MMpa; B e n aKTw 6 b I ~ m ~ e B n w e n b u b I n o n y q a n M 6 o n b m y m KOMneHCauHm;

n p e A n p k i H H M a T e J I H CTaHOBHnkiCb AkipeKTOpaMki npe&npkiHTHfi ~ y m n e p e n H c k c y c M. C T a n H H b l M H @. P ~ ~ B ~ ~ T o M ; H c T a n t i n o n y q a T b sapnna~y;

(/ n p o B o 3 m a c H n H a s a n o " x o J I o ~ ~ H o ~ ~ B O ~ ~ H ~ I " nPOTMB CCCP B 1946 J eeeno 6ecnnamuoe ~ e d u y u n c ~ o e 06cny~!ueauue. BO BpeMH BbICTynJTeHkiH B r. @ Y J T T O H ~ ( C m ) ;

J C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~ J I C03AaHkiH) BO~HHO-nOnkiTHYeCKMX ~ ~ O K O B BO ma H e c M o ~ ~ ~ H a 60JIbmfe COUHaRbHbIe 3aBOeBaHHH, HpaBHTeJIbCTBo

c CUIA. 3 ~ m 3 B 1951 r., nocne 6 n e T n p a s n e H m , npompano B M ~ O ~ M K ~ H C ~ ~ B ~ T O ~ ~ M . OAHHM M3 @BKTOPOB, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ UOMOT B e P H p b C H

KoHcePBaTOPaM K BnacTH, 6 b m aBTopkiTeT npec~apenoro Y. qep- YKnrrrr, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ B BO3paCTe 77 n e T BHOBb B 0 3 m a B W I UPaBMTenbCTBO.

4, Koucepeamopbl 6b1nu y enacmu 13 nem - e 1951-1964 2z. 3a smo G-DeMIE C M m U R O C b YemblDe rco~cepsnmu6~blx rca6u~ema:

(J Y ~ P ~ U (1951-1955) - B 1955 r. qepYt lJ IJ Ib ~ 0 6 p o ~ O n b ~ o

3. flei6opucmc~oe npaeumenbcmeo D e ~ e n m a 311tm.m (1945-195 55-1957) - K ~ ~ H H ~ T c nosopo~ men B O T C T a B w no- ,;! n p ~ u o K BnaCTH n O n Jl03YHTaMM IIPOBeAeHHR m y 6 o ~ k i x B H e m H e cne H e y A a s H o r O BTOPXeHkiH B E r ~ n e ~ B 1956 r.; nOnMTH9eCKHX H BHyTpHnOJIkiTMYeCKHX P ~ @ ~ P M -

CTH ki C ~ O K O ~ ~ C T B H H B O ~ U [ ~ C T B ~ ;

I/ A. &tnaca-Xblo~a (1963-1964). Rvasurnenbcmso A. dvznaca-Xbm~a souno 6 ucmovum KaK

ACTBYRC~ npHHUMnOM KOJIOHH3aTOPOB "YfiTH, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1 OCTaTbC

n p a B H T e m c T B o 31~n1.1 H e c T U 0 >K4aTb B O O P Y ) K ~ H H O ~ ~ 6 0 p b 6 b 1 JI 'IMP, CaMO Ha3HaYeHHe 3 T O r 0 ITpaBHTenbCTBa B b I 3 B U O n p o 6 n e ~ b 1 - no

~ ~ H ~ C K O ~ O " C ~ ~ H ~ P H H . pe3ynbTaTaM B ~ ~ ~ O P O B HM OAHa A 3 npaBRU[MX T P ~ ~ ~ I I W P O B O K ~e

Page 26: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

52 53

Morns c@op~flpo~aTb npaBMTeJIbCTBoy MeWY HMMH UInH ' 2. n e f i 6 o ~ ~ c ~ c ~ y m ~ P Y 1964-1979 rr. H a 4 rona npepem npMxoa K Geppe~ynb~ar~bre cnopb~; B more K O P O ~ ~ B ~ E J I M ~ Z ~ B ~ ~ ~ I 1 aOcnonb- BfiacTM KoHcepBaTOpOB Bo rnase c 3. XMTOM B 1970-1974 rr. 30BanaCb C ~ o f l M npaBOM H eAMHOnMvH0 Ha3HaqMna npeMbep MflHMCTpa (YTO 6bIBaeT ~ p a a H e penr<o);

4 c @ o p ~ ~ p o ~ a ~ H o e TaKMM 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~ npaBMTelmcTBO nyrnaca X b m ~ a He nonb3oBaflOCb n o a u e p ~ ~ o g B napnaMeHTe; He3aK0HHm 3a6ac~oBKy BBeIJeH Orp~MHb~fi i ~ p a @ (cyMMa EegTenb~oc-rb ~ ~ ~ B M T ~ X ~ C T B ~ O M P ~ W J I n ~ e n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' 3T0M ~ u e ~ 6 a , HaHeCeHHOrO 3Zl6ac~o~~ofi) . rpoMKMfi cKaam - "&en0 ITpo@bm~o", B Xone KoToPoro BbMBH

nacb MHTnMHan cBfl3b 6pfl~aHCK0rO MHHHcTpa 060~0Hbr n~O+b* Ho 3aK0H npoH3Ben ~ ~ O T M B O ~ O J T O X H ~ I ~ ~ 3 @ @ e ~ ~ - pe3K0 aKTMBM- 3Mp0Bm0cb pa6oyee A B m e H M e . ~ ~ ~ ~ C T O B O Y H ~ H 60pb6a npononma-

MO c a r e ~ ~ ~ o f i COB~TCKO# pa3BeaKM. flacb ~ e ~ 0 n b ~ ~ ~ 1 . 1 nepepbIBaMlz AO 1974 r. (anore# B 1972 r.). n~asflTenbcT~o X H T ~ peLullJr0 npOBeCTM aOCpoqHbIe napnaMeHT-

Bb16~~b1 B @e~pme 1974 r. K O H C ~ ~ B ~ T O ~ ~ I noTepnenw nopa>r<e- HMe7 n e f i 6 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ b ~ n06e~mki c MmbIM npeMMywec~~0~.

3* 1974-1979 z- v sflacmu ~axoduno~b dsa fleli60~ucmc~ux ~ a 6 ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ r. IhnbcoHa (1974-1976) - B 1976 r. r. B M ~ ~ C O H , noCTCIrwIIfi 60- JeTHero ~ o s p a c ~ a , m e n M3 ~ O ~ A T M K M ;

r/ Ax. Kannars~a (1976-1979).

1970-1974 rr.). Je$60pucmbl no6edu.a~ 6 1964 6'. Ha @ o ~ e pe3Kor0 naeHm

~ o ~ c e p ~ a m p o s B CB5I3M CO ' ~ ~ M o H c K ~ ~ M c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " no B n e p ~ b ~ f i KOHTpaKTa - Ha 2,5%; BTOPOZ~ roa - 4%; IIoToM H e 6onbme qeM Ha 10% He3aBMCMMo OT ~ ~ @ n m ~ ~ .

K O H ~ P ~ K T 6 ~ n ~ a m m q e ~ Ha 2 roxa. &iH@JIau~n l e 6b1na npMMep- H0 15-17%? Ha OTAenbHbIe TOBapbI 6onbwe ( ~ o n o ~ o Ha 40%). 3To Bb13Bmo HeAoBonbCTBO PI1AOBbIX WeHOB npo@com3a. Oceubm 1977 2- HcTeK cpoK KOHTPaKTa, ki PYKOBOACTBO EKT OTKa- 3an0cb nPoLWeBaTb KOHTPaKT. K a n n a r s ~ npomwn era Ha ran, yTo Bb13Bano GYP^ HeAoBonbcTBa, KpyllHbIe ~ ~ ~ ~ C T O B K M .

~ P ~ B H T ~ ~ ~ C T B O ne f i6op~c~os npennpmmo nOnblTKy rapMoHH3n- POBaTb H a u ~ o H ~ b H b r e OTHOieHMH: B 1979 r. 6b1n npoBeaeH peae-

* pemyM 0 BoCcTaH0BJIeHMI.I moTnaHAcKoro napnaMeHTa, 3aKomMs- B TO X e BpeMn, u H ~ ~ C R 6e3pe3ynbTaTH0. BHYTPM CTPaHbI,

Page 27: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

54 55

n p a ~ ~ ~ e n b c T J j 0 c 6 0 n b ~ H M TPYaOM YAePXMBmoCb Y BnaCTH7 '03- (/ A,cm o ~ a m m o c m ~ (Employment act) 1988 r. - J I ~ ~ K O H M ~ q e f i K - K o m a u W c w 6 e p a J I b H o f i n a p ~ ~ e k qbR @paKUHR napna- 6pexepc~~o .

MeHTe c o c ~ a ~ n m a ~ c e r o 13 q m o ~ e ~ . APY~MM KPYnHbIM U I a r o M B UonMTkiKe T3nep c ~ m o pa3zocyaapcm- B 1979 r. n e k 6 0 p ~ c T b l no- repnenr? c o ~ p w a ~ e n b ~ o e nopaxeHMe Ha @deHue 3xoHomurtu, B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e sero pm K p y n H b r x n p e a n p ~ x ~ ~ f i Bb160pax. Ha c M e H y HM np-0 KoHCepBaTHBHoe npaBHTeilbcTBO 6bm n P o A a H rOcyLlapCTBOM B YaCTHbIe PYKM. M. Tsnep. Bo B ~ e m ~ e f i n o n M T a K e M. T3nep B m n a q p c HQ a a ~ l ~ ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~

c6nuxe~ue c C m , O ~ O ~ ~ H H O nOCne UpMXOaa K B n a c T n P. PekaHa.

a H r n O - a p r e H T I ' i H ~ ~ M f i B O O P Y X ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ K O H @ ~ H K T 1982 r.; d ~ 3 c e o G r q a ~ 3 a 6 a c T o B K a u r a x T e p o B 1984-1 985 rr.; d POCT C e B e p o u p n a m c K o r o TeppOpH3Ma;

BBeAeHMe n o a y l r r H o r o H a n o r a B 1989 r. C Y T ~ aH~flO-aP~eHmuHc~ozo I E O H $ ~ U K ~ ~ C o c T o H n a B TOM, q ~ ~ :

I982 r. ~ M K T ~ T O P C K R ~ ~ peXMM r a n T M e p n , n p a ~ e ~ m ~ f i B ApreH- TMHe, OAHOCTOPOHHe O ~ ~ R B H J I C n O p H b I e @onKneyqCKHe (Manb- B H H ~ K I ' ~ ~ ) OCTpOBa 9aCTbK) A P ~ ~ H T U H ~ I ; aaHHbIe M m o H a c e J I e H H b r e OC'l?lOBa, paCnOJIOXeHHb1e B6nM3H T e p - pMTOpHM A P ~ ~ Y T W H ~ I , H e HMeJ(I4 HM 0~060fi ~ K O H O M I . N ~ C K O ~ ~ , HM TeppaTopHanbHoii 3HaVMMOCTM, HO Ka>yqaH C T o p o H a KoH@naKTa >Kenma H a x H T b H a J J ~ H H o ~ ~ CHTYaUHM " n 0 n H T H s e c ~ ~ f i ~ a n a ~ a n " ;

nepuoda 66NIU_ X-: npaBwTenbcTBo M. T 3 ~ r e p 3aHRnO r&)MHL[pfnpfaJIbHy~) ~ O ~ M J J M K ) M

,/ y ~ p e m e ~ ~ e 6 p ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ f i 3KOHOMHKH; ncXnan0 B o ~ ~ c K ~ K 6epe ra~ A p r e H T M ~ b 1 ;

,/ y c ~ n e ~ ~ e p o n ~ B ~ ~ H K O ~ ~ M T ~ H H M B MHpe; xOae c K o p o T e Y H o r 0 BOOpy>r<eHHOrO K O H @ ~ H K T ~ xopomo o c ~ a - (/ n p e o n o n e H H e ~ ~ y r p e H H e r o KPH3HCa 1970-x "- weHHbIe a f f m u f i c ~ ~ e B O ~ ~ C K ~ OOepXaJIM O T H o c M T e n b ~ o nerKyK) no-

6 e n ~ Ha nnOxo ~ O ~ ~ O T O B ~ ~ H H O ~ ~ a p ~ ~ e f i ApreHTMHbI M BOCCTaHO- 2. Mapzapem T'mqep (1 925 r . ~ . ) KaK J I I a e p K ~ ~ ~ ~ P ~ ~ T ~ ~ ~ ~ ' napTMH BMnH n p e X H H f i CTaTyC OCTpoBoB. r r o 6 e A H B ~ e ~ H a ~ ~ f j o p a x , 6b1na H a 3 H a ' f e H a K ~ P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' npeMbep MHHHCTPoM B ~ a e 1979 r. OH^ C T m a nepBofi ~ e n u r H a O f i ripe AHzno-a?2e~mu~cKu6 U O H @ A U K ~ 1982 2. l r~en 60nbuue nonumure- M b e p - M h H ~ c T p o ~ B HCTOPHH B ~ ~ H K o ~ P M T ~ H H M TeM He MeHee CKUC rroixedcmeu:

Ha Becb MMP 6b1na nPOAeMOHCTQHPOBaHa BOeHHaH M o m BenpfKo- 6 p k i ~ a H H H ;

B e n ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ BOCCTaHOBHJIa C B O ~ ~ aBTOpMTeT KaK B e n a K o G BO-

e ~ ~ o f i a e P X a B b 1 , n o r n a ~ ~ y s m w f i c ~ B 1970-e rr.; T a T q e p CTaJIa npI43HaHHbIM n m e p o M HaUaM.

B c e o 6 ~ m ~ Q ~ ~ ~ I ~ I O @ K U luUXnIepO6 H a s a n a c b B 1984 r. YiacmH uKlc

3a6acm08Kll U f3T10X81UUe 3U HUMU ~ L ) O ~ C O ~ ~ ~ ( nvec/leaosanlc uenu: 4 0 6 k i T b c ~ OT pa6o~opa~enefi ycTy&K *H ur~xTepoB npeKoame- H m ~ P O U e C C a 3aKpbITMR Y ~ ~ I T O Y H ~ L X maXT;

d ~ 0 6 ~ ~ b c n 07 n p a s n r e n b c m a M. T3nep n p e ~ p a r q e ~ n ~ M nepe- c M o T p a ~ H T M ~ P O @ C O K ) ~ H O ~ ~ M a H T M p a 6 0 ~ e f i nonHTHKpj.

Page 28: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 29: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

58

/ OrpaHHqMT p0nb npo@colo30~ B napTMM (OHM RBnRK,TCR KOnneK- THBHbIMM WIeHaMM 3~0fi napTMM) - MMeHHO 3TOr0 BCema ~ p e 6 o - BmM OT nefi6op~c~oE1 KOHCepBaTOpbl;

d He 6 y n e ~ OTMeHRTb ~ H T M ~ P O @ C O ~ ~ ~ H ~ I ~ 3aKOHb1, IIpMHRTbIe napna MeHTOM OpH M. T3m.p (1980, 1982, 1984, 1988 W.). Bce 3T0 6b1-

no cnenaHo B 1990-x - Hasane 2000-x rr. TOHM 6n3p 3aHBnlm, YTO IIapTRIl ~b16pUIa "mpemuIi Jlymb" - PaB- H O Y A U I ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ M OT KanMTaJTM3Ma7 M OT COUManM3Ma. B ~zel60pue cxym napmum cmanu npuewamb xanuma~zucmos. l lpn 6n3pe n ~ O P M C T ~ I @~KTI.NCCKM OqeHb C~JIM~MJIMC~ C KOHCePBaTOPaMH

MneonorMM. ~ O ~ T O M Y TOHM Ensp nonyYMn npossu~qe OT awn CKOF~ npeccbl "Topu 5 ~ 3 ~ " .

IIqeuP CDOK ne~6ouucmos v enacmu (1997-2001) nvouren omHocu medbHo VcneluHo:

d J I ~ ~ ~ O ~ M C T ~ M YAWIOCb COXpaHMTb C T ~ ~ W ~ ~ H O C T ~ B CTpaHe;

(/ B 1997 r. 6 b l n ~ npOBeAeHb1 pe@epeI-L4~~br 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHMM

naHncKoro M Y ~ J I ~ C C K O ~ O napnaMeHToB ( ~ a o 6 o ~ x p e a e p e m y ~ a npMHRT0 nOnOXMTeJbHOe peLUe~Me).

I ' n a ~ ~ o e oTnmwe HoBoro napnaMeHTa UIo~namm OT napna Y3nbca B TOM, TO napnaMeHT U l o ~ n a m ~ ~ mteeT nonHoMoqm

o 6 n a c ~ ~ ~anoroo6noxe~~51, B TO BpeMR KaK napnaMeHr Y3smc

AaHHblX T [ O ~ H O M O U M ~ ~ He MMeeT.

7 EUOHU 2001 rOBa 6bmu npOBeAeHbI AOCpO'rHble ~bl60pb1,

TopbIX CHOBa n o 6 e ~ ~ n ~ nei?6opac~b1 C 60nbUIM~ FIpeMMYlU,eCTBO M 0 6 e c n e r ~ n ~ ce6e nonHoMorux no 2006 r. O n ~ a ~ o T. 5 MeqaeT B 2005 r. IlpOBeCTM p e @ e p e ~ Q ' ~ 0 BBeAeHMM 06 neGc~oi2 B ~ I O T ~ I Espo M nocpoqHbIe napnaMeHTcKMe ~bl60pb1.

2. Bropofi cpon nef i6op~c~c~oro ~ a 6 M ~ e ~ a T. 6~13pa 6bm M YeH B OCHOBHOM M3-3a IIpOCLIeTOB 80 B H ~ ~ L I H ~ ~ FIOnHTMKe.

TeJIbCTBO 6nspa ~ ~ ~ O ~ O B O P O Y H O IlOJUleQX~O KYPC U M M H M CUA Ha B O ~ ~ H Y B kipa~e, qTO H e nOHpaBMJIOCb ~ P M T ~ H C

paTenaM. H ~ & O B O ~ ~ C T B O rpaX,ILaH 6b1no BbI3BaHO He CTO

B O G H O ~ ~ B Mpane, CKOJlbKO JlXCMBblMM yTBeP)l(qelMRMM

Ba 0 HWIMqMM y M p a ~ a OPY>KMR MaCCOBOrO yHH9TOXe

KOTOpble He HaLI.Ull CBOerO nO&TBepX4eHMR. KPII~MC ycyry6n pevJUtpHaR rcr6enb ~ ~ M T ~ H C K M X COJIAaT B k jpa~e M nOCTOHHHbIe

p03bI TepQOpMCTOB. B HaCTORUee BpeMn aBTOpHTeT neft6ops n o - n p e ~ ~ e ~ y B ~ I C O K , HO pe3~0 C H M ~ M ~ ~ C ~ nonyJmpH Fnspa, B pe3ym~a~e sero pm n a p ~ ~ f i ~ b r x nmepoB n @TW B OTCTaBK)' PmM CnaCeHkfR MMHlWa ~ ~ e f i napTMH.

Bonpoc 22. OCHOB~I rocynapcTseHHoro (KOHCTHTY~HOHHO~O) npaBa B ~ ~ M K O ~ P H T ~ H M M

(/ OHO cmapwe ~ o ~ c m u m y q u o ~ ~ o z o npaea dpyzux cmpaH E~ponb1 (nep- BbIe KOHCTMmMOHHble aKTbI B ~ ~ M K O ~ P M T ~ H M M G~IJIM IIPMHRTbI Ha 200-500 ner pamme, r e M KooHcTMqqMn e~ponet rcm mcyaapcrs);

d KOHCTMTmMOHHOe npaBO B ~ ~ H K o ~ ~ M T ~ H M M H e UMeem Z/la@HOZO uc- m o v ~ u ~ a - nucattoli' EcoHcmumyzluu;

d KOHCTlTQT@im B ~ ~ M K O ~ ~ M T ~ H H H C O C T a m e T He e q ~ ~ b r i i K O ~ K @ M U M ~ O -

~ a ~ ~ b d r nOKJMeHT, a HeCKORbKO aKmO6 KOHC~Umyr(UOHH~0 XapaKmepa, npUHxmbm 6 pQ3HOe 6~~ ( H ~ Y H H ~ C

B. K 3aKaHYHBaR XX B.); d ITOMMMO YKa3aHHbIX KOHCTM~MOHHbIX BKTOB, K0HCTMT)ZIMK) Be-

JIMKO~PMT~HMEI ( ~ l l 6 ~ l o KoH~mufflyl4~lo) COCtnaGnsKlffl MHOZOVU&ZeHHble

peU4elfW ~JJd06, KOHQeTM3MpylOulMe KOHCTlmyMOHHbIe aKTbl;

d urclpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHae Hapmy c nacanbrMn amaMs N cyne6- HbIMM PeUIeHMRMM MMeMT HenWCaHbIe, HO CnOXEIBUIMeCII CTOne- TMRMM KOHCmURlyl4UOHHble 06bl~au (HanpMMep Ha3HaqaTb npeMbep-

M m a c T p o M nmepa no6en~~urei2 Ha ~b16opax napTEiM M AP.).

2. Baxnefiuruuu aumauu uoncmum~uonnozo xapaxmepa Benuu06pu- maHUU, COCTaBnRIOUMMM OCflO6V G D U ~ ~ H C K O ~ Y KOHCWUfflV&Uu (&K-

~ U Y ~ C K U ~ ~ A ~ ~ H R I O I U U M U ee). nenmomm: d BeJIMKaR XapTMR B O J ~ H O C T ~ ~ ~ (1 2 15); (/ XaGeac Kopnyc aKT (1679); (/ ljunnb o npaBax (1689); e/ AKT 0 nPeCTOnOHaCneAMM (1701); d A K T ~ I o napnaMeHTe (1 9 1 1, 1949); d AKT~I 0 MMHMCTpaX K O ~ H ~ I (1937, 1964, 1975); (/ AKT 0 HaPOnHOM IIPeACTaBMTeJIbCTBe (1983); d AKT o rpamaHcTse (1981); d AKT o nspax (1963);

Page 30: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 31: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

u ~ l . i C O ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ ~ r 0 C y D a P C T B e H H o c T K

namwu); C/ CqMTaK)TCR " ~ @ P O H H ~ L M U B A U ~ ~ H U X N U " B ~ ~ M K o ~ P ~ ~ T ~ H M M ;

C/ MX X H T e n M - r p a m a H e B e n a ~ o 6 p k i T a ~ ~ ~ ;

C/ MMeK)T CBOX O p r a H b I F p a B n e H f l R .

TaK, KpoXoTHbIe ocmpdea Axepcu u rep~cu u+ie~~m c6ou naPflae ulmambl, C o c T o N k i e ~3 57 m e p c a ) M 61 ( ~ ~ P H C M ) ~ e n y T a T o B .

1 MOH~PX - ;.Anea zocydapcmsa h u ~ o 6 p u m a ~ u u u &O@peMeHHO ZAa- Ocmpoe M ~ H maKxe uaeem ceolj napnaMeHm - T u ~ e m a (np 6a a ~ z ~ u ~ a ~ c ~ o f i 4epK6u. Cornac~o G P M T ~ H C K O ~ ~ n p a ~ o ~ o f i AOK-

~ a s ~ a ~ ~ e TUHoyfla - nepeBOAMTCR CO cKaKaMHaBCKOr0 'lnone TpMHe m a c T b B ~ O C Y ~ ~ P C T B ~ M C ~ X H T ~e OT H ~ P O A ~ , a OT ~ o ~ a p x a - co6paHHfi", nocr<osw n e n y ~ a ~ b ~ n a p n a ~ e ~ ~ a 0 - ~ a M ~ H n e P B K O P O ~ R m u K o p o n e s b r .

2, OWH M3 B a m e f l ~ ~ ~ x aKM)B, PeI'yJIMp)WUMX CTaTyc M o H a p x a , - /Ircm 0 n~ecmo~o~amedllu ( 1701). OH sa~pennxe~ mx B e n ~ ~ o 6 ~ p l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ a c m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cucmeniy ~acnedoea~ux n p e c m o f l a , T. e. n p e c T O n M o m Hacne40BaTb KaK M m f l H a , TaK M X e H U M H a . H ~ C J I ~ ~ H M K O M no n p a B y CqMTaeTcR CTapzrrat i C ~ I H K o p o n R U ~ I M K o p o n e s b r . Cnenytolukifi Ha-

(XeflHMK - B T O P O ~ ~ , T P ~ T M ~ ? CbIH M T. a. (no y 6 b r ~ a m ~ e f i ) , MMHYR no- repefi- E c n ~ y M o H a p X a HeT C ~ I H O B ~ ~ ~ , H a C n a ) W T A o q e p M - no

H Y I ~ CkicTeMy. C T ~ P ~ M H C T B Y . ( T ~ K c n y r n n o c b B 1952 r., ~oraa TPOH reopra VJ YHac- n e 4 o B a I a era A o q b - HbIHeUklRH KOpOneBa E n ~ i s a s e T a 11). M o ~ a ~ x o ~ B ~ ~ M K O ~ P M T ~ H M M H e MMeeT n p a B a LIT^ W T O ~ M K ( ~ 0 ~ 6 ~ 0

n ~ o ~ e c ~ a ~ ~ ) , KaTonllKOM H e MOXeT 6b1n T a K x e cynpy (cynpym) MOHapxa. T P ~ H B B ~ ~ M K O ~ P M T ~ H M M nepe&?leTCR TOnbKO HacneAHMKy M

aeTHM7 HO H e C W P Y V HnM cynpyre. H a n p ~ ~ e p , e c n k i TPOH y H a c - nefiOBa CbIH M o H a p x a , T b OH CTaHOBMTCX KOpOneM M MMeeT n p a B a

C/ OCTPOB C B R T O ~ ~ E J I ~ H ~ I ; MoHapXa. x e ~ a K O p O m TOnbKO MMeHYeTCFI K ~ p ~ J l e ~ o f i , HO npas NO-

C/ E i e p ~ y n c K M e OCTpOBa; Ha!)xa He meem H a npa M 3 H M K O p O m , HM ITOCJIe e r O CMepTM M H e H a c n e n y e T npec-rona. Ho H a c n e n H M K o M M O X ~ T 661% ' ~ ~ o - n 1 1 6 0 ki3 ee

C/ r ~ 6 p m ~ a p ; H a n ~ u ~ e ~ , n p M f w e c c a A M a H a HMKOrna FIe C M O r n a 6 6 1 CTaTb C/ K a f i ~ a H O B b 1 OCTpOBa; nPasWefi K o p o n e ~ o i i , a T O ~ K O K ~ p o n e ~ o f i - > ~ e ~ o f i Kopo,Ix, a ee C/ E p n T a ~ c ~ t i e B M P ~ M H C K M ~ OCTPOBa; c ~ a ~ m i ? CbIH Y K ~ [ ~ R M MOXeT CTa% KOPOJI~M-MOH~PXOM. C/ O c T p o B a T e p ~ c M K a f i K o c ;

h l l mpofi ~ a ~ e d y e m daub, o H a CTaHoskiTcR npaemyefi ~ o p o ~ e ~ ~ ~ ( K ~ K ' I / OCTpOB M o H T c ~ ~ ~ ~ T ; H b ~ H e U r m KOpOneBa Ezu3aserna If) , B TO spem KaK MY;IIC KOPOfleBbl

C/ OCTpOB ~ W T K ~ P H .

Page 32: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

K O p O n e M H e CTaHOBMTCH - OH HOCMT mu my^ npu~ya 3d"fi6ypzc ~oponesa cnenye~ c n o x ~ s m e ~ y c r r sa 2 c ~ o n e ~ ~ r r KOHCTMT~UBOH- 20, ~ac/lednutc npecmona H o c M T TMT~JI npUHYU Y 3 f l b ~ ~ 0 2 0 (B H ~ C T O HoMY 0 6 b 1 ~ 0 ( ~ e 3 a ~ p e n n e ~ ~ o ~ y B K O H C T W T ~ M O H H ~ I X ~ K T ~ X ) - Nee ~ p e m TO C ~ I H K O ~ O ~ ~ B ~ I qapm3). H a 3 H a Y a T b npeMbeP-MMHMCTPOM JIkiAepa lTapTMH, n o 6 e ~ ~ ~ m e # H a

3. H e c ~ 0 l - p ~ H a pacxoxee ~ b ~ p a x e a a e " K ~ K amnwfic~arr ~ o p o f l sb160pax B n a r r a ~ y O ~ U M H n a p n a ~ e ~ ~ a , a M M H M C T ~ O B - no npeq- ( no~pasy~esa~owee OTCyTCTBMe PeaTIbHbIX ~ o ~ H o M o ~ M ~ ~ ) , ~ P U n O > r t e H m ~ P ~ M ~ ~ P - M M H M C T ~ ~ ; HO B UOCneBOeHHOe B p e M a K O p O n e -

c ~ u i ~ o n a p x - O ~ U H U 3 CUMblX llOflH06flUCmHb~ MOHapxo6 6 ~a ~ ~ a m b 1 ~ 0 ~ n 0 n b 3 0 ~ a n a ~ b CBOMM ~ P ~ B O M H ~ ~ H ~ Y ~ H M R n p e ~ b e p -

ne, MMeeT 6 o n b r r r e n o n ~ o ~ o s n i i , s e ~ ero e s p o n e f i c ~ ~ e ( M H ~ n c ~ p a no c B o e M y YcMoTpeHMm: B 1957 r. ~ a s ~ a r ~ n a H a TOT

~ ~ B ~ T C K B ~ ) KOnneTM. n O C T KOHCepBaTOpa r. M a K ~ H f l n a ~ a , a B 1963 r. - KOHCepBaTOpa

A. Awnaca-Xbm~a (B 0 6 0 ~ ~ CJIpaFIX KOHCepBaTOpbr H e MOrJIM ~ ~ / I H O M O Y U Z u npaea M o H a p x a B e ~ 1 ~ ~ 0 6 p k i ~ a ~ k I k i I . IMeHWTCR YeTKO OnPeAeJIMTbCR C JIMAePOM n a p T M l l ) ; pozamueaMu. n p e p o r a ~ a s b ~ K o p o n r r (~oponesb~) M O ~ Y T 6 b 1 ~ b JIM / mo~blco Monapx uMeern npaso docpovno pacnyctcamb na~arny 0 6 4 ~ ~ H ~ I M M M ~ o J ~ H T M ~ ~ C K M M I ? . (B A ~ ~ ~ C T B I I T ~ ~ ~ H O C T H COrJIaCHO K O H C T W T ~ M O H H O M y 0 6 b ~ a m 3 T 0

Juvnbre npepozamus~ - smo npasa: A e n a e T c R no p e r u e H m o n p a B w T e n b c T s a M n p e ~ b e p - M H H M C T ~ ~ ) ; 4 H a KOpOHY; / M O H a p X edunonuvno B032fla8flSem aH2flUKaHCIcyhJ yepKO6b 6 AHZRUU

u npecsrtmepuanctcp s LUomanduu, o c y r u e c m m e T c o o T B e T c T s y r o m M e

V M O H ~ P X - zflas~o~co~andyrou~uli eoopyxennbmu CUflL2Ml1, n p u c B a M - / IJepeMoHHaJI; B a e T BOHHCKMe 3BaHMR, Ha3HaZIaeT B ~ I C U M ~ ~ K O M ~ H ~ H ~ I # COCTaB

/ K O M n n e K C nBOpUOB; (no ~ P ~ A C T ~ B ~ ~ H H I ~ ~ P ~ M ~ ~ P - M M H M C T ~ ~ ) ;

/ ~ o p o n e ~ c ~ ~ f i n ~ o p ; / M o H a p x nasndvaem dumo~amurecrcux npedcmaeume~eli, pamu@ul(u- / r o C y A a p C T B e H H O e 0 6 e c n e s e ~ ~ e - T a K H a 3 b I B a e M b I ~ " U W B M ~ ~ pyem ~emdynapodn ble d020e0pb1, o6a~ennem B O ~ H ~ u MUP;

n ~ c ~ " , c o c ~ a ~ m ~ I I I I 4 i i (a0 1997 r.) B CpeAHeM O K o n o 8 MnH &YHT M O H a p x B O 3 m a B n R e T C O A ~ ~ > ~ < ~ C T B O (B KOTOpOe BXOAMT 6onee 50 c T e p n M m o B B ran (T. e. n p m x e p H o 12 MJIH A o n n . CUTA B ron). rOCyAapCTB - ~ M B L L I M X K O ~ O H M # B ~ ~ M K O ~ ~ M T ~ H M M ) ; CpaBHeHMR: ~ O A O B O ~ ~ oman n p e 3 w e ~ ~ a CUTA (c 2001 r.) - 6 / 6pumanc~ui Monapx - zJrasa zocydapcmsa He moflbrco s B e ~ u ~ o - 400 THC. A o n n . - B 30 pa3 M e H b U e . 6puma~uu, HO u 6 17 cmpanax Cdpywecmsa (smmsarr K a ~ a q y , B nocnea~ee spem ~ a ~ e ~ ~ n a c b mendenyux omlcasa M O H A ~ c ~ p a n ~ m M HOBYIO 3 e n a m ~ m ) ; pjda R U Y H ~ L X rlpepOZamU6, nepexon K 6onee " C K P O M H O ~ ' / M o H a p x x m y e m d e o p x ~ c ~ u e murnym (n3pa 11 m. d.) - no n p e A c T a B - E n m a ~ e ~ a 11 oTKa3aJ IaCb OT O C B O ~ O W ~ H M R OT H m o r O B , 0 n e H m n p e ~ b e p - M M H M C T ~ ~ , u nasnavaem wenos nmambl ~opdos. " E p ~ T a ~ ~ ~ " , OT IIMYHOrO C a M O n e T a M OT UMBMnbHOrO n H C T a 6. B H a c T o r r m e e BpeMrr npasrrmefi rrBnrreTcrr dunacmug B U H ~ ~ O P ~ ~

4. l7oflumuliec~ue npepozamuebr ( @ o p M a n b H b I e , n o c K o n b K Y OrPaHMY (no 1917 r. H a 3 b I B a ~ I a C b C a ~ c - ~ 0 6 y p 2 - ~ o m c l c ~ ) . C 1952 2. (6onee B ~ ~ T C R n0nMTM~eCKkIMI.I 06b1'1aRM1.1) COCr.mflm 6 mom, YmO. 50 n e ~ ) 6 p M T a ~ c K H f i TpOH 3aHMMaeT K O p O n e B a Edusaeema 11 - 42-fi

/ MoHapx RBnReTCR cocmasnoC vacmbm napfiaMeHma H~PXJXY c n MOHapX B HCTOPMH B ~ J I M K o ~ ~ M T ~ H M H M 6-R K o p o n e B a . ~ o f i nOpAOB M nZIJIaT0fi 0 6 l - U ~ ~ ;

4 MoHapx MMeeT n p a ~ o a6conmaozo @em0 HU J W ~ O ~ ~ ~ K O H , ~ P M ~ O J I H T H Y ~ C K O ~ 6ynyruee ~ P M T ~ H C K O ~ ~ MOHapXMM, ee aBTOpMTeT BHYT-

~ b ~ f i n a p n a M e H T O M (ne npUMeHAROCb MOHLIpXOM OIcOflO 300 flem pa C T P a H b I 38 P Y ~ ~ X O M H a n p R M W 3aBMCHT OT n M s H o c T M ca~ol-0 1707 2., 3a YTO n 0 n f l ~ n 0 I I ~ O ~ B M I U ~ "crnu(e20 ~ O A H O M O V ~ J I " ; B ne MOHapXa. C ~ ~ O A H R U H H ~ ~ aBTOpMTeT MOHaPXIIM, BO MHOrOM - Pe3Ym- CTBNTenbHOCTM ~ ~ C O ~ ~ I O T H O ~ BeTO, H e r p e o A o n e B a e M o e n a p n a M TaT %nee YeM 5 0 - n e T ~ e f i AeRTeSIbHOCTM H ~ I H ~ ~ L I H ~ ~ KOpOneBbI E ~ M - TOM, - ~ o ~ ~ e i i u e e opyxae B p y K a x K o p o n R ( K O P O ~ ~ B ~ I ) , era ~e 3 a B e ~ b 1 11. Hacflednulc npecmofla - ee c~apmwfi C ~ I H , npuHy YapflM H e

6 0 n b U I M H c ~ B a ApJTMX MOHapXOB M n p e 3 m e H T o B ) ; 0 6 s 1 ~ a e ~ BCeM H ~ ~ O ~ O M KaYeCTB h M 3 a B e T b 1 11. C ~ ~ C T B ~ ~ T O n a C -

/ ~ o ~ a p x MOXeT no C I ~ O ~ M Y Y C M O ~ P ~ H U K , ~ a 3 ~ a r a m b flp~~6ep-Munuc HOCT~, 4TO B C n p a e eCnM OH CTaHeT CneA)WI4HM MOHBPXOM, aBTopM-

u ~ u ~ u c m p o s , O C B O ~ O ) ~ ( ~ ~ T ~ MX OT aOJIXHOCTM ( M M ~ R 3TO npa TeT MOHapXMM CHM3MTCR. Tamm KaseCTBaMM M 0 n p e ~ e n e H H 0 f i Xa-

Page 33: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

3 T O r 0 H a M e p e H H x .

B ro Xe BpeMR K o p o n e s a a M e e T ewe OAHY nPePOraTMBY - CmOameabHO ~a3naYumb nacnednu~a ~3 CIOUX fi0nmMK06.

~Ya~rcdblc 208 ~ U C A O n3pe y~enurueaemcrr, T. K . A B a m b I B ron t to pa^ c ~ 6 6 0 ~ a HIOM - B o @ ~ ~ a n b ~ b l f i AeHb POWfeHHR KOpOfleBbI r? 31 ne- K ~ ~ P R - HaKaHYHe H o B o r o rona) K o p o n e s a x m y e T o q e p e n H b I e ABO-

pmcme TMTYnbI TeM, KT0 O T n m m c % nepen B e n ~ ~ o 6 p ~ ~ a ~ ~ e f i . %o6odum pa60mofi l7anamb1 nopdoe aopd-~anyaep, OH Xe Znaea c~ae6~of i efiacmu. n o p a - ~ a ~ u n e p - 3 T 0 MMHHCTP IIPaBIITemCTBa, K o T o P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~e ~ 3 6 ~ p a e ~ c r r nana~ofi, a ~ a s ~ a q a e ~ c ~ ~ 0 P p o e B o f i no n p e n c T a B f l e H H m npeMbep-MMHMCTpa (ewe O a H a YHMKaJIbHarr q e p T a ~ P M T ~ H C K O ~ O w v r a M e H T a - on~of i a3 n m a T n a p n a M e H T a PYKOBO-

M M H ~ C T P ) . OAH~KO, B 2005 r. B n a ~ ~ a ~ e 061l(MH n p O A O f l > K ~ ~ c $ q o 6 c ~ ~ e ~ x e 3 a K o H o n p o e K T a 0 n a K B m a u M a n o c T a nopaa-~a~unepa

n m b ~ e f i w e f i p e @ o p ~ e narraTbx n o p n o B .

M cocmoum ~3 mpex racmefi: Jopdbl - npedcmasumenu cnoxueuteficx cmonemug~u 3e~e f lbHof i d M O H ~ P X ~ ( K Q P O ~ R K O P O ~ ~ B ~ I ) ; n ~ ~ b l m e ~ ~ o c apUct?m?CpamUU. OHM 06nmam~ H~T[PHKOCHOB~HHO-

d k m a ~ b 1 ~ O ~ A O B ; CTbm. K a W f b G flOpA HMeeT n p R M 0 f i A o c T m K ~ o p o n e ~ e ( q ~ o npo- d l l a n a ~ b ~ O ~ L U H H .

6neMaTm~0 P y I < o B o ~ ~ ~ e f l e f i MHOCTPaHHbrX ~ O C Y R ~ ~ C T B ) .

' C e r o n H f l l k n a ~ a n o p A o B BbInOflHSeT C y a e 6 H b l e , HeKOTopbIe MHbIe

@ Y H W ~ M , HO B UenOM HMeeT p e n y T a u M m om3icu8utezo ulicmumyma, omzonocrca npozunozo, " n a ~ a m b ~ 6e3denb~u~o@". HaqkfHa% c 191 1 r. B ~ P ~ T ~ H C K O M O ~ W ~ C T B ~ ULM~MTCR d@uxeHue 3a nuxeudayulo flanambl nopdoe B C B H ~ H c ee a p x a m a o c T b m npaK- TkfqecKoG ~ ~ C ~ O J I ~ ~ H O C T ~ I O . HO 6naroaaprr cane ~ ~ a ~ u a f i nanaTa n O p a O B B H ~ C T O B U M ~ ~ MOMeHT COXpaHrreTcR,

rfla@~Ym POnb @ ~ ~ U ~ U H C K O M napnmetime uzpaem HUM^ nmama - na~2ama 0 6 q u ~ (B 3TOM ewe OAMH n a p m o K c amn~f ic~oro n a p n a M e H - TapM3Ma). H~CMOTPR H a HmkFIMe M H O ~ O ~ M C ~ ~ H H O ~ ~ n m a T b I nopAoB, rbaKmuqec~u a~auCc~unz napnaMeHmoM ( e nonHoM WblCAe 3mWO ~ 0 6 a ) m m e m a n~onb~o l7mama O ~ W U H ; n p m e M VJreHaMa napJraMeHTa M M ~ H Y I ~ T C ~ ~ 06bm-10 nerryTaTbI n m a ~ b r O ~ U M H , HO H e nowbI. Bax~eliutue @v~tcuuu l7aflam bl O ~ U U H :

Page 34: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 35: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

@a~TMsecKPi n a p n a ~ e ~ ~ p a c n y c ~ a e ~ c ~ no p e u e H ~ m n p a ~ ~ ~ e n b c P e m a m ~ m ~ o n b n p ~ ~b160pax n a p n a ~ e ~ ~ a ti @ o ~ M M ~ o B ~ H M M npa- sa M n p e ~ b e p - M M H M C T ~ ~ ) . BMTenbcma q a m T nonmmecme n a p w . B Hacmxqee Bpem B Be-

J I M K O ~ P M T ~ H M H cnommacb dsyxnapmuu'nm cucmema: 6onee 70 neT npaBMTenbCTB0 Ha OCHOBe napJIaMeHTCKOr0 ~ O J I ~ U H H C T B ~ no Olre-

PenM @OPMMPYK)T HBe naPTHM - KOHCepBaTMBHatI M nefi60pMc~c~aR. XOTR Ha CTbIKe XX-XXl BB. UaCCMYeCKaR A B Y X ~ ~ P T W ~ ~ H ~ R CHCTe-

M a HaqaJIa naBaTb C ~ O M M H a ITOJIMTWeCKYK) apeHy BHOBb Halrana zammc~t ~o~mpacuznayuu) . BbIXOJIWTb mpembll flapmu - nu6epanbr.

npaeumefibcmeo B ~ ~ M K O ~ ~ M T ~ H M H OCyu(eCm@flgem H e rnoflbKo ucn ~ u m e n 1 ~ i p sflacmb, HO u 3 a ~ o ~ o d a m a b ~ y ~ ) . ~ ~ P J I ~ M ~ H T n e ~ n o ~ n q e c , Ko~cepeamusnasi napmusi o @ o p ~ ~ n a c b B XIX B. ~a O C H O B ~ nap^^^

"TOPM". K O H C ~ P B ~ T M B H ~ J I napTMx sblcmynnem 3a m p a d u r { u o ~ ~ b ~ e npamKyeT nepeAaYy npaBMTeAbCTI3y 3aKOHOAaEnbHbn n~nHOMOqM I

6 p u m a ~ c ~ u e yeHHOCmU, rOCnOACTB0 X ~ C T H O ~ ~ C O ~ C T B ~ H H O C T H , MM- H a OCHOBaHMM KOTOpbIX OH0 MXaeT 3aKOHbI ( ~ K m b l deflezupo@alifi HMMaJ'lbHOe BMeUaTenbCTBO I'OCYAaPCTBa B 3KOHOMHq, XeCTKp, ~ Y P M T ~ H C K P MOpaJrb, 3KCnaHCMOHMCTCKyK) BHeUHmK) nOfiWTMKy.

Opza~br nnpmuu - n a p ~ ~ i i ~ a ~ @ p a ~ q m B napnaMeHTe, napTMfi~aR

T ~ I B napna~eHT BHOCHT IIpaBMTemCTBO. K O H @ ~ P ~ H U M I I , PerMOHaTIbHbIe O ~ T ~ H A ~ ~ U M M . ~ ~ ~ A ~ M ~ H T C K ~ H @ P ~ K - UMII napTMw ~ 3 6 ~ p a e ~ HnM n e p e ~ 3 6 ~ p a e ~ nwepa. K ~ K npam- no, eAHHOWbI M 3 6 p a ~ ~ b 1 ~ nudep nepeu36upaemca K a x d b l i zod (M. T 3 ~ r e p - 15 pas, c 1975 no 1990 rr.), noKa He npoMrpaeT ~b160pb1 B napnaMeHT Mna He pacTepcreT nonyncrpaocn.

n a p ~ r a ~ e ~ ~ BnpaBe BbIHeCTH BOTYM HeAOBepMH npaBMTenbcTBy,

B B ~ ~ M K o ~ P M T ~ H I . ~ ~ ~ CmeCTBYeT K O H C T M ~ M O H H M ~ ~ 06bmaG He fleu'6opucmc~m (mpydosm) n a p m u C O ~ A ~ H ~ B 1900 r. KaK napTMR H O C M T ~ BOTYM HeAOBepMR npaBMTenbCTBY (B XX B. BOTYM Hen pa604~x M ~ ~ o @ c o ~ O ~ O B . B 1924 2. OHU 6ttep6ble c@op~uposann npa- p ~ n 6bu BblHeCeH T O ~ K O esamnbr - B 1924 r. B 1979 r., sumeAbcmao u ablmecHuna nu6epanb~ylo napmulo, conep~urasrrrylo

n p a B ~ T e n b c ~ ~ a n o r e p ~ n ~ 6 o n b m a ~ c ~ ~ o B n a p n a ~ e ~ ~ e ) . c rco~cepeamopwu s XIX - ~cllime XY 6s. B ~ a c ~ o ~ u e e B P ~ M R nefi60pMc~b1 ~6nM3WIkl~b C KOHCePBaTOPaMM W npeBpaTMnMCb B co- U M ~ - & ~ M O K ~ ~ T M ~ ~ ~ C K ~ I ~ npaBylo napTMI0. J T ~ ~ ~ ~ o P M c T ~ I B ~ I c T ~ ~ ~ ~ T 3a AO~OfiHMTenbHbIe rapaHrMH npaB TPYaRUMXCR, aKTMBHOe BMe- LUaTenbcT~0 roCy&apCTBa B 3KOHOMBKY, IlIMPOMe COURmbHbIe npo-

n a p m u deye~mpmu3osa~a, 6011bUaR s a c n Bonpocoa peuae~cx Ha npe~bep-~u~ucmpa, a ~ 3 6 p a ~ M e K O ~ O - ~ M ~ O AWePoM npaBx napTMM 03HalraeT 3aHHTHe AOJI>KHOCTM npeMbeP-MMHMcTPa-

( ~ P O T M B 2 MJIH YJIeHOB y KOHCePBaTOPOB, T. e. B 20 pa3 ~ e ~ b t u e ) ;

B O P ~ C ~ Y K ~ ~ Y naPTMM Ha npU6UX KOflReKmU6HbLX WeHO6 6~0d/lm OAHaKo B 1990 r. c ~ e u e ~ a c noc~a nmepa K O H C ~ P B ~ T M B H O ~ ~

npo@colosbr (mped-lo~uo~br); M BbIHY>K4eHa 6bma AOCPO~HO @TM c nocTa npemep-~aHM 40% we~os pyrcosod~lu(ux opatioa d 0 / 1 x ~ b r 6 b m b npedcmasume~~r~u n p e ~ b e p - M M ~ M ~ T p 0 ~ CTm H O B ~ I ~ ~ nwep napTeH - a. M3axo flp0@0lo306 (T. e. BeJrMKO JNWIHMe ~ ~ O @ C O D ~ O B Ha nOflMTHKy napM).

B XX B. y BnaCTM lraqe HaXollMnaCb KOHCepBaTMBHaR napTWH. 3a nocne&HMe 100 neT ( B ~ ~ M R CyUeCTBOBaHflX napTMM) nefi60p~c~b1 6bIJIM y BnaCTM B o6qefi CnOXHOCTM OKOJIO 25 neT. O C T ~ J I ~ H O ~ BpeMR ~P~BHJIM npeMMyIlteCTBeHH0 KOHCepBaTOpbI.

Page 36: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

Bonpoc 25. OCO~~HHOCTV~ 6pkl~aHC~Or0 npaBa 1 kl c v n e 6 ~ o i CMCTeMbl B ~ ~ H K O ~ P H T ~ H M ~

1. B ~ X T I M K O ~ ~ H T ~ H M R - npeACTaBMTeJIb TaK H a 3 b I ~ a e ~ o f i aHZA0Ca cX0'ori / Z ~ ~ @ O @ O U CUCmeMbl, rfie, B OTJIH'IMe OT CTPaH KOHTMHeHT

H 0 f i CHCTeMbI, BenyIXYIO P O n h HI'paeT H e 3aKOH ( K O ~ ~ K C ) , a Cy ~ b l r i npeyedeilm - KoHKpernHoe peulefiue cyda no KoHKpemHoMy de cnyxawee o6paayo~ dax noczedymu(ux atianozuwbuc den. C y n b

TOnbKO nPHMeHRKlT n p a B 0 , HO H CaMM TBOPRT HOPMbI, 0 6 R 3 a ~

H b I e ASIR n O C S I e n y ~ W H X cy~ef i , T , e. IIpeUeAeHTbI.

B cucmme npeuede~m~ozo npasa Be/rluco@uma~~cll ~ecnonb~o cm6 a, muu cocvutecrnsosanu: I

4 d o614ee npaso; I t1

d M n p a B O CnpaBenJIHBOCTM.

O6qee npaeo 6 b m o co3da~o pa3ae3dHbmru ~opo~teec~umu c#amu. Q ~ H -

HbIe CYAbI, MMeR llOJIHOMOqHR OT KOPOJIII, p a 3 . b e 3 X a n H no C T p a H e

H paspemanu p a s n m a b ~ e nena. l l e p ~ o ~ a q a n b ~ o nena p a c c M a T p M -

BaJlMCb MMM IT0 C O ~ C T B ~ H H O M Y YCMOTPeHklK), HO 3aTeM B n p O U e C C e

0 6 ~ e ~ a OnbITOM CYAbM B ~ I P ~ ~ O T ~ ~ M 0 6 4 ~ e nOL[XOAbI Pi npMHUMnb1,

KOTOPbIMM A O n X H b I 6 b U t ~ PYKOBOACTBOBaTbCR BCe CYnbM n p M PaC-

CMOTpeHMM ,Qen (T. e. ~ ~ I J I M YCTaHOBJIeHbI eAMHbIe o 6 p a 3 ~ b 1 QrrR

PaCCMOTpeHHR aHaJIOrH'4HhIX, nOBTOpRKlUMXCS3 nen). P a 3 5 e 3 ~ ~ b 1 e c y n b r , c o 3 n a ~ ~ r ~ e M n p M M e H m u l M e o6mee n p a B o , 6bInk i

H e ~ ~ H H C T B ~ H H O ~ ~ C Y A ~ ~ H O ~ ~ M H C T ~ H ~ M ~ ~ ~ B CTpaHe. C y n e 6 H b I e

IIOJIHOMO'IMR npMHEiAJleXaJIM M MOHapXJJ, KOTOP~IB OCYUeCTBJIRJl MX

Y epes cyd nopda-K~H ynepa. Mo~apx u cyd n o p d a - ~ a ~ y ~ e p a cosda~u napanneAbHyH.3 o6qemy npaey npaeoeyio cucmemy. E c n ~ CYnbM n p H BbIHeCeHMM p e U I e H M a 6b111~ CBR3aHbI XeCTKHMM, @ O ~ M ~ ~ H ~ O B ~ H H ~ I M E I 06pa3uam ( n p e u e n e ~ ~ a ~ ~ ) , TO ~opom H nopn- K a H U J I e p PeUaJIIi A e J a no CBOeMy n l n H O M y YCMOTPeHMm MCXOAII M3 npMHUHIlOB IYMaHH0CTI.I M CnPaBemMBOCTM. C 0 3 n i n a H ~ Z 3 MMH BTO- pa2 C Y A ~ ~ H ~ R CMCTeMa, Cny>KMBUaR npOTMBOBeCOM 0 6 m e ~ y n p a B y ,

nonywna ~ a s ~ a ~ ~ e "npaso cnpased~ueocmu". Cocyqecmsosa~ue dsyx npasosux cucmeM s a ~ a c ~ y m npmoamo K ny- TaHMqe. C ~ a ~ a n a cydbu, CsszmHHble npeyede~rnmu, sbr~ocunu "cflenble" wcmtiue peucetilur, a 3 a x ~ ~opoflb (6 fluqe nopda-tia~wepn) "nepepe- uuix" 3mu x e dma "no cnpasedflusocmu" - no n M s H o M y YcMoTpeHMm.

B pe3yJIbTaTe cydeb~ori: pe#opMbl 1873 2. o6e IIpaBOBble CMCTeMhI - o6wero n p a B a M n p a B a cnpaseAnMBocTM - 6 b m ~ 06ziedune~al s edu- HYH) npa~oeyio cucmemy, me npesmupyem o6qee npaeo, K o p o n b EI J I O p A - K a H W e p H e CO3AaIOT O T A ~ J I ~ H O ~ CHCTeMbI, a MHOrAa BbICTY- IIaKlT B KaYeCTBe ~I I~SIJ IRUMOHHOG MHCTaHuMM.

O C O ~ ~ H H O C ~ ~ coepeme~~ou' cyde6noci cucmembr Be~tu~o6puma~uu B TOM, ' IT0 B C O ~ ~ ~ M H ~ H H O M KOpOSIeBCTBe CylUeCTByeT mRU a6mOHOM- Fble c.vde6~bce cucmeMb1: o6ura~ AJIR AHCXMM M Y 3 n b c a ;

O T n e n b H a R LUrg ~ o T J ~ ~ F ~ A H H ;

o T n e n b H a r r m~ C e ~ e p ~ o f i Mpnamm. B AHZAUU M Y 3 ~ b ~ e ~ U M ~ K ) ~ C I I :

CHCTeMa O ~ U M X CYAOB;

CMCTeMa aiTMMHMC'TpaTHBHbIX CyAOB.

Llepa~xum o6utux cvdos 06pa3vmm: HM3lrrMe CYAbI - MarMCTpaTCKHe CYAbT W CYnbI ~ ~ ~ G c T B ; BbICUIMe CY4bI - Bep~06Hbli ~ y d M n m a m a nopdos.

Page 37: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

r / Arrennnuwo~~oro cyna ( p a c c ~ a q m s a e ~ XaJI06b1 Ha PIX peure~arr)~ B cocmnae Bblco~ozo cvda wewmcx rn-pu orndefle~m:

r / OTneJIeHMe K O ~ O ~ ~ B C K O ~ ~ CKaMbM; r / KaHwepcKoe omeneaae; r / c e ~ e f i a o e oTaeneHae.

1

Omdefle~ue ~oponeac~oii cicaMbu paccMaTpwBaeT cnovcHble zpaxdcl U c ~ u e dena, B T. 9. C B R ~ ~ H H ~ I ~ c MOPCKHMM n e p e ~ o 3 ~ a ~ ~ (MX ped

eT BXODJIUM~~ B COCTaB OTneJIeHWI Cyn &MPfpan~eficTBa) M TOPI$ neii (noncyn~br K O M M ~ ~ ~ ~ C K O M ~ cyny B cocTaee o~neneam). Taq OHO paccMaqmaeT KpynHbte yrOnoBHbIe nena B nopmKe a n e ~ ~ m x i j Ka~ynepcxoe omdene~ue pemaer nena, ~acaloic(uecn u~menne~rnyg HOG C O ~ C ~ B ~ H H O C ~ U ( ~ ~ T ~ H T H Q ~ O M aBTOPCKOr0 npa~a) , a Tame AA

75

A n e f l n ~ u o ~ ~ b l i C Y ~ paccMaTpwsaeT xano6br Ha pemeHMH BblcoKoro

-~

cyna M Cyna KOPOH~I. . < ,

a npocTbre VamaeMbre M n o 6 p o n o p m o ~ ~ b ~ e WaMaHe, MC*onH WMe CBOM & y ~ ~ q ~ p i 6 e c r n a ~ ~ 0 , Ha o ~ u I ~ c T B ~ H H ~ ~ Hasanax. ~ T M

. . ~ ~ . ~

r - - ~ - --------'k'--.-

cKm 3n0xa" - Bpem npaBneHMH KOpOfle6bl B~fCmopu~. B OTIIHqHe 01' nppMx cTpaH E B P ~ ~ ~ I , ArrR B ~ J I M K o ~ ~ M T ~ H M M 3TO 6bn OmHOCU-

Hepapxuw u t o m a ~ d c ~ u x cvdos cocmaan~~mm: ' pau"0HHble ~ydbl - PaCCMaTPMBaIOT He3Ha'iMTenbHbIe Tpa)K4aHCKMe M

JTOJlOBHbIe nena B COCTaBe ~ P O @ ~ C C M O H W H ~ I X cyneG n ~ 6 0 2 M

6onee Maposbrx cyneG; ' ruepu$c~ue cydu - PaccMaTpMBaroT OCHOBH~IO Maccy rpamqaHcKwx

aen M yronoBHbIe nena cpen~ei i TmecTM; ' C ~ C C U O H H ~ ~ ~ " cyd 8 Bdu~6ypze - BbICUaR cyne6~ax MHCTaHUWr paccMoTpeHna rpamaHcKMx nen; ' Bblco~uii cyd WCmUyUUpUe6 - BbICIIIaH c y n e 6 ~ a ~ MHCTaHUMH AnH paCCMOTpeHMH JTOJIOBHbIX aeJI (ee PemeHHH O K O H Y ~ T ~ ~ ~ H ~ I ) .

4OB PaCCMaTpMBaIOTCH He BCeMU R O P ~ C M I U , a AUUlb ~e6oflbutoli KO/rlle- zueu" nopdoa-mpucmoa. n a n a ~ a nopnoB moxem nepecmompema pe- urenue (HO npM6eraeT K TOM^ ~ p a i i ~ e peneo) ~106020 cyda Beflu-

' uo6puma1tuu, KpoMe Bblco~ozo cyda mcmuyuapues LUomna~duu.

bnpoc 26. KynbTypa B ~ ~ M K O ~ ~ M T ~ H M P I BO s ~ o p o R I nonosntie XIX - Harane XX RR.

I n e p ~ o n c 1837 no 1901 rr. ~oruen B M C T O D M ~ KaK "Ru~mnnunu- I

Page 38: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

~ I P O T ~ C T X Y A O ~ M K O B nPOTMB MCnOPYeHHblX MHaYCTPMmM3auMefi

' 1 BKYCOB. B M ~ ~ M M M @P~HUI.IM MMeHOBmCR "UP ~ ~ 8 0 " (art nouveau). C ~atf6onbuefi n o n ~ o ~ o i i n p o R s t r n c R B apxumetcmype. r f i a ~ ~ b ~ f i

~pumepufi Kpacombl no 3aKOHaM MOAepHa - ye/locmHocmb o6pa3a. B b l d a m ~ u m u c ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ t u u ' c ~ u m u x ~ o x n u ~ a m u - m o d e p ~ u c m m u ~ ~ L J U : Y ~ f l ~ m MOPP~C (1834-1896) O C H O @ O ~ O A O X H U K C I I ~ U J R f f ~ ~ d e p ~ l l . C o e n ~ ~ ~ v r uctcyccmso u peaecdo:

4 AXOH 3sepemm Muflec (1829-1896); 0 ~ 0 p b f J I e H M e MHTepbepOB;

d AXeli;Nc KOAAUHCOH ( 1825-1881); ~ e n ~ a ~ C K p I b n T y p a ;

d ToMac Byfl~ep (1825-1892); AeKOpaTMI3Hafl XMBOllMCb, ~ e 6 e n b ;

06pu Bpdcflu (Beardsley, Aubrey Vinceht (1872-1894, X Y ~ O ~ H M K -

r ~ a + n ~ , M n n m c T p a T o p , o K a 3 m BnMRHMe H a BCe RBneHMR c T ~ n f l

MOPP~C - 6bm BceMMpHO M3BeCTeH 6naroaapn caoew T B o p q e - CTBY- ~ ( ~ O P M J I ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ MM B 1860-1865 rr. KaK o6pasey eblco~ozo

/ C r p e M n e H M e K ecmecmseHHOcmu M RPKMM, C B e m M TOHaM; @KYm OT CTeH A 0 nOCyAbI "Kpac~blu' do^" - w r a c c ~ q e c ~ ~ h npmep

/ s b 1 6 o p B KaqeCTBe O C H O B H ~ ~ X TeM - X U 3 H b Xpucma Jeab1 , cmuns ode^^ B a p x M T e K T y p e M AM3afiHe ( C O ~ A M H ~ H H ~ H a p o n ~ o f i

cmxe~br n M ~ e p a T Y p b 1 3nOXU B O ~ P O X ~ ~ H U ~ , n e r e H n 6anna; apxMTeKTypb1 C ~ O T M ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ + o p M o i i ) ;

Ya~flb3 M a x u ~ m o u ~ (Mackintosh, Charles Rennie (1868-1924, ap- xwTeKTop, AM3afiHep MHTePbePOB. P ~ ~ B M B U I n p ~ ~ o n ~ ~ e f i ~ y ~ o Bep-

aP Hyeo, B CoyeTaHMM C 3neMeHTaMM CTWIR U o T J I a m c K f l x

CpeAHeBeKoBbIx 3aMKOB. TOT CTMJ'l'b OH MCnOJIb30Ban B M H O ~ O ~ M C -

n e H H b I x 3AaHMRX M MX O ~ C T B H O B K ~ (,?,!IKona Ncrcyccms r j a z o - 1897-1909): mcmicue nuHuu u cmpozue nplMloyzoflb~ble $ 0 ~ ~ ~ 1 ;

Ya~ f l3 3 ~ 6 ~ (Charles Ashbee) - apXMTeKTOp M ~ ~ s a f i ~ e p . B a H ~ f l ~ u ' c I C o u ' CICYflbnmyge T o r 0 n e p M o n a npeo6nama maccuqe-

UKofla. Ha~Gonee 3aMeTHbIM C K y a n T o p ~ M 6 b u J31~ec~06 .9numec~ (Epstein, Sir Jacob ((1880-1959) - A e n m C W n b n T y p y B cmne Pone~a, n o p r p e T b 1 .

LUa~n Cecm d x e h c (18-59-1929, MY3blKaJIbHb16 TeOpeTMK, c061.1- P a T e n b HaPoAHbIX n e c e H , KOMlTO3MTOp; nonoxwn H a Y m o c~oef i

Page 39: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

T ~ H C K * ~ K O M ~ O ~ H T O P , N ~ B ~ C T H ~ I ~ COqHHeHHSIM*, OCHOBaH

Ha H ~ 4 ~ f i ~ ~ ~ f i nkITepaTYpe II aHTJIklfi~~0fi H ~ P O A H O ~ necHe.

M~orHe npyrne a ~ r n ~ f i c m e KOMll03MTOpbI Hayma XX B. CTpeM

nncb K O ~ H O @ / I C H U H ) cmu/Is U c o d e p x a ~ w MY3blKU Benulco6~uma~ qepe3 pa38umUe HUYUOHOAbHbUT mpduuuir. B roponax c O ~ a B m H c

s b l ~ m ~ b r e UIKOnbI, np0BOflKnHCb MY3bImHbIe @ecT*wm * d ~ a a m ~ ~ z u f l (nb1~Hb1e nOCTaHOBKM KnaccHKH pe>r<Hccepbr

CveMHn~cb npu6flu3umb u co8peMeHHocmu7 AaTb ncHxonorHqecKoe

BeHHOe Hanpasneme - peanu3~, PacKpbITHe JIWIHocTH repoe~).

' O H y e XIx 8. B TeaTPe CTBHOBMTCR 3aMeTHbIM @fl1lj?~uf? ~ ~ ~ 8 0 f l u 3 - / n 0 ~ a 3 p e ~ b ~ 0 G X H ~ H W ; Ma, BenYW4.r~ npeAcTaBHTeneM K O T O ~ Q ~ O 6b1n yahbd / O c r p a R couaanbHaR ~anpasneHHocTb; ( Wilde, Oscar (1854-1900).

4 numepamyPe B H ~ o p H a ~ c K o f i 3nOxM B no331.r~ H npose npodoflxm d o ~ u ~ u ~ o e a m b PoManmum, XOTR

06pa30sa~we, nporpecc;

TRXenoe nonomeHtre pa6oq~x.

O C H O ~ H ~ U C O ~ ~ L ~ U I U H U 8 meampailbnoi rucu3nu Be~uxo6~uma Ha CmblKe Xzx-n 88. 6b~11~:

naMeHTcKHx A ~ ~ ~ T o B Bocnesan npoyeema~ue cpe&ezo rc/zacca; JxoH H b m ~ a ~ (John Henry Newman) - YYBc~se~~of i K P ~ C H B O ~ n~030ii O T B n e K U HaPoA OT MaTePHanH3~a M CKenTML(H3Ma Ha-

~ e a ~ p a "fluqeyMU, CTaBHnHCb ce~~HMeHTanbHo-MeuIaH m~ rc yucm06 X P M C T M ~ H C K O ~ ~ ~ e p e ; nbecb1, B KoTopb~x npmnyLl.Imacb OCTpOTa c o u ~ ~ b ~ b ~ ~ n ~ 0 6 T o ~ a c Kapfiak (Thomas Carlyle) - passman " repo~qecW XOTR n y 6 n ~ ~ a HaCTOFITenbHO ~pe6osma Gonee OcTpbIx H 3n @ ~ n o c o @ ~ m " 0 rcyflbmU8UpO8aHUU nmdei, n o ~ o 6 ~ b 1 x 6 o r a ~ ;

Yoflmep name?) (Walter Pater) - np~3b1san cnacaT-cR OT couH- m b ~ b m n ~ o 6 n e ~ B scmemurce zedo~uma (Hac/2axdeHuu J ~ c u ~ H ~ K ) ) ;

n033urr. Bedvutwu no3ma~u snoxu 6b1~14 * h d x e p H 0 ~ Yapflbs Csa l i~6ep~; * &aime ra6pu3flb Poccemmu;

Page 40: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

. A/lb#ped T~HHUCOH; . P e d b f l p d Kumu~z;

1 P Q ~ H O O ~ P ~ ~ U ~ H a n p a @ ~ e ~ u l i - x a p a m e p H a n qepm McKyccTBa XX cTo- . ywm TeK~epec (Thackemy, Will iam Makepeace) - "llpM neTwH, T. Y. MCKYCCTBa B ~ ~ M K O ~ P M T ~ H M M . B n e p B b I e A e c x T M n e T a ~

rnu(ewzaeufl" (1 847-1848). XX B- o c o 6 ~ n o n Y n R P H o c T b np~o6pen aea~zapd - p a 3 n ~ q H b I e

HanpaBneHMH H e o 6 b ~ H o r 0 MCKyCCTBa ( C T O P O H H M ~ ~ AaHHbIX H a -

d HOBMG dyx p e a n m ~ a ; 'PaBneHHfi CYMTUif CBOe MCKYCCTBO " c z I [ ~ ~ ~ ~ n e p e ~ ~ " BpeMeHM, O T c l o n a M Ha3BaHMe).

H a n p a e f l e ~ w u aea~zapda u: r/ 8 X L ~ G O ~ U C U :

(POBM~M (om SPP. cnosa fauve - AHKHe, X M ~ H ~ I ~ ) ; ~ K C ~ T P ~ C C H O H H ~ M ;

cmppe2UIki3M;

A U a M 3 M MAP. ;

B B ~ ~ H K o ~ ~ ~ . I T ~ H A M . " C n o p T O M N? 1" B CTpaHe nocTeneHHo ~ K C ~ P ~ C C M O H M ~ M ;

BMTCR (Py-60~1. B 1863 r. 6bIJI CbI rpaH n e p ~ b l f i ( P Y T ~ o ~ H ~ ~ ~ BHTaIH3M;

no n p a ~ n n a ~ , ~ J I M ~ K M M K cOBpeMeHHbIM- M e ~ e e q e M lo B 1872 r., c o c ~ o m c R n e p s b 1 i i B MCTOPMM M a n C ~ O P H ~ I ~ : Am KOHCTPYKTMBM3M;

cmppeanm~; U I o ~ n a m a ~ .

MOAepHM3M;

aHTuy-ronaR.

C ~ e ~ ~ ~ P ~ ~ ~ H C K U X dexrnefleu' wnbrnypb~ nepeoc noAosuHbl e. 6 6 ~ 1 ~ 1 3HaMeH umbl:

'Piso YMen CBH3bIBaTb CKyJIbnTYpY c O K p ~ > ~ a m w e f i cpenofi (B

C K M ~ M T P ~ I . napKax, cKBepax, OKono AOMOB). CT~JI BCeMHpHo M3BeCTeH nocne sTo~oB MMPOBOG B O ~ ~ H ~ I . Ero ~ H ~ M ~ H H T ~ H "flentcau(aR , - J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " KaMHH MpaMOPa CTOMT OKOJIO X a H M R K)HECKO B napaxe;

Page 41: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

1930 '" c03aaBanH POMaHbI, BblCMeHBaI0u~e mM3Hb 6 p w ~ a ~ - CKorO BbICILIero o 6 w e c ~ ~ a ; Kpucmo@e~ @Pafi (Cristofer Fray) - m c m npol.i3BeaeHHH c me- MeHTaMH KPmH1a COBPeMeHHOrO O ~ U ~ C T B ~ , HanpMMep, llCoH meH- HUKO~ ' : "Co~~ewalli &opl'; 4 xydomnuuu: . nnyil H3w (Nosh, Paul (1889-1946) - 6amafiucm~ net3a moH P. Tof lKue~ ( Tolkien, John Ronald ( 1892-1974, R3eecTeH

nHc- CyeHbI ne~3ameG M c p a x e ~ ~ i ? B TeqeHHe 06e1.l~ M*Po

3. KuHemamo2~a@9 BocnpuHHMaBluHZi~~ I'IOHaqany KaK Q I P ~ ~ C J H ~ e - cepbe3Harr 3a6a'a, noc'RneHH0 C o B e p l u e H C ~ ~ o ~ ~ c ~ xy&omecTBe~~o M TeXHHYeCKkl.

KuHon~m6dcm~o B Ben~~o6pkfTa~kf~ H ~ W O pmeugamm 1930-x 2z., HOcne Tor0 K ~ K npaeumefiacmso ycmaHoemo Keomy, Tpe6yIolUyIo np°KaTa ' 'VaHe OnPeAeneHHOr0 HpOueHTa a m M O B , C ~ ~ I X B Be-

' KHHo nOnO~TeJIbH0 OTPa3mOCb Ha ~ ~ ~ B H T H H

6 ~ H T a H c K 0 r ~ KHHeMaTorpaaa 6 n a r o ~ a p ~ canb~ofi a ~ m a f i ~ ~ ~ f i Te- aVmbH0ii T P ~ ~ I ~ H A .

x0m4eHHm, pemHccep ~po&mcep, C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~ ~ n p o ~ 3 ~ o n c ~ ~ y

4 nucame~u: M e m y H a p o a H o ~ ~ npoKaTy ~ P H T ~ H C K H X @ M ~ M ~ ~ (llYacmHaa , a. T floype~c (lawrence, D(avid) H(erbe4 ( 1885-1930) 3a r e ~ ~ u x a VIIl' ( 1934, B rn. porn ~apnb3 ndymoH ( ~ a ~ ~ h t ~ ~ ,

HbIe, nc~xonor~yecr<kie pOMaHb1 6bm nOABeprHyT ueH3ype, Charles ( 1899-1962), nony.rm.npeMn~, "ocKapU); MaH "/ l ro606~u~ nedu ~ a m m e p f i e ~ (1928) 6bm 3 a n ~ e u e ~ hb@~ed X u r ~ o ~ (Hitchock, Sir Alfed Joseph (1899-1989, paBoTan n o p H o r p a @ H q e c ~ ~ (B 1960 r. O ~ B M H ~ H M H B " ~ O P H O ~ P ~ @ 6~MTaHcK0M ~ H O ~ P O M ~ B O A C T B ~ A 0 3MMl"pau~~ B C O ~ A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Ulrarbl 1939 r'> cHMMan @ ~ H T ~ C T N . ~ ~ C K H ~ H OcTpoCmmeT~b~e

E ~ M T ~ H C K O ~ HMnepMM; ' . am& J ~ o f i c (Joyce, James (1882-1941), M P ~ ~ W ~ K * ~

Tenb - pOMaH "Y~~ucc" (1922); . fleflu* ~0 ( Waugh, Evelyn Arthur St. John ( 1903-1966) * nT ,yc ( Wodehouse, Sir Pelham Grenville (1881-1973 -

Page 42: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

Tasanacb OXHMM ~3 BceMapHbxx yeHmpo6 meamponbHozo uctcyccm

3deapd Solid - C MpaqHblMtr KapTkrHaMM X k I 3 H H HkI3WliX CJIO

O ~ L I ~ ~ C T B ~ ; HeKoTopbre ero n p o a 3 s e n e ~ ~ ~ 6bmki 3anpeue~b1; c/ meampalr$narr dpanta:

nOCb RCHbIX HO

C1?p3lCeHUblX Mono Hble UeHHOCTM.

Jumepamypa dpyzux n a n p a e ~ e ~ u i oTna.ranacb p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ e ~ CTH- JIefi M MHTepeCOB aBTOpOB. Bedvucu~u 6 ~ ~ m a t i c r c u ~ u nucomeflx~u

nOfiO6UHbl 6. 6b~flu: ' B.C. npaP~emm (Pritchett, Sir r S . (1900-1993, KoToporo o ~ n a -

~ U M n e r ~ a t i C T M J I ~ , 3 a x ~ a m b ~ ~ a ~ ) ~ q u e U C ~ O ~ U U , OcTpoyMHaH n m e - PaTypHaR KpkiTMka; Jopuc Jleccunz (Lessing, Doris (1919). Ee poMaHbr M pacc~a3b1 no- CBRueHbI CL'MOaHa/lU3y M MCCneAOBaHtllO ~ ~ ~ Y M M R . ~ ~ P O M H R - gyB- CTBBTeJIbHa5I XeHuHHa; 3 ~ m o ~ u lIay3m (Powell, Anthony Dymoke (1905-2009. C a ~ o e a3- BecTHoe ero npoa3sene~ae - " T a ~ e y nod ~y3bltcy B P ~ M ~ H U " (1977- 1983) npo Hpam a~aulicxozo 06qecm6a c 1920-x no 70-e rr.; ~ H ~ O H U Eepiheecc (Burgess, Anthony (1917-1993), aBTOp M3BeCTHOrO poMaHa o nodpocmtcoeo~ Hacunuli "3mod~ou" anmbcu~" (1962), masme- r0 KYJIbTOBblM nOcJIe @klJIb~a CT~HJIH Ky6pa~a; Aipuc M e p d o ~ , A ~ R K O T O P O ~ ~ 661~10 xapaKTepHo IcoMuvectcoe uc- cnedogarrue 3CU3HU B KOHTpaCTe C Cepbe3HOcmbK) udeu" - "Mo~axu- HU u Cofldambl" (1980), "Xopoutuu" Yve~u~c" (1986); ,&OH Jle Kappe (Le Carre, John nceodo~lc~ David John Moore Corn~ell(1931) - aBTOp mnMOHCKMX POMaHOB; YUA~RM Ib~dulrz (Golding, Sir William (Gerald) (1911-1993) - aB- TOP a$IneTOpMZieCKHx POMaHOB 0 C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ ~ ~ J I o B ~ ~ I ~ c u o ~ JIM'rHOCTH

K JlerpWaUHki, a T a m e HPaBCTBeHHOM ~b160pe B KpaTweCKMX C M -

Tyauarrx (" Uo6eflumenb Myx" ( 1954); "IIlnunb" (1969. H a r p a m e ~ H o 6 e n e ~ c ~ o f i n p e ~ ~ e f i B 0 6 5 a c ~ ~ JIMTepaTypbI 1983 r. Epuma~ciculi icu~e~amozpaqb KoHqa 1950-x rr. ~ 3 - 3 a ~ ~ C M J I ~ H aMe- P M K a H C K M X K B P T H H M3BeCTeH B OCHOBHOM K0MeaHHMI.I. 1960-e ZZ. cmadu HavcMoM c 0 6 c m 6 e ~ ~ o 6pumaHcicori icu~ou~ycmpuu. E ; ~ M T ~ H C K ~ H KMHOnPOMb~JIeHHOCTb CerOAHR B O C T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H ~ 60m- UIe, seM B llpeabZqyLlJkie AeCRTMneTWR ( B TO Xe BPeMR, 3aCEIJIHe ronna~yaa ~a s ~ p a ~ a x ~ ~ r n a a n p o n o n x a e ~ c ~ ) . Cpedu G ~ u r n n ~ c ~ u x tcuHoneHm 06fiadamenmu " Octca~a" cmanu @u/lbnzbl:

"fa~du" (1982) Puvapda Amme~6opo - acTopmecuarr nema (nony- ' r m a sbrcruym Harpwy - n f l m ~ f i I # J H J I ~ M rona a e u e 7 ~ a r p w ) ; "Xayapdc-3~a" (1992) Mepve~ma u Afieopu - acTopmecuaJt apaMa ( @ M J I ~ M 3 a ~ o e ~ a n 3 oc~apa) . n p e ~ u m "Ocicap" cpeau a~z~uicrcux aicmepoe nonvvanu: MaGu K e f i ~ ; OH K O H H ~ ~ U ; tie^ Ku~zc~rt ;

Page 43: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 44: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

89

' ycneruHoe H a n M c m ' f e KPaTKOrO 3CCe, I IOKa3bIBaK)uero > K H ~ H ~ H - e c T e ~ T B 0 3 H a H l ' l e ; Hm n03MUHm ~ ~ H T Y P H ~ H T ~ H YMeHHe ~ s n a r a ~ b ~ b ~ c n b ;

nna~emecnoc06~ocn c a M o r o K a H n w a T a Mnlt HanMqMe c n o H c o p o e

4 HH$OPM~TMK~;

4 M ~ o ~ T p a H H b 1 e R3bIKH; ' XOPOllIHe Pe3YJIbTaTbI B c T Y n U T e n b H b 1 ~ 3K3aMeHoB - rnaBHOe @ O P M ~ ~ H O ~ OCHOBaHMe L[nR ITOCTynneHHfi;

I / B e n A ~ 0 6 ~ M T a ~ M ~ ( M CmA) BcTynMTelLbHb~e 3KSaMeHbI - TOnbKO

4 McK~CCTBO. qacTb nPoUeAYPb1 noclynnea~rr; d m nocrnvnfie~~cg 6 ev3 ~ e ~ ~ ~ a ~ l ~ u e cbnlcmo~bl - smo:

n O A x o A R 4 H e " ~ H K ~ T H ~ I ~ " AaHHbIe;

peKoMemaqMa nmneG, COCTORBLUH~CH B ~ ~ H H O G n p o @ e c - CMH ~ ~ H M M ~ ~ U M X BbICOKOe n o n o > r < e ~ ~ e B 0 6 u e c ~ ~ e ; yMeHHe a 6 n ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ a O ~ O C H O B ~ T ~ CBOH) UeHHOCTb +qng ~y3a.

n p o r p a M M b 1 , K p o M e MHOCTpaHHoro R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; B AHZJZUU cvulecmevem mpu yrenaie cmene~u: 4 3 cmyneHb - 11-14 &em. n e ~ k i ~ f 3 p a m T o6R3aTenbHbIe npea I / 6aKanae~ - CTyAeHT P M T C R 4 zoda, 3aTeM cqaer zocydaPCmaeHpbl~

T a K ~ e K ~ K *aTeMaTMKa, ~ H ~ S I M G C K I . ~ ~ R3b1K, ec~eCTB03HaHMe' 3K3aMeH 6e3 ~ H ~ I O M H O ~ ~ pa6o~b1; c q a H H b 1 5 R J ~ I K , ~ e x H o n o I T i f i . B n o n o n H e H H e OHN 06113aHb1 Mazucm~ - n P o P K B u ~ c b ewe I 208 ( ~ c e r o 5 nem), c r y q e ~ ~ t-aaeT

He TOflbKo 3K3aMeHbI, HO M 3 a L U ; M q a e ~ d u n f l o ~ ~ y ~ pa(jomy; I/ d°Kmo~ - A O n o n H H T e n b H 0 e 4 e 2-3 zoda 0 6 y y e ~ ~ n , S a B e p m a m -

4 M e c R 3 a 4 M T o f i ~ O X ~ O P C K O L ~ duccepmayuu. h m o p c f C a ~ c f ? p m a 4 u a coc~asnne~ 1.50-200 cmpa~uy , a pot- CMM HacT0H4ee B p e m - 500 C T p a H W . 3 a u [ ~ ~ a ~ ~ c c e p ~ a ~ ~ f i n P o u c x o n e T n P M YHMBepctiTeTax ( 6 e p e ~ c ~ y s ~ a n n p o 6 ~ l e ~ a ; 0 6 ~ 3 ~ -

2. B ~ c m e e 06pasosa~ue 8 0 3 M 0 3 K H O nOAVYUmb: TenbHo n o n m H b I 6 b 1 ~ b ~ Y ~ J I M K ~ ~ [ A H ) . f l o ~ ~ o p HayK H a 3 a n a e n p H - paBHaBaeTcrr K KakUiMAaTy HaYK B H a r u e G C T p a e e .

d B y ~ n s e p c w r e T a x ;

d ~ o n n e m a x ; (/ MHcTMTYT~X BbICUIerO 06pa30BaHMH;

(/ ~ H c T M T Y T ~ X n a J I b ~ e f i ~ e ~ 0 0 6 ~ a 3 0 ~ a H ~ ~

B ~ a ~ ~ o n w e e BpeMH B B ~ J I M K O ~ P I I T ~ H R ~ CYueCTBYeT 89 YHUBeP n P e n o n a B a T e n b B ~ b ~ c u e f i LUKOJIe;

3KOHOMMCT.

-- 4 UCTOPUU B 1492-1770-e rr.

* A M ~ P H K ~ 6b1~1a OTKPbITa 12 0 ~ i ~ i 6 p s 1492 roda. 3ro - o ~ M u M - anb'afi aaTa OTKPbITHH. B TO me BPeMR KOHmaKmbl hieJlc& h D o -

Page 45: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 46: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

93

d B rOPOlze 6 b 1 n ~ p a 3 M E L q e ~ b 1 a H r n n f i c ~ a e C o m a T b r .

OTBeT cTi3JIn C034aBaTbCfi OTPRAbI HapOAHOrO o n o n q e y w H , C T ~ B - mue O c H o ~ o f i ~ M ~ P H K ~ H c K o Q apM&4H,

B 1774 2- co6pa~rrr~ficrr B Qrunaenb~uu I KoHmuHeHmanbHbrfi KOI[OH~RX, q ~ 0 6 b 1 BX nOKynaJM B A W n H H ;

J 1763 2. - sanpem K ~ ~ ~ H M C T ~ M nepeceRRmbCa a a ~ b u e 3m 3 a A n n e r a ~ c ~ I . r e ropbl. 3 ~ a M e p a nwmam flf laHTaToPo5 803MO CTM nepel[BMraTbCR C MCTOweHHbIX 3 e M e n b H a HoBbIe, 60nee

10 1775 zoaa II Konmune~rnafib~arri ~onzpecc; J ~ ; L B ~ E ~ @TM ~a 1.1 cTaTh TaM ca~OCTOfiTenbHb1MH @epMe nPH3HWI COcTORHHe e o d n ~ c A n ~ d ~ e f i ;

J 1765 2. - zep60ebrfi c6op - stamp act (nou l~u~ f f H f f lop b' n P H H m p e m e ~ ~ e 06 opza~u3ayuu apmuu. cKue u x o 3 ~ ~ c m ~ e ~ ~ b l e d o ~ y ~ e ~ r n b l . JIm6ax c A e n K a H a 6 y M a r e B o o p Y ~ i c e ~ ~ ~ 6opb6a naea~~acb eecnok 17752. c o 3 ~ a H H e M pery- r u a c b n ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ f i . 3 ~ 0 Bb13Ban0 MaCC060e e03flYqeHUe. nrrpHofi a M e p H K a H c ~ o G apMMM, H ~ O B B ~ I M W A ~ ~ ~ C T B M X M M PJLOBO- B03HMKaTb p e ~ 0 n K ) u H O H H b I e o p r a H M 3 a u H A . hmHGcKOe np AMn B H P r H H C K H ~ EnaHTaTOP AX0pdX BaUIufl<moH ( 1 732-1 799). TenbCTBO B b I H W e H O 6b1n0 OTMeHATb S t a m p act). C ~ a q w a ~ P M ~ R C e s e p o a M e p m a H c K ~ x WTaTOs T e p n e n a nopame-

Bonpoc 31. OCHOB~HM€+ CuA. B o g ~ a HH% HO UOTOM CMTyaUMH H3MeHMnaCb.

I 38 He3aBHCMMOCTb Hmna 1776 rona 3 a c e a a ~ ~ ~ f l U @u~adenbgbu~ 11 K o H T M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - HMQ K O H ~ P ~ ~ C nptlmn Aemlrapayuio ne3aeucu#ocmq CocTaBneH- HYK) WBoKaT0M TO~W@COM # w ~ @ & ~ ~ c o H o M . T ~ K 6 b ~ q o n p o B o 3 m a - ureHo c 0 3 A a H H e H o B o r o racynapcma - C o e d u n e ~ ~ ~ ~ mmamos

no6enan~ a H r n a q a H nOA Capamo- UU Ch!&A, Ha C T o p o H e CmA B

HaJIOrOB aHrJlH9aHBM.

M M ~ H H O @ 6 0 c m o ~ e 6 6 1 ~ n o d a ~ nep6blr"l cuz~a/l K: e b ~ ~ m y f l ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ Km@yfio&f, qTO C T m O [ P ~ K T M Y ~ C ~ M ~ OKoHya-

mug dulcrnama Benulco6puma~uu. UM C T m O ' q s ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ u o e rlaenumue" ("Boston Tea Party') 1 T0RnOL;b n o a n H c a H M e MMPHO~O

H a 3 ~ a ~ a e A a H H o r o ~ 0 6 6 1 ~ ~ ~ HMeeT Z I ~ P ~ K O C H ~ I ~ ~ CMbICJI. " BeTCTBHM C K o T O p b l ~ &nMR

n P M 3 H W a 0 6 p a 3 o s a ~ ~ e C 4 A . cao60&", n e p e o f l e B u r M c b B H ~ f l e f i U e B , ebr6~ocu~lu 6 mope @

5 o c m o ~ a 342 ~lryurca 1 i e ~ ~ 0 e e p ~ O noao~owaewe20 tw3a Ha K)pmnqec~n H o B o e rOCyaapCTB0 6bmo o@opmeHo B 1787 r- ny-

gn~uriclcozo rarr. TeM n P U H R T A 8 nepI30fi B M H p e Koncmumyyuu.

Page 47: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 48: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 49: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

nepBoHaYUbH0 ITpOMbI~eHHbIe M p a 6 0 4 n a ~ e n b r e c ~ ~ e 4 T npamne K comackim. B 1820 z. 6b1n 3 a w ~ l ~ e n nepsblri Muc clcuri ~omrtpomucc, coznacuo lcorno~o~y:

fl ~ ~ ~ C T B O 6b1no s a n p e u e ~ o K 3anwy OT p e w M ~ c c y p ~ , K cegep 36' 30' ceaepaofi ILIWPOT~I;

v' 6bmo peurer-lo, YTO wcno pa60ma1~enb~ecKHx mTaToB norwc~o PaBHblM '4MCJIY C B O ~ O A H ~ I X UITaTOB (T. e. eCJIM B COCTaB CmA HMMiWCR 1 ~~060fiHblfi LUTaT, TO 0nHOBl)eMeHHO nOJWeH npMHMM CR 1 p a 6 0 ~ ~ 1 ~ e n b ~ e c m f i ) , u~06b1 661~10 paBHOBeckie B K o q e c c ,&lHHb~fi KOMnpOMMCC 6b1n HapyLUeH B 1848-1850 IT., KO

CUIA B KaYecTBe pa6o~na~enbsec~wx 6b1no npmmo cpas I.IITaTa - Hbm-M~KCMKO ki K ) T ~ , a K~JIM@O~HMII - B K c ~ o 6 0 ~ ~ o r o I.IITi3l.a. nocne 3TOTO 6b1n0 peUIeH0, YTO UTaT

onpeAemm 6b1m MM pa6asnanenb~ec~ki~ki anu C B O ~ O A H

(B~opoii M W C C ~ P H ~ ~ C K M ~ ~ KOMlTpOMITCC, ~0m0pbl$ 6 CmA Ha3 emCA &OMnpOMUCC 1850 2.). P ~ B H O B ~ C M ~ 661110 HapyllreHO B pa60~~1a1~enbsecmx UITaTOB. O ~ H O ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ H H O YCMnMnaCb Hall HOCTb Me>K4Y CTOPOHHMKaMM W IIPOTMBHHKBMM pab0BJlme

B 1854 r. J3 UTaTe K ~ H ~ B C HaYUlCb '"M~CTH~R I'PamaHCKaR Ha", a B 1859 r. J-IaYaJIOCb QOCCTaHMe npOTMB P ~ ~ C T B ~ BO I'JI ,QXOHOM E P ~ Y H O M (6enb1fi). B O C C T ~ H H ~ 6bmo p a 3 r p o ~ n e ~ 0 , a yH Ka3HeH. Ero Ka3Hb BbI3flEi.W HerOnOBaHBe B CeBepHbIX UTaTaX.

B 1860 2. npe3HAeHTOM C m A 6bm M36paH Aspaaw &lilCOflb

npOTMBHMK P ~ ~ C T B ~ . TO nocnymMn0 CkTHUQM K amde~enuro yeccuu) wwnarx rumamoe. 4 $eepam 1861 zodp pa6~BnaIJeJIbVXl<Me mTaTbI nposo3ma cosnaawe ~ e s a p a c ~ ~ o r o OT CUIA rocynapcTsa - KonQ,edepa nare ,Ulmamar hepurcu (Ko~@enepartm) co c~onwueii B PHYM Ae. npe3meH~oM K U A 6b1~1 v 3 6 p a ~ ~3lce@$epc0~ A3euc. 13 anpem J861 zada ~ o i t c ~ a Ko~+eqepauMM s a x a a ~ t m ~ Cawmep ( W T ~ T K)XH~H KaponMHa), nocne sero n p e 3 m e ~ ~

A. ~MHKoJI~H O~%SIBMJI K O H @ ~ & ~ ~ ~ T O B MHTeXHMKaMM M 0614 KoH@enepauMH B O ~ ~ H Y . B CUJA HaYanacb Tpaxdancrca~ soana.

2. B nepsbre 2 rona B Q ~ ~ H ~ I ynasa r aue cmoHruracb Ha CTO

IoxaH. PIX apMm 6b1na nyYme o p r a ~ m o s a ~ a M mena 6onee n r ? @ M ~ M p ~ ~ a ~ ~ b l f i o @ M ~ e p ~ ~ M f i COCTaB.

Ap~wefi ceeepxn KoMayqosan reHepan Y ~ u c c rpanm, a apy w x a n - reHepan Po6epm flu. ITpaeume~acmso flwuconana nepeonalra#ana cmasruto yedarr, c~operiruee soccaedu~enue cmpanar M 6omoca nposa3z~acumb ny pa6cmea. Herpo~ B apMwm cesepsrHe H e 6 p a n ~ .

20 Max 1862 zoda 6b1n n p m m 3 a ~ o n o zo~cmedax, n o 3 ~ o n ~ s m ~ i t

n m 6 o ~ y 3a 10 AonnapoB nony.iaTb Ha 3anaqe s e ~ e n b ~ b r i i Hanen B

160 alcpoe (65 za). TonbKo 1 xnsapx 1863 zoda cesepxne nposomzacunu ommeny pa6- cmsa na sceri meppumopuu CILIA. TO C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~ J I O nepenoMy B ~ o f i ~ e , n o c ~ o n b ~ y Ha C T O P O H ~ ceBepm nepemnki sepHoKoxwe w C T U H nPMHMMaTb aKTMBHOe f l a C T A e B 60esb1x A ~ ~ ~ C T B M R X nPOTAB

IOxaH.

PemaIOuaR ~ M T B ~ Memr[y aPMMXMM CeBepRH M IOXaH COCTO2JIaCb B

1863 r. non remec6epro~. no6eny oaepxana apMm Cesepa. 9 anpem 1865 zoda B O ~ ~ C K ~ IOXaH IIOn KOMaHAOBaHMeM reHepUa Po6epma flu KanmynHposanH B z. Anno~ammolcc. Uepes 5 n ~ e i i n p e 3 m e ~ ~ ~ ~ U H K O J L H 6b1n y6um CTOPOHHWKOM pa6o- BJIaqeJIbUeB &~/COHOM ~ Y ~ O M (no ~pyr0f i TpaHCKpMnqMM - B Y ~ C O M ) . ~ ~ K O H 0 ~ u ~ s u d a y u u pa6cmsa 6b1n UPWHRT B 1865 2. B KaseCTBe

nonpasm K Koncmumyyuu. nocne oKomaHm r p w a ~ c ~ o f i B O ~ ~ H ~ I nepen c.rpaaofi B C T ~ Bonpoc o Pe~oncmpyuquu: . BOCCTaHOBneHWki rOCYAaPCTBeHHOr0 enMHCTBa;

nepecmpoi~e ceu3nu Hlza. ~ ~ ~ M o K ~ ~ T I N ~ c K M ~ lTOpSJ,QKM HaCamUMCb HpM ITOMOuM CImbI. B 1867-1 876 rr. IOXHbIe TePPATOPMM CTpaHbI 6blJIH @~KTWI~CKA H a

BOeHHOM nOJIOXeHWA. ~ J I ~ H T ~ T o ~ ~ I - ~ ~ c M c T ~ I C O ~ C i J I H KY-KJZ~KC- man M npyrHe TeppopwcTmecKwe o p r a ~ ~ s a q ~ w , KoTopbIe BenW

n a p ~ ~ s a ~ c ~ y m B O ~ H Y M " ~ H H Z I ~ B ~ ~ M " HerpoB ( y c ~ p a ~ s a n ~ caMo- cyn). C O U M U ~ H ~ I ~ l T p O T M B O p e Y ~ B A~epkiKe npOAOIXGlJIH Coxpa- HSITbCR. HO IIOCTelTeHHO CHTyaIJHR B CTpaHe M3MeHHnaCb.

Tnnti~ ble umozu neuuoda Pelco~cmpv~uuu: M3MeHMnCR ~0qMUbHbIfi COCTaB aMepMKaHCKOr0 06wec~sa; npOTMBOpe'4MR Memy A B y M '4aCTRMW CTpaHbI CmaAWIMCb;

K a ~ M T ~ M C T M Y e C K O e pa3BMTAe IIOUJIO MHTeHCMBHee;

HerpbI nonywnki npaBo H a s e ~ n m , npaBo Ha C O ~ C T B ~ H H O C T ~ ;

He C T U O pa6c~sa, rOCnOnCTBOBUI TOnbKO Hae~HbIfi TpYa; HeTPbI-MWMHbI IIOJIyYMJIM npaBO rOJIOCa;

npMH5ITa n0npaBKa 0 PaBHOIIpaBMM B I ' p a W a H C K M X npaBaX 6enbrx

M HerpOB.

Page 50: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 51: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 52: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

d 12 wax 1933 20aa - 3 ~ x 0 ~ o noMoqu cjiepwepam. Co3na~a a n M H H c T p a U a r i no p e r y n a p o s a H a m c e n b c K o r o X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B ~ .

R o ~ ~ c I I ~ z ~ ~ H H ~ I M CJIORM HaCeneHkIR.

B mapme 1933 2. 6bm1.1 3UKpblmbl BCe 6 a ~ ~ u . O T ~ p b l n k I ~ b T o n

~ a ~ 6 o n e e K p y n H b I e , I I O n ~ k i J I P i I ' O C ~ A ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ KpenkiT. n o secb 3o~zomoi 3anac o ~ a 3 a n c f f B p y K a x r o c y n a p c T B a .

B ijIeepaAe 1934 2. domap 6 b m C T ~ ~ ~ I H ~ H ~ O B ~ H H a OTMeTKe 5 om npexcnezo uypca. B T O ~ ~ R no BaXHOCTM 3a4aqa - BOCCTaHOBJIeHMe npOM u ce~zac~o2o xo3xicmea. Anx TO TO B 1933 r. 6 b m o wecmtcux 3atco~a:

d 16 u ? 0 ~ 1933 zoda - 3 0 K O H 0 eOCCmaH06AeHUU npOM npeAnpt iz ITt rR BbIpa6aTb1~aJIM " K O A ~ K C ~ I Y ~ C T H O ~ ~

npasa npo@comso~ a T. A.); llOMOlJJb 6 e 3 p a 6 0 T ~ b I M , LWMMHklCTPa411R O ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I X pa6 (GWPXM T p y ~ a ) . B B e n e H b I neHCHM no CTapOCTkI H H H B m m H c T a , noco6a~ no 6e3pa6o~aue, o n n a s k i s a e M b r e o T n y c e a ;

B a62yCme 1935 2. BBeAeHbI COUElaJlbHOe CTpaXOBaHEle, neHCHl? 65-JI~THHX pa6osax; YCTaHOBJIeHa CyMMa noco6k1f i HaMM

npti <D. P y 3 ~ e n b ~ e YCkInEinacb 6opb6a C npeCTynH0CTbIo . OAH n3 J I m e p O B " K ~ ~ C T O B O ~ O ~ O X O A ~ " npOTIlB npeCTynHOCTtr CTaJI

pyx~of i nporcypop Hbm-k i_~p~a Towac flbwu, c~aamafi 3 a ~ e ~ 6 e p ~ a T o p o M U T a T a H b m - M O P K . ~ J I ~ B H o ~ AOCTMXeHk1e Ab

KaK npoicypopa - pa3 rpo~ c a H s k i K a T a JI. JIy.raao B Hbm-MOPK o c y x a e H w e J I ~ Y ~ H o K 30 r o n a M n m u e H w R C B O ~ O A ~ I (repes 10 B 1946 I?., n f l a H 0 AOCpOYHO BbIIUeJI H a C B O ~ O A Y (38 nOM0W.b a

6b1n AenOpTElpOBaH k13 C u A B MTZ~JIHIO). B lY5b r. DblJI YO

K p y r I H b ~ f i Ma@Fi03ki M r y 6 e p ~ a ~ o p nyPi3HaHb1 XbKI n 0 H r .

PZLJIbHOrO IQ'Xa HaUkIki. TO AOCTBraJlOCb ~ S I W I H O H aKTMB & 3 ~ e J b T a , p e q J H p H b I M k i Bb1CT)WIeHlusMH ("Eecenb1 y K ~ M H H ~ "

h a B ~ b 1 f i pe3yJIbTaT "HOBO~O ~J'pca" - 03nOpOBneHMe 3KOHOMkI CmA, BbIXOn H 3 3KOHOMM.IYeCKOI'O ki HpaBCTBeHHOrO KpH3MCa.

pb1fi M ~ ~ U P ~ C H H p e 3 W e H T O M CmA 4 pa3a (B 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944 rr.; y M e p B H a r a n e r e T s e p T o r o c p o K a B 1945 r.). H ~ K ~ H Y H ~ I4 B H a Y n e B T O ~ O % M R P O B O ~ ~ B O R H ~ I C U A npOB0ANnl l

n o n a T a K y U ~ O J Z R ~ U O H U ~ ~ , c y ~ b K O T O P O ~ ~ C o c T o R n a B H e B M e m a - TeJIbCTBe B 60esb1e ~ei icTBkI5I . O d ~ a x o 6 I941 2. CmA COMII rmnflll

xepmsou' azueccuu: c/ 7 n e ~ a 6 p ~ 1941 rona R n o H c K a x a B H a u a R pa360~6ana sac% a ~ e -

p a K a H c K o r o + n o ~ a B nepn-Xap6ope H a rasai i~x; V 11 ne~a6pn 1941 rona ~ o f i ~ y CLUA 06aasma r e p ~ a e m .

C 1942 r. CwA - f laCTHHK ~ H T H ~ W T J I ~ P O B C K O ~ KOBJIWMW.

O c ~ o e ~ b l e 6oeeble deu'cmsux CUA 8enu: V B THXOM o ~ e a a e ;

Ha 3THX K O H @ ~ P ~ H U N R X 6 b ~ ~ nPNHRTb1 n p H H 4 H n H a n b H b I e peme- H n x 06 opra~a3auaa n o c n e s o e H H o m ~ a p a , o c o 3 n a ~ ~ a OOH,

i ~ T a 6 - ~ s a p ~ k I p a ~oropoe pa3~ec~anacb B Hbm- Giop~e (CLLIA).

l ~ o n ~ o c 36. CUlA B 19451960 rr.

Page 53: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

cmu B OmHoiueHw c c o ~ & ! m p a ~ m u , ocd6ekkd

~ k i f i AJiR ~ ~ ~ ~ C T O B O K . H ~ K O T O ~ ~ I ~ B m b l ~ ~ ~ ~ C T U B O K 3anpeLQ

6pa i2b~b l~ degrtie~eri. n o 3itKOHY PYKOB0,QMTenA K O M n a

Aon>kHbt e A e r o n H o p e r a c r p u p o B a T b c 9 B y n p a B J l e H M a no p b l B H 0 f i AeRTeJIbHOCTM KaK a r e H T b r MHOCTPaHHbIX A e p X a B .

K 1950-1954 22. OTE~OCF~TCR nonrlmutca niatcicapmu3~a ( n o ~ c e ~ e ; H o e n p e c n e a o B a a M e KOMMYHMCTOB), Ha3BaHHaH IT0 MMeHM ~eEf$i

c T e p M a ~ n e f i ti c a ~ o f i I ' e p ~ a ~ a ~ . Ho CTpaHbI, nonyCIMBrutie

M O U b , AOJIXHbI lTpeAOCTaBHTb TePPkiTOPWM m R aMepMKaHCKHX

~ H H ~ I X 683; 1949 z. - p p e m e m e Ceeepant2a~mmecrnd opzartwaquu BOeHHOrO COlO3a C T p a H 3 a l I a ~ o f i E s p o n b r n p l 4 n w M p y K )

CILIA; 1950-1953 22. - yracrwe CUtA B ~opei ic~of i oof i~e. nocne

B 1953 r. s a s e p r u a n a c b 2 0 - n e ~ ~ r r ~ 3noxa n p a s n e H k i R A e M o K p a T o B

(1933-1953) - caMb1fi nonrak nepMOA B XX B., KOrAa y BJIaCTH

6bmc1 n p e n c T a s a T e n a O A H O ~ ~ napma. q~06b1 BePHyTb BJIaCTb, IIOTePRHHYIO 20 JIeT H a 3 a 4 , ~ ~ c I I ~ ~ J I M K ~ H -

rjbI B 1952 r. B b a B H H y n k i KaHAHAaTOM B lTpe3I3,QeHTbI n O n y J I R p H O r 0

reaepana, 6 b r ~ r u e r o K o M a y q y m U e r o a M e p a K a H c K a M A B O ~ ~ C K ~ M H B

E~porre flyacma 31kenxay3pa, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ no6enun H a B b 1 6 0 p a x B

nape C MOJIOAbIM CeHaTOPOM OT K~JIH@OPHHA P ~ ~ ~ A o M HMKCO- HOM ( C T ~ B L U ~ T O ~ k i u e - n p e 3 k ~ q e ~ T 0 ~ ) .

~ A O ~ H ~ ~ M U docmli3ICe~umu nOAUmUKU D ~ C ~ ~ J ~ A U I C ~ ~ H C K O ~ ~ f l d ~ ~ r i ~ c m - pfluuu ~ f i 3 e ~ x a ~ v 3 ~ f l - H l i u c o ~ a ( 1953-1961) 661~11: 6 y p ~ b 1 f i ~ K O H O M E W ~ C K A ~ ~ POCT;

n o T e r r n e H M e o ~ ~ o r u e ~ ~ t i M e m y crpaaam; YJIyYlrreHcle COBeTCKO-aMepMKaHCKHX OTHOLLEHA~.

CILIA y T B e p A k i n a c b B K a s e c T s e 6ozamerr'ruek aepxasar M a p a .

~ ~ U U Y U H ~ ~ ~ I C O H O M ~ ~ Y ~ C I C O Z O nodae~a: 0 6 e ~ r 1 e 9 e H ~ e ~ ~ H R T O C T M n0s~1.1 B c e r o H a c e n e H m ;

skedpe~ue nepedosblx HayYHblx docmu31~e~ufi (nocne B O ~ ~ H ~ I CLUA 1KTHBHO C~OCO~CTBOB;FTIH nPATOKY B C T p a H y Y e H b I X CO BCerO MM-

pa - "ymeri~e M O ~ Z O ~ " ) .

Pe3vnbmama~u H~VYHO-mex~i irec~ori pesonwuuu (HTP) cmmu: COBePmeHCTBOBaHAe lTpOM3BOACTBa;

BHeApeHMe nepBbIX KOMIlbIoTepOB;

r u a p o K o e p a c n p o c T p a H e H a e T e n e s m e H a R M c p e n c T B C B R ~ M ;

POCT B b I n y c K a a ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 6 a n e f i (B 4 pasa TOJI~KO 3a n e p B o e A e c R T a n e -

T a e nocne B O ~ ~ H ~ I ) ;

POCT XAJIMUHOTO CTpOMTeJIbCTBa;

POCT BOeHHblX PaCXOAOB, COBePLUeHCTBOBaHMe B O O P Y X ~ H M ~ ~ .

K p y n ~ e f i r u k l e KOpnOpaL(kiA A M ~ ~ M K H paClrrap5UTM CBOK) AeRTeJIb-

HOCTb. B 1950-e lTp0IIIJIa BOnHa C J I H R H M ~ ~ MHOrOOTPaCJIeBbIX XOJI-

AHHrOBbIX KoMnaHMfi .

K 1956 r. 3aHHTOCTb B c@epe YCJIJT npeo6naana H a 3aHRTOCTbK)

B ~POMbILUJIeHHOCTA. B CeJIbCKOM X O ~ H ~ ~ C T B ~ nPOMCXOAMJI0 YK-

P y n H e H M e @ e p M , CpeAA @ ~ P M ~ ~ O B ITORBnRJIOCb BCe 60nbme KpyII -

H ~ I X n p e ~ n p a ~ w ~ a ~ e n e f i . n a a n a ~ o ~ ~ y p e ~ ~ o c n o c o 6 ~ o c n , ce- M e f i ~ b 1 ~ 4 ' 2 ~ ~ . Aumont Konzpecca 6 1956 r. H a CTpOATeJIbCTBO aemocmpad no BCeM

C m A BbIAeJIHJIOCb $26 MJ'Ipn. ~ ~ ~ A c T o R J I o lTOCrpOMTb CBbILLle

64 m6fC. KM @ e ~ e p a J I b H b I ~ AOpOr.

Page 54: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

~ ~ f i 6 0 ~ b 6 e n o 6 e A y OAepXaJI AX. K ~ H H ~ A M , K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ n p H A p y r m x

PaBHbR ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e J ~ C HHKCOHOM BbITJUIAeJI 6onee TenereHMqHbIM.

K ~ H H ~ A M C m BTOPbIM IT0 MOffOAOCTH n P 3 k i q e H T o ~ B WWPHH

CmA ( C ~ M ~ I M MOJWbIM ~OJDtMOCTb n p e 3 a e H ~ a CUIA 3amn T e o & o p

ro n p a ~ ~ ~ e n b c T B a B CmA. B H ~ M T AnHflCR OKon0 P ~ 3 ~ e f i b ~ B 1901 r. - H a 43 rony )I(M3HM, K ~ H H ~ M - ~a 44-~). T a l ~ ~ e

29 C e ~ ~ ~ 6 p f l ) . B XOAe BH3HTa H.C. X P Y U ~ B BblcTynm K e H H e ~ ~ c T m CaMbIM MOJIOAbIM B HCTOPMM H 3 6 p a H H b I ~ ~ P ~ ~ ~ H T O M

PMK~HCKOMY T e n e B m e H H m , YTO npoM3Beno ''.lrrbHoe BneqaT (Teono~ P Y ~ B ~ ~ T ~ ~ H X J I ~ O C T K ~ K B M L ( ~ - I T P ~ ~ ~ ~ H T nome flMficTBa

H H ~ ~a a M e p n K a H e B , KOTOPbIe B n e P B b l e yBmena " K O M M Y H ~ ~ J ' ~ W W H T ~ CUlA y. M ~ K - ~ ~ I H B 1901 r.). N? I", KaK a b ~ p a x a n a c b npecca CmA; C npuxodom K 8~lacrnu AX. Kennedu ~3~eHUflnCb o 6 c m a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

nMeU~KaHCK0M 06~ecmee : XeHHOCTA;

B b I P o c n o n o K o n e H M e n o c n e ~ o e H ~ o f i MOJIOAeXM, KOTOpOe 3aHM-

M m O C b TIOHCKOM CBOerO MeCTa B xH3HH.I;

Ax. K ~ H H ~ ~ M caoefi MOnOAocTbm H a~eprwefi O n M q e T B o p H n naH-

HaqaJI~ 1960-x rr. C T m o B p e M e H e M OCBOeHHR KOCMOCa. 5 M a x

1961 roAa B K o c M o c n o n e T e n n e p ~ b ~ f i a M e p H K a H c K ~ f i KoCMoHaBT

haH U I e n a ~ ~ . 20 a e ~ p m f l 1962 r o A a - AXOH r 1 e H H (B CBflJM co CR r p o ~ ~ ~ f i c y ~ e 6 H b I f i npoqecc H a n aMePHKaHcKHM C K o P o T e q H o c ~ b ~ o n o n e T a UIenap~a - B c e r o ~ e c ~ o n b ~ o ' MMHYT, n ay3pco~ . BTH C O ~ ~ I T H R C O P B ~ ~ H HOBP coBeTcKo-aMepMKaH q a c T o nepBb1M KOCMOHaBTOM CUA H M e H p T A > K O H ~ rneHHa), BCTpeqy. B n o c n e ~ c T B H H nayapca 0 6 ~ e ~ ~ n ~ Ha coBeTcKOrO

BeAqHKa A 6 e n ~ .

Bonpoc 37. CUlA 8blcadKa Ha K Y ~ Y npu noddepx~e CILTA zpynnbr du8epcaHmos (an- P ~ J I ~ 1961 r.) ~ . r ee p a 3 r p o M K ~ ~ H H ~ ~ M M B paf io~e &afiR-XHpoH;

~ ~ P J ~ ~ H C K U P KPU3UC 1961 2. - BJIaCTH rap o 6 a ~ ~ ~ n ~ 6noKaqy 3a- naHoro f i e p n ~ ~ a , B OTBeT CmA OTKpbInH ~ o x y m ~ b ~ f i " M ~ ~ ~ xM3HM"9 E e ~ n k f ~ e H e ITpOM30lLUlO BOOpy>lteHHoe C T O ~ K H O -

BeHHe Me>KAy aMepHKaHCKHMH ki COBeTCKHMM B O ~ ~ C K ~ M M ; nocne

1. 1960-e tz. xnpa~rnepu308aflucb: 3T0r0 BnaCTH rpn . iaRffH P m e H H e OrOpO&MTb 3anaHbIfi Eep-

,/ p a c ~ p e n o U e H H e M aMepMKaHCKOr0 0 6 4 e c ~ ~ a ; jIHH cTe~ofi7 PBaMH ~ ~ m ~ q e f i ~ ~ o B o ~ o K o ~ ~ no B c e M y era n e p ~ - M ~ V Y ; E ~ P ~ ~ H H C K ~ c T e H a , n p o c T o R s u r a R 28 n e T (196 1- 1989)~ cTa-

,/ y c H n e H H e M 6 o p b 6 b l 3 a r p a w a H c K H e n P a B a ; na CMMBOnoM P a c K o n a M H p a H a nsa s p a > ~ 4 y m ~ ~ x naepg; Ka~*6c~uP KPU3UC 1962 2. - B OTBeT H a p a 3 M e q e H H e CoBeTcKMx

W e P H b I x P a K e T H a Ky6e K e H H e n k i O ~ ~ H B H J I ~ o p c ~ y r o 6noKay K ~ - n p e 3 m e ~ ~ c ~ ~ e B ~ I G O P ~ I 1960 r. B O ~ ~ H B H C ~ O P * ~ KaK OA 6 b 1 ~ M ~ P H K ~ H C K H M ~ ~ O T O M H ~ a q a n n o n r o ~ o ~ K y BTOpmeHMfl, qTo caMb1x H a n p m e H H b I X . E j o p o n ~ c b ABa MonoAbIx KaHfiHaaTa - MOrnO npHBecTH K BOOPyXeHHOMY C T O J I K H O B e H m ~ e m y CCCP H n p e 3 ~ n e ~ ~ P. HMKCOH ( p e c n y 6 n ~ ~ a ~ e U ) H ceHaTop Ax. Ke CUIA; B n o c n e A H H f i MOMeHT KpH3HC y ~ m o c b P e m H T b M p f p H b l ~ ( A e M o ~ p a T ) . B n e p ~ b 1 e COCTO~IJIMC~ ~ e n e B H ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' nyTeM - CCCP ~ O m C M J I C R BbIBeCTM a e p H O e o p y m ~ e c KyGbI, a

Page 55: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

111

CmA - M3 T ~ ~ J J M M , n p B 3TOM CN.4 ALUM TOpXeCTBeHHOe 6 K p o ~ e T O ~ O , c ~ ~ ~ c T B o B ~ ~ M O s e H b HanpFDKeHHbIe JIMrIHble OTHO-

cpoq~oe 0 6 e u a ~ ~ e ~e ~ a n a a a ~ b ~a K y 6 y . llleH1.1R 1.1 m e f i H b 1 e p83H0maCMR MeXQy I t p e 3 m e H T o M K ~ H H ~ A M ki

17pu Kennedu nalraflacb m n a n u 6opb6bl c o p z a ~ u 3 0 s a ~ n o ~ ~ ~ r l e - n p e s m e ~ ~ o ~ AXOHCOHOM. cmytt~ocmblo. Ee onulcemeove~ue~ cmanll: 22 H O H ~ P H 1963 r o A a ~ X O H K ~ H H ~ A M B XoAe n p e a ~ b 1 6 o p H o f i no-

~ ~ A K H no Texacy 6bm y6MT B Aannace. Anrr p a c c n e n o B a H M H y 6 ~ I ; i -

c ~ s a 6bma c o a a H a KOM~CCMR Yoppe~a, B KOTOP~KI BxoAMnH cy- AbH B B m H b l e n0JIkITMKI.I. KOMMCCMR CAenaJIa 0 4 M u M L l J l b ~ b I G BbIBOA,

T O ~ M M CUIA, K o r A a 6 p a T n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a c T a n s n e H o M ~ a 6 a ~ e ~ a ; t lT0 B K ~ H H ~ L ~ H CTpejlF1n Y ~ M ~ U ~ - O A M H O ~ K ~ X a p B M O c B a x b ~ , 6 e p ~ Kf2HHe~l . r H a s a J I OTKPbITOe IIpeCJIeAOBaHMe n W e p O B M 3aMeqeHHb1fi B CBR3RX C KY~IIHCKO# ~ M M T P ~ U M ~ ~ ~ , X M B W R ~ ~ HeKO-

CNA, ~ 0 6 k m c R p a 3 0 6 n a s e ~ ~ ~ M o c y m e a l . i H AX. X O @ @ ~ I -

/ no p e 3 Y n b T a T a M ~ & J I J I H c T M ~ ~ c K o ~ ~ 3KCllePTM3bI CTpeJIRTb M O r n t l

cpa3y a3 T p e X M e c T - CO C K J I U a IIIKOJIbHbIX J " ~ ~ ~ H M K O B (O@MUM- m b H a R BepckIH), M3-3a H3rOpOflM C T P O ~ ~ K M M M3 3AaHMR llOJIMQM1.1

H a H e n H u e n p B R T H b I e BOnpOCbI; KOMACCMR B c K P b m a MHOr091.1C / H a M e c T e n p e c T Y r t n e H R R C p a 3 y 6bmki apeCTOBaHbI M OTIIylJ&?HbI BbI-

HbIe CBR3M M e m Y ~ o J I M T M ~ ~ c K o ~ ~ , neno~ofi, K Y ~ ~ T Y P H O ~ ~ 3nMT COKOnOCTaBJIeHHbIe COTPyAHHKh UPY, P a H e e ~ ~ c T B O B ~ B ~ M ~ B ~ a @ ~ e f i , O A H ~ K O ee a e r l ~ e n b ~ o c ~ b ~e 6b1na sasepme~a - B 19 c n e u o n e p a r l t r R x JJPY M nepeone~bre B 6 p o A R r ;

CeHaTOp Keaosep 6b1n OTpaBJIeH M AeRTenbHOCTb KOMMCCMM / T e Xe COTPYnHMK1.1 6 b m ~ aPeCTOBaHb1 1 HOFI~PR 1963 rOAa B 9MXCa- C T e n e H H O OTOlrura H a B T O P O ~ ~ m I a H . r0, K O ~ A ~ 6 b m a C O P B ~ H ~ n e p ~ a ~ n 0 n b 1 ~ ~ a n 0 ~ y r u e ~ 1 . t ~ ;

/ 6onee 40 Knrusesbrx c ~ m e ~ e n e t i no D e n y B 1963-1970 rr. y M e p n H

Mn1.1 n o r a 6 n k i n p M CaMbIX CTPaHHblX O ~ C T O R T ~ ~ C T B ~ X .

C ~ U ~ C T B ~ ~ T 11 BepcMfi y6kificTBa AX. K e ~ ~ e f l k i . H ~ C M O T ~ R H a TO,

9 T 0 B ~ e f i e H e T IIoJIHoG RCHOCTM, MHOrMe n P B 3 H a K M rOBOPRT 0

TOM, TO B 1963 r. MMen MeCTO XOpOlfrO CnJIaHMp0BaHHb1fi COBMe-

C T H ~ I ~ ~ saroeop M ~ @ M M M cneucnyx6, B KOTOPOM 6b1nk1 s a t r ~ ~ e p e - COBaHb1 ApflMe BbICIllMe pyKOBOA1.1TeJIM CUA.

2. n 0 c J I e y6kific~~a K ~ H H ~ A H nOCT fIpe3KI@HTa C U A aBT0MaTMtlecKh

3aH5LrI -@UH~OH d r c o ~ c o ~ , R B T I F I B ~ L I M ~ ~ C F I A 0 3TOTO BkIJJe-EtPe3meHTOM.

~ H H A O H AXOHCOH - ~ P O @ ~ C C M O H ~ J ' ~ ~ H ~ I ~ ~ IIOJIMTMK 1.13 Texaca, ce- H a ~ o p OT 3~01-o m T a T a . n p ~ w e n B nonMTMKy ropasno p a H b m e K ~ H H ~ A H . B MOnOAbIe rOAb1 MCnOJIb3OBaJl nm6y10 B03MOWHOcTb n06b1~b B O ~ U ~ C T B ~ Py3seJIbTa, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ 6bm ero KYMApOM. B 1960 r. M e m ) t 6onee OnbITHbIM &XOHCOHOM M 6onee MOnOAbIM

K ~ H H ~ A H p a 3 B e p H y n a C b YITOpHaR 6 o p b 6 a 3a B b a B f i W e H M e K a m M f l a -

TOM B n P e 3 M a e H T b r OT AeMOKpaTOB. ~ ~ X O H C O H p a c c M a T p k i B a n c H B KaqecTBe M m m a T a B n p e 3 m e H T b 1 , K ~ H H ~ A U - B BHue-lTPe3MaeHTb1.

H0 K ~ H H ~ A H 6pocw1 BCe cBOe COCTOHHMe, 3HaYMTenbHO n p e B b I -

Page 56: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

c o H a H e n o n 1 0 6 ~ n ~ M H e B o c n p a H w M a n M ero KaK senmoro npe. AeHTa, XOTH YaCmb eZO npOZPUMMbl 6bua UblnORHeHU (B O ~ J ~ ~ C T H Tj

>yqaHCKMX n p a B , MeAHuMHbI M ~ 0 u ~ U b H o f i 3aLQMTb1).

AXOHCOH noa A a s n e H a e M c m , n p u B e n r u a x ero K BnacTM, npm PeUIeHMe 06 aKTMBHOM BOOPYXeHHOM BMeUIaTeJIbCTBe aMepMK,

C K O ~ apMMM B r p a X A a H C K y l 0 B 0 f i H y BO B b e T H a M e .

b:

caMblfi pasrap n p e A B b 1 6 0 p H o f i 60h6b1, 5 M I ~ H R l9B8 rona, K e H H e & ~ 6bm Y ~ H T B ~ o c - A r n > ~ e ~ l e c e ~ D ~ ~ C K W M TeDDODMCTOM

/ Ce6epHblfi B b e m ~ a ~ , ~ ~ K O B O A M M ~ I ~ ~ KOMMYHMCTaMM BO rJIaBe C

IIIa MMHOM ( C T O ~ B U ~ Xa~of i ) ;

1 960-x. O A H ~ B ~ ~ M ~ H H O BO3pOAMJICR Ky- KJIyKC- K J I ~ H , K o ~ o p b I i c ~ a n M c n o n b 3 0 B a T b MeToAbI XIX B. M M e n o c b M H O ~ O c n y r I a e B pacoublx

6 o ~ c e p h . l y ~ a M ~ e n - h H , 3a YTO lTOJIflWI 5 JIeT TH)peMHOTO 3 Y e H w I ( 6 b M IIOTOM OnpaBAaH B ~ P X O B H ~ I M CYAOM n0 PenkirMO

* H e c M o ~ ~ ~ H a BCe WYAHOCTM, 6 0 p b 6 a H e W O B 3a CBOM n p a B a n a a CBOM pesynbTaT61. J U H ~ O H ~ ~ X O H C O H BneDBbIe B ACT0DAI.I ~ a ? ~ a q w n

npe3l.raeHTcKMe ~ b 1 6 0 p b 1 1968 r. llpOXOAMnM B nepkiOA CaMbIX 60- JIbUIHX HeyAaY B ~ ~ T H ~ M C K O ~ ~ B O ~ ~ H ~ I . Pefi~l4I-U ~ M I - I A o H ~ ~ ~ X O H C O H ~

6 b m ~ p a 6 i ~ e H M ~ O K . ~ P O T M B ~ e f i c ~ ~ y m ~ e r o n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a B H Y T ~ M

napTMM CBOm KaHAkiAaTypy BbIJIBHHyn P 0 6 e p T K ~ H H ~ A M - 6bIBmMii

MMHMCTP IOCTHUMM 1.i h f J I ~ U I M f i 6 p a ~ Y~IITOTO Arno~a K ~ H H ~ A H . TO - ~ p a 6 i H e peAKMfi ~ J I f l a f i (06bIYH0, KOrAa ~ e f i ~ T B y l 0 ~ M 6 i ripe-

3MAeHT MAeT H a B T O P O ~ ~ CPOK, lTPOTMB H e r 0 BHYTPM napTMM KaHAH-

AaTbI 0 6 6 ~ 1 ~ 0 H e BbIABMraIoTCH; B 1968 r. 6bmo MHaYe). B 3~0 f i

CMTyaUMM ~ M H ~ O H AXOHCOH, O T ~ W O ~ I & H H ~ I ~ ~ TPY3OM BbeTHaMCKMX

n p 0 6 n e M 7 PeUIEiJI H e ~ ~ J I J I o T ~ ~ ~ o B ~ T ~ c R H a B T O P O ~ ~ CPOK (YTO 6bIBa-

e T T a m e K p a f i H e ~ ~ A K o ) . B e A y U k i M KamPiAaTOM OT n p a B R U e f i

napTkiM c T a n H e nefic~~ymlrtafi npe3l.rae~~. a P O ~ ~ D T K e ~ ~ e n a . B

lonpoc 38. 6opb6a Herpos (a@poauepm~a~~es) 3a rpaWaHcKHe npasa

. B T O ~ ~ R lTOJIOBMHa 1960-x IT. C T U a B p e M e H e M aKTMBM3aUMM 60pb- 6 6 1 S e p H o K o x M x 3a r p a m a H c K M e npasa. n m e p o ~ HerpkiTHHCKOrO

ABMXeHMR C T U M O J I O A O ~ ~ 9 e p H 0 ~ 0 X M f i CBHUeHHMK Mapmun JM- mep KUHZ, K O T O P ~ I ~ ? CBOMMH M H o r o w i c n e H H b I M n p e s a M M , n n a M e a -

H 0 f i 60pb60fi 3 a B O e B U 60JIbUIyH) l T O ~ y n R p H O C T b KaK CpeAM H e r -

POB, TaK M Cpe.I(M 6eJIbIx M C T m OAHMM M3 CMMBOnOB h e p M ~ k i

K O H ~ A U ~ ~ O ~ - H e Q a M BbIKUbIBaJIM ma3a, B W X H b l X UITaTaX H a -

lT&&UIM HOYbH) H a XMJIMUa, H e lTyCKiLTIM B PeCTOpaHbI M AOpOrHe

Mara3HHbI . BCH) h e p M K y IIOTpIIC cnflafi, KOrAa B UepKBM BO B p e -

MR MOJIMTBbI 6 b M H B 3 0 P B a H b I YeTbIpe YepHOKOXMe AeBOYKM.

Page 57: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 58: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

6 0 ~ ~ n o f j b ~ c ~ n o n 0 n y n R p H O C T b K a M 6 0 A ~ ~ f i c ~ 1 . i x KOMMYHHCTMqe- 6 b 1 n ~ ~ ~ 5 1 ~ b r c ~ O ~ H Y H ~ I M n ~ ~ a , y c ~ a ~ a s n k i s a s r u ~ e n o A c n m H - CKHX n a p ~ ~ 3 a ~ " K p a c H b ~ X M M ~ P O B " BO nXaBe C non r h ~ o ~ . BbeT- B a m W i e ~ C T ~ O ~ ~ C T B ~ ;

H ~ M C K H ~ ~ ysen ewe 6onee J ~ T H H Y ~ C H . d P ~ ~ ~ I c H ~ P O M K M ~ cKam2lJt;

B 1973 r. 6 b m a n o n n w c a H a r IIapuxclcue cozmaurenm, no KoToPbIM xOAe P ~ J B M T H R C K a W a n a B ~ I H C H M J I O C ~ , VTO HWKCOH n p M l i a c T e H K

C ~ A y ~ f l u LU B b e m ~ a M a . B o f i ~ a ~ P O A O ~ X M ~ ~ C ~ ~ e m y C ~ B ~ P - ycTaHOBKe a n n a P a T y p b 1 M APYrMM H ~ ~ J I ~ T O B ~ H ~ I M f i e n a ~ ; H ~ I M (KOMMYHWCTW~~CKMM) H ~ M ~ I M ( K ~ ~ H T ~ T I M C T I . I ~ ~ C ~ M ) BbeT- d ~aqanocb ~ ~ C C ~ ~ A O B ~ H M ~ Ko~rpecca; H ~ M O M 663 pacTn. IR CmA ( K ~ O M ~ He60nbLU0r0 a M e p H K a H c K o r 0 xOAe PaccneAOBaHMR CTaJIM AOCTOHHMeM rJlaCHOCTH M ~ ~ H M T O - K O H T H H ~ ~ H T ~ B Cafiro~e). B I975 r. C e ~ e p H b t f i B ~ ~ T H ~ M O A e p X n ~ O H H ~ I ~ 3anUCM, H a KOTOPbIX HHKCOH ~ M n CBOHX COTPYAHMKOB no6e~y H ~ A ~ X H ~ I M . B ~ ~ T H ~ M C T U eAHHbIM M c o w a n H c T M Y e - " r ~ a M O ~ H O B P a m Kompeccy", a T a m e MHbIe AOKa3aTeJIbCTBa, KOC-

cKHM. 20 n e ~ (1975 - 1995) M e m y CmA I.r B ~ ~ T H ~ M O M H e 6b1n0 BeHHO noATBep>lcnamul~e, YTO A~~~CTBYIOLL(MG n p e 3 m e ~ ~ n p e ~ 6 1 -

name A H ~ ~ o M ~ T H Y ~ c K H X 0 T H o ~ e ~ P f f i . CBOH nOnHOMOYHR (B YaCTHOCTM, nOACJIyllIMB2lJt c o n e p ~ ~ ~ o ~ B

B H a s m e 1970-x rr. aqMklHHCTpaUHH HWKCOH~ B 3 m a KYPC Ha xOAe B b 1 6 0 ~ ~ ~ H B b I H v U Bb160pb1 HeqeCTHO, A O ~ Y C K ~ J I HHbre 3no- y n o T p e 6 n e ~ n ~ ) ;

y n y q m e H H e 0TH0lI leHHfi c CCCP. HUKCOH cman n e p s b m 8 ucmopuu a ~ e p u ~ a ~ c ~ m npe3ude~rno~, ~ o r n o p ~ l i nocemun CCCP (8 1972 2.1. 4 no XOAY Yo~ep reG~c~oro c~amana BO~HMKTIH A P y H e C K a m U b I

Yepe3 r o A , p 1973 r., CmA nOCeTHJI C OTBeTHbrM BH3HTOM ( H ~ ~ P M M ~ P A e n O 0 B3HTOYHMYeCTBe H C B H ~ H X c Ma($Mefi sme- A.M. E p e x ~ e ~ - 3TO 6bll1 B T O P O ~ ~ BH3MT COBeTCKOrO PyKOBOAHTenR n ~ e 3 m e ~ ~ a CUM C ~ H P O A ~ H O C T O ~ ~ ~ O C ~ ( a ~ e p ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ f i sapti-

B CJJJA (c 1959 r.). B 3TOT nepMOA O T H o m e H H H Me>Kqy CCCP a H T @ ~ M M ~ M M - BrHfO);

CmA CTUM ~JIMSKBMM K A p m e C T B e H H b I M . d nPoTMB H H K C O H ~ 6 b m a HaYaTa npoqenypa HMnMqMeHTa;

Y n y q m a R o T H o m e H W l c CCCP, CmA OAHoBpeMeHHo pa3bVbIB2lJtM d H ~ K ~ H Y H ~ pemamurero r o n o c o s a H m K HHKCOH~ HBHnHCb n p e a c T a -

B M T ~ ~ H 80 c e ~ a ~ o p o ~ H ~ ~ R B H ~ H , YTO y npe3meH-1-a H e T H M K a m X "m~af i c~y lo Kap~y". P. HUKCOH m a m K e cmm n e p s b m 8 ucmopuu nPe- LUaHcoB ~ 3 6 e x a ~ b HMnMYMeHTa ( A ~ R OTpeUIeHHR H ~ O ~ X O ~ J M ~ ~ r0- 3 u a e ~ m o ~ CLLIA, ~ o q o p b l i i nocemun Kumali (8 1972 2.1. B xone BM3H- nOca 67 C e H a T o p o B , a 6onee 80 CeHaTOpOB TBepr[O p e m H n M ronoco-

~a HHKCOH B C T ~ ~ Y U C R c Mao U ~ ~ A V O M , AXOY B ~ b n a e ~ M A p F " - BaTb nPOTMB HWKCOH~) ; MH ~ H ~ a f i c m ~ ~ pyKOBOAMTeJIRMH. C m y M e n o MCrmJ-rb3oBanH cO- CTPemCb ~ 3 6 e m a ~ b MMnMYMeHTa M er0 n o c n e ~ c ~ ~ ~ f i (nMrueHHe ~ e T c K o - a M e p H K a H c K l i e npOTHBOpeYwI, Y T O ~ ~ I CAenaTb f i ~ a f i CBOHM Bcex n p H B H n e r ~ f i n P e 3 m e H T O B , ~ ~ H C M M ) , P. HWKCOH 8 a B r y c T a C O ~ J H M K O M I.I HaTpaBMTb er0 H a CCCP. Bo M H o r o M 3TO YAanocb . 1974 rOAa ~ 0 6 p o ~ o n b ~ 0 yuen B OTCTaBKY - ~ A ~ ~ H c T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ cnyqafi A p x ~ ~ e ~ ~ o p o ~ a ~ e p ~ ~ a H c K 0 i i B H e l l l ~ e f i n0JIMTHKH T o r 0 B P e M e H a B KCTOPHM CUA; CqHTaeTCR r o c c e K p e T a p b I'enpu Kuccundxep, K O T O P O ~ ~ CYHTamT d B c T Y n M B r n ~ f i B AOnXHOCTb n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a Am. cpa3y n O M H n o - "OTUOM P~~PFIAKM". Ban H M K c o ~ a 3a Bee B03MOXHbIe n p e c ~ y n n e ~ ~ s r , c o ~ e p m e ~ ~ b ~ e

n p o T H B C ~ ~ A M H ~ H H ~ I X ~ T ~ T O B .

d B xOAe ~ b 1 6 0 p o B y COnepHHKOB H K K C O H ~ - AeMOKPaTOB - pew- me nOcne B ~ I ~ O P O B 1972 r., He3aAOnTO A 0 OTCTaBKU H w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , n R p H 0 ~ ~ O M C X O A H J I H YTeqKA U ~ H H O ~ M H ~ O ~ M ~ U M M , KOTOPaH yruen OTCTaBKY B H U e - n P e 3 W e H T C ~ H P O BrHfO, 0 6 B ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ f i B

nonbso~anacb m ~ a 6 0 ~ HHKCOH~; B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e n o n y n ~ p ~ b r e rime- APYMX n p e c ~ y n n e ~ ~ ~ x ; PM AeMOKpaTOB - K a m H A a T B n p e 3 K 4 e H T b I AX. Ma lc ro~ep~ H C. 4 HOBbrM B H U e - n p e 3 W e H T o M C U A P. HHKCOH c C O ~ ~ ~ C M H C e ~ a ~ ~ m p a ~ ~ e p ( ~ a y q m a ~ B s a ~ e - n p e 3 w e ~ ~ b r CUIA, O T ~ U X e H b I I - W - I ~ Y H J I K O H r p e c c M e H a A x e p a n b ~ a D o p ~ a ;

A. JJJsapue~errepa) Bb160pbI npoHrP2lJtH.r;

3 W e H T O M .

Page 59: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

118

m. @opn n p o d o ~ x w nommurcy pa3pdrcu, Haramyto P. Hurcconom. B amne-asryc~e 1975 r. B X e n b c a ~ ~ a coc~omocb Coeeryanue no 6e3onacnocmu u compyb~urecmey e Eepone c y.iacTaeM esponefi- CKHX c T p a H , a T a m e CLLIA H K a ~ a a b ~ .

I aezycma 1975 zoda 6b1n n o n n a c a H 3amtorurne~anari aKm Co- B e u a H H R , KOmOUblM:

a/ n p o ~ o 3 r n a l r r m o c b H a M e p e H a e C o x p a H a m ~ a p R ycannm COTPYA-

HAUeCTBO;

r / npM3HaBXTaCb HepyLLIHMOCTb IIOCneBOeHHbIX r p a H H 4 B E~pone ( K p y n ~ e f i l I I a R AanJIOMaTMseCKaR no6e~a CCCP, IIOCKOnbKy Ha

M e m y H a p O A H O M y p O B H e IIOATBepXELTHCb ( p a ~ e e H e n p H 3 H a B a e -

MbIe B C ~ M L I ) 3aKOHHOCTb TAP R BKJIIO!IeHWl I I ~ M ~ ~ T H ~ ~ C K H X pet- n y 6 n ~ ~ B COCTaB CCCP). H e c ~ 0 - p ~ H a aKTHBHYI0 BHeLLIHIOIO IIOJIHTHKy, H a Ax. @OPAON

T a m e npononxma sacem T e H b Yo~epre i i~c~oro c K a y q m a .

Ha ~b160pax 1976 r. COnepHHKOM @ 0 p ~ a CTan H e H ~ B ~ C T H ~ I ~ ma- P O K O ~ O~IU~CTB~HHOCTH ~ T P o B M H ~ M ~ J I ~ H ~ I ~ ~ IIOSIkiTkIK A>KMMMM K a p .

T e p - r y 6 e p ~ a ~ o p JIITaTa A x o p ~ x a ~ . Bbl60pbl 3U8eUUlURUCb CeHCUMUOHHO:

a/ 6 b ~ n ~ ~ @ H K C H ~ O B ~ H ~ ~ K O P A H ~ I ~ ~ YPOBeHb a 6 c e ~ T e a 3 M a ( H ~ R B K H H a

Bb160pb1) - OKOnO IIOJIOBHHbI as6apa~enefi CmA H e npO5IBIlnH

M H T e p e c a K B b 1 6 0 p a ~ ;

a/ H e c M o q x H a n p e a M y u e c T B o @op~a B H a y a n e K a M n a H a a , no6eay B

YCnOBMRX H B ~ K O ~ ~ RBKH HeOXI4JlaHHO O A e p X m Ax. Kap~ep. 4. A x . Kapmep (1977-1981) C T ~ O n H a M a3 CaMbIX HeyAasnMBbIX

n p e 3 m e H T O B B HCTOpHa CLUA. Kap~ep XOAHJl H a pa6o~y HeLLIKOM,

. racTo M o n a n c R B ~ e p ~ ~ a , p a 6 0 ~ X T no 16 s a c o B , HO d e ~ a t~ cmpaHe u 3a a v 6 e ~ o ~ uflu sce x p e u q m e :

a/ HasWlCR ~ K O H O M M U ~ C K H ~ ~ KPM3BC;

a/ s p e 3 ~ e p ~ o p a 3 ~ y ~ b r e n o n y n a c T c K a e c o u a a r r b H b r e n p o r p a M M b 1 yAa-

PXJIH IIO APJTPiM c @ e p a ~ 3KOHOMWKR;

a/ n p e K p a T a n a c b pa3pm~a, ~ 0 3 0 6 ~ 0 B R n a ~ b " x o n o ~ ~ a ~ BO#H~";

a/ CmA AOIIyCTWIHbpXII Cepbe3HbIX I IpOBmOB BO B ~ e l I I ~ e f i n0J IaTRKe.

~ J I ~ B H ~ I M kiqeOX0rOM Pi 'kepb1~ K ~ ~ A M H X T O M " 2U(MHHKCTpaUHM

Kap~epa c ~ m n o M o u H a K n p e 3 w e ~ ~ a no ~ a ~ a o ~ a x b ~ o f i 6esonac- HOCTH 36~zHes E ~ ~ c ~ ~ u H c K u ~ ~ - 661BLLIHfi r p a m a H a H IIonbma. C MMeHeM ~ K ~ ~ M H C K O ~ O CBX3aHO nOXOJIOfiaHHe OTHOLLI~HH~~ C CCCP, pa3BR3bIBaHHe ~ H T H C O B ~ T C K O ~ ~ HCTePHM.

B zodai ttpuefie~u3i Kapmepa as-3a naccMBHocTki a H e p e L u a T e n b H o -

CTM a4MkIHkiCTpaUWM MHOrl le CTPaHbI BbILUnll A 3 C@CPM BnUaHMFT

CUIA, no e c e ~ y ~ u p y ~atlnflocb uacnaocmpa~e~ue a ~ m u a ~ e p u ~ n ~ -

i crcitx pemuMo&: u' 1977 r. - n p O M 3 0 l U e n ~ ~ O K O M M ~ H H C T P ~ Y ~ C K H ~ B0eHHbIf i n e p e B O p O T

B 3$uonuu; K B f i a c T a nparuen A m T a T o p Me~zucmy X a h e M a p ~ a ~ , o p a e ~ ~ a p o s a s L u P i f i c ~ HR CCCP;

u' 1975-1979 rr. - npki n O A 4 e p X K e apMMH K y 6 b 1 YCTaHOBMJICFl KOM-

~ y ~ k f C T k T ! I e C ~ k i f i p e X H M B AHzode; u' 1978 r. - KOMMYHPiCTbI llPPitLLnl4 K EndCTM B A$za&ucma~e; B

1979 r. B A @ ~ ~ H H C T ~ H 6b1nH BEefieHbI CoBeTCkkie B o ~ ~ c K ~ ;

cf 1979 r. - MCnaMCKaR aHTMaMepMKaHCKaR peBOm(rHMFl B ~paHt2; c s e p r H y T ruax, npasttaurafi P i p a ~ o ~ o K o n o 40 n e T ; K B n a c T a npa- LLIen p e ~ k i r f l 0 3 ~ b l f I @ ~ H ~ T H K X O M ~ ~ H U , IIpPi3b1BaIOLLtPifi K 3KCnOpmy U ~ ~ ~ U M C ~ O ~ peBOAIOl{ldU B f i P v M e CTpaHbI; M ~ H M3 HEQeXHOrO CO-

Io3HHKa CmA B ~ ~ ~ C ~ C K O M 3 V R B e npeBpaTMnCR B ~ ~ C K O M ~ ~ O -

M M c c H o r o spara; u' 1979 r. - B c o c e n H e M Npaice B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e A B o p u o B o r o O e p e B o p o T a

K B n a c T n npMrrren ~ononoti n a K T a T o p d a d d m Xyceu"~, T a m e m e - muwG r e o n o n a T a s e c K M e a~6autlti;

a/ 1979 r. - petJOflloyU2 tJ Ha~aparya; H a CMeHy MHOrOneTHeMy COIO3-

H a Q CmA C O M O C ~ IIpPiXOART c a ~ d u ~ l l ~ m b l - n p o ~ y 6 a ~ c K a f f pe- BOnloL(rl0HHaR napTkiR, O ~ k l e H T U P O B & H H a R H a CCCP. C ~ M ~ I M CHnbl-fbIM MCnbITaHBeM AJIR aAMMHMCTPa4MM K a p T e p a , no- Ka3aBUIUM ee ~ e c n o c o 6 ~ o c l % BnMRTb H a C O ~ ~ I T B R , C T U H ~06b1m~4, CBg3aHHble C 3UmmOM UMi?pUICUHCKO20 nOCOflbCm8U 8 Npa~e . B HO-

n6pe 1979 r. B M p a ~ e 6b1no pasrpourre~o n o c o n a c T B o CIlIA, nep- COHC1JI B3RT B 3aAOXHUKU. Ahfepll ica~~~aJl U ~ M U H ~ ~ C ~ P U ~ ( U I I OKa3aflUCb 6eCcllflbHa. f i p a H U b 1 A e p X a n H 3BTIOXHHKOB 6onee rona bi 0 ~ ~ 0 6 0 ~ ~ - na B n e H b a ~ a y r y p a u u ~ P. Pef i ra~a B 198 1 r. Ha & o ~ e 8 UeflOM H ~ V ~ ~ Q H O U ~ nonumum Kavmepa k ezo d o c r n u ~ w ~ u - RM M O X H O omHecmu:

r / 3 a w r m s e H a e c CCCP A o r o e o p a OCB-2 (06 o r p a H M r e H m i c T p a T e -

rHUeCKHX B O O P ~ ~ H M ~ ) B 1979 r. - BBeAeHbI OrPaHMqeHMR H a

M a K C B M m b H O e KOJIkltIeCTBO HEL3eMHbIX, BO3A)'llIHMX I.I nOABOAHbIX c T p a T e r a y e c K M x ~oopyxe~af i ;

a/ 3 a K n m s e H K3nm-,lt..sudc~uu' dozoeop. K3~11-43Bkiq - ~ a M b 1 f i ~ p y I I ~ b 1 f i YCIIeX IIOnHTHKki Kap~epa, KOTO-

pb1fi nPOAeMOHCTPHPOBaJI TWlaHT Kap~epa KaK MkiPOTBOpUa. Pe-

Page 60: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

6b1n YperYJIMpOBaH B T O P O ~ ~ IIO 3Ha9MMOCTll p e r M 0 H a n b H b 1 f i KOH7

@JIBKT nocne M ~ ~ ~ M ~ C K O - ~ ~ ~ ~ C T M H C K O ~ O . B pe3ynb~a~e K s ~ n - )J,SBIIACKO~O AOrOBOpa E r k i n e ~ BbIlrren M3 ~ H T L I E I ~ P ~ H J I ~ C K O ~ KOa-

JIMUMM ~ P ~ ~ C K H X CTpaH, lrT0 CAenaJIO HeB03MOXHbIM K P Y ~ H ~ I ~ a p a 6 0 - ~ 3 p a B J I b ~ ~ M e B O ~ ~ H ~ I ( E r M n e ~ 6b1n OnHMM M3 rnaBHbIX ma- CTHHKOB). B ~ P ~ ~ C K O M M H p e K3~n-838ud 6bm 6OCnpuHxm KaK npedamenbcmso. 3 1981 2. nodnucaewuii ezo npe3ude~m Ezunma AH - sap Cadam 6 m y6um. B 1990-e rr. Kap~ep HeOAHOKpaTHO nOKa3bIBaJI c e 6 ~ KaK MMpO-

TBOpeU. B 2002 r. OH 6 b ~ YAOCTOeH H O ~ ~ J I ~ B C K O G n p e M M I l MMpa.

Bonpoc 40. CUlA B 1981-1993 rr. " K O H C ~ ~ B ~ T M B H ~ ~ ~ pecny6nn~a~c~aa pe~onmqna" Pekra~a M 6y~ua -$&-Cgf--$ I Ik$41j-$449) L-4-/#

$.LC ; - $U qlk g+ ?$I/ $1 -!I L-b 1. ~senadyamwemnuii nepuob (1981-1993) s o w a s ucmopum M K epe-

MII npasflenwl dsyx pecnybJlumncrcux adniunucmpayuu: I / P. Pefira~a (1981-1989); I / ax. Fywa (1989-1993).

Pona~bd Pezi~an (1911-2004) - 6 b 1 s r n ~ i i K w H o a K T e p M r y 6 e p ~ a ~ o p K~JIB@O~HHM 6b1n ~ 3 6 p a ~ npe3WIeHTOM C m A B 1980 r. B c ~ y n m B nOJIXHOCTb B 1981 r. B BO3paCTe 70 n e T ( c T ~ J I CaMbIM CTaPbIM

npe3HAeHTOM B MCTOPkiM CmA). flexmeflb~ocmb PoHaflbda Peliza~a M O ~ O padeflumb Ha dea 6onbutux

4 1981-1985 rr. ( n e p s b ~ i i n p e 3 k ~ q e ~ ~ c ~ ~ f i cpo~) . Bmo spem: 3CKaJIauHM " X O ~ O & H O ~ ~ BOfiHbft , rOHKM B O O P Y X ~ H M ~ ~ ;

X ~ C T K O ~ ~ ~ K O H O M ~ N ~ C K O ~ IlOJIMTBKH ( " ~ ~ ~ ~ H o M M K H " , CYTb KO-

T O P O ~ ~ 3aIUIIOYaJIaCb B PaClrrMPeHHM YaCTHOTO CeKTOpa 3KOHO-

MMKM M CO3AaHMH 6 n a r 0 n p ~ H T H b 1 ~ 3KOHOMWXeCKMX YCJIOBM~~, B

n e p B y m o v e p e n b m~ n p e n c ~ a s ~ ~ e ~ l e f i m y u a x m a c c o B (Peiira- H a Ha3bIBaJIM "p061.1~ ~ Y ~ O M H ~ O ~ O P O T " ) ;

1985- 1989 rr. ( B T O P O ~ ~ n p e 3 w e ~ ~ c ~ ~ f i c p o ~ ) . Bmo &MR:

HaYaJfa COBeTCKO-aMepMKaHCKOr0 a k i a J I 0 r a Pi p a 3 p m K P i ;

nk i6epanki3aukik i B H Y T ~ ~ H H ~ ~ ~ IIOJIllTMKW;

n o T e n n e H k i R c m y a u m B Mkipe.

P. Peu'za~e 6bu np06edeH pxd aoeHHblx onepauuu': 1982 r. - BbICWKa aMepHKaHCKMX B O ~ ~ C K B n B B a H e ;

1983 r. - BTOpXeHMe H a OCTPOBHOe K ~ P H ~ C K O ~ rOCYAaPCTB0 Tpe- H W a , C B e p X e H H e n p o ~ y 6 ~ ~ c K o r o peBOJIIoULiOHHOr0 IIpaBkiTeJIbCT-

sa M O ~ H C ~ E k i r u o n a ;

1986 r. - 6 0 ~ 6 a p ~ M p o B K a CTOJIMUbI ~ L I B M M T p k i n o n k i .

B 1981 r. P. Pef i ra~ O ~ ~ F I B M ~ CCCP " k i ~ n e p k i e f i ma". B 1983 r. P. P ~ ~ ~ ~ H o M 6 b m a BbmBMHYTa " C T P ~ T ~ T H Y ~ C K ~ R O ~ O P O H H ~ F I MHM-

uaam~a" (COM, k i n u nporpama " 3 ~ e 3 n ~ b r x B O ~ ~ H " ) . Ee C Y T ~ 3a-

IUIIOYaJIaCb B C03naHHki ' ~ P O T H B O P ~ K ~ T H O ~ O KOCMMYeCKOTO ~ M T B "

Ha& C m A n y T e M BbIBOna B KOCMOC 6 0 n b ~ 0 r 0 KOnBzIeCTBa C n F -

HMKOB, KOTOPbIe MOrnki 661 C ~ H B ~ T ~ H a n e T y COBeTCKkIe m e p H b 1 e

paKeTbI. A ~ H H ~ R nporpama H e 6b1na peanti30sa~a ~ 3 - 3 a ee nopo- rOBH3HbI M H e 100%-~0fi ~@@~KTHBHOCTA (C nOMOLUJA0 C0H MOXHO 6 b 1 n o C ~ H T ~ TOnbKO 9aCTb P a K e T (HO H e B C ~ ) ; CyqeCTBOBa-

na B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ ee ~ e G ~ p a n n 3 a u 1 . l ~ - C O ~ A ~ H M ~ n o M e x c n y r H a -

KaM, s a n y c ~ p a K e T c ~ ~ ~ A ~ ~ R I O ~ U M M M C R ~ O ~ ~ O J I O B K ~ M M , n o m H b I x

~ ~ r u e ~ e f i ) . B TO me BpeMrr n a H H a H nporpawa B b r n o n H k i n a porn n c ~ x o n o r ~ y e c K o r o ycTparueHMli .

K p o ~ e TOTO, B nepaofi nonosme 1980-x r r . CDA a ~ m u s ~ o nod- deuxuemu M H W U ~ a~miitcom.vHucmwectcue noscmaiiYecicue d~uxce~rn: MO&XaXeAOB - B A @ ~ ~ H H c T ~ H ~ ; KOHTpaC - B H ~ ~ a p a r y a ; YHHTA - B Amone M ~ p .

B 1984 r. P. PeGra~ onepxan y 6 e n ~ ~ e n b ~ y m no6eny H a H O B ~ I X

npe3WeHTCKMX Bb160pax H a Y o J I T ~ ~ o M Momekmo~ ( ~ ~ I B U H M B M u e - I I p e s W e H T O M CUIA npll Am. Kap~epe). Ha sai6opax 1984 2.

P. Peliran n o 1 ~ u ~ caniym 60~bwy10 noddepmcy Hacedenust 3a scm ucmopum CILlA (Pefira~ n o 6 e ~ ~ n B 48 ruTaTax, Mowem - B 2; 525 ~br60pqw~oa - 3 a Peh-a~a , B c e r o 13 - 3a Mowefina).

Page 61: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

122

B~opoR c p o ~ P. ~ e t i r a ~ a B ~ o p ~ e O T ~ M Y ~ ~ C R OT nep~oro. Bo MHO- J onepaqm " E y p ~ B n y c ~ b r ~ e " B RpaKe 1991 r.; TOM 3 ~ 0 6b1no CBR3aHO C npHXOfl0M K BnaCTM B CCCP HOBOr0 py- 4 BTOpXeHMe B COM~JIM B 1992-1993 rr. (OKOH~MJIOC~ KaTacTp~@ofi KOBOnCTBa BO rnaBe C M.C. rop6aqeBb1~ M HaYaJIOM nepecTp0fi~H). WR CmA; aMepHKaHCKMe B O ~ ~ C K ~ 6bmM pa3rpOMJIeHbI MeCTHbIMM

19-21 ~ 0 8 6 ~ ~ 198520da 8 X e ~ e e e C O C ~ O X A ~ C ~ ucmopu~eclca nOBCTaHqaMM SO rJIaBe C M. & A M ~ O M M BbIBeneHbI 1.13 CTpaHbI;

ecmpeva mewdy M. I'op6aves~m u P. Pelizano~, ~omopaa nocny- aAMWHWcTpauMR C U A cnenma Bce, 9~06b1 ~ M ~ P M K ~ H U ~ I nocKopee

xuna HaYCUlOM c o e e r n c ~ o - a ~ e p u ~ n ~ c ~ ~ 2 a dunnaza. 3a6b1n~ 06 TOM snmone).

Ero n e p ~ b 1 ~ K P Y ~ H ~ [ M p e 3 y a ~ a ~ a ~ C T ~ O nodnucanue 8 delca6pa " 6 y p ~ 8 nycmbl~e" 1991 2. - O n H a M3 CaMbIX yCneLUHbIX BOeHHbIX

1987 zoda s Bawu~zrnclne flozosopa o nuusu4ayuu palceq cpedvei u onepaqwfi CUIA nocne B T O P O ~ M M P O B O ~ ~ B O ~ ~ H ~ I .

EbIJIa npOBeAeHa B OTBeT Ha BTOPXeHMe M p a ~ a B Kysef i~ B 1990 r. rneubweC danbnocmu e Esgone (FCMR). A a ~ ~ h l f i noro~op nocny- x ~ n T O Y K O ~ ~ O T C ~ ~ T ~ npoqecca p a 3 p m ~ ~ ~ o ~ q a 1980-x - ~ a s a n a M p a ~ , sanesru~fi B 8O-~MJIJIkiapn~bIfi nonr xone M ~ ~ H o - 1990-x rr. M n~bHefiLUer0 COBeTCKO-aMepMKaHCKOr0 c 6 n ~ ~ e y ~ q . M ~ ~ K c K o ~ ~ B0fi~b1 1980-1988 rr., llpeAllpMHHn n0nbITK)J PeUMTb

CBOM np06JIeMb1 nyTeM OKKynaqMM MaJIeHbKOrO, HO OWHb 6 0 ~ 1 ~ 0 - B 1988 r. P. Pe&ira~ COBepLUW BH3HT B CCCP M 3aRB~n, VTO r0 He@Tbm npHqaHM9HOrO 3MMpaTa Kysef i~ . Kysefi~ 6b1n 3axsa- 6onbme He cqMTaeT CCCP " u ~ n e p ~ e # sna". s e H sa 1 neHb - 2 asrycTa 1990 rona - a 8 asrycTa n p o ~ o 3 m a m e ~ maB~b1fi pe3yJIbTaT BHeLUFfefi M B H m e ~ ~ e f i ITOnMTHKki B O H ~ A ~ 19-fi npoBH~qMe2 MpaKa. ~ o J I ~ o ~ o B ~ I ~ MNPHbIe ITeperOBOPbI He P e & a ~ a - y ~ p e n n e ~ c l e ~ M ~ ~ M K ~ H O K O ~ ~ ~KOHOMHKH H ~e>rmy~apon- AaJIM pe3ynbTaTa. KO~JIMUMR MHO~OHa4MOHanbHbIX CI.m BO rnaBe C

HorO nOnOXeHW3 CLUA, HaqaJIQ COBeTCKO-aMepMKaHCKOr0 AHaJIora. CIIIA c C ~ H W M M OOH ~ P O B ~ J I ~ B O ~ H H ~ 0nepa4~1o.

2. A3ycopj;mc (1924 r.p.) - npo@eccnoamyb~fi a ~ e p n u a ~ c ~ ~ f i nOnHTHK, 6 s 1 ~ m ~ f i nMPeKT0P q p y H BMqe-flpe3~eHT npH P. Pefi-

4 ~03&ym~b1fi ( T O T ~ J I ~ H ~ I ~ ~ O M ~ ~ P A M P O B K M BcerO M p a ~ a - 3aBOnOB,

MOCTOB, AOPOT, ~ P M ~ ~ ~ C K H X W C T ~ ~ ) - C 17 RHBapH no 23 @e~paJIRi *

4 Ha3e~HbIfi - 4 AHFI - HelTOCpeACTBeHHOe o c ~ o 6 o m e a ~ e Kysefi~a - / OmUa3UACB om arrmupu6ovei na~umuuu Pefi ra~a ( ~ P O T H B PO@- c 24 no 28 @e~paJIx, B xone KoToporo apMm M p a ~ a 6b1na nonao-

~01030~). ~ ~ P H K ~ H C K W ~ nmepbI npo@com30~ (A@T - Knn) C T ~ H ) pasrpomesa.

rrpMrnauranH Eyua H a CBOM cde3~b1 (PeBra~a - HK pasy); P e m a ~ C w a ~ a Xycefi~a 6b1n H a r p a m CcsepxeHkix - apMkix 6b1-

# c ~ d a s a n pubovue wecma; na pasrpouneaa, BOCCT~JIM ~ ~ p n b r a U N N T ~ I , aMepkiKaHcKkie ~ o f i - # npoBoAyn 6onee JI~6epaJIbHb1fi KypC B 3KOHQMMKe. CKa BCTynMRM B IOXHbIe pafioHb1 MpaKa. O ~ H ~ K O 28 @eBpaJIR

B ~ e u ~ m nanurnu~a H ~ K . Evma ( n y 6 n a r ~ a ~ n o m e p x ~ a BHTMKOM- 1991 rona Am. Eyru n p e ~ p a ~ ~ n 60esb1e A ~ ~ ~ C T B M R M OCT~BMJI Xy- MYHMCTMYeCKHX CMn J4 OAHOBPeMeHHQe XiHrpbIBaHMe C COB~TCKMM c e f i ~ y UaHC. OAHM CYMTaIOT 3T0 OUMGKO~, npyrtie - naeK0 my- PYKOBOACTBOM, Y C ~ I ~ ~ H M ~ er0 ~ ~ H T ~ J I ~ H O C T M , O ~ ~ L U ~ H M ~ ~ K O H O - UMM npOmMaHHbIM UarOM, HO PeXkiM C. Xycefi~a COXpaHMJICR

~ ~ r e c ~ o @ n o ~ o w g ) 80 W H O ~ O M cnoca6cmaasnga: ewe ~a 12 n e ~ . (/ KpyWeHHK) BnaCTH KOMMYHRCTWIeCKMX nap~kifi B CTpaHaX Boc~or- OnepaqMefi "EypR B nycTblHen KOMamOBaJIki reHepaJIbI H O ~ M ~ H

H O ~ E B P O ~ ~ I B 1989 r.; UIsapu~on@ a K O ~ M H nay3nn.

J pa3pyUeHIQO EepJIHHcKofi CTeHbI B 1989 r. M 06'benM~eHMm rep- MaHMH B 1990 r.;

(/ PaCnWy CCCP B K O H q e 1991 r. B HaqaJIe 1992 r. AX. Em AOCTMr PeKOpnHOI'O WOBHR nOnYSIRP- HOCTM - 90% M He COMHeBaJICR B no6eae H a Bb160pax. O ~ H ~ K O

(Hopbera 6s1n c ~ e p r ~ y ~ , 3 a x ~ a q e ~ ~ M ~ ~ M K ~ H C T G I M C ~ ~ U H ~ ~ O M , B ~ I - EYU CTaJI XepTBofi C O ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ ~ IIOnyJIRpHOCTki - H e Menfln Be3eH B CmA M O C y m e H K nOXJ43HeHHOMY 3aKrnOqeHM~3); LIOKXHOrO BHMMaHkIR ~ b 1 6 0 p a ~ . K p o ~ e TOrO, aMepkiKaHqaM H e

Page 62: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

HpaBMJIOCb, q T O 6y lLI COCpenOTOqMnCR MCKJIIOqMTeJIbHO H a B H e W

H e f i IlOJIMTBKe A nOqTM H e YneJIReT BHMMaHMR BHYTpeHHMM U p 0

6 n e ~ a ~ ~ ~ P L I K M . B b 1 6 0 p b 1 1992 r. AX. 6 y u npoxrpan. HOB~IM n p e 3 w e H ~ o M CmA 6b1n M 3 6 p a H 6. KJIMHTOH.

Bonpoc 41. "3ono~an apa" 6. K ~ H H T O H ~

1. EILM ~ ~ U H ~ O H (1946 r.p.) BOlrreJI B MCTOPMW KaK OAMH 113 CaMbIX

n O n y J M p H b I X M AMHaMMqHbIX aMepkIKaHCKMX n p e 3 m e H T O B XX B.

nepsb1i3 n p e w n e ~ ~ , P O A M B ~ M ~ ~ C R B n o c n e B o e H H o e B p e w , T p e ~ ~ f i no M o n o n o c T M (nocne T. P y s s e J t b ~ a M AX. K ~ H H ~ ~ H ) - no6en~n H a sb160pax B ~ o s p a c ~ e 46 n e T .

n 0 6 e ~ a K J I M H T O H ~ H a B b 1 6 0 p a x 1992 r. CTaJIa, C 0 n H 0 f i CTOPOHbI,

pe3yJIbTaTOM er0 JIEisHbIX ycMJIMfi M p a 6 0 T b 1 n0,ILQepXMBaBlLIMX er0 CMJI, C npyr0fi - pe3yJIbTaTOM ~ J I ~ ~ o ~ o J ~ ~ ~ H o T o CTe'ieHMR O~CTOII - TeJlbCTB. Hacra~ rOHIC)' K a K a y T c a & e p (HMKTO M3 BJIMRTeJIbHbIX ne- MOKpaTOB H e PeUMJICR C O n e p H M 9 a T b C E y m e ~ nOCJIe B O ~ H ~ I B 3a- n ~ s e ) , r y 6 e p ~ a ~ o p U T a T a A p K a H 3 a c 6 ~ n n K ~ M H T O H n o c T e n e H H o

3aBOeBbIBaJI aBT0pMTeT a M e p M K a W e B . B TO Xe B p e W ~ Y L U H e OCO-

~ ~ H H O C e p b e 3 H O OTHOCMJICR K KJIMHTOHY (TOBOPR 0 CBOeM C O n e p -

H H K e H a B ~ I ~ O P ~ X , EYUI 3aRBMn: "M0fi n e C 3 H a e T 0 HOJIMTMKe 60%- me, q e M EKiU ~ ~ M H T O H " ) M nOqTM H e YneJMJI BHMMaHMtI B ~ I ~ O P ~ M . K p o ~ e TOTO, H a ~ H H T O H ~ cpa6mano TO O ~ C T O R T ~ J I ~ C T B O , q T O B

1992 r. B b U B M r U C R c a ~ b 1 f i C M J I ~ H ~ I ~ ~ "TpeTMfi K~I-IAMA~T" 3a no- cnenme 40 n e T - M M n n M a p n e p Pocc nepo, K O T O P ~ I ~ H a 6 p a J I

19 MXH r o n o c o B M B OCHOBHOM o T m H y n MX y Eyrua, s ~ o nano npe- M M m e C T B O KJIMHTOHY B ~ O J I ~ W M H C T B ~ UTaTOB.

n o 6 e ~ e 6. KJIMHTOH~ T a K X e C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~ H e r O C y n p y T a - XW- flUpU ~ ~ U H ~ O H - T ~ J I ~ H T J I M B ~ I ~ ~ nOJIIITIIK M H e 3 a ~ e H M ~ b 1 f i COpaTHMK,

a T a m e O q e H b B ~ I C O K M ~ ~ YpOBeHb O ~ ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H O C T M M MHTeJIJIeKTa

KaHnMAaTa ( ~ ~ u H ~ o H , BbInYCKHMK T p e X JIy'imMX YHMBePCMTeTOB - f i e J I R , A X O ~ ~ ~ X T ~ Y H ~ M O K C @ O ~ A ~ , BnOCJIenCTBklM 6614 npi13HUH CU-

MblM 0 6 p a 3 0 1 3 i l ~ ~ b l ~ U UHmehleKmYUflbHblM U3 6CeX npe3ude~mos CuA, OTTeCHMB H a BTOpOe MeCTO T. , & K e @ @ e p c o ~ a ) .

2. h a B H b 1 f i n p e d e b f 6 o p ~ b f r i flO3yHZ f i l l H m 0 H a : " C O C ~ ~ ~ O T O ' ~ ? ~ T ~ C X H a

GHympeHHUX n p o 6 f l e ~ a x A M ~ ~ u K U " .

BO M H O ~ O M MY 3 T 0 ~ A ~ J I O C ~ . B ne~uod n u a s f i e ~ u ~ U ~ M U H U C ~ ~ U U ~ ~ U

f i u ~ r n o ~ a : 4 6b1no CO3HaHO C B b I N e 10 MJIH HOBbIX p a 6 o . r ~ ~ MeCT - B CLUA

n p a K T m e c K a ~c r e sna npo6ne~a 6e3pa60~wb1 (nnrr K B ~ J I M ~ M U M -

POBaHHbIX M T P Y A O J I W ~ M B ~ I X K ~ ~ o B ) ;

4 p a c n p o c T p a H e H a c M c T e M a Banaspa - n e ~ e x ~ o f i n o M o u w 6espa- ~ O T H M M M MHbIM H ~ a W l J J M M C R ' ~

YCTaHOBJIeHa HOBaR CMCTeMa MeHMUMHCKIIX CTpaXOBOK, KOTOpaR

06ner.r~na A o c T y n K 3 n p a ~ o o x p a ~ e ~ ~ 1 0 6onee . reM 35 MJIH .reno- BeK, P a H e e T a K 0 f i B03MOXHOCTII H e IIMeBUIMX;

t0 nonywna n o B c e M e c T H o e p a c n p o c T p a H e H M e B c e ~ k i p H a R K O M ~ I O -

T e p y a R C e T b M H T ~ ~ H ~ T . 3. H e c M o T p ~ H a kl30JIRL(MOHMCTCK)QO PMTOPMIC)' B XOAe B ~ I ~ O P O B ,

CLUA IIpM K J I H H T O H ~ aKTMBH0 yYaCTBOBUM BO BHeLUHefi nOJIMTM-

~ e . K D V ~ H ~ L ~ U U M U s ~ e u ~ ~ e n o n u m ~ ~ v e c r c u ~ ~ ~ ( a z a ~ u U ~ % ~ U H U C ~ U U U U U

f i u ~ m o u a 6 b m u :

4 HaJIaXMBaHMe TeCHbIX O T H O L L I ~ H M ~ ~ C P o c c M e f i ;

4 y p e r y n M p o s a H M e rpamaac~ofi B O ~ ~ H L I B EOCHMM ( A e f i ~ o ~ c m e CO-

r J I a m e H M R 1995 r.); 4 y c n e m H a r r AJIR CLUA ~ o f i ~ a 1999 r. n p o T M B K l r o c n a ~ ~ ~ ao rnase

CO C. M I . ~ o ~ ~ B M . ~ ~ M ; 4 nOAbITKM yperyJ IMpOBaTb a p a 6 0 - ~ 3 p a M n b ~ K M f i KOH@JIMKT (3aIUIIO-

YeHMe AOrOBOpa 1993 r. 0 CO3naHMM ~ ~ J I ~ C T I I H C K O ~ ~ ~BTOHOMMH).

4. n p a B J I e H P i e KJIHHTOH~ 6bXJI0 OMpa' ieHO TPOMKHM IIOJIkITkReCKHM

CKa<ayqaJIOM, CBR3aHHbIM C POMaHOM C ~ ~ ~ K T M K ~ H T K O ~ ~ Eenoro &OMa

2 2 - n e ~ ~ e f i Mo~urcou" flesu~crcu (zippergate OT cnosa "zippel"' - wu- ~ U H K U ) . CKaHAaJI B03HMK H e CTOJIbKO M3-3a CaMOrO P O M a H a , CKOJtb-

KO ~3 -3a T O ~ O , YTO 6. ~ H H T O H COIITU n o A npwcrrroti (cosepmm K J U I T B O ~ ~ ~ C T ~ ~ J I ~ H H ~ ) 0 CBOMX OTHOlLIeHMtIX C ~ ~ B M H C K M BO B p e M R

n a s M n o ~ a 3 a ~ ~ f i no ~ p y r o ~ y neny. TO ~ s m o c b ~ O P M ~ J I ~ H ~ I M no- BOAOM j&lIR HaYaJIa npO4eA)'pbI MMnIluMeHTa. M M ~ W I M ~ H T M3Ha-

~ ~ J I ~ H O H e m e n n e p c n e K T m b 1 , HO uenb 3~0ro npoqecca c o c T o m a B

TOM, 'iT06b1 CKOMAPOMeTMPOBaTb KJIMHTOH~ M AeMOKpaTOB TO B

KOHeZrHOM HTOre M np01130~0) - KJIHHTOH H e 6blT1 O T p e u I e H OT

n o m H o c T M (npoqe~ypa m n m M e H T a 6blT1a sasepure~a 12 Gespan~ 1999 rona), HO no penymayuu b e ~ o l c p a m o a 6 b m H a H e c e H ydap.

Page 63: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

t/ B c n y ~ a e 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ o c ~ ~ CTpaHbI aMepMKaHcKoe npaBMTem- CTBo ~ Y A ~ T BMeLUWBaTbCfI B nm6oji I T O J I ~ I T M ~ ~ C K M ~ ~ KpI.IaMC B ~ m 6 0 f i T o q ~ e ~ a p a , naxe 6e3 cornacm QOH HATO. K ~ ~ n H e a m ~ ~ ~ BHeluHenOJrATWeCKMMM aKLZHRMB Ll,qMgfHMCq)aUHpj

Ax.Y. Eyu~a CTanM B a e H H b I e OnepaUkiM B A @ ~ ~ H M C T ~ H ~ A M p a ~ e .

BofiHa B A @ ~ ~ H M C T ~ H B 6 6 1 . ~ 3 H a q a T a n0sTI.I cpa3y nocne c o h b ~ ~ a f i

11 c e ~ ~ f l 6 ~ ~ 2001 rOAa - 7 0 ~ T f l 6 p f l 2001 r o A i . flosodamu K sofiHe 1. Ha fjb160pax 2000 r. CKaHnaJIbHyIo no6eay O A e p X a n pecnyGnAea-

H e q J ~ o p d x Yo~ep 6 y ~ (1946 r . ~ . ) - ~ Y ~ ~ P H ~ T O P U T a T a Texac n o m e p x K a P ~ ~ K ~ b H b l h l ACnaMCKMM pe)KWMQM "TanwGa~" M a P o - c ~ a p m ~ f i C ~ I H 41-ro n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a CLUA Ax. E w ~ (CM. Ban- Bore TeppOpV3Ma; poc 44). n e p ~ b ~ e H ~ C K O ~ K O M ~ C ~ I ~ B C B O ~ ~ O n p a ~ n e ~ ~ ~ Ax.Y- HankfgMe B A @ ~ ~ H H C T ~ H ~ UeHTpOB IIOArOTOBKkl T e p p o p ~ C T O B ; H e M O ~ 0 n p e A e n A T b npAOpATeTbI ~ B 0 e f i HeRTeJIbHOCTM. H ~ ~ P M M ~ P , u' n p e a n Q n o > K U T e n b H o e HaxOWtekIMe H a TeppATOpMM A @ r a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a 0flff1.1~ I . I ~ CBOHX nepBbIX YKa3OB n p e 3 W e H T p e ~ A ~ p O B a T b

" T ~ P P O P H C T ~ NC 1" Y C ~ M ~ I 6 e ~ nwe~a . p a s ~ e p H ~ I P O K B pa3HbIX COpTaX CbIpa, YTO HeCKOnbKO YaABuf10

Baf i~a 6hma ctcapomemog u senacb H ~ O G ~ ~ Y H ~ W U ~ e m o d ~ m ~ : aMepAKaHCKym O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O C T ~ .

4 cTaBKa 6bma CAenaHa H a B O Q p ~ e H H ~ o n n o 3 J $ u ~ l Q "Tann6aHaV B n e p e n o ~ ~ b ~ ~ C O G ~ I T M ~ M B A ~ ~ ~ ~ H O C T A WIMMHL.ICTP~UMH Axmy. CaMOM A @ T ~ H H C T ~ H ~ - " C e ~ e p ~ b ~ f i ~ ~ I Y c " ; E w a CT~JIA C O ~ ~ I T A R 11 C~HTHGPH 2001 roaa - aTaKa T ~ P P O P ~ C T O B ~ u' apMufl C a A B e n & T o m K O " B O ~ A Y U ~ H ~ ~ BQ$HY" - YGHfleHHbIe 6 0 ~ - 3 a ~ ~ a m ~ ~ ~ naccampcme C ~ M O ~ ~ T ~ J , H a 34a~m BC~MWPHO~O TOP- ~ ~ P A ~ P O B K M n034l~llii T ~ ~ M ~ o B ; r o B o r o u e m a B ~ b m - f i o ~ ~ e A n e H T a r o H , B pe3YJIbTaTe qero

Ha3eMHb1e 6 0 ~ nppa mxwPmr<e aMepkfKaHueB C BQ3A)tXa Benfl BOO- Ha-6nA3~eIJbf s a r o p e n ~ c b w p y x ~ y n ~ . nor~6na T ~ I C ~ M ~ n o B e K . P M e H H b l e CoelIMHeHHH " C ~ B ~ ~ H O ~ O &!IbfI~ca". nocne yKa3aHHbIX TepaKTOB OCHOBHbIM n p A O p ~ T e T o M AeRTenbHO- pe3yflbTaTe YKa3aHHofi TaKTAKH CMnb[ "Tan~ t j a~a" 6 b m ~ pas- c T a &L(MAHHCTpaUMki ~ Y L L [ ~ c T a n a 6 o p b 6 a c meppopu3mo~, Kom"oarz rpoM=er%br 3a 1,s M e c m a ; 12 ~ox6pn 2001 roaa M MAX uCe~epHoro

anbxaca" ~sma Ka6yn. d ~ ~ e u t ~ e n o n a T M Y e c K o e : . n p o B o 3 m a m e H p i e "OCA 3na1', oCHOBY K O T O P O ~ ~ COCTaBnHJlM a H -

T a a M e p a K a H c K x e p e x M M b I B A a r a ~ a c ~ a ~ e , E'lpa~e, M P ~ K ~ , KHAP, c ~ p u ~ a ~ H B H H ; . BoeHHbIe O n e p a q l l A B A @ ~ ~ H H c T ~ H ~ M H p a ~ e , npaBATeJIbcTBa

KOTOP~IX 6b1~1.1 O ~ B H H ~ H ~ I B n O l l 4 e P X K e MkIPOBOrO T e p p o p u 3 M a ; . nonpiTkiqecKoe A a s n e H M e H a k i p a ~ , KHAP, C k i p m ;

d BHYTPMnonMTkI'reCKoe - CO3AaHMe B 2003 r. ulrHucmepcmsa sHym- peHHefi 6e3onac~ocm~r, rna~aofi uenb~o KOTOpOrO HBJIR~TCH 60~b6a c h i ~ ~ b ~ t t par CUIA - Y. 6 e ~ n m e ~ B x o ~ e s ~ a f i @ofiHbl n o f i ~ 8 ~ TeppOppi3MOM, B T. Y. HerJIaCHbIMA MeTOAaMB. MnM YHAYTQXeH H e 6 b m .

o H a CTaJIa npHMbIM PYKOBOflCTBOM K H ~ ~ ~ C T B M I O A m npaBHTenbcTBa

CmA). Ee K~lIo%3?ble nOflOXeHU2: n p e n n O n o x e H M e , YTo B k ipa~e HaXOAMTCH O p y X H e M @ c c o B o r o

c/ CmA aOJI>KHbI 6b1Tb CAnbHbIM rOCYAapCTBOM A a X e nocne O K O m a - Y ~ ~ T Q x ~ H ~ ( ~ e 6b1~10 ~ a f j q e ~ o HM no, nocne B O ~ ~ H M ) ;

HAR " X O ~ O A H O ~ ~ B O ~ ~ H ~ I " ; J n P e A n Q f l O x e H ~ e , n p e 3 ~ ~ 4 e H ~ H y a ~ a C. X y c e f i ~ n o U e p > t t a ~ a e . r

/ CmA 6 y ~ y ~ COXpaHHTb CBOe JIWiePCTBO B MMpe; MMPOBQG T e P P O P 8 3 M ( T a K X e H e 6 b u 0 A O K ~ ~ ~ H O ) .

Page 64: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

128

f le f i~TBHTeJIbH0f i lTpEFlMH0fi B0fiHb1 6 b 1 n o X e n a H M e PyKOBOACTBa

CmA CBeprHYTb ~ H T H ~ M ~ P H K ~ H C K W ~ ~ P e X M M C. X y c e f i H a H y K p e -

n m b ~ O ~ M U A M CUIA B M p a ~ e - cwaae, 06na~aroqefi 10% M M ~ O -

B ~ I X 3anac0~ H ~ @ T H .

Bofi~a 6 b m a W O B e n e H a OnHOCTOpOHHe C m ki B e n M ~ o G p M ' T a ~ M e f i 6e3 c a H w u a OOH. T p e h s a ~ m COIO~HMKOB CLUA - r e p ~ m u a , cDpa~- UMH ki MT~AHM p e u m b KOH@JIRKT MkipHbIM rryTeM 6 b m H npollrHOpM-

poBaHb1, BHeCJIO p a C K o n B P m b I COIO3HHKOB C m no HATO. B o T n m a e OT onepawmi " 5 y p ~ s nycmblfie" 1991 r., B 2003 r. ap- MHH C m H B e n M K 0 6 p k i ~ a H 1 . r ~ C p a 3 y HaqEiJIM H a 3 e M H w O n e p a -

4MIO, npOaBHTaRCb ~ r n y 6 b M p a ~ a C TeppMTOpMM Kyseii~a. A ~ M M R M p a K a O K a 3 b I B U a YlTOpHOe COnpOTMBJIeHMe TOJIbKO B n e p B b I e AHM

B O ~ ~ H ~ I . no M e p e n p ~ 6 n ~ x e ~ a r r aMepHKaHCKMX B O ~ ~ C K K 6 E i W l A y

c o n D o T H s n e H a e H a s a n o y r a c a T b . 9 a n p e n R 2003 rona a p M m CLLIA ~ O ~ T M 6e3 6051 ~ 3 m a Earnan. A ~ M H R EIpa~a BO rnase c BepxoBHbrM

rJIaBHOKOMaH.UylOlUMM 6emana C n o n R 6 0 % . M H O ~ M ~ BbICWMe r e H e -

p a n b I EIpa~a 6 b m ~ n o A K y m e H b 1 . P e m k i ~ C a m a ~ a Xycefi~a, npa- B M B ~ M ~ ~ M ~ ~ K O M 24 rona, 6 b m CBeprHyT. n a p T M R 6AAC, HaXO-

DHBUaRCR y BJIaCTM 35 AeT (1968-2003), 6 b 1 n a 0 6 5 ~ s n e ~ a BHe 3a- KOHa. qepe3 7 M e C W e B , 13 n e K a 6 p R 2003 rOAa, ca .44a~ X y c e f i ~ 6 b m m e H e H 6 n ~ 3 p o n H o r o ropona TMKPMT H a c e B e p e Elpa~a M a p e c T o B a s .

H ~ C M O T ~ R H a B O e H H P no6eny, ~ O E H U 6 kfpa~e C m a f l a W n H b l M no- /2UmUlieCiCUM nOpUWeHUeM A 2 C . X Eyut i l . & M M H M C T P ~ ~ M E I CLUA H e

n p o n y M a n a c H c T e M y y n p a B n e H m M p a ~ o ~ nocne B O ~ ~ H ~ I . nocne c s e p m e H a R pemma C. Xycefi~a, 24 roaa nepmasrrrero pasaomep- CTHOe HpaKCKOe O ~ ~ U ~ C T B O B IIOBHHOBeHMM, O ~ P ~ ~ O B ~ B U I H # C ( I no- J I H T M ~ ~ c K M ~ ~ BaKyyM 6b1n 3anOJIHeH MHOrOYHCJIeHHbIMM MCiraM-

CKMMH M 3KCTPeMMCTCKMMM CMJIIMM. B E I p a K e @ ~ K T M C I ~ C K H H a q a -

n a c b n a p ~ k i 3 a ~ c ~ a ~ ~ o f i ~ a n p o T n B a M e p M K a m e B M r p w a H c K a R

~ o f i ~ a r p y n n k i p o B o K M e m y co6ofi. H~CMOTR H a @ o ~ M & T ~ H Y I O nepeaayy BJIaCTM MpaKUaM B KOHUe

a m H R 2004 r., r p a m a H c K a R ~ o f i ~ a B filpa~e H B o o p y x e H H o e co- n p o T M s n e H M e a M e p M K a W a M B EIpa~e n p o n o n m a m T c R , TO C n n b H o

CHMXaeT aBTOpMTeT ~ M M H k l C T P a 4 M M & K . Y . E;yllra. T e ~ a EIpa~a c m a onaofi ~3 O C H O B H O ~ ~ B xoae n p e 3 ~ 1 a e ~ ~ c ~ o i i KaMnaHMH 2004 r. OH^ PaCKOJIOJIa aMepMKaHCKOe O ~ I ~ ~ C T B O n p H -

M e p H o n o n o n a M . q a c ~ b aMepMKaHueB cqMTaeT, TO c B e p m e H M e a H -

TMaMepMKaHCKMX PeXMMOB, B KOHeYHOM MTOE, yKpeFIJMIOT 6e30- naCH0CTb CmA M BJIwIHMe CWA B MMpe (B OCHOBHOM, 3 T 0 31IeK-

TOpaT p e c n y 6 J I k i ~ a ~ e B ) . Apyrm W C T b O ~ U ~ C T B ~ , H ~ O ~ O P O T , CqMTaeT

'IT0 BOeHHbIe O n e p W M M 3a ~ a H M 4 e f i CHMXaIOT aBTOPMTeT CLUA B

MMpe, IlpMBOaRT K H e H W H b I M XepTBaM M HMqerO H e AaIOT IIPOCTbIM

aMepMKaHUaM (B OCHOBHOM, 3 T 0 ~ 3 6 ~ p a ~ e n ~ ~ ~ M O K ~ ~ T O B ) .

H ~ C M O T ~ R H a XeCTWH) KPMTMW 3 8 H a q a T W MM B O ~ ~ H Y B M p a K e ,

AX. Y . 6~ O A e p m a n no6e~y H a npe3H.QeHTCKMX ~ b 1 6 0 p a x 2004 r. M 6 6 1 ~ 1 nepew36pa~ H a 2-fi CpOK (a0 RHBapR 2009 r.).

Bonpoc 43. OCHOB~I KOHCTWTY~WOHHOTO npaBa CWA

1 . CWA - poduna nepeori e mupe Iconcmumyyuu, n p ~ ~ r r ~ o f i 17 ceH- TIIGPII 1787 l'0W 0 ~ 0 6 6 1 ~ ylIpeAMTeJlbHbIM OpraHOM - @uadabt$u& c~unz Koneenrnom (B ero CocTaB BxonHnM 55 dmezamos om 12 l u m a -

m06, yy(lpedus~uux CmA ( K ~ O M ~ Poa-&JIeH.Ua) M p a ~ M @ k i ~ M p ~ B a H -

~ 0 f i UITaTaMki.

K O H C T M T ~ U ~ CLUA 1787 r. ( I I e p B ~ H a r ~ ~ b H b I f i T ~ K C T ) peZvnU-DO6n-

flu n p e u ~ v u c e c m ~ e ~ t t o g o n p o c b l o ~ z a t t u s a u u u z o c v d a ~ c m 6 e t t t t 6 l i ma- emu CLLIA:

d YCTPO~~CTBO, IIOnHOMOqMR, TIOptlqOK B ~ I ~ O P O B K o H ~ ~ ~ c c ~ CmA; (/ c T a T y c , n o n H o M o s a R n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a p e c n y 6 n a ~ k i M n o p m o K ero 143-

6 p a H 1 . r ~ ;

c/ CTpyKTypa, ITOpXAOK @ O ~ M M ~ O B ~ H M H M IIOnHOMOqHR B e p x o B ~ o r o

cyaa; (/ BOnpOCbI OPraHM3aUHM @ ~ A ~ P ~ U M M .

KOHCTMT~UMR CmA - ~ ~ U K O H U Y H M ~ ~ ~ O K Y M ~ H ~ (HaCy( l~mbl6aem CeMb

cmame2). HO ee CTaTbM 0 6 ' b e ~ H e e C T Z I T ~ ~ ~ COBpeMeHHbIX KOHCTMTY-

~ M f i H B A ~ ~ ~ C T B M T ~ J I ~ H O C T H RBJIRIOTCR pa3&3IaMM (C TOYKM 3peHMR

CerOAHHWHerO IIOHMMaHMR CTPYKTYPbI K O H C T M T ~ M M ) .

K O H C T M T ~ ~ M R CLLIA OTHOCMTCR K m c n y "ceepxxcecm~ux". no- n p a B K a 6 y A e T n p s H m a , e c n M 3a H e e nporonocym H e M e H e e

2/3 s n e H o B o6eax n m a T Kowpecca, a s a ~ e ~ p a ~ ~ @ ~ . n r k i p y r o ~ 3a- KOHOAaTenbHbIe C O ~ ~ ~ H M R MJIM KOHBeHTbI, HnM p e @ e p e k ( 4 y ~ b 1 3/4 urmamoe. 1 7 p u ~ x m b l e nonpasrcu d o 6 a 6 f l ~ m m c x noue o c ~ o s ~ o z o m e K -

cma nod c o o m 6 e m c m s y m l y u ~ t toMepou.

B T e s e H M e 6onee s e M 200-ne~~ef i K O H C T A T ~ M O H H O ~ ~ MCTOPMM CIIlA 6 u o n p w m o u pamu~uqupoeano numb 27 nonpaeoir. T ~ K M M

Page 65: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

06pa30~, o@kfuMaJIbHWl K O H C T M T ~ H R CUlA COCTOMT M3 n p e a M

n b l , OCHOBHOI'O TeKCTa, IlPMHRTOrO B 1787 r. ( c e ~ b c ~ a ~ e f i ) , M

J~~KOHUYHCUI nucanax KaHCKCUI KOHCmUmmUR.

d aKTaMM n p e 3 u e H T a ;

d PeUIeHMRMM 3aKOHOAaTenbHbIX c o 6 p a ~ ~ f i lrrTaTOB;

d C Y ~ ~ ~ H ~ I M M npeuenemam. COBOK)'IIHOCT~ HOPMaTMBHO-IIpaBOBbIX aKTOB, Pa3BMBaJOU[MX, 80- IIOJIHRIOrUMX, KOHKPeTM3HPmU[MX lTOnOXeHHR I IMcaHof i KOHCTM-. TYUMM 1787 r , nonywna H a s s a m e "musoi" K o n c m u m y y u u , p e a n b -

HO p e r y J I M p y l 0 ~ e f i p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 H b 1 e c @ e p b l XH3HM aMePMKaHCKOr0

o 6 u e c ~ ~ a M IOCYAapCTBa.

2. HeJM3ble 10 lt#lZlpa6OK, MMeHyeMbIe "h.1L4b 0 iZpa@ax", 6bma IIPMHRTbI

K o ~ r p e c c o ~ El P ~ T H @ M U M P O B ~ H ~ I LLITaTaMM 6 1789-1791 22. OHM K a c a n M c b p e r y n M p o B a H m ocnos npasosozo cmnmyca n u r i n o c m u .

KOHCTMTYUMA CUlA 1787 r. (a T o r H e e p a n o n p a B o K K ~ e f i ) pery-

npaaa u cso6aab~ renose~a: d c~o6ony C n o B a ;

d n e ~ ~ u ~ f i ; d c o 6 p a ~ ~ f i ; d n M s s y m C B O ~ D & ~ (c s a n p e T o M p a 6 c ~ ~ a - c 1865 r.); d C B O ~ O ~ Y COBeCTM;

d n p a B 0 H a HellPMKOCHOBeHHOCTb X M J I M u I ;

d C K O P ~ I ~ ~ H lTy611~9HbIfi CYA ~ P M C R X H b I X ;

d IIpaBO H e CBKn;eTenbCTBOBaTb ITPOTMB c e 6 ~ ; d 3 a n p e T XeCTO KMX H H ~ O ~ ~ I ~ H ~ I X HaKa3aHMfi;

d n p a B o H O C H T ~ opyxxe; d n p a B o co6c~se UHOCTM.

Coyumbno-3~a~o~urec~ue u KynbmypHbre npaea c o r n a c H o aMepMKaH-

C K O ~ ~ n p a B 0 ~ a f i AOKTPMHe H e OTHOCRTCH K YMCJIy OCHOBHbIX M He nautnu ceoezo IrmpaweHw e rconcmumyyuu, aa M spqq na OHM M o r n M

6 b 1 ~ b npeAyCMOTpeHbI: KOHCTMTmMOHHOe 3 a K p e I I n e H M e AaHHbIX

n p a B IIOBCeMeCTHO BOlLIJIO B MMPOBYIO npaKTMKy n a m b IIOCne BTO-

p0fi M M P O B O ~ ~ 0 f i H b 1 (B HOBbIX M H O B ~ ~ M X KOHC'I'MT~MRX).

3. CLUA - t$edepamusnoe zocydapcmso. C o c ~ a ~ ~ b r e sacTa a e ~ e p a - UMM - w m a m b l (B n e p e B o n e c a H m . state - rocynapc~~o) - o6na- dawn n ~ u 3 n a ~ a ~ u zocvdnpcmsa. m. K . umemm:

1 d CBOIO KOHCTNTmMK);

d 3aKOHbI; ' d C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ C Y A ~ ~ H ~ I O CHCTeMy BO UMBe C BepXOBHbIM CyflOM lrrTaTa;

(/ rpa>yqaHcTBo ruTaTa;

d o p r a H b I r o c B n a c T w ;

d CMMBOSIMKY.

Ho umambr He ~ ~ s m m m c ~ ~ zocvdapcmea~u e nonnoM cMblcne 3mmo cnoea. OHU He snvaee:

d s b ~ x o n a ~ b ~3 C o c T a B a aeaepauki~; d BBOnMTb BHYTPeHHIOH) TaMOXHIO;

d BBOAMTb H a ~ ~ 0 e f i TePPMTOPMM C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ BaJIIOTY;

d CaMOCTORTenbHO BeCTM Me>yqyHapOAHyH, IIOJIMTMKy;

d MMeTb CBOH BOOPYXeHHbIe CMnbI ( K ~ O M ~ ~ e 6 o n b r u o t i HaUHOHaJIb-

H O ~ TBaPnRM, KOTOPaR P a H e e H a 3 b I B m a C b ~Mnl.rJJMefi).

B O C T m b H O M LUTaTaM IIpenOCTaBJIeHa IIOJIHaR C B O ~ O ~ ~ .

Kamb~f i lrrTaT a M e e T c B o e satconodamenbnoe co6pa~ue (nezucnamypy). BO BCeX lrrTaTaX ( K ~ O M ~ He6pac~a) 3arco~odamenb~oe c o 6 ~ a ~ u e uMeem d6vxnanamnvm cmpPv~mvqv u. rcarc Ko~zpecc CHA. cocnzoum:

d ~3 n a n a ~ b ~ npenc~a~a~errefi uITaTa;

d C e ~ a ~ a m T a T a .

H c n o n ~ ~ ~ e m ~ y m snacm o c y u e c T s n x e T u36upae~bru' HaceneHueM zy6ep~amop. C p o ~ n o n ~ o ~ o r ~ f i n e r E i c n a T y p b 1 M r y 6 e p ~ a ~ o p a lrrTaTa o 6 b r r ~ o

2 I,inM 4 rona (raue 4). B K a m o M m T a T e M M e e r c R cucmeina inecmnozo cainoynpasnenurr. Haa6onee PaCIIpOCTpaHeHHbIe MYHlQMnaJIbHbIe eAHHHub1, H a KO-

T o p b I e n e n M T c x m T a T , - zpa@cmea M zopoda. Mecm~oe ca~qvnpae- neHue 06brlt~o o c y ~ e c m s m e m c ~ ~ no odnou' u3 mpex cxeM:

d yIIpaBJIRIorr[MM (er0 HaHLlMaeT M Y H M U M I I ~ J I ~ H ~ I ~ ~ C O B ~ T ) ;

d M3POM ( M ~ H H ~ ~ U I U I ~ H ~ I M T J I ~ B o E ) COBMeCTHO C MyHMlJMIIaTIbHbIM

COBeTOM;

d ~ I I e q a a J I b H o f i KOMACCM~B, ~36kipae~02 XMTeJIRMW.

n e p ~ o H a r a J I b H 0 B CmA BXOAMJIO 13 IIITaTOB ( H ~ I H ~ U I H M ~ ~ CeBepO-

BOCTOK). T ~ ~ P M T O P H X CTPaHbI IIOCTORHHO PaCLLIMpRnaCb ( M H P H ~ I M

M ~ M B O ~ H H ~ I M n y ~ e ~ ) . B H U C ~ O R ~ U ~ ~ ~ D ~ M R B C O C ~ U B C U A 8xodum: d 50 urmamos;

Page 66: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

qeHHbIM CyBepeHMTeTOM, H e a 3 6 ~ p a m ~ CBOMX AenyTaTOB

rpeCC, HO MMeWT C CmA 06rrlyro 3KOHOMMKY M B~JIIOTY) - mo-Purco M ryam;

(/ 3asucuntbre meppumopuu ( B O C T O ~ H O ~ C a ~ o a I? np. o c T p o s a Tax o ~ e a a a ) . n p M 3TOM, @ e n e p a u M K , 06pa3yro~ 50 JUTaTOB M @ e ~ e p U I b H b ~ f i 0

pyr K O ~ ~ M ~ M R , a 2 C B O ~ O ~ H O lTPMC0eAMHMBUHXCR rOCyAapCTBa

3aBMCMMbIe TeppMTOpMM HaXOaRTCR C CLUA B K O H @ ~ A ~ ~ ~ T H B H

OTHOIIKeHMRX.

Bonpoc 44. O C O ~ ~ H H O C T M B b l 6 0 ~ 0 ~ W I lOnHOMO~WR

1. Bblculee d o n x ~ o c m ~ o e nuyo cmpalibl, zfinsa ~lcnon~umenb~oii enacmu e CWA - npe3udenm. H:

(/ ~ a w a q a e ~ MMHMCTPOB c nocneny rou~~ m y r ~ e p w e ~ u e ~ C ~ H ~ T O M ; (/ HenOCpeACTBeHHO PYKOBOL&IT pa60~0fi ~ a 6 M H e ~ a MMHMCTPOB, OT-

BeTCTBeHHbIM EICKnIOYMTeJIbHO nepen' npe3MAeHTOM (Ko~rpecc H e

MOXeT BbIHeCTB BOTYM HeAOBepMR K ~ ~ H H ~ T Y MMHMCTDOB):

(/ ~ a s ~ a s a e ~ s n e ~ o ~ B e p x o ~ ~ o r o cyna c n o c n e n p m w ~ HX y ~ s e p - M e H M e M C ~ H ~ T O M ;

(/ 0 6 p a ~ a e ~ c ~ C n0CnaHMRMH K CTpaHe.

Bax~ef imee n o n a o M o q a e n p e 3 ~ ~ e ~ ~ a B c@epe a a ~ o ~ o ~ a ~ e n b ~ o r o -. ..

npouecca - npaso semo. Ifpe3me~~ B n p a e e B 1 0 - A H ~ B H ~ I # CPOK

H&fIOXMTb BeTO H a nm6ofi 3aKOHOnpOeKT, ~ P M H R T ~ I ~ ~ K O H ~ P ~ C C O M .

n m a T Ko~rpecca., ~ - ~ c n o ~ ~ l ; l x CUIA, me nap-rax, MMerowaR B na- R a T e He3HaqMTenbHOe ~ O ~ ~ ~ L U M H C T B O , a MHeHMR nap~tifi no 3aKO-

HOnpOeKTaM 'IaCTO n P O T M B O n O ~ O X H b l e , npeOAOneTb 3eTO n p e 3 M -

AeHTa TPYAHO.

O ~ ~ ~ Y H O eemo npe3ude~ma npeodoneeaemcg npuMepHo e 10% myvaee. TO 0 3 H a q a e T , 9TO l T p e 3 m e H T MOXeT CaMOXWiHO (HUIOXRB B ~ T O )

@ ~ K T H ~ ~ C K M OTMeHRTb 3aKOHOnPOeKTb1, LlpMHRTbIe KOHFP~CCOM.

2. n~e3udeHm0~ CmA M O J K ~ ~ 6blmb u36ua~:

. B od~ou' nape c npe3ude~mo~ us6upnemw suye-npe3udenm. OH n o m e H

omeeramb m a x e mpe60ea~um, ~ r o M K a w m a T B n p e 3 m e ~ ~ b r .

Buue-nue3ude~m: (/ IlpeACeAaTenbCTByeT B C e ~ a ~ e ;

. ,, (/ n o M o r a e T n p e 3 m e ~ ~ y B ero n e x ~ e n b ~ o c ~ H ; (/ nm60fi MoMeHT MOXeT O C B O ~ O A M T ~ J I ~ ~ O ~ O MMHMCma OT (/ B cnyqae CMepTM HJIM OTCTaBKH n p e 3 m e H T a aBTOMaTWeCKM CTaHO-

BMTCR n p e 3 m e ~ ~ 0 ~ no O K o H q a H H x ~ e K y U t e r o 4 - n e ~ ~ e r o c p o K a ;

caMocToxTenbHO H m H a q a e T (H O C B O ~ O ~ ~ ~ T ) ~ ~ o r o q & f c n e ~ ~ b ~ x (/ eCnM C T U BaKaHTHbIM nOCT B W e - n p e 3 m e H T a , TO H0BOrO B m e -

qHHOBHHKOB Ha @ e n e ~ & f I b H ~ M YDOBHe. KQOMe TeX KnrnnMY m- n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a ~ a s ~ a q a e ~ n p e s m e ~ ~ , nocne sero ero AOJIXH~I ~ B e p -

nMTb 06e n m a T b 1 Ko~rpecca ~ O J ~ ~ U I M H C T B O M TO~OCOB.

Page 67: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

4. Bb160pb1 npe3MAe~~a C U A npoxonn~ B @ M K C M ~ O B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ neH nama npedcmaaumeneu' Ko~zpecca, a ~ a u e - n p e s ~ q e ~ ~ a - CeHaT. nepsbrfi BTOPHMK nocne nep~oro n o ~ e n e n b ~ a ~ a H O H ~ ~ H BBCO TTpa cyuec~~ymqef i B CUlA c o s p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i ~ s y x n a p ~ a f i ~ o f i cac- Horo rona (B nep~b~f i B T O ~ H M K H O H ~ ~ R , KpoMe 1 HOR~PR), a BC TeMe ~b160pb1 n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a B n a n a ~ e n p e ~ c ~ a s ~ ~ e n e f i Manosepom- n e ~ a e B ~ O ~ X H O C T ~ - 20 R H B ~ P R C ~ ~ A Y ~ W ~ T O r0na. HbI. A ~ H H ~ R CMCTeMa MOrna 661 C P ~ ~ O T ~ T ~ , eCnll 6br "Ha P ~ B H ~ I X " 17pe3ude~m CLIIA u36upaemc~ Ha 4 zoba nyme.w dsyxcmyne~lram 60ponMcb 3-4 KaHAUqaTa. HO npM HZUlMqMM TOnbKO ABYX peanb- UOC6eHHblX 6bf60p0~: HbIX KaHAmaTOB CkicTeMa ~36paHklH Yepe3 Konneram B ~ I ~ O P U H -

d B XOne B ~ I ~ O P O B @OPMI?PY~TCH 0~06b1fi OpraH - K o m e z w 661 KOB Bceraa naeT pe3ynb~a~. u(uKO6, as6apamuracr n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a ; 5 . C H C T ~ M ~ KOCBeHHbIX B ~ I ~ O P O B npe3WteHTa C m A AocTaTo~Ho

d qMCn0 B M ~ O P U ~ ~ K O B Konneraa paBH0 KOnkiqeCTBy KOHrpeCCMeH CJIOXH~, 3 a n y ~ a ~ ~ a M MOXeT MCKa3MTb BOJIm HaPOAa. Hanpmep, ( n p e ~ c ~ a ~ ~ ~ e n e f i ) k¶ CeHaTOpOB (KambIfi UITaT ~ 3 6 ~ p a e T CTOnbK Ha ~b160pax 1992 r. 6. KJIMHTOH ~a6paJ'I 43 MJIH ~ O ~ O C O B as6apa- B ~ I ~ O P U M K O B , CKOlIbKO OT LUTaTa B CYMMe ki36~paeTcH CeHaTOpOB ~enefi, HO noJIy=IBn 75% rOnOCOB B~I~OPUMKOB; A. E w - 37 MnH npencrasa~enefi), HO c a m YneHbI Ko~rpecca He MoryT cTaTb ~b H 25% COOTBeTCTBeHHO; P. nep0 - 19 MnH M 0%. 6 0 p ~ P i K a ~ ~ ; Eue 6onee K Y P ~ ~ ~ H ~ I M M 66111~ pe3yJtbmambf npe3ube~mc~lw sbl60pos

d sacno B ~ I ~ O P ~ H K O B OT ~ a x a o r o U T ~ T ~ pa3nwq~0 ( ~ a n p a ~ e p 2000 z., no~a3asurue HecosepureHcmeo cucmmbr 6br60p06 n p e 3 d e ~ m a ~ U T ~ T ~ I P o ~ - & ~ ~ H A , ~ S C K ~ (a0 nepenllca 2000 r.) ki36apana MM CmA. OHM CTaJIM CaMbIMM CKaH4UIbHbIMM B MCTOPMM CmA. HMMUbHoe YMCnO Bb160pUaKoB - 3 (T. K. UTaTbI npeHCTaBneHb1 B

Ko~rpecce 2 CeHaTOpaMM ki 1 ~ ~ ~ H C T ~ B K T ~ R ~ M ) ; IlrTaT Ap~aHsac - 3umb 60nw us6upameneu' C U ~ ~ ~ M U a b i 6 0 ~ f ~ ~ i K 0 ~ 6 (2 + 4); ~aM60nbLUee qHCn0 Bb160pU1.1~0~ ~ 3 6 a p a e ~ Kas~a@op- / no MTOraM B ~ I ~ O P O B n0 C m A B 9enOM A. r0p ~ a 6 p a n 0'H-IOc~- HLlR - 55 (2 + 53); TenbHOe ~ O ~ ~ U P ~ H C T B O rOnOCOB a36apa~enefi;

d Ka>yqaR napTLlH B KaMOM UTaTe BbIABMraeT enaHb1fi CnMCOK BbI- d 3a A. Topa OTA~JIM CBOM r0n0ca 50996582 ~ M ~ P M K ~ W ~ B , B TO ~ p e - 60pu1 .1~0~. I 'onocosa~ae npoBoaaTcH 3a C ~ B C O K B 4 e n 0 ~ . Ecna MH K ~ K 3a Ax . Eyma - 50456062 r p a x a a ~ ~ ~ a CUIA; napTaH Ha6~paeT oTHocaTeaHoe ~ O ~ ~ U I H H C T B O ronocoB a36npa- d A. Top no c ~ p a ~ e B U e n o ~ onepenan Ax. Eyma ~a 540520 rono- ~ellefi B p a ~ ~ a x O A H O ~ O U T ~ T ~ , B Konneram B ~ I ~ O P ~ M K O B as6apa- COB - 6onee q e ~ ~a n o n ~ a n n ~ o ~ a ; ~ T C H secb ee c n a c o ~ (T. e. ~ I O ~ ~ H M B U I ~ H B U I T ~ T ~ n a p ~ a ~ nonyqae~ d HO Ax. Eyur bdepwm 6eccnop~ym no6edy 6 29 urmamax, qmo o6ec- BCe rOnOCa B ~ I ~ O P ~ M K O B OT AaHHOrO U T ~ T ~ ) . H a n p a ~ e p , nap~arr, neruemo eMy 246 2onocoa 6bl60p1q~~06; sa K O T O P ~ nporonoco~an 5 1 % a36apa~enefi K a n a a o p ~ a a , nony- d A. Top odepwan 6eccnop~yw no6edy 6 20 urmamax, rim0 06ecner~rea- YaeT BCe 55 rOnOCOB (C B ~ I ~ O P O B 2004 r.) B ~ I ~ O ~ U M K O B OT Kana- no eMy 266 .?OJIOCO@ 6 b f 6 0 p f ~ ~ ~ 0 6 (T. K . OH no6eman B KPYnHbIX @OPHME.I, a ~ ~ P T M H , ~a6pasmasr 49% ronocoB a36apa~enefi 3TOTO

L U T ~ T ~ , ~e n0ny.rae-c ~ a s e r o ; d cydb6a ebr6opoa peutunncb 13 utmame Onopuda, ~omopbiu' daean e d JWR a 3 6 p a H ~ ~ npe3meHTOM H ~ O ~ X O A H M O Ha6paTb 270 ronoco~ 2000 2. 25 ZOAOCO~? ebf6oplyurcoe ( 3 ~ 0 4-fi 1.13 50 nocne Kan~@op-

B ~ I ~ O ~ U ~ K O B (B COBpeMeHHbIX C u A rOnOCa B ~ I ~ O P ~ M K O B BCe HRM, Texaca M HbKbRop~a UTaT "B~CY"); qa4e W M ~ H Y ~ T C R " ~ ~ ~ K T o P ~ J I ~ H ~ I M B T O ~ O C ~ M M " ) MnM 6 0 s w e , T. e. d B U I T ~ T ~ Qnopa~a 3a Eyma O T A ~ M CBOH I - O ~ O C ~ 2912790 a36apa~e- csbrme nonosa~br OT ax 06uer0 yacna. (Hanpa~ep , d m 3mozo neii, sa Topa - 2912253. Ax. E w , onepeaw~mtri7 A. ropa B m ~ a ~ e docmamoll~o no6edumb ecezo e I1 (u3 5 9 c a ~ b l x 6onbuux umamax - Qnopma Ha 537 zonocos u3 orcono 6 u l l ~ us6upamazeu', nonyvm Bce KaJ ' Ia@o~~aa , Hbw-ROPK~, Texace, Qnopu~e, n e ~ c m a a ~ a ~ , 25 ronocoB ~ b 1 6 0 p ~ 1 . 1 ~ 0 ~ LUTaTa. A. Top, KaK ki EYILI, ~a6pasmafi BO

I/Ima~ofice, Orafio, M m a r a ~ e , Hbm-Axepca, CeBepHofi Kapona- Qnopme oKono 3 MJIH ronocoB, He nonyYan OT Qnopkt461 ~ a q e r o ; He, B a p ~ x a ~ a a MnM B 40 MenKMX ki CpenHIlX UTaTaX; d B pe3ynb~a~e AX. EYLL~, ~a6paB~CMfi no C T P ~ H ~ ~a 540520 ~ O ~ O C O B

d ecnu HU O ~ U H rca~dudam He ~a6epem 6onbutu~cmea zonocoe qne~oe ~ e ~ b m e , q e ~ A. Top, a 3a c q e ~ nepe~eca B 537 ronoco~ sa6pa~- Konnezuu sbl6oplyu~oe ( T . e. 270 a Gonee), n p e 3 w e ~ ~ a CUIA ki3 ~ a f i ronoca Qnopmbr (25 B ~ I ~ O P ~ M K O B ) , nonyran 271 zonoc ebi- TpeX nWUax no pe3ynbTaTaM Bb160p0B KamaaaTOB a 3 6 ~ p a e ~ fla- 6oplyurcoe npomue 266 y Topa (ecm 6b1 TOP ~ a 6 p a n BO @ f i o p ~ e Ha

Page 68: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 69: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

--

/ AenO 06 MMnHYMeHTe cnq?rrae~cg B C e ~ a T e KaK 0 6 b ~ ~ o e c y ~ e 6 ~ OT npMMepHO PaBHbIX n O YMCJIY ~ 3 6 ~ p a ~ e n e t i OKPFOB. CPOK nod- ,&en0 (Ha Hayanax ~ o ~ * r ~ 3 a r r e ~ b H 0 c ~ k i CTOPOH, C BbI30BOM C B m e T H O M O Y U ~ ~ KOHZpeCCMeH06 - 2 zoda. Bb160pb1 B l - h a ~ y n p e ~ c T a B M T e - nefi, M ~ T P ~ ~ O B ~ H H ~ M ~ o ~ a s a ~ e n b c ~ ~ ) ; nefi n p o x o A R T B n e p s b ~ f i BTOPHHK nocne n e p B o r o n o ~ e a e n b H k t K a

/ C e H a T BbIcTYnaeT B K a s e c T s e cyaa IIPMCHXH~IX; HORGPR K a m o r o Y e T H o r o roaa. / 6e3 0 6 c ~ e H M ~ C ~ H ~ T nPHHMMaeT p e I L t e ~ k i e 0 BMHOBHOCTM A q n e H b 1 n m a T b 1 ~ ~ ~ A c T ~ B M T ~ A ~ G a36aparo~c~ no M ~ X O ~ H T ~ ~ H O ~

H ~ C T H ~ ~ O nMUa no Ka>KaOMy nYHKTy O ~ B M H ~ H I I R (no ~ a m o f i CMCTeMe OTHOCMTejBHOTO ~ O J I ~ I I I H H C T B ~ 6 e 3 T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H M H K B O P Y M ~ . be B ~ l l ~ Y ~ e ~ ~ a " ) ; Ka>yqbrfi m T a T k i 3 6 a p a e ~ YkiCnO npeAc~aBMTef le f i , n p O n 0 p U k i 0 H m b H O e

/ perueHHe 0 BMHOBHOCTH nPMHMMaeTCR ~ O J I ~ L U M H C T B O ~ B 2 / 3 YHCJIeHHOCTH HaCeneHMX UITaTa, C yrIeTOM TOro, 9 ~ 0 6 b l 1 W e A c T a - 0 6 ~ e r O ~ M C n a CeHaTOpOB; BMTenb H ~ ~ A P ~ C R nPkIMePHO OT PaBHOrO YMCJIa ~ 3 6 ~ p a ~ e n e f i , a

/ ecnM XOTR 6b1 3a OaHH bT3 nYHKTOB O ~ B I I H ~ H M S I nporonoc ~ a ~ b l f i IIITaT MMen B Ko~rpecce KaK MMHMMYM 1 ~ ~ ~ A c T ~ B H T ~ ~ H .

67 ceHaTOpoB, M M n r n M e H T ( o ~ y > y q e ~ M e ) CYMTaeTCR COCTORBUR Bb160pb1 lTPOXOART B OfiHOMaWaTHbIX 0 ~ p F a X .

AOJIXHOCTHO~ ~ M U O n o K w a e T CBOIO AOIIXHOCT~. n m a ~ a n p e ~ c ~ a n ~ ~ e n e f i ~e M O X ~ T 6 b 1 ~ b AOCPOYHO pacnywe~a. Y R ~ H O M n a ~ a m b l npedcmaeume~eu" Moxem 6blmb u36pa~:

H ~ I ToJI~KO YeTBepO cyaefi.

/ AOCTMTUIM~~ 25 n e T ;

/ nOCTORHH0 n p 0 X k i ~ a K ) u H f i B UITaTe, H a TePPkiTOpMki K O T O ~ O ~ O ~ a -

c/ 1999 r. - E. KJIMHTOH. XOAMTCR M 3 6 M p a T e n b ~ b 1 f i O K P F .

Cenam npedcmaemem uttmepecbl ulmamos. CTO CeHaTopOB ~ 3 6 k i p a - Bo ecex Tpex c n W a R x MMnMYMeHT C IOpkiAkiYec~oZi TOYKW 3 p e ~ x ~ ~ T C R no dsa om rcaxdozo ulmama tta 6 em. Kamsb~e 2 r6ha npo- 01~13ancn 6 e 3 p e 3 y n b T a T ~ b I ~ . Hu odun meplltcattc~uii npesltdelim He XOART ~ b 1 6 0 p b 1 1/3 c e H a T o p o B . K ~ K M nma~a n p e ~ c ~ a ~ ~ ~ e n e f i , Gblfl chfe4eH 12 ~ o A ~ K H ~ ~ ~ u 0 ~ O P R ~ K ~ UMnUVMeHma. B 1974 r. co C ~ H ~ T ~ 3 6 ~ p a e ~ c ~ no M ~ X O P M T ~ P H O ~ ~ CKCTeMe O T H O C M T ~ J I ~ H O ~ O c B o e r 0 n o c T a A O ~ P O B O J I ~ H O , qT06b1 ~ 3 6 e ) ~ a ~ b MMnAYMeHTa, ymen

npe3meHT P. HMKCOH. 6 0 n b I l l M ~ c T B a .

C e ~ a m o u o ~ CLUA Moxem 6blmb u 3 6 ~ a ~ : / r p m a H k i H CDA, C O C T O H ~ H ~ ~ B aMepMKaHCKOM r p a m a H c T B e H e

d ~ocrarruafi 30 n e T ;

/ n o c T o R H H 0 n p 0 X M ~ a I O ~ M f i H a TePPMTOPRM UITaTa, OT KOTOPOrO OH

~ ~ O T M P ~ ~ T C R .

Ocnosnoe n o f l n o m o r u e Konzpecca CILlA (o6eux ezo nanam) - npu- 1. C o r n a c H o K ~ H C T W ' U W W CLUA 1787 r. ~ocydapcmsennarr s f l a c m b mmue 3a1conos.

CILlA d e ~ * m c ~ H a 3 a x o f i & a ~ e f l b ~ y l o , u c n o f l n u m e ~ b n y m u c y d e 6 ~ y i o . C e ~ a m y~acmsyem marcxe e ~as t ta l ie~uu ~ u ~ u c m p o s , cydeu" Bepxoe- B ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ O P m H 3aKOHoAaTeJIbHofi BIIaCTM CTpaHbI - Konzpe~~ C n , HOZO cyda; qbedepanbttbfx cydeir, npurrwaem OrcoHLiameAbHOe peuleHue CoCToR~l~ii ki3 de-vx nmam: no sonpocy uMnuwettma.

d n a j a ~ b l n p e A c T a s ~ ~ e n e t i ; n m a ~ a n p e ~ c ~ a ~ ~ ~ e n e f i ~ 3 6 a p a e ~ c~oero n p e ~ c e ~ a ~ e n ~ - cnurcepa ( ~ p e ~ b e AOnXHOCTHOe n M U 0 B C T P ~ H ~ ) . E c n k i O C B O ~ O A M B U ~ M ~ C H

n p e 3 ~ e H T c ~ M f i nOCT H e MOXeT 3aHHTb BMJJe-npe3WeHT, npe3M- nmarna npedemaeume~ec (435 denymamoe, MMeHyeMbIx KoHzpec- me~&U, nPeACTaBJIRIQT MHTePecbI HaPOAa B U e n o M H M ~ ~ M P ~ U O T ~ H AeHTOM CmA CTaHOBtiTCH CnMKep.

Page 70: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

n p e n c e n a ~ e n e ~ C e ~ a ~ a no nonxHocTM RBnReTcR we-npe3 CmA. @ ~ K T M Z I ~ C K M , B CBR3I.I C TeM, YTO BMUe-npe3124eHT

6 b 1 ~ a e ~ 3aHRT, B CeHaTe IIpeACenaTenbCTByeT BpeMeHHbIfi npeaC AaTenb C e ~ a ~ a (president pro tempore C e ~ a ~ a ) . M M ~ 3 6 ~ p a e ~ c

ca~b1fi c~apb1a CeHaTOp OT napTMM ~ ~ ~ W M H C T B ~ .

l 7ma~a npeac~a~w~enei i M C ~ H ~ T co3nam~ KoMnTeTbr M KOMMCCHR

wrpamlune samym porn B pa6o~e nmaT (u nopoii B X H ~ H M C T ~ ~ H ~ I ) .

2. Onpenen~muym ponb npM ~b16opax Kowpecca, n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a CUA, ry6epHa~opoB M MHbIX nOnXHOCTHbIX nMU MrpaIoT nOflUmuYeCKUe napmuu. B CLUA McTopmecm cnoxMnacb dsyxnapmuu'narr cucmeMa, B p 3ynbTaTe Y e r O Ha sb160pax BCeX yp0BHefi COnepHM.iakOT KaHEMnaT OT nBYX IIapTMG - A ~ M O K ~ ~ T M Y ~ C K O # M p e c n y 6 n e ~ a ~ c ~ o f i .

B nporunOM AeMOKpaTLlreCKaR IIapTMR, OCHOBaHHm B 1828 r. npencTasnrrna MHTepecbI ~ ~ ~ O B J I W ~ J I ~ Y ~ C K O ~ O mra, a pecny6n~- KaHCKaH, OCHOBaHHaR B 1854 r., - MHTepeCbI npOMburuIeHHOr0

Ceaepa. nocne oTMeHbI pa6c~sa B 1865 r. p a 3 n ~ s ~ ~ M e m y nap- TMRMM C T U M MMHHMaSmHbIMM.

B HacToRluee s p e w pecny6nurca~crca.x napmulz m e e m cllnbHble no- suyuu Ha cesepo-oocmorce cmpam; ee nomepxusamT, KaK npam- no, cpenme M 06ecneqe~~b1e cnox HaceneHm, npetrMymecTseHHo 6enb1e ~ 3 6 ~ p a ~ e n u . Y de~orcpamuuecrcoii napmuu cunbHble nosuyuu Ha Dze , sacTo ee 1436Mpa~enR~~ RBJIRI~TCH 6enHbIe cnow Hacene-

nap~aw He w e m m @uiccuposa~nozo weticmea, wzeHctcux 6uflemo6, HO uMemm pa3eemsne~~btii napmuii~blii annapam s rca~lcdom ucmame u B cmonuye. f l e ~ ~ e n b ~ o c ~ b nap~ut i M MX nap~uiiabrx annapaToB M O ~ H ~ M ~ ~ ~ T C H no Mepe I I ~ H ~ J I H X ~ H H H B ~ I ~ O P O B . ~ ~ ~ K T M C ~ ~ C K H He- B03MOXHO CTaTb qneHOM naJIaTb1 npeac~aBM~eJIeI%, CeHaTOpOM, ry- 6ep~aTopoM WTaTa, npe3meHTOM CU.4 6e3 nomepxKM napTMM (T. e. He 6 y n y r ~ ee ~ a m a n a ~ o ~ ) M ee O ~ ~ ~ H M ~ ~ U M O H H ~ I X CTPYKT~P (annapa~a) . Hepen~o napTHM B CmA MMeHyIoT M ~ ~ M P ~ T ~ J I ~ H ~ I M M MBUIMHBMM.

Bce sbl6opbl s C m A npoxonm dee cmaduu: (/ npai i~epa3 ( n e p s m ~ b ~ e ~b160pbr);

(/ HenOCpenCTBeHHO Bb160pbl.

Bo spe~lz npa i~epu3 udem 6opb6a 6 ~ y m p u rcaxdou' napmuu 3a npaso cmamb ee o@uyuanb~b,w rca~dudamom (B Ko~rpecc no o~pyry, B ry- 6ep~aTopb1, npe3meH~b1). O K O H Y ~ T ~ ~ ~ H O BOnpOC 0 KalHAwaTe

141

peruamT pmosbre sneHbr napTHw nyTeM ronocosaHwn (B oKpye, LUTaTe, M ~ c L L I T ~ ~ ~ C T P ~ H ~ ~ ) .

/ Korna OT KaXIIofi napTMM OIIpeflenReTCR ~ A H H C T B ~ H H M ~ ~ KaH.4MAaT

H a Bb160pHp AOJIXHOCTb, HaYkIHaeTCR B T O P O ~ ~ 3Tan: 60pb6~ y>Ke HenOCpenCTBeHHO 3a &OnXHOCTb BeQT nBa KaHAWaTa - OT AeMO-

K ~ ~ T H ' I ~ c K o ~ ~ IIapTMM M OT pe~ny6nMKa~~K0k Ha Bcex B ~ I ~ O ~ H ~ I X ~o~XHOCTRX, BWIIO'IaR rIpe31.S4e~~a CLUA, pecny6n~KaHub1 I4 AeMOKpaTbI IIepM0AMYeCKI.I CMeHRKIT HQyT Apy- ra. C o n e p ~ ~ q e c ~ ~ o n a p ~ ~ f i a a c ~ a s n x e ~ B ~ I ~ O P H ~ I X nw Bcerna 6b1Tb "B (PoPM~". B TO Xe BpeMH, nOCKOJIbKy I Q X M napTMfi CXOXM,

~ O C ~ A ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ KypC B UeJIOM OCTaeTCR TeM Xe.

B CmA lTpenlTpMHMMUMCb IIOnbITKM CO3AaTb npyrMe napTMM, IIO-

MMMO A ~ ~ M O K P ~ T ~ ~ Y ~ C K O ~ ~ M ~ ~ c I ~ Y ~ ~ M K ~ H c K o ~ ~ , BbrnBMHYTb "Tpe~be-

r O ~ a ~ M n a T a " , HO BCe OHM 3ZlKaWMBaJIMCb IlpOBUOM. "Tpe~bM"

IIapTMM MMenM BpeMeHHbIfi XapaKTep, 6bmn MallOBnHRTeJbHbI M

6 6 1 ~ ~ ~ 0 paCCbInWIMCb, He CyMeB lT0~0ne6a~b CnOXMB~CR HByX- IIapTMfiH)W CMCTeMY.

3. O ~ n w s ~ e cyde6noii cucmembl CILIA B TOM, 'ITO B cTpaHe cyqecmsy- em napmenano 50 cyde6nalx cucmeM ( o ~ n e n b ~ o B KamqoM u r ~ a ~ e ) u qjedepanbnarr cyde6naa cucmenza. Knwdb~ii ulmam cmocrnolzmenbtio vcma~asnusaem:

(/ csom cyde6nyio cucmemy; (/ nopgdorc HadeneHw nonHoMouumu cydeii (OHM ~ 3 6 ~ p a m ~ c ~ Hacene-

HMeM, n ~ 6 0 nerticna~ypoii, n ~ 6 0 MHMMM AOIDKHOCTH~IMU n ~ u a ~ w ) ; (/ CBOW cucmemy narca3a~uii ( o n ~ o I? TO x e nerrawe MoxeT 6b1~b npe-

CTynJIeHMeM B OnHOM UlTaTe H He 6b1~b TaKOBbIM B A p F O M . 3a cxonHoe npecTynneHae OAMH u T a T MoxeT ycTaHoBnm 6onee xe- cTKoe ~ a ~ a s a ~ a e , npyroii - 6onee MmKoe. BO rnaBe cyne6~ofi CKCTeMbI KaXLlOTO LUTaTa - 6ep~06Hblc Cyd ucmama. O ~ ~ H O B ~ ~ M ~ H H O (B T. Y. M Ha TePPMTOPMM Ka>KIIOTO W T ~ T P ) A ~ ~ C T -

syeT $edepanbnm cyde6naa cucrnema, e cm~vrcmv~v rcomovoii e x d ~ m : (/ OKPYXHbIe CYAbI - 94; (/ anennRuHoHHbre - 12; (/ BepxoB~bIii CYn CLUA.

B K W O M WTaTe B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT KOJIJlTIeCTBa HaCeJIeHHR neficT- BYeT HeCKOJbKO OKpy3CHblX Cyd06 (1, 2, 3 M T. n.). Teppumopu~ OKpy- za He cosnadaem c meppumopueii utmama. T ~ ~ ~ M T O P M R 1 anennmw- OHHOrO CyAa OXBaTbIBaeT TCPPMTOPMH) 3-5 WTaTOB.

Page 71: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

~ b l o - n o p ~ e (M B Apyr'MX KpYT[HbIX ropOAaX), TOT He DbUT B L U .

BH~UHMM ITpORBneHMeM yHMK&JIbHOCTM HeKOTOPbIX UITaTOB RBnR-

eTCR Ha3BaHMe MX rOCyAaPCTBeHHbIX OpraHOB M CaMMX UTaTOB: TaK, > camam>>, smo:

/ B M ~ ~ M H M R (The Commonwealth of Virginia); / Maccasyce~c (The Commonwealth of Massachusets); I

/ K~HTYKKM (The Commonwealth of Kentucky); ~ ~ H C M ~ ~ B ~ H ~ I R (The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania).

I

H a s ~ a ~ M e (M C a M T ~ ~ M M H ) <<COA~)OK~CTB@> - O ~ L ~ ~ ~ P B H R T O ~ B HaUefi aMepMKaHHCTMKe, HO OH0 MMeeT H ~pyrof i BapMaHT nepe-

I I

m ~ a ~ b 1 MMeK)T CBOK) CMMBOJIUKY, a Tame AeBM3 ' TOnbKO A ~ B M ~ ) , @nar, rMMH UTaTa M neraTb (CM. n~MnoxeHMe)'

C cozflacrcrz C e ~ a m a ) . Ka>~n~rfi UTaT CUlA He TOJ%KO He ITOXOX APYr Ha APYra7 H" M cne- UM.ranbHo c~apaeTcR oTnmamcrr OT APYrm WTaTOB BO BCeX OTHoUIe-

H m ~ . ~ ~ G J , I rny60~0 n03HaTb C m ~eo6xoA~Mo nOxMm 60nb-

UMHcTBe UTaToB 2-3 MeCwa ( O A H ~ K ~ HeKoToPbIe cneuwmM- C T ~ I no a~epMKaHcK0My +mepaHsMY csMTamT7 yTO 3T0r0 BpeMeHB

n o r ~ ~ o ~ y TOT, KT0 m6b1BZUl TOnbKO B BaLLIMHTToHe - 1 T T A

'TO' CBx3M UMPOKO P ~ ~ ~ p o c ' q ) a H e H ~ BblCKaJbIBaHHe 0 TOM, q~ 3 Q w H - 3mO mo, lrmo zoeopam o HeM cydbuV.

1- C ~ r b a e n e p a n ~ 3 ~ a - pvaene~ne Bnacrefi. B MMpe 11- 12 aeqe- pabHbrx c v a H , HanpHMep: POCCMH, MHARH, Eipas~n~fi , MeKcM- Ka, Gb~~mefi K)rocnas~sr, T ~ ~ M ~ H M R , C ~ A a ap. BoAa - c<pecny6n~~a>>, TaK KaK 6bVI H C T O P M ~ ~ C K M ~ npeUeAeHT

13 CUIA CYUeCTBYeT pa3defle1i.e anafme~ He TonbKo no zopu30H- AHrxwM, KoTopaR 6b1na pecny6naKofi c 1649 r. no 1660 r. nocne ( 3 a ~ o ~ o ~ a ~ e n b ~ a 5 1 , MCnOnHHTejIbHaR, C ~ J J ~ ~ H ~ X ) , HO u no cBep>r<eHAFi KoponR Kapna I c npecTona; n o - a ~ m x f i c ~ ~ 3x1 Pet-

@ e . m u ~ a ~ t u . OHO H ~ ~ ~ T I O C ~ B XVIII BeKe npM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ ~ ~ CLJJA nv6nar<a ~ ~ e ~ o ~ a n a c b Commonwealth. Aanee, no cMblcnY7 no pe- Pi LLInO CHM3Y - OT UTaTOB K UeHTPY. U ~ T ~ T ~ I O T A ~ B ~ M CBOH non- hBofiHoe ~ - ) ~ ~ ~ H c T B o ) C4MTaH)T C B O ~ mTaT peCnflnMKoM~ HOMOqMR UeHTpy. Ka>I(40M UrTaTe eCTb CBOR KOHCTMT~UMR, ~ ~ C T O

KoTopaR fjoponacb npoTAB ~ ~ M T ~ H C K O ~ ~ MOHaPXm 1775-1783 rr' n0A~06~m7 qeM @eAep&TbHa5I. 3 a ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ a ~ e n b H o e co6pasMe -

n e r f i c n a ~ ~ ~ a . Bee neracna~ypb~ ~ p o ~ e o ~ ~ o f i (LLITaT HeGpacKa) co- M3 n a a T , OAHa - CeHaT, ApYRiH - n m a ~ a n p e ~ c ~ a ~ m e - urapoKym ~BTOHOMMK), TO 3TOT apryMeHT Henb3R CqMTaTb YoeflM-

neG7 HeKOTOpbIX J-UTaTaX - A c c ~ M ~ ~ ~ R . B K a m O M m ~ a ~ e eCTb T e n b ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ 6 0 BO BCeX 50-TM UTaTaX TaKOe xe nOnoxeHne aMM- McnOnHMTenbHm BnacTb - ry6ep~a~op. B Ka>yaoM UTaTe ecTb Be~xOB~blG CYA - BbrcUaR aneJLJMIpiOHHaR MHcTaHUm. Bee 50 ne- rHcnaTyp Pacnono~e~b l B K a n t r ~ o n ~ a . n e r ~ c n a ~ y p b ~ npMHHMaK)T

maKwe uasbreaemcx no-pa3fLoM2.' 3aK0H CBOerO UTaTa, M 3TM 3aKOHbI He MOrYT npOTHBOpe- qMTb KOHCTkiTYUHM CLUA. / flezuaamypa (Legislature) - B 60fibmMHC~Be UTaTOB (B 27);

,/ reHe~a/lbHag Acca~6flex ( K ~ K 3T0 6b1n0 BO BpeMIf BOfiHbl 3a He3a- Hbm-Clo~r - 3To bfMpoBan CTonWa Macco~ofi KYnbTYPbl, HO HMWW AaHHOrO ropo~a ~e x a p a ~ ~ e p e ~ Bcev P T T T A - .- OTTT A

3TO OAH03TWm A M ~ P H K ~ , K ~ K O # OHa M 6bma

MeqTa aMepMKaHUa, a He60nbm~e OAHO3Ta>i<H XnM nPeAropbXX - "HCTMHH~R k e p ~ ~ a " .

I HMCTpaTMBHbIX eAMHMU, M OHM TOPARTCR STMM.

301co~odame~buoe co6~anue ( 'hagna~e~m' , ' ) omdenb~blx u~mamoe

- - *

1.K. LlJLq - B M C M M O C T ~ ) - B 19 UTaTaX;

/ 3arco~odameflbum Acca~6neg - B 2 mTaTaX (CesepHaR AaKora M 1. AOM B npmopoae - bIe nocenKM B CTenM Opero~);

/ I'euepaflb~brO Cyd - B 2 UraTax (Maccarycerc M Hbw-Te~nurup).

Page 72: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

C e H a T - O n H a a3 BaXHbIX ~ a J I a T K o ~ ~ p e c c a CUA. B A M ~ P M K ~ Ha

o @ ~ . r q ~ m b ~ o ~ ypOBHe er0 HMeHyloT H e " C e H a T Ko~rpecca CmX, a " C ~ H ~ T CUA". nIo60fi U T a T , A a X e caMb1fi ~ X i l e ~ b ~ k i f i (PoA-

U T a T a H a n R C a H O H e <<LUT;1P>, a n o - ~ ~ T ~ I H H Republicae, K ~ K mnem) WnM nYCTbIHHaR ~ F I c K ~ Y e p e 3 C ~ H ~ T MMeIoT npFIMOe oT-

6b1no cpa3y nocne 4 &IIonR 1776r., K O r n a KOnOHWW EPHT~HMI.I 0 ~ o u e ~ p i e K o ~ u [ ~ ~ o c ~ ~ ~ ~ c T B ~ H H ~ I M A e n a M , K B H Y T P ~ H H ~ ~ ~ RBHnH 0 c~oe f i He3aBWCWM0CTH7 HO erne H e B O u n W B Cow3 ( ~ . e . ~ ~ e u ~ e f i nonHTWKe CTpaHbI, TaK KaK CeHam LLMeem h a 6axHblX COCTaB CUIA). CneNUaIZbHblX TlOflHOMOYUX:

c/ W e p m a e T B c e n p e 3 r n e ~ ~ c m e H a s H a s e H m H a aenepanb~s~e n o c ~ b r ;

c/ paTW@WqWpyeT M e m y H a p O n H b I e AOrOBOpbI, 3aKJIIoYeHHbIe npe3W-

Qedepa~lu3~ o c o 6 e ~ ~ o RpKO W YeTKO ITpORBnReTcR 6 C~CmeMe 06- 3aBHCHT OT O ~ W ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ O MHeHHFI W Cl4TYaIJHl.f B L U T ~ T ~ X , OT ~ e - pa306UHU u 6 cyde6~oli CUCmeMe, KOTOPaR B K a W O M U I T ~ T ~ YHA- C T H O ~ ~ npec-1 (B CUIA ~ O A T ~ ~ M W H O M ccnpecca>> n o ~ p a 3 y ~ e ~ a e ~ - K m b H a . Korna y H a c rOBOpRT MJIW lTHLUYT, YTO B " C n A ~ e n a I o T Cfl ~ a m e H ~ e n e ~ l ~ e ~ ~ e ) , OT M ~ C T H O ~ O 6a3~eca a T.n. B C ~ 3TO ( n o c ~ y n a m ~ ) T ~ K - T O M T~K-TO", TO H ~ O ~ X O A M M O CKa3aTb B KaKOM

BnMReT Ha ~ 3 6 ~ p a ~ e n e f i O K p W a H U T a T a , OT HHX-TO M 3 a B a c H T I.IMeHHO UITaTe, TaK KaK Be3Ae B C ~ nO-pa3HoMY, H a n p M M e p , we6- c y n b 6 a W ~ H O B Ko~rpecca H n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a . HbIe m a H b 1 , npOrpaMMb1, ~ a 6 o p ITpenMeTOB W T.n. Wnki C ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ ~ T

O P ~ ~ H ~ I HcnoJIHMTeJIbHofi BnaCTM B UTaTaX, H a 0 6 0 p o T , @ a K T w e - pasaoe ~ a ~ a s a ~ ~ e B ~ ~ ~ J I W Y H ~ I X U T a T a x 3a OAHO M TO x e npec~yn- cKH H e ~ o A K O H T P O ~ ~ H ~ I O ~ ~ ~ ~ O C Y ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I M BeAOMCTBaM, T a K n e ~ a e , p a s a b r e ~ p e 6 o s a ~ m K ~ ~ I U I I ~ Y ~ H ~ 6 p a ~ a JIM Pa3BoAY T.n.

Ha3bIBaeMoMY <<UeHTpp>. T ~ K H M 0 6 p a 3 0 M 7 U T a T b I - 3TO M O U [ H ~ I ~ ~ M T ~ K , B CmA CnOXWnCFI Y H W K ~ J B H ~ I ~ ~ O C ~ A ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ c~p0f i - u e H P c m b 1 7 c KoToPbIM nPkiXOnMTCR CYHTaTbCFI JTI IO~OMY nOJIMTH- c ~ a 6 ~ J I b H b I f i ki AOCTaTOYHO A ~ M O K ~ ~ T W ~ H ~ ~ ~ ~ . 3a scm ucrnopum KY. A M ~ P M K ~ H U ~ I , B OCHOBHOM, XMBYT HHTepecaMM c~oero ropona, CmpUHbl He 6bin0 HU O ~ H O U Y nonblmrcu zocydapcmseririozo neeesopoma ~ 3 6 H ~ a ~ e n b ~ o r o O K p y r a W CBOerO U T a T a , kfx M i l n o p i ~ ~ e p e c y e ~ n e ~ - (ecna H e CYMTaTb T P ~ ~ ~ H C K O ~ ~ B 0 f i ~ b 1 1861-1865 rOAOB, K O T O P ~ ~ ~

TenbHoCTb @ ~ A ~ P ~ J I ~ H ~ I X CTPYKTYP, ~ O J I O X ~ H W ~ B C ~ ~ O ~ O C Y A ~ P C T B ~ Henb3FI CYWTaTb n e p e ~ o p o ~ o ~ ) . H B H e m H m nOnHTI.IKa, T.e. 3 a p y 6 e x ~ b 1 f i MHP. MX noyTM H e BOnHy- Tocydapcmeennarr cucmema CLUA - smo omaxennbru' mexanu3m, e T B o n p o c 0 TOM, KT0 3 a B T p a CTaHeT n p e 3 m e H T o M CmA, T. K. B deu'cmeywlyui norlmu aemomamucrecrcu a IIOTOMY ommopzamu(uE n O B c e ~ ~ e ~ ~ o f i W 3 H W q m r n a H H k i q e r o H e M3MeHMTCR, I I M u b 661 O ~ O Y U H Y srccmpe~ucmcrcue zpynnuposrcu pa3nur~ozo monrca (W n e ~ b r e , n p o s ~ e ~ a n B HX p e r ~ o ~ e 6 k 1 3 ~ e c R G ~ I J I H pa6orwe M ~ C T ~ . M npasbre). BOT n o s e M y T a M nro6ofi r y 6 e p ~ a ~ o p MJIH c e ~ a ~ o p TaKWM O ~ P ~ ~ O M , u T a T b 1 H r p a I o T O r p O ~ ~ y l o p0nb BO B C ~ X c@epax M O x e T CTaTb n p e 3 m e H T O M n p k i 06~13aTeJIbH0f i n 0 m e p X K e 0 ~ ~ 0 6 ~ M ~ H M C T P ~ H ~ I . L!hambr - 3mo maflenbrcue zocydapcmea, T o Y H e e ~3 A B ~ X K P Y ~ H ~ I X n o n t i T m e c K W x n a p ~ ~ f i w KaK n p e 3 m e ~ ~ OH OH ~ e c n ~ 6 n n ~ n , BxOARulHe B Cow3 ILITaTOB. T~PMHH <<Corn*> ~ O T - " C B O ~ O A ~ H POBHO HaCTOJIbKO, HaCKOnbKO C B O ~ O ~ H ~ n e ~ m b , FIB- ~ e 6 n ~ e ~ c ~ B KOHCTMTY~~WM CLUA, H ~ I T P W M ~ P , n p a ~ m ~ a ~ y ~ o - J I R I o ~ a R C R YaCTbIO M ~ X ~ H M ~ M ~ " ( p a ~ n p ~ ~ ~ p a ~ e ~ ~ ~ e B b I p a x e H H e B n ~ 6 ° T ~ P P ~ T O P M I ~ B C0103, KpOMe TOrO, exeron~oe n o c n a H w e CUI A). n p ~ l 3TOM K~KW~-jl~11.160 C ~ O W , ITOJIWT~eCKWe CKaHAanbI

( < < 0 6 p a 4 e H H ~ > > ) n p e 3 ~ n e ~ ~ a Ko~rpeccy H ~ Z I ~ I B ~ ~ T C R <<noc,qauue 0 G ~ I C T P O n p e o A o n e s a I o T c R , , 3 m o ~ v cnoco6cmsvem He monbrco pasdene- n o n O x e ~ u u COK)~LD> ( B POCCHW, B neYaTki TOT B a ~ H b 1 f i AnFI C ~ A ~ u e snacmec. HO u c u c m e ~ a cde_~xerc u npomusosecos: TePMHH 3 a M e H m T CnOBOM <<CTpaHbP>). n e p B 0 H a Y a n b ~ b I f i s a p ~ a ~ ~ cf C ~ H ~ T C A ~ ~ X W B ~ ~ T n a n a ~ y n p e ~ c ~ a ~ ~ ~ e n e f i (6onee ~ U M ~ O K ~ w Ha3BaHHR ~ Y A Y U H X CmA, I I P ~ ~ J I ~ ~ ~ B I U W ~ ~ C H ~ ~ ~ X ~ M ~ H O M Q p a ~ - 6onee A ~ M O K ~ ~ T H ~ H ~ I ~ ) ; W H H o M , 3 B W m KaK "Corn3 UT~TOB AM~PMKH". B O ~ M O ~ H O , TO cf Ko~rpecc (o6e n m a ~ b 1 ) - npe3lyle~~a; n e H W H ~ T X J I H H B 1922 r. 3aMMCTBOBaJIH l7OIurTMe <<Corn>> B cf B e p x o B H b ~ f i CYA - n p e 3 H A e H T a ti K o H ~ ~ ~ c c ; CLUA H nPHMeHIlrrH ero K H ~ ~ B ~ H M I ~ H o B o r o rocynapc~~a - CCCP. 4 a H ~ ~ ~ B W C M M ~ F I (K TOMY we Y ~ C T H ~ F I ) npecca ( " Y ~ T B ~ ~ T ~ F I snacn") O A H ~ K ~ COIo3HbIe p ecny6n~m CCCP ~e n o n y r ~ n ~ T ~ X m ~ p o ~ w x

KaK " C T O ~ O X ~ B O ~ ~ net" CnenMT W 3a npe31.meHTOM7 ki 3a KOHT~C- n p a B , K o T o p b I e HMeIoT LUTaTbI C U A c c a ~ o r o ~ a q m a .

COM, ki 38 CynaMW, W 3a ~cefi 06lJJecTBe~Hofi >KkI3HbIo B C m B qeJIOM.

Page 73: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

1 1

147 h ry6epHamopbl r u T a T o s us6upalomcrr ~ e n o c p e d c m o e ~ ~ o tiacedeiiuem

LUmamU Ha 4-Aem~uu" CpOK (B ~ o J I ~ U I M H C T B ~ UT~TOB). B HeKOTOPbIX

UITaTaX MaKCMMaJIbHOe BpeMH n p e 6 b I B a ~ M R B r y 6 e p H a T 0 p ~ K 0 f i

AOJIXHOCTM OI'paHM9eHO ABYMFi CPOKaMM, HO ~OJI~LLIMHCTBO ry6ep- I I M U I H H ~ ~ pa3 CBWeTenbCTByeT 0 TOM, 9TO P e U I b H a R 3HaYRM H~TOPOB M O ~ Y T nepe~36wpamc~ H ~ O ~ P ~ ~ M Y ~ H H O ~ K O J I M ~ ~ C T B O pas. ~ O C T ~ I I P ~ ~ W ~ H T ~ ~ ~ B M C M T OT M ~ C L L I T ~ ~ ~ JIM.I'IHOCTH, ~ ~ H M M ~ I O K ~ K H H a n p e 3 w e H T C K W X B ~ I ~ O P ~ X , B K a M O M U T a T e COlTepHmaIOT 3TOT ITOCT. IIpeACTaBHTeJIM ~ ~ c I I ~ ~ ~ M K ~ H c K o ~ ~ I? A ~ M O K ~ ~ T M Y ~ C K O ~ IIapTMfi.

npll BCeX HeAOCTaTKaX A M ~ P H K ~ MOXeT rOPABTbCR ~ B 0 e f i rOCynap- K ~ K n p a ~ ~ i n 0 , ~ b l 6 0 ~ b l Z V ~ ~ ~ H U ~ O U O B U ~ ~ U ~ O B - 3m0 C ~ A ~ K U U X VV- C T B ~ H H O ~ ~ C M C T ~ M O ~ BOT FIOYeMy B CILIA C y u e C T B y e T KyJn, l c 0 ~ 0 d ~ l ~ e f i 3flumbl CUA: K O H C T H T ~ I ~ ~ M M B ~ ~ X O B H O ~ O C y ~ a , ~ 0 ~ 0 p b l f i CTOMT ~a C T P ~ X ~ ee. (/ KOplTyC ~ Y ~ ~ P H ~ T O ~ O B IIITaTOB (50 " M M H W - ~ I P ~ ~ ~ ~ H T o B " ) - OYeHb

BOT nOYeMy K O M ~ ~ ~ T H R CmA A a X e lTpM ee KpMTlReCKOM OTHO BJIMHTenbHaR IIOJIMTHYeCKaR CMJIa, C K O T O P O ~ ~ AOJIXeH CsMTaTbCR

LLteHMEi K ~ M ~ ~ M K ~ H C K O ~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T B M T ~ J I ~ H O C T H 3a4Hrr[ZUIa c e 6 ~ H n10608 n p e 3 m e ~ T CmA, n0TOMy YTO WMeHHO r y 6 e p ~ a T 0 p b 1 np0- C Y A ~ ~ H O M npouecce B 1949 r., o n a p a f i c b H a KOHCTMT~~MIO, B qa- BOAFJT H a MeCTaX IIOJIMTMKY npe3HAeHTa;

CTHOCTH, ~a ~ ~ P B Y I O ~ O ~ P ~ B K Y . He c n ~ a f i ~ 0 K O M ~ ~ ~ T M R B c~0efi (/ KaK I IpaBImO, MMeHHO H 3 9MCJIa ~ Y ~ ~ ~ H ~ T O P O B UITaTOB PeKPYTM-

n p o r p a ~ ~ e 3 a ~ ~ n ~ n a , YTO, ecnw o ~ a n p m e ~ K snac~w, TO coxpa- p y e ~ c ~ cnenyrory~fi n p e 3 m e ~ ~ CILIA. HMT EMJIJlb 0 n p a B a X , B ~ P X O B H ~ I ~ C ~ A M Ko~rpecc. r y 6 e p H a T o p a ~ M UITaTOB 0 6 b r ~ r ~ 0 CTaHOBRTCR ~ T P o @ ~ c c M o H U I ~ H ~ I ~

IIOJIMTWKM, peXe - M3BeCTHbIe JIkICrHOCTH kI3 APyrHX c@ep Ae-

RTeJIbHOCTM, IIpMIIIeALIIMe B IIOJIMTMK)'.

Ha C ~ Z O ~ H I E U I H U ~ ' d e ~ b ~au6onee 113fleCmHbl~ll U fl~LUImeAbHblML1 2-v'6e~- Hamopmu ulmamos B CUIA xsmlomcsr:

d Apno~bd Woapyenezzep - r y 6 e p H a ~ o p ruTaTa K ~ J I H C ~ I O ~ H H R (c 1 . hepurcanc~cur nonumurlecrcaR snuma - smo npexde scezo 3murna 2003 r.), pecny6na~a~eu , ~ ~ I B L L I M ~ ~ c n o p T c M e H M KMHoaKTep; MOT

6b1 6bITb CMJIbHbIM KaHJJM&lTOM H a nOCT n p e 3 W e H T a CLUA, OAHa-

KO H e MOXeT I I p e T e m O B a T b H a 3 T 0 KaK TPa>fC4aHMH C m H e IT0

pO>fC4eHMlo, 6 b 1 ~ ~ ~ f i 3MMTpaHT H 3 ABCT~MM; (/ A B ~ c e ~ a ~ o p a OT w ~ a ~ a ; (/ ~ x o n ~~amarcu - r y 6 e p ~ a T o p l l r ~ a ~ a ~ b m - 1 3 0 ~ ~ (C 1995 r.), pec- 4 W e H b I n a J I a T b 1 l I p e n c l a B M E J I e f i ( I $ O H I ~ ~ C C M ~ H ~ I ) OT UITaTa B n a J I a ~ e

npe~c~asmenefi p a ~ ~ a r ~ o : OT I - B M a n o H a c e n e H H b I x ruTaTax (Ha-

npwep h c ~ a , Poa-Mnem) no 53 - OT K~JIH@O~HHII (c 2004 r.). ry6ep~amop lU??l~??l~ no CBOeMy BJIMRHMIQ, aBTOpMTeTy M n O n H 0 - PaCCMaTpMBaJICR AX.Y. EYLLIeM KaK 2-fi B O ~ M O X H ~ I ~ ~ K a m M A a T B

MO9llRM RBJIReTCR IIOgTM aHUIOrOM n P e 3 m e H T a , HO B M ~ C W T ~ ~ ~ X ~ ~ u e - n p e 3 m e ~ ~ b 1 CILIA (ay6nep P. Yei i~ t i ) ; U T a T a . Bb160pb1 I @ ~ ~ H ~ T o ~ o B ~ o J I ~ U I M H C T B ~ UrTaTOB npOXOART B (/ Ax36 EyIu - r y 6 e p H a ~ o p UITaTa @ n o p H A a (C 1999 r.), M J I ~ L I I M f i

OAMH a e H b - B n e p ~ b ~ f i BTOPHMK nocne n e y B o r o n o H e a e n b H M K a 6 p a ~ 43-ro n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a CLUA Ax.Y. Ema , C ~ I H 41-ro n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a H O R ~ P R sepes 2 roaa nocne osepenabm B ~ I ~ O P O B npe31.14e~~a CUlA C U A Ax. Eyua - B 2000 r. o ~ a 3 a n c ~ B u e ~ r p e n o n ~ ~ ~ n e c ~ o r o M 38 2 r0aa - AO c ~ x e n y ~ ~ r y ~ x B ~ I ~ O P O B npe31.14e~~a C m - T. e. CKaHaaJIa, IIOCKOJIbKy MMeHHO B PYKOBOAHMOM MM UITaTe 6 b ~ H Bb160pb1 r y 6 e p H a ~ O p 0 ~ nPOXOLlRT H a "3KBaT0pe" npe3~ j ,qe~~c~oro c a ~ b 1 e ~ O J I ~ I L I M ~ H ~ P Y U ~ H M F ~ n p ~ ~ O A C Y ~ T ~ ~ O ~ O C O B ( ~ e ~ C ~ T ~ H O CpOKa M lTO3TOMY HMeHyIOTCR " I I P O M ~ > K ~ T O ~ H ~ I M M B M ~ O P ~ M A ' ' (CO- OKOJIO 19000 ~ ~ ~ ~ c T B M T ~ J I ~ H ~ I x rOJIOCOB, lTOaaHHBIX 3a A. ropa, 9TO OTBeTCTBeHHO CJIeAyIOUMe Bb160pb1 r y 6 e p ~ a ~ o p 0 ~ AOJIXHbl n p 0 f i ~ M B am0 M M H H M Z U I ~ H ~ I ~ ~ nepe~ec 6 p a ~ y ry6ep~a~opa ~ x . Y . ~ ~ L U Y B ~ o ~ 6 p e 2006 r., ~ o ~ 6 p e 2010 r. M T. A.). OTaeJIbHb1e LUTaTbI YCTa- 537 ~ O ~ O C O B M no6eny ~a ~ b 1 6 0 p a x B U~JIOM). X ~ H ~ T ~a M ~ K C R - HaBJIHBaIoT MHbIe CPOKW B ~ I ~ O P O B , HO 3 T 0 - MCKmOqeHHe B 3 n p a B m . KaHKe, 0 9 e H b n 0 n y M p e H CpeAM a @ p o a M e p M ~ a H ~ e ~ M MCnaHOR3bFI-

Page 74: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

148

HbM. C ~ M T ~ ~ T C R CaMbIM kiHTeJLReKTY2lJIbHbIM E13 C ~ I H O B ~ ~ ~ Ax . EylLIa-

c T a p r u e r o . Tame a M e e T nona~aqecmii noTeHUkian , KaK a ero ~TapLIIk i f i 6 p a ~ (HbIHelLIHkifi npe3124eHT). npecca Ha3bIBaeT er0 OA-

HHM ki3 BO3MOXHbIX K a m m a T O B H a nOCT npe31.I4eHTa CmA OT PeC-

n y 6 J I k i ~ a H U e B B 2008 r., n O C n e OKOINaHEIR CpOKa ~ X . Y . EyLLta;

4'Purc neppu - r y 6 e p H a T o p ruTaTa Texac (c 2000 r.), pecny6n~~a~eq .T C ~ e ~ a n H a TOM n o c T y npemero ry6ep~a~opa Ax.Y. Eyma (1995- 2000), k i 3 6 p a ~ ~ o r 0 B 2000 r. npe31.I4eHTOM CUA. n p 0 c J I a ~ k i n c R ~ ~ C K O M I I ~ O M ~ ~ C C H O K ? 60pb60f i C IIPeCTYIIHOCTbK), C T O P H H H K UIkiPO-

KOrO l'IpkiMeHeHUH B LUTaTe C M ~ P T H O ~ ~ Ka3HI.I ki AJIBTeJIbHbIX TIOPeM-

HbJX CPOKOB ( 3 ~ a nOJIMTMKa IIPOBOAEITCR B m 3 H b ki AaTIa pe3~JIbTaTbI) ;

4 ,431~0~ Pornnu - ~ 6 e p ~ a T o p m a T a Maccasyce~c (c 2003 r.), pec- I I y 6 J I k i K a H e ~ . OAMH ki3 CaMbIX 6 0 r a T b I x aMepMKaHCKMX r y 6 e p ~ a ~ 0 - POB. ~ ~ o c J I ~ B M ~ c R TeM, YTO AOJIrOe B p e M 6b1n OnnOHeHTOM U a H a

K e H H e ~ k i , H ~ @ o ~ M ~ A ~ H ~ I x X03ReB U T a T a . Ha PaBHbIX 6oponc~ C 3. K ~ H H ~ A M H a ~ b 1 6 0 p a x B C ~ H ~ T B 1994 r . He CyMeB "Bb16kiTb K ~ H - HeAki M3 CeHaTa" , CTan p e c n y 6 n k i ~ a H c ~ 1 . r ~ r y 6 e p ~ a T o p 0 ~ U T a T a , B

KOTOPOM TpaL(kiUMOHH0 npaBEIJIM AeMOKPaTbI.

B H a C T O R u e e B p e M nOYTM BO BCeX KnIOYeBbIX LUTaTaX CmA ry6ep- H a T o p c m e n o c T b r s a ~ o e ~ a n a p e c r r y 6 n a ~ a w b 1 , B T. q. B T p a q a u a o H -

HO AeMOKPaTWfeCKHX ( K a n M @ o p ~ k i a , H b I o - f i ~ ~ ~ e , Texace a np.).

2. Cenamop CLCL4 om urmama ( H e n y T a T b c c e H a T o p o M u ~ a ~ a ) - B T O P O ~ ~ no B n a R H a I o nocne ry6ep~a~opa n o n k i ~ m e c ~ a f i n o c T B

U T a T e . B 3aBkiCMMOCTI.I OT JImH0CTI.I CeHaTOpa 3TOT nOCT MOXeT

6b1~b ki n e P B b I M TI0 BJIkiRHkiIo B UITaTe.

Bcero B CmA 100 CeHamOpOe. C e H a T o p b l - 3 T 0 ITpeACTaBMTeJIEI

UTaTOB B C e H a T e . Kadblu' Wmam He3aBMCkiMO OT KOJIWeCTBa H a -

c e n e H m , pamepa TeppkiTopMM MMeeT B C e ~ a ~ e odu~a~oaoe npedcma- summbcmso - no dea cenamopa. HaoGopo~, B n a n a ~ e n p e n c T a B k i -

~ e l ~ e f i LIITaTbI MMeIOT IIPeaCTaBkiTeJIbCTBO CTPOTO npOIIOpUEIOHaJIb-

HO ux H a c e n e H M m (OT 1 no 53). A ~ y x n a n a ~ ~ a f i c T p y K T y p a n a p n a M e H T a C U A n o 3 ~ o n ~ e ~ H e T O ~ K O

H&TM 6 a n a H c M e m y npkiHUI.IlTaMEI PaBHOrO ( C ~ H ~ T ) EI n p O n O p -

q u o H a n b H o r o H a c e n e H a I o ( n a n a ~ a n p e ~ c ~ a ~ ~ i ~ e n e f i ) n p e n c T a B k i -

TenbCTBa IllTaTOB, HO M C 0 3 a a T b d8a KUW?Cm8eHHO DU3HblX " U ~ ~ U C C U "

denvmarnoa: 4 o c H o B H a R M a c c a ( Y J ~ ~ H ~ I n a n a ~ b ~ n p e ~ c ~ a s k i ~ e n e f i ) - B c e r o 435 (a

T a m e T p a n e n e r a T a 6e3 npasa ronoca - n p e a c T a B a T e n k i r y a ~ a , B H ~ ~ H H C K U X OCTPOBOB ki BOCTO~HO~O (AM~PHK~HCKOTO) C ~ M O ~ ) ;

4 AenyTaTcKaf i "sna~a" ( c e ~ a ~ o p b ~ ) - B c e r o 100.

TOB ( M C ~ H ~ T O ~ O B ) , n0CKOJIbKy Ha3BaHMe BCerO aMepEIKaHCKOr0

n a p n a M e H T a ( A B ~ X n m a T B M ~ C T ~ ) - Kompecc CLLIA. OAH~KO B

CLLIA EICTOpMqeCKki CJIOXEIJIOCb KOHrpeCCMeHaMEI Ha3bIBaTb YneHOB

TOJI~KO n a n a ~ b ~ npenc~ana~enefi, a x n e H o B C e ~ a ~ a - c e H a T o p a M a .

Cmarnb ~ c o ~ z u e c c ~ e ~ o ~ a 60nb~~lu~crnae cnwaea zopa3do nezre. reM CeHam040M:

4 K o H r p e c c M e H b I ( 9 n e ~ b 1 n a n a ~ b ~ npe~c~aski~enef i ) ~ 3 6 E I p a I o ~ c R H a

2 r O a a ( ~ a m b 1 e 2 rona - n e p e B b 1 6 0 p b I BCeX 435 KOmpeCCMeHOB (B

A e H b llpe3kiAewTCKMX B ~ I ~ O P O B M B A e H b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H ~ T O ~ C K E I X , ~ a ~ b 1 f i

YeTHb16 ~ o A ) ; 4 KOJIEIYeCTBO MeCT 6onee q e M B 4 pa3a 60~1brue CeHaTOpCKEIX;

4 ~ b 1 6 0 ~ b 1 B naJ IaTy I T p e ~ c T a B E I T e n e f i OTHMMaIoT 3HaqEITeJIbHO MeHb-

rue @ ~ ~ H ~ H C O B ~ I X EI kiHbIX PeCYPCOB.

nnI.0~ B ~ I ~ O P O B B ~ ~ J I ~ T Y J l p e ~ ~ T a B k l T e J I e f i - 3 T 0 TO, q T 0 KOHrpeC-

CMeHOM MOXeT CTaTb EOqTM ~ a m b ~ f i , KT0 3TOTO CEIJIbHO XOYeT EI

OTBeqaeT nOHRTkiIo "cpe~~ki f i a ~ e p k i ~ a ~ e u " . M E I H ~ c - CnkiIlIKOM

WCTO npOX0,IWT ~b160pb1 EI OYeHb M a n 0 UlaHCOB AJIR HOBEIrKa 6 b 1 ~ b

B Ko~rpecce C p a 3 y 3aMeqeHHbIM. K p o ~ e TOrO, ~ O J I X H O C T ~ p R f l O B O -

TO KOHrpeCCMeHa CqkiTaeTCR C K Y ~ H O ~ ~ ki ~ ~ T E I H H O ~ ~ pa60~06, H a

n 1 o 6 a ~ e n ~ . Y OTAeJIbHO B3RTOTO KOHrpeCCMeHa OrIeHb M a n 0 B03-

M O X H O C T ~ ~ ~ BJIMRTb H a C O ~ ~ I T E I R , M a n 0 B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ ~ ~ " 3 a ~ ~ e T E I 7 b -

CR", a U I o 9 e B b I e nOCTbI B I I a n a T e 3aHRTbI CTapOXEIJIaMM. OCHOBH~R MaCCa KOHrpeCCMeHOB 3aHkiMaeTCR PYTIIHHO~~ " q e p H 0 ~ 0 f i " pa6o~ofi no IIOflrOTOBKe 3aKOHOB B KOMMTeTaX.

T ~ M H e M e H e e K a m b I e 2 rOAa 6 o n b r u o e KOJIEI'4eCTBO CaMbIX p a 3 H b M

nmnefi 6 a n n o ~ k i p y e ~ c a B n a n a ~ y npe~c~asa~ene f i . I~OTOMY YTO

AOJIXHOCTb KOHrpeCCMeHa - 3TO CTYneHb K 6onee BbICOKkiM flOJIX-

HOCTRM, B T. 9. c e H a T o p a EI ry6ep~a~opa . ~ O ~ T M H ~ B O ~ M O X H O

CTaTb Hki CeHaTOpOM, Hki r y 6 e p H a T o p 0 ~ , H e n o 6 b 1 ~ a0 3 T O r 0 KOH-

rpeCCMeHOM. E o J I ~ I ~ I ~ ~ H c T B o CeHaTOpOB I? I ' Y ~ ~ ~ H ~ T o ~ o B O ~ ~ N H O

8-10 JIeT A 0 k i 3 6 p a ~ k i R H a 3Tki aOJIXHOCTEI 6 6 1 ~ 1 ~ KOWpeCCMeHaMEI.

K p o ~ e TOTO, AOJIXHOCTb KOHrpeCCMeHa OTHOCHTeJIbHO a O C T y n H a .

O q e H b MHOTkie aMepkiKaHCKkie IIOJIEITMKM B HaYWIe C B O ~ ~ K a p b e p b I ,

A a x e H e MMeR HM p e n y ~ a q k i a , HM K p y n H b I x a e H e r , n e p B b I e ~ b 1 6 o p b 1

B Ko~rpecc BbIkirpbIBaIoT "HoI'~MM" - B TeqeHkie 2 JIeT 0 6 x 0 ~ ~ n0YTM K a m O r 0 M ~ ~ H P ~ T ~ J U I , 06ae3xam~ O K p V H a MaUEIHe, H m a -

XkiBaIOT IIpRMbIe JIkiqHbIe KOHTaKTbI C k i 3 6 E I p a T e n R ~ E I "OT a B e p k i K

~ B e p k i " ( T ~ K AenaJIki k i AX. E Y U - C T ~ P U E I ~ B 1966 r., EI AX.^. EyLLt-

Page 75: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

~b160pb1 B Kompecc npoarpan~).

CKM. K ~ o M ~ TOrO, K YeJIOBeKJJ ITpaBbIKaIOT KaK K KOHrpeCCMeHy 0

U e r O K O H ~ e C C M e H a - nOBbIUeHHe, yXOA A 3 IIOJIHTHKH, CMePTb H AP.

Pi Bb160pb1 W Y T H a BaKaHTHOe M ~ C T O ) . T O ~ K O TOrAa ~ 3 6 1 1 p a e ~ c R

~ O J I ~ U ~ ~ H C T B O HOBbIX KamFiAaTOB.

CpmHlIfi CPOK pa60~b1 KOHIlXCCMeHOM 0 6 6 ~ ~ 0 COCTZiNIReT 8-10 JET.

HM~HHO Yep23 3 T 0 BpeMR y HeKOTOPbIX KOHI'peCCMeHOB ~OHBJIReTCR

pWJIbHb1fi U a H C nOAHHTbCR Ha 6onee BbIC0K)TO CTyrIeHbKy K a P b e p b l - CTaTb CeHaTOpOM HJTM r y 6 e p ~ a ~ 0 p o M (XOTR ~ O J I ~ ~ U P ~ H C T B O YJIeHOB na- JIaTbI n p 2 A c ~ a B k i ~ I Y I e f i BCIO m 3 H b OCTalOTCH " P ~ ~ O B ~ I M A KOI-iI'PeCCMe-

am" - 3 a ~ a ~ a m CBOIO AOJDKHOCT~ no 20 a &nee AeT, ma, ~ao6o- POT, npolWpbIBaIoT Bb160pbI kll[EI CaMA yXOWrT 113 Kor-~~pecca) .

C m a m b c e n a m o p o M ClUA zopasdo moxnee. qe iu tconz-veccuenoiu:

d CeHaTOpbI CmA ~ 3 6 k f p a I o ~ ~ R H a 6-ne~~11fi CPOK ( ~ a m b 1 e 2 rOAa

IIPOXOART Bb160pb1 V e T A C ~ H ~ T O ~ O B ) ;

d TOJIbKO IT0 2 OT LUTaTa;

d ~b160pb1 B C ~ H ~ T , KaK n p a B H J I 0 , OTHHMaIOT OrpOMHOe KOAEireCTBO

@ P ~ H ~ H C O B ~ I X (MHJIAMOH~I A o J I J I ~ ~ o B ) Pi M O P m b H b I X PeCWCOB.

K ~ K npasmo, 4~06b1 p e m b ~ o n p e m e n d o a a m b na d o f l ~ l c l i o ~ m b cena- mova. neo6xod~o:

d )Xe 3aHWMaTb BbICOKOe IIOJIOXeHIIe ( 6 b 1 ~ b Utr r y 6 e p ~ a ~ o p o M , k i n a

KOHrPeCCMeHOM CO CTaXeM, HJIH M3POM K p y n H O r O rOpOAa MJIH

ElMeTb AHbIe AOCTHX~HHR);

d 6 b 1 ~ b 0 4 e H b M ~ B ~ C T H O ~ JIEirHOCTbIO KaK B UITaTe, TaK I.I H a @ e ~ e - P m b H O M W O B H e ;

d 0 6 n a A a ~ b ~ O J I ~ I I I H M BJIwIHHeM Pi @ & ~ H ~ H C O B ~ I M H B03MOXHOCTRMA.

K p 0 ~ e 3 T O r 0 , AJIR T o r 0 9~0661 CTaTb O @ A U M Z ~ J I ~ H ~ I M KaHAWaTOM

H a AOJIXHOCTb CeHaTOpa, H ~ O ~ X O ~ ~ ~ M O , 9~06b1 ~ U H H O Z O t c a n d u d a m a

(11 moflbtco odnozo) c?bld@u~yfla napmuu"narr o p a n u 3 a y l u z ulmama ( u f l u

pecny6flutcanyb1, u f lu deiuotcpambl) . He ~ Y A ~ M KaHAI4,LIaTOM OT nap- TMH BbIHrpaTb Bb160pb1 B CmA ( ~ a JIIO~YIO K p y n H y I o AOJIXHOCTb, B

T. q. C ~ H ~ T O P ~ ) ITpaKTHqeCKM HeBO3MOXHO. K ~ K n p a B H J I 0 , K a M n a -

HAR no ~ b 1 6 0 p a M B C ~ H ~ T C U A IIpOXOAAT H e M e H e e OXeCTOqeH-

HO, lreM Bb160pb1 npe3MAeHTa CmA - C pacTPa~0fi MAJIJIMOHHbIX

CpeACTB H CKaHnaJIaMM, I3 T e u e H M e r O n a . COP~BHYIOTCR ABa KaW&i-

A a T a - OT ~ ~ c I I Y ~ ~ M K ~ H c K o ~ ~ A A ~ M O K P ~ T M Y ~ C K O ~ ~ n a p ~ ~ f i . no6ena a nopaxeme H a s b 1 6 0 p a x B C ~ H ~ T a M e m a c T o p a s e c K o e s ~ a ~ e ~ a e KaK &iTR ~ y ~ b 6 b 1 UI'raTa, T a K Pi AJIR ~ y ~ b 6 b 1 AaHHOrO qeJIOBeKa.

Cma8 CeHamOpOM, KaHAFf.&lT aBTOMaTWIeCKM n p u o 6 ~ ~ 1 a e ~ c ~ K " ~ J I A T -

HO#" '-IaCTM aMePRKaHCKOr0 AenyTaTCKOrO K O p n y C a , e Z 0 CmUmVC

pe3tco ao3vacmaem: AMeHHO C AOJIXHOCTIl C e H a T O p a HaqHHaeTCR H~cToRLLIH~~ ITOJIHTH-

q e c ~ ~ f i W O B e H b ;

eCJIM KOHrpeCCMeHbI (B CBOeM ~ O I L ~ U M H C T B ~ ) 3aHMMaIOTCR 3aKOHO-

T B O P ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ P ~ T M H O ~ ~ , TO CeHaTOpbI - B ~ I P ~ ~ O T K O ~ ~ OCHOB nOJIATA-

KM (OCHOBH~R "cneqamasa~~a~" l ' l a r r a ~ b ~ n p e ~ c ~ a s a ~ e n e i i - non- rOTOBKa 3aKOHOB, C e ~ a ~ a - K a p O B b I e Ha3HaKIeHMR, p a c b I e ~ 0 B a -

HMR, BHYTPeHHFLR Pi BHeUHRFI ~ O J I R T A K ~ ) ;

~ a m b 1 f i CeHaTOp (B OTJIMYUe OT K O H ~ ~ ~ C C M ~ H ~ ) )Xe B CAJIy AOJIX-

HOCTIl RBJIReTCR OYeHb 3 a M e ~ ~ 0 f i A B J I A R T ~ J I ~ H o ~ ~ JIRKIHOCTbIO B

CUA, HMeeT n p R ~ 0 f i AOCTyn K n p e 3 M 4 e H T y CLUA ki n106o~y AOJIXHOCTHOMy JIHUy;

y c e H a T o p a ( B H O B ~ B O T n a q H e OT ~ o m p e c c ~ e ~ a ) oqem M H O ~ O ~ 0 3 -

M O W H O C T ~ ~ ~ " 6 b 1 ~ b H a BMI[Y" M AJIR YKpenJIeHMR CBOerO nOJIOXeHHR;

l lOJIOXeHHe C e H a T O p a OYeHb C T ~ ~ A J I ~ H O - n06eAkiB OAHH pas, Ce-

H ~ T O ~ 6 JIeT C B O ~ O A ~ H OT B ~ I ~ O P O B A MOXeT COCPeAOTOYHTbCR H a

cB0ef i AeRTeJIbHOCTM. 3a 3TOT CPOK MOXHO CAeJIaTb OYeHb MHOTOe.

~ ~ U H ~ O H &~KOHCOH, 6b1~III~fi KOHrpeCCMeH, CeHaTOp U npe3kiAeHT

CUIA, o T M e s a n s ~ o "pas~uya ~ e m d y n o J t o x e H u e M c e H a m o p a u pa- dosozo ~ o ~ z p e c c m e ~ a m a K u me, K a K memdy ~ y p u ~ b i m canamom u rcypu~erni n o ~ e m o d ' . K ~ K n p a B w n o , u n e p y l u z npu a b l 6 o p a x a Cenam, npuabr4 tca K "caoeiuy"

CeHamopy CO CmOpOHbl ~ 6 u p a m e / l e l i , O C O ~ ~ H H O e U I H OH M3BeCTeH A no- nympea, cue c m a e e , u e M npa ~b160pa~ K o q e c c M e H o B EI name - n p e 3 r n e ~ ~ a CUA. Xoporrro o ~ p a 6 0 ~ a ~ n e p s b ~ i i c p o ~ , c e H a T o p , KaK

IIpaBHJIO, CTaHOEHTCR H ~ I ~ O ~ ~ A M M ~ I M . OH IIPeBPaUaeTCFI B CMMBOA

Page 76: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

Cpedu ce~amopoe-cmnpo~~u~zoe Hacmoxzuezo u H ~ ~ U ~ H ~ Z O npournozo MOXHO ebldenumb:

4 Po6epma Aoyna - a s6apa~1c~ ceHaTopoM CUIA rrcr~b CPOKOB, 38-

H H M ~ nonmHocm ceHaTopa OT maTa K a ~ s a c 27 neT (1969-1996), BbwBaraJIcR Ha nocT s a u e - n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a CUIA B 1976 r. a npesa- AeHTa CmA B 1996 r.;

r / flx0Ha MoGnum~a - RBnXJICR CeHaTOpOM OT UTaTa H ~ I O - ~ O ~ K qeTbrpe cpoKa - 24 rona (1977-2001); B 2000 r., B ~ o s p a c ~ e 73 neT, PeUHJI AaJIbUe He ~ ~ J U I O T H ~ O B ~ T ~ C X Pl PeKOMemOBaJI Ha

cBoe Memo Xkinnapa KJIHHTOH, KoTopaR npa ero nomepxKe no- 6enana M3pa H ~ I O - ~ ~ O ~ K ~ PynoJIb$a A x y n e a ~ a ( C H ~ CBom KaH-

A ~ A ~ T Y P Y ) ; 4 f l x o ~ a Keppu - 4 pasa a36epanc~ ceHaTopoM OT maTa Maccaqy-

CeTC, RBJIXeTCR CeHaTOpOM CmA 20 neT (C 1984 r.); Toma XU~KUHU - 20 neT (C 1984 r.) RBnReTCR CeHaTOpOM OT UTaTa

AfioBa.

Ha C ~ ~ O ~ H R U H I ? ~ ~ neHb c~apef imki~ ((no C T ~ X Y ) CeHaTOpOM CUIA RBnReTcX 3deapd ("T3df1) K e ~ ~ e d u - ~nmruafi 6 p a ~ n p e 3 m e ~ ~ a

CILIA AX OH^ K ~ H H ~ A H . He 6 y ~ y . 1 ~ UHPOKO M3BeCTHbIM, 6b1n B3-

6 p a ~ B C ~ H ~ T C u A B 1962 r. B BO3paCTe 30 neT (Ha OCBO~OAHB-

UeeCR MeCTO 6pa~a, ki36paHH0~0 IT~~~KA~HToM) . C TeX nOp, He-

CMOTPR Ha MHOTOqHCJIeHHbIe CKaHAaJIbI, 7 pa3 nepea36apa~1c~ (Ha

6 - J I ~ T H H ~ ~ CPOK) CeHaTOpOM CUIA OT UTaTa Macca.ryce~c. B Ha-

cTolruee spem aememm ceHamopoM CLLL4 y x e 42 zoda. 3n~apn KeHHeAki - ~ A H H C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ CeHaTOp C m , K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ B 6nmaiWee AeCXTMJIeTkie MOXeT n 0 6 ~ ~ b PeKOpA IIpOAOJIXkiTeJIbHOCTki npe6b1~a-

HWI B CeHaTe (48 JET). Ecne "T3nU, BOnpeM MHOrOqMCJIeHHbIM cny- XaM 0 C B O ~ # C K O ~ O ~ ~ OTCTaBKe, BHOBb BbIABBHeT CBOIO KaHAMa.aaTypy B

C ~ H ~ T B 2006 r. I? no6ena~, TO K 2012 r. ero " c ~ m " npe6b1sa~m B

CeHa~e COCTaBHT POBHO 50 JIeT (1962-2012) ki 3TO MOXeT CTaTh a6co- JIIOTHbIM PeKOpAOM Pi ewe OAHHM AOCTLw<eHtieM CeMbM K ~ H H ~ A H . n o ~ a p e ~ o j d (48 nem e donx~ocmu ce~amopa) npaHmnexaT 6bIBUe~y ceHaTopy OT UTaTa K ) m a ~ K a p o n a ~ a C m p o ~ y T~PMOH- dy (1902-2003), K O T O P M ~ ~ 6b1n ~36paH B C ~ H ~ T ewe B 1954 r. ~ ~ O C J I ~ B H J I C H KaK ~ K T H B H ~ I ~ ~ CTOPOHHBK P ~ C O B O ~ ~ CCrPeraL(BkI - ny6~1kis~o npH3bIBaJI He CqaTaTb HerpOB 3a JIIOnefi I4 npejlJaraJI

[ 3anpeTRTb YePHOKOXllM YqaCTBOBaTb B Bbl60pax. N36~lpancx CeHU-

mopox ClUA 8 pas. Tame Bouen B acTopeIo KaK $na6yc~bep ( B ~ I - ! CTyrIaJl C AJIkiHHbIMki peqa~ki) - B 1957 r. T~PMOHA, 9~06b1 npOBa- f

JIHTb 3aKOHOnpOeKT, 6bICt?lynUA C 6e~npepbl6~06 ( K ~ O M ~ 6peMeHU H a

, COH) ~ ~ - Y U C O ~ O ~ PeYbK) npOllzU6 HeZp06 (BpeMH BbICTynJIeHMR CeHa-

TOPOB He o r p a ~ a ~ e ~ o ) . Sam ceHamopom 48 nem nodpad (1955- 2003). B 2002 2. e eo3pacme 100 nern peutun He ebldeuzamb ceom lcandudamypy H a cnedymu(u6 cpolc. B 2003 r. cnoxm c c e 6 ~ non- HOMOqHR CeHaTOpa Pi BCKOpe yMep Ha 1 0 1 - ~ rOAy XB3HH.

B C u A npki ~b160pax K a K CeHaTOpOB, TaK I4 ry6epHa~opoB OqeHb

PaCIIpOCTpaHeHa C ~ M ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O C T ~ . OqeHb YaCTO (XOTH II H e BCe-

ma) CeHaTOpaMH ki36kipaIO~cR AeTH, XeHbI, MHbIe POACTBeHHHKH

~ ~ I B U H X CeHaTOpOB OT 3TOr0 Xe UTaTa (HJIA CeHaTOpaMH a36epa-

IOTCR AeTM ~efic~Bj'lOuI4~ anti 6blBUkiX ry6epHa~opoB Hnll Ha060-

POT). Hanpa~ep, CeHaTOpOM OT UTaTa ~!JIRcK~ HBnReTCR f l ~ 3 a

Myplcoeclcax, nosh nef ic~~ymuero ry6ep~a~opa Myplcoeclcozo; ceaa- TOPOM OT ruTaTa nyasaaaa - M3pu J7a~dp3, nosh spa H o ~ o r o Opnea~a; ceHaTopoM OT uITaTa C e ~ e p ~ a ~ Kapone~a - 3nu3a6em

Aoyfl, XeHa Po6epma A0yfla - 6bIB~er0 KaHAkiAaTa B IIpe3Ma.eHTbI

C u A ; CeHaTOpOM OT UTaTa T ~ H H ~ C C M B np0UnOM RBJIRJICR h b -

6epm Top, C ~ I H 6b1~uer0 ceHaTopa hb6epma Topa; cHaqana ry6ep- HaTOpOM UITaTa ~ Z W M ~ H ~ , a 3aTeM CeHaTOpOM OT AaHHOrO UTaTa - 3 6 ~ ~ 636, CbIH 6bIBUe~0 CeHaTOpa ~ ~ U H U 6 3 ~ ; CeHaTOpOM OT UTaTa

H ~ I O - ~ ~ M I I U H ~ RBJLReTCR A~~COH C y ~ y ~ y , CbIH 6 b 1 ~ ~ e r 0 ry6ep~a~opa AaHHOrO UTaTa AXOHU Cyny~y. T ~ K B X npkiMepOB MOW0 6 b ~ 0 661

npkiBeCTki MHOXeCTBO. B TO Xe Bpem AOCTaTOqHO MHOrO Ha IIOCTaX

CeHaTOpOB M ry6epHa~opoB nOJIkiTkiKOB I4 B IIepBOM lTOKOneHHH.

HeK0~0pbIe CeHaTOpbI RBnHKlTCR lTpeACTaBHTeJIRMa PeAKLlX HaUHO-

HaJIbHoc~efi ( ~ a n p k i ~ e p AOCTaTOYHO YBaXaeMbIMH RBJIRIOTCR CeHU-

mop Aa~u3nb A~nlca, n p e n c ~ a ~ n ~ m u a f i ruTaT ra~afiw, nep~brfi B

ac~opaa CLUA ceHaTop - ~ T H H Y ~ C K H ~ ~ raBaeu; 6ap6apa Mulcynb- clcu - ceHaTop nonbcKoro npoMcxomeHaR; AXOH C y ~ y ~ y - ceHa- TOP apa6c~oro npoacxomeHm, ceHaTop TOM Xaplcu~ - C ~ I H

3MHrpaHTOB a3 C ~ O B ~ H H H I4 np.).

KaHnma~ B npe3MAeHTbI CmA B 2004 r. AXOH K e p p ~ HMeeT q e ~ c ~ o - e ~ p e f i c ~ a e KOPHH. Ero nen no o ~ u y - @ p ~ u K O ~ H npae- xan B CILIA B 1905 r. e3 ropona X o p ~ a - E e ~ e c o ~ a ( c o s p e ~ e ~ ~ a c r Y ~ x H H ) . C T ~ B aMepHKaHueM, CMeHMJI HMH Ha Qpe~ep~lK Keppa ki

neperuen a3 aynaa3~a B KaTonmecTBo. Ero BHYK AXOH Keppa Yepe3 100 JIeT CMOr ~~JIJ IOTBPOB~T~CR Ha nOCT npe3HAeHTa CUA.

Page 77: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

H ~ C M O T ~ H Ha TO, YT0 OYeHb MHOrO ~ @ ~ O ~ M ~ ~ E I K ~ H U ~ B pa60TaIo

nonMUMa, Ms6apaIo~c~ KoHrpeccMeHaMa a r y 6 e p ~ a ~ o p a ~ a , V cenamopamu:

AX. K ~ H H ~ ~ u ; J. ,@~COHCOH;

P. HUICCOH; V ~ o n t p e c c m e ~ o ~ (24 rona) - Jx. Dopd; V s o e n a ~ a n b n u ~ o ~ 06u(e2oc~dapcmse~~ozo macurma6a - 4. 3ke~xay3p.

C U A ( ~ a 2004 2.1 ~6nxmmcx:

d TOM A3lUfl - CeHaTOp-neMOKpaT OT D X H O ~ ~ ~ ~ ; I K O T ~ I ;

d Kpucmufl~ ,-goad - CeHaTOp-neM0KpaT OT KOHH~KTAKYTB; d ~ X O H 3dsapdc - CeHaTOp-neMOKpaT OT C ~ B ~ P H O ~ ~ Kapona~b~;

d $06 rp3~3M - CeHaTOp-neMOKpaT OT OJIopmb1;

d aX03e@ J U ~ ~ P M ~ H - CeHaTOp-AeMOKpaT OT KOHH~KTMK)T~;

d xu/~lapll ~ ~ U H ~ O H - CeHaTOp-neMOKpaT OT ~ b I o - f i o ~ ~ a ;

d 6ap6apa 60ICcep - CeHaTOp-AeMOKpaT OT K a n a @ o p ~ ~ a ; d ,&Ul~fl @eu"HlUmeu'H - CeHaTOp-neMOKpaT OT Kma@op~aa; d PUK C a ~ m o p y ~ - c e ~ a ~ o p - p e c n y 6 n w ~ a ~ e u OT n e ~ c ~ n b ~ a ~ a a ;

I d ,l73%0n Marc-Keu"~ - c e ~ a ~ o p - p e c n y 6 n a ~ a ~ e 4 OT A P M ~ O H ~ I ; d J a ~ a p AfleICcaHdep - c e ~ a ~ o p - p e c n y 6 n a ~ a ~ e ~ 1 OT T e ~ ~ e c c a ; 1. 1880-1930-e 22. C Y H T ~ I ~ T C X 30flornb~~ seKoM C ~ M ~ ~ Z ~ I C ~ H C K O Z O meam-

i d K3UY X a m ~ u c o ~ - c e ~ a ~ o p - p e c n y 6 n ~ ~ a ~ e 4 OT Texaca; pa. Bo B T O P O ~ ~ nonoBaHe XIX B. TeaTp cTan 6onee p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ b 1 ~ M 6onee CITeUHanH3kipOBaHHbIM. O C H O ~ H ~ ~ M U X a H D a M U QMeDUKflH-

d 4 ~ 0 p d ~ BOCHO~UY - ceHa~0p-pecny6n~~a~eq OT Orafi0. cicozo meamva KoHua XIX s. 6bfflu:

3. B 4eJIOM CerOnHXWHIoIo BblCWyIo IlOJIHTHYeCKyIO 3JIMTY CmA CO- d T ~ ~ U I ~ U M O H H ~ I G ~ e a CTaBJlfiIOT ITPHMePHO HeCKOJIbKO COTeH YeJIOBeK - CeHaTOpbI Ei ry- d 6ane~; 6ep~a~opb1, HeKOTOpbIe BmHbIe KOHrPeCCMeHbI, BOeHaYaJlbHBKM, d 6ypJIecK (~e60JIbmaX olTepelTa-@apc myTJIMBOr0, ~ P Y ~ O B ~ T O - K O M H - KapbepHbIe YAHOBHMKM, KPYnHbIe ~ H ~ H ~ C M ~ H ~ I , HeKOTOPbIe B3- Y ~ C K O ~ O xapalcrepa); BeCTHbIe JIIogU M3 MMpa HayKki M HCr<yCCTBa.

Page 78: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

00 1880-1890 zz. B CUTA rocnoncTBoBan pea~ucmurecicuri me- amp, OCHOBHblMU HanUUB/leHlLRMU icOmOPOZO 6b1411:

C/ @onbKnopHoe;

C/ HaPOnHOe;

C/ McTopMqecKoe HanpaBneHMe.

C ~ M ~ I M M3BeCTHbIM peXMCCepOM Tor0 BpeMeHM 6bm A. ~eAaCir0

(Belasco), K O T ~ P ~ I ~ ~ CYMTaJI c e 6 ~ P e H M K O M C T ~ H H C ~ ~ B C K O ~ O . 6ena- CKO O ~ ~ T Y H O CTaBWl PeaJIMCTWleCKHe AIIM MCTOPkILieCKRe llbeCbI.

B KOWe n X - Haqane XX BE. H ~ ~ O A H ~ I ~ TeaTp BbITeCHHeTCR Te- aTpaMa, ~ ~ ~ O T ~ I O ~ H M M B "bpodeeicicorn cmu~e", OCHOBH~IMU vep- maMu icomotIoz0 6brnu:

C/ K O M M ~ P ~ ~ C K M ~ ~ AYX ( C T ~ B M ~ O C ~ TO, 9TO OKynaJIO c e 6 ~ C KOMMep9e-

C K O ~ ~ TOgKM 3peHMZI He3aBMCMMO OT COAePXaHMR C ~ ~ K T ~ K I I F I ) ;

I / pa3BneKaTeJIbHOCTb;

C/ OTCYTCTBMe nOCTORHHOr0 PenepTyapa. B 1900- 19 10-e rr. "6po~~eficKMfi C T M ~ ~ " CTitn rOCnOACTBYIOmMM

H a BOCTO9HOM no6epeme CmA.

A ~ F M M IIOIIynIIpHbIM TeaTpaJlbHbIM XaHPOM B CmA B nep~0fi

nonoBme XX B. C T ~ M I ~ ~ M K J I .

MIO~UUA - sud ~ e n o d p a ~ b r . O C H O ~ ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ H a cll~rne3e:

C/ IIeCHM;

C/ TaHUa;

C/ a cneKTaKnrr.

Mm3uu UMeem MHOZO 06wez0 c onepemmoi. Omnulllr~ ~ m 3 u m a om onetIemmbr 6 mom, Ymo:

C/ B onepeme, K ~ K npa~wno, n p a c y ~ c ~ ~ y e ~ m ~ o p M c ~ e x ( 3 ~ 0 - "ner-

KMfi XaHp");

C/ B MIO3MKne, IIpM C X O ~ ~ H O ~ ~ C 0nepe'TTofi B~eUHefi @ 0 p ~ e , eCTb 3ne-

MeHTbI COUMaJIbHOrO COAepXaHMH, CaTMPbI; Tame MI03MKnY, K a K

npaBwno, npwcyu dpa~amulieciculi, a morns mpazu~ecicui cwxem (B KOHUe Y ~ H B ~ I O T OTpML[aTenbHOrO r e p 0 ~ ) .

~36eCmHblMll ~ D O M @ ~ ~ ~ Z U M U HUllCWla XX 6. 6bldu:

C/ @. Mepdoic - MenonpaMa "A3isu Kpoicem" ("Davy Crocketf');

C/ B. Crnum - MenonpaMa "Anicoronuic" ("The Drunkard'); C/ Y. A x ~ h l e m , Apa~aTypr M aKTep OAHOBpeMeHHO - OCTpOCIOXeT-

Hacr nbeca " Ceicpem~ax cnyx6a" ("Secret Service"); C/ w. XOY~MC, POMaHBCT, KPMTMK - ITbeCa "Mbr~len06ica" ("MOUSC

&UP'') 1889 r. (3a0nr0 A0 OAHOMMeHHOm npOM3BeneHUFI k KPMCTM).

157

2. OCHO~H~IMU HUn-tIU6fleHURMU 6 U M ~ P U K ~ H C K O ~ XU60nUCU KOHNa X/X 13.

w: C/ peUAU3M. CUM~IMU U36eCmHbMIU X V ~ O ~ I C H U K ~ U - U ~ M U C ~ ? ~ ~ M U FIUmU-

mmcx: I YiflIiCAOy X 0 ~ e p (Winslow Homer) - OCHOBHbIe meki B TBOPqeCTBe

- Ije33alyum~ocmb rienoseica neped cunaMu npupodbr u neped cydb- i

60fi ( K ~ ~ T H H ~ " ~ o ~ ~ @ c T ~ M M " ("The Gulf Stream"), 1899); I Tornac Micunc (Eakins, Thomas) - CTOPOHHMK ewe 6onee rpy6o-

ro p e a n ~ s ~ a ( " l l o p ~ p e ~ AoKTopa C3~103ncr rpocca"); I Alwcerirnc Yucmep (James Wisiler), K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ oKono 50 neT npo-

B JOWOH~ M llapnxe, ~ O ~ T O M Y ero OTHOCHT M K a ~ r n ~ i i - CKUM M K aMePMKaHCKBM XYnOXHMKaM; I C/ pornanmum. Xau6onee u3eecm~br~u npedcrnasumen~~a pomnmus-

M a 6brnu: I Y u b m Xanm (Hunt, William) - O C H O B O ~ O ~ O X H M K HOBO^^

UKOnbI nefi3a~a (IIO~TII'IHOCTII B M ~ O ~ P ~ X ~ H M M ITPMPOA~I);

Paflb@ G~eriunoic (Blakelock, Ralph) - co3na~enb MMnpeccwoHw- CTCKMX HOKTIOPHOB.

3. XIX B. OTJlWIaJICH 6bl~mpblM~ meMnaMU yp6a~u3ayuu. O C O ~ ~ H H O POCT ~ O P O A C K O ~ O HaceneHm YcMnHncH B 1870- 1890-e rr, pocne n06eAb1 npOMbIlrrneHHOr0 C e ~ e p a B rpa~aHcK0f i Bofi~e. B 3T0

BpeMH nORBnHIOTCH nep8bfe ne6ocicpe6b1, lcme~U6WUe 6HeWHllu' 06- Jltic aMepUicaHCicUX Z0pod06. n e p ~ b 1 ~ He60cKpe6 6b1n BO3BeneH B

1884 r. B qki~ar0. T ~ ~ M M H " ~ e 6 0 c ~ p e 6 " nonywn UMpOKOe pac- IlpOCTpaHeHMe IIOCJIe 1893 r. Apxumeicmopa~u - n u o ~ e p a ~ u cmpoumenbc,msa ~e60cicpe6013, nep- BbIMM BbLqBMHYBUMMM I.SqeIO CTPOBTeJIbCTBa ~ ~ U ~ H H ~ I X AOMOB,

w: I / Jyuc Camnusan; C/ @P~HIC J.oii0 Palirn ( V ~ H R K Cannasa~a) ; C/ Muc J d s u z sun dep Po3 - TBopqecTBo TO TO apxmemopa OTHO-

CBTCH B OCHOBHOM K cepenaae XX seKa. X a p a ~ ~ e p ~ a ~ YepTa ero ~ o ~ o ~ s e n e ~ ~ f i - yMenoe npr?MeHeHMe CTemRHHbIx M MeTmnme- CKMX K O H C T P ~ I I ~ ("3aHaBecefiW, CTeH ki np.). C O B ~ ~ M ~ H H M K M rOB0-

PMnM 0 BaH Aep P03, 9TO OH C03AaJl " Y H M B ~ P C ~ T ~ ~ H ~ I ~ ~ II3bIK apXM- T ~ K T ~ I ~ ~ I " , er0 CTUnb "~J IbTpacoBpe~e~~b~f i Pi H ~ H ~ I J M O H ~ J ~ ~ H ~ I ~ ~ " .

0aHHbIe apXMTeKTOpb1 lT0JIOXMnki Ha9UO CmUAIO " @ ~ H ~ u o H ~ A u ~ " ,

icomopbrli c o ~ ~ e w a n s ce6c C/ npocmomy npoeicma ( c o r e ~ a ~ ~ e x e n e 3 0 6 e ~ o ~ ~ b r x u CTeKnrrHHbrx

K O H C T ~ Y ~ M ~ ~ , KOTOPbIe MOXHO 661110 A0 ~ ~ C K O H ~ ~ H O C T I I " H ~ P ~ L U ~ I - ~ a ~ b " BBepX, B T. 9. O ~ ~ N H ~ I M PyrIHbIM TPYAOM pa6orm;

Page 79: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

159

a p v H x MecT R3bIK H KynbTypa, XH3Hb IIpOCTbIX " M ~ J I ~ H ~ K B ~ " n ~ ) - K~~nHef iuue n~edcmaaumenu dan~ozo cmum:

M 3 ~ u Bu.arcunc @pum3n (Freeman, Mary WWcins) - "MoHaxuHA Hoeoli A/~zfluu u dpyzue ucmopuu"; Kei* Yonun ( Chopin, Kate) - "np06y31cde~ue" (" The Awaken&").

MHnMBmyanbHbIe O C O ~ ~ H H O C T H ) . Bonpoc 49. Kynb~ypa CuA

4. ,go mnya 8. B A M ~ ~ H K ~ $ a ~ m u r e c ~ u omcymcmaoaa/la C K O A ~ K O - nepeoi flOnOBblHbI XX B.

~ ~ 6 y d b 3a~em~arz Icllaccu~eCicUJl My3blUU. TOnbK0 B 1895 r. CKMG KOMnO3I.ITOP A H ~ O H U H A ~ o P ~ ~ c ~ u HeCKOnbFO neT 6 b ~ 1 napeK-

(/ H H A ~ ~ C K M ~ P H T M ~ I . 1. c rnnene~ue~ -e m. Icnaccuve- JHmb C HaCTmJIeHMeM 8. a M e p M K a H C K M e K O M ~ O ~ H T O P ~ I cTXJIH c ~ u l i meamp ~ec~oflbk.0 nomeprzfl c80lo nOnyflRpHOCmb. nponomeT nMCaTb rotUCCUW?CUJVO My3blKY, Ol?lYei?LlU6O a~ep~~aHCKylo no dyxy. p a 3 ~ a ~ a m c x x a ~ p 6pdseic1coto filo3~rota. B d a ~ ~ o ~ 3gnHDe D O B H U K ~ U B 1845 e. 6bma snepsbre n o c ~ a s n e ~ a a ~ e p u ~ a n c u m onepa - "Jeo- ~ O ~ b f e H Q ~ D ~ O ~ ~ H U I I , coedu rcomoobl~:

nopa" Y u ~ b m a renpu BO M~orllX P a H H H X a M e P H K a H C K H X

onepax n~6perro c-rpornnwcb H a esponefic~wx cmxe~ax , HO K KOH- c/ " O M - ~ p o d e e ~ ' - n p o v e c c a ~ ~ b r f i , permucntuvec~ui TeaTp . B Ta-

K M X TeaTpax c~a6uJZzd He mOflbK0 MH)3UK./lbl, HO U KflaCCU\Cy, BmH)qaR ~y X I X B. K O M ~ I O ~ M T O P ~ I Bce qawe C T ~ L J I M 0 6 p a ~ ~ a m c ~ K a ~ e p H - De~cnl.rpa. ~ I E meamooe 1920,-1940-x zz. 6 6 ~ ~ XaDUtCmeDHM: K a H C K H M T e M a M . 3aflbl ( H a 200-500 M ~ C T ) - 3TH TeaTpbI n O > Y ~ M n I ?

5. OCHOenbmu c m w u amepumncmi numepamypbz Korya X I X 8. UU: H a 3 ~ a ~ l l e " P ~ Z U O H ~ A ~ H M ~ meampbl", M 6b1n1.1 pacnOnOmeHb1 B

(/ peanum. nkica~ena ~ T O ~ O ~ a n p a s n e ~ ~ ~ pa3sasana ruler? npeno- pa3nMqHbTX UTaTax CTPaHbI. Haa6onee M ~ B ~ C T H ~ I M H M3 N W X 6b1- n p e ~ e n e ~ ~ o c ~ ~ cynb6b1, 6 e c c ~ n ~ f l 4enoBeqe~Kofi BOnM. H36e~m- n~ n a c a e ~ a (ria OKpatlHe floc-~tmmeneca), Ape~a-C~e&iqm ( B

B a l U ~ ~ r r o ~ e ) ; ' noMolqb MeYeHamO6 KaK OCHOBa C y ~ e C T B O B a H M H TeaTpoB a ~ -

Teposl npo@eccuot~mb~b~e aKmepb1;

I/ "Oqbqb-oqbqb-Kpod8eli" - 6o~ee paduicana~oe merlenue, B O ~ I I H K - ~ ~ B 1960-e rr., d f l ~ KOmOWOZO 6b1~zl XaDUKmeDHbl:

• Jxerc ~ O H ~ O H (Jack London) - B CBOMX C O ~ M H ~ H M H X np0nara~- Heh'IbUMe 3mbI ( ~ a 40-60 M ~ C T ) ;

fiHpOBaTI WeH CHJIbHOrO aMepMKaHCKOC0 XapaKTepa, Ayx nePB0- M ~ ~ I . I ~ ~ H O C T ~ (Tea~pb1 CTHJIfl "0@@-0@@-6~oa~efi" yac~o n a ~ a - npoxoAUeB, C T X J I oseHb nonynHpHbIM; J I M C n e K T a u ~ B rapaxax, H a cmaqax, B noasanax, B pec~opa- Jyu3a Meii OflUomm, aBTOp " M a ~ e ~ b ~ o l i X ~ H ~ U H M " ("Little Hax, B CenbCKFiX ~ny6ax) ;

Women"); OcrnpaR COYUmbHaR ~ a n ~ a ~ l l e ~ ~ ~ ~ m b cne~mameli ( n o c ~ f l u e ~ ~ ~ • ~ ) P ~ H K HOPPUC (Norris, Frank), a B T O p " O c b ~ u ~ o z a " ("The a H T M P a C M C T C K I ? ~ , ~ H T I . I @ ~ L U M C T C K M M , aIlTMMHJIHTapHCTCKMM, 3 ~ 0 -

Octopus"); ~ O ~ ~ ~ C K M M n p o 6 n e ~ a ~ ) . Hau6o~ee useecrnrtbr~u amepuKaHcKuMu d p a ~ a m v o z a ~ u 6 ~ u : mdxun O'HUA ( O'Neill, Eugene ( 1888-1953); Tenneccu YURWC ( Williams, Tennessee (1911-1983;

Page 80: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

d &myp M w e p (Miller, Arthur (191.9; (/ .9a8apd 0 ~ 6 u (Albee, Edward Franklin ( 1928); d HUJ~ c a b t o n (Simon, (Marvin) Neil (1927).

f iaccuvec~uc meamp -came npo~onxan Pa3BMBaTbcRy H o Oc-

H ~ B H O ? 3a ~ y e m ~ P U B A ~ Y ~ H U I I ~ M ( I H ~ O @ ~3 ~ P Y Z U X CmPaH. B r- 3THHqe~mfi q Y 3 M H jwopa3~ ~ a / l a ~ ~ u e a & e ( E a ~ a ~ r u ~ , Balanchine, George) O C H O B ~ J A ~ e p u ~ a ~ c ~ y ~ ) accoL4ua4um 6mema, K o T o P a R

1940-x zz. n p e B p a T M n a c b B ~ b ~ o - l t o p r c c ~ u i zopodc~ou" 6a~tem.

2. O ~ H O B H ~ I M TeqeHMeM, I IOBJIMRB~MM B C ~ ~ H T ~ P ~ T Y P Y ~ ~ P B O ~ d 3KcnepunreHmmbHb~e CmUJtu. K p y n ~ b ~ f i n p e A c T a B M ~ e n b - AXOH nonoBHHJ-,I XX B., 6 b u ~ o d e p ~ u 3 ~ . B O ~ H M K H O B ~ H M ~ MOAePHH3Ma

6b l~o CBs3aHO c HOBbIMH ~ I ~ o ~ ~ ~ T ~ H M R M M , OTKPbITMRMM, A°CTMXe- Aoc naccoc (Dos P~SSOS, John Roderigo (1896-1970). HcnonbsoBm MeTOA " m H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ k i " , B COOTBeTCTBMM C KOTOpbIM B nOBeCTBOBa-

HMRMH. c 3 T O r 0 nepnona K a M e p M K a H c m M n M c a T e n R M nPMXOAMT HMe BBOARTCfi TeKCTbI M3BeCTHbIX necea, n p y r ~ x n p o w ~ e n e ~ a 3 ,

H a c T o R u a R MMpoBaR M3BeCTHOCTb. B XX 8. n ~ ~ d ~ ~ x ~ ~ ~ pa38u- 3arOJIOBKM H O B O C T ~ ~ ~ ;

d ~ e ~ e c c a ~ c r a p ~ t ~ ; a @ p o a ~ e p l . r ~ a ~ c ~ o e ABICKeHMe 1920-1930-x rr., KOTOpOMY 6 b m ~ C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I paCOBaR r O p A o c T b , X e n a H M e ~ 0 - ~ M T ~ C H B m i 3 ~ 1 4 nwuero. N 3 e e c m ~ ~ e aemoobl daHHozo cmlm:

a M e p a K a H c K o r 0 COqMYMa; MbICJIM, YyBCTBa n ~ o ~ e f i , c ~ o n ~ ~ y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A X ~ H T y ~ e p ( Toomer, Jean) - " TpocmH&" (" Caneu, 1923); c 3rn~1.1 n p 0 6 ~ 1 e ~ a ~ k i . ~ ~ ~ A C T ~ B I ~ T ~ J L ~ - s u m Bapmo~ (warton, Edith), a s T o p n p o ~ 3 ~ e ~ e ~ M f i OM Padocmu" (" The House of Mirth") 3opa H i Xepcmon (Hurston, Zora Neale (1901-1969 - "jjx

zfla3a Ha6flH)dm~ 32 6 0 ~ 0 ~ " (" Their Eyes Were Watching God., "Bo3pacm He@u~~ocmu" ("The Age of Innocence"); ,/ C o ~ U ~ b ~ b ~ i peajw,wbt u uamypmU3ht. ~ O A H I . ~ M ~ ~ T OcmPble coyuanbHb[e P ~ x ~ o ~ ~ . B 3TOM H a n p m e H m nponomam pa60~am

eonpocb[. H306pamae~ ~ e n e r ~ y m m a s ~ b n p o C T o r 0 H a P o A a , Pa3- Hoe KonwYecTBo aBTOpOB, M C n O J l b 3 y l O ~ H X p e r u O H m b H b I e Tpaqa- M b I m R e T 0 B03MOXHbIX P ~ @ O P M ~ X kf n p e 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H M R X q I ? H ki CTTEInM. eumenmu C O M U M ~ H O Z O peanu3~a 6bi.11~: . h m o ~ C u ~ u t i p ((Sinclair, Upton) - " , & ~ ~ z f l u " ("The Jungle", 3g &HO - H e aMePI. iKaHcKOe a306pe~e~ae . Ho o ~ o c o c ~ a ~ n ~ e ~ ac-

m*YMTenb~b~f i Bma ~ ~ P M K H B MMPOBJJIO &fKZ[yc~ppf~) pasaneye-

. Teodop Apac3ep (Dreiser, Theodore) - " C ~ C ~ P Q K~PPU'' ("Sister Hafi. H a q a ~ e 8. MHOrMe MMMMrPaHTbI ham^ ce6e pa6ol.y B

carrjeV, 1909, "@u~a~cucm" ("The Finansisf'), " h e p u ~ a ~ c ~ a f l K M H O ~ P O M ~ ~ ~ H H O C T H CLZIA, c y ~ e n ~ wena~a K a p b e p y B H060M

mpazedm" ("An American Tragedy", 192.9 ; 6 ~ 3 ~ e c e - noxa3e ~ o p o m x o ~ e m p a x e ~ B A e M o r - r c T p a u ~ o ~ ~ b ~ x 3anax . J x e ~ JIo~don (London, Jack) - "308 npupodbj' (" The Call of the Ha nepBblx 3 T a a x WaHMfi, K o T o p b I e ~a3b1~macb ' ) H ~ ~ e f l ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " , Wilrf', 1905); nOTOMY YTo BxoAHa5I n n a T a B HMX C o c T a B n R n a OAMH "HMKenbW (ncr-

. ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 i ~ J I ~ H ) U C (Sinelair Lewis) - " f f l a e ~ a ~ yfluya" ("Main T a ~ e H ~ O B M ~ ) - CP~AH HHX C3~?03flb rof ldsu~, Kapn Jeme, AdOflb$ Streef', 1920); ~ Y K ~ P , JYuc 6. Macep M 6pamb~ Yop~ep. C ~ o p ~ OHM y>Ke cToma . &03e$u~a Xep6cm (Herbst, Josephine) - "XafloCmu He docma- BO r n a ~ e npednpluzmuu' H O ~ O Z O muna - ~ u ~ o c m y d ~ ; . KpynHefimae moq~o" ("Pity is Not Enough", 1933). CTYAMM P a c n o n a r a ~ ~ ~ c b B Ionnusyde - n p ~ r o p o ~ e Jloc-~dxeneca

( W T ~ T K ~ M @ O ~ H M R ) .

Page 81: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

AeMOHCTpHpOBaJIH BbInyCKaeMbIe HMH ~ P J I ~ M ~ I M IIOCTORHHQ H F AaJTHCb l30 BCe HOBOM KHHOMaTepKaJe, B PG3YnbTaTe CTOJlb XeCTKO

pel'naMGHTkipOBaHHOr0 lTpOW3BOACTBeHHOTO n p O U e C C a 6b1no CO3Aa-

HO MHOrO 6blCOKOICaYeCmBeHHMX 3pedUWHblX JIeHT. B Q ~ H U K ~ ~ T yc- n e u I H a r r cucmema co3danu~. ~unpsee3b a npodau?~enurr icunonenm e

pemnccep; d Eecrnep Kurnon (Keaton, Bester ( 1895- 1966), BKTep- KO MHK;

(/ rapombd Jlmsrid (Lloyd, Harold (Clayton) (1893-1971), a K T e p - KOMMK HeMOI'O KRHO;

d 33eapd Po6uncon (Robinson, Edw~rd G. (1893-1974, a K T e p 3ByKO- BOl'O KMHO;

(/ @pea Acmop (Astaire, Fred ( 1899-1983, TaHUOp, a K T e p .

B owe 1940-x rr. cmyauu'nafl cucmema pyx~iyfirr no, nvuyu~ag: d ~ p y n ~ b l m cyae6~b1fi lTp0JJeCC Q HapYUleHMH aHTHTpeCTOBCKOr0 3a-

KQHOAaTWIbCTBa ~OJIJIMBYAOM, IlOCJIe KOTOPOI'O npou3eobcmes $u/lb- moe u ux npolcam 6bmu pa$efienai;

d n o r r e n e H u e mefiesudenrur. Bb1lTycK + H ~ ~ M O B p e 3 ~ 0 CoKpaTflncR, w npa ?TOM H e B m a H H o B~IPOCJH cpeqme npou3~odcmse~~ble sa- mpambl. r o n n ~ ~ y n c T p e M a n c 8 nosblcumb 3penuu(~ocmb, l~o~?cypupysz c mefie6~8eHueM, HO WCTO I I p O H T p b I B U B 3~0fi KOHKYPeHUHH.

4. B HUVUfle 6. IIORBnRIOTCH OpUZUliUflbllble UMepUlcaHCKUe CmUflU U

nanpasfienrur s my3airce: (/ 6 ~ ~ 3 ("ml'Ka5IW OPKeCTPOBaR M y 3 b l ~ a ) . & ~ c c u Y E ? c K ~ ~ ' , 2 0 ~ -

-X 22. 6 RU fO308 36 3 -X

f i r m ~ ? ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ $ a $ L z c a ~lpu::mt ( M , " R " ~ X e y e y l ~ ~ , " ~ d e M. Pridgett (1886-1939) - caMarr nepsarr a3 I L I H ~ O K O H ~ B ~ C T H ~ I X

6nIO30BbIx nesau, 'hama 6mm3aW (Ma Pef i~a - npo3sarue " M a ~ y u r ~ a P e f i H a " , Yp0)1(4eHHaR ~ ~ w x ~ T T ) ;

Eeccu Cmum (Smith, Bessie (1894-1937) - B e A y u a H acnonaa- TenbHHIJa 6 n m 3 0 ~ CBOerO BpeMeHH;

(/ dxa3 ( " x ~ c T K ~ H " , ~ ~ I C T P ~ H , 3 H e p r w q H a R OpKeCTpOBaR M Y ~ ~ I K ~ ) .

Ponw~ofi nxasa c r a T a r o T c x ropona q a ~ a r o a H o ~ b r t i Opnea~. ~ ~ ~ B o H ~ ' I & T ~ H o A X a 3 w r i S U I 3 HCKJIIOWTTenbHO Y e p H b I e MY3bIKaH-

TbI. B 1920-e IT. IIORBIlnHCb H e p B b I e 6 e n b 1 e MY3bIKaHTb1, IWpaIO-

uae muas. Kouonsz~u liev~ozo dzcasa 6 b m : Amlc 3nmu~zmon (Ellington, Duke (1899-1974, n H a a a c T , A a p m e p ;

Yumbmt Xendu (Handy, William) (1873-1954, B 1914 r. corn- H H n 3 H a ~ e H k I ~ b I f i 6nm3 - " C ~ H - ~ ~ Y U 6nw3" - 3 T 0 6 b M 0 n O n H 0 -

c ~ b m A X ~ ~ O B O ~ n p o a 3 ~ e ~ e ~ a e . KO-uomu 6enozo dzcasa szsmnucb:

A x o p d x repureun ( Gershwin, George ( 1898- 1933, amop nep- ~ o f i H ~ ~ P H T R H C K O ~ ~ o n e p b I "l7opzu u t;eccW, a T a m e "Pancoduu s cmune 6nm3" (wna "rony6asz Pancodusz"); Hom Y a i i m a n (Whiteman, Paul (1891-1967); Imen M u e p (Miller, Glenn (1904-1944) a np.

C O B ~ ~ M ~ H H ~ I ~ My3bIKOBeDbI A X a 3 OTHOCRT K KJIaCCHKe. B llOAaB-

JLFIIOueM ~ o ~ ~ I L I M H c T B ~ aMepHKaHCKHX ~ 0 n n e ~ X e f i a A a X e mkon HMeeTCR AXa30BbIf i OPKeCTP.

B 1930-1940 IT. C@UHZ, CTHnb, KOrAa TOJTOC O n e p e X a e T MY3bIKy,

t ; e ~ ~ u r y d ~ a ~ a , 6pambes Aopcu u r n e ~ a Munnepa coenman B ce6e O C O ~ ~ H H O C T H A X a 3 a , C @ O ~ M H ~ O B ~ B JWHKaJIbHyIO aMepHKaHCKyIo

MY3bIKy, KOTOPaR 6 b ~ a IIOnYJLFiPHa TrO B c e f i CTpaHe.

5. ~ J I ~ B H M kiAeR aMepllKaHCKOr0 u306pmumemb~ozo UCKycCm@U n e p B 0 f i

IIOnOBHHbI XX B. - O u Y u e H W e c e 6 ~ YUCmbH) MUp08020 UCKYCCmBU. HO n o - I I p e X H e M y OYeHb BaXHbIMM TeMaMH RBnRIOTCR np06fieMbl UMepUKUHCKOZO o6lyecmsa, O C O ~ ~ H H O B HePAOA Bena~ofi Ael lpeC-

CHIT; YYBCTBO OAWHOYeCTBa PI YHbIHHR. ~ O C I I O A C T B Y I O ~ H ~ ~ CTElJIb B

~ 3 0 6 p a 3 a ~ e n b H o ~ HCKyCCTBe - peUflU3.M Bed-VUUMU UMepUKUHCKU- MU ~ ~ O N H U K U M U mOZ0 UDeMeHU 6b1nu:

(/ 3bsapd Xonnep (Hopper, Edward (1882-1967); (/ Axelco6 Jloypenc (Lawrence, Jacob (191 7-2000).

Page 82: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США
Page 83: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

. - x

- .. - n 5 ... z 0 " F S E O L a o a + Z G %.rxii"e2 g ~ l ~ g g Q 2

biaLbaj9u2 & i e ; i ~ d s & d

Page 84: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

168

JIHHbI kl 3 a n a Q H O f i Bapm~aa. 3 H a 9 a ~ e n b H O P a C U l l p M n

@ o n ~ a 606 fluman (Dylan, Bob (1941), saro~opasmafi o HbIX COYUaRbHbLX npo6fle~ax, O C O ~ ~ H H O H a TeMy OTCpCTBwI n p a B

s e p H o K o m c v r a M e p a K a w e B . A m a ~ npmen A s m e a a e @OJIK K cnna POKa U @0f l~a. O A H ~ U 3 rJIaBHbIX IIpH9MH, no KOTOPO~~ POK OCTaeT

OCHOBH~IM H a n p a s n e H a e M non-~y3b1~a B A M e p a K e (a B 3 ~ a r a ~ ~ e n b ~ o f i YaCTM OCTaJIbHOrO M a p a ) , 3aKnW9aeTCR B TOM, 9TO OH 06- n m a e T cnoco6~oc~bm accaktmaposam nm6ofi ~pyrofi BW ~ ~ I K E I .

,l(ucrco (Disco). IIorrymp~b~ii BO B T O P O ~ ~ n o n o B U H e 1970-x IT. c ~ m b ~ a H ~ e B a J I b H 0 f i MY3bIKE.I. O A H ~ B 3 " 3 B e 3 ~ " AMCKO - f l 0 ~ ~ a ~ ~ e p . B 1980-e IT. H a c M e H y n a c K o npaurna M e H e e n p m o n ~ ~ e 3 ~ b ~ e i " @ ~ H I C " (Funk) Pi er0 pa3HOBWHOCTb 'b3n".

Xapd-porc u apm-porc (hard-rock and art-rock). 1T/1R o6oux ~ a n u a e ~ e - HUG xapalcmepHb1:

4 BHPTY03HaR H r p a ;

4 o6anae 3ByKOTeXHHKH;

3aMblCJIOBaTbIe TeKCTbI.

~cnoflttumeflu: 4 fly Pud (maBHb1f i CTUJIb - 3JIeKTPoHHbIfi I Ion-pOK);

4 3muc Kynep ('kopoma yxacos" - B b I c T y n a e T H a cuese B s ~ c ~ p a s a - r a H T H o M c T a n e ( ~ a n p a ~ e p , pa3pbleaem Ha cqeHe w u e b ~ ~ rcypuq u 6pocaem ux orcpoeae f l e~~~e ocmaHlcu e nuyo 3pumeflm). PeZZu. C O B p e M e ~ ~ b d i ~)'3blK&JIhHbdi &flb~120~ ~ M ~ G K U . C T ~ C@OP-

MUpOBaJICR ~ T ~ M ~ J I M ~ U T ~ J I ~ H O B 1968 Z., n p 0 m R u e n b T ~ ~ H c @ o ~ - ~auaf i . Y ucmolcoe vezzu cmomu:

4 ~ a p ~ 6 c K a f i @OJIbKnOp;

4 n o n y n x p H b I e CTUJIH sepaofi M Y ~ ~ I K M CUIA. M Y ~ ~ ~ K V VeZzU omnuramm:

4 0 ~ 0 6 b 1 f i PHTM;

4 cneua@asec~~f i 3 ~ y ~ .

CUMBOJIOM 3~0fi MY3bIKH CnPaBeAIIHBO CYBTaIOT PiClTOJlHHTeJIFI 60- 6a Mapmu (x~aficmfi neseu).

Bonpoc 51. C k l c ~ e ~ a 06pa30sa~kln B CUlA

1 1 . Cucmema 06pa30sanllrr s CIUA emmltaem cneddvmuue cmaduu: 4 AOUKOJIbHOe 06pa30sa~ae;

' 4 HaYaJIbHUI LUKOJIa;

4 M n a g u r a r r cpenam u r K o n a ;

4 c T a p u r a r r c p e A H m u r K o n a ;

4 B b I c u r e e 06pa30~a~ae .

2. flourrcomanaie omdemenurr 06qecrnsennaix urrcom n o c e q a e T 6onee 60% B c e x 5 - n e ~ ~ a x ne~efi. C y q e c ~ ~ y m ~ a vacmnaie dourrcoma~aie y'lpexde~llrr. m K O J I b 1 LLlIR ne~efi OTKPbIBamT " L [ O U I K O ~ ~ H ~ I ~ na60- pa~opaa" npa K o n n e n x a x , p e n a r ~ o 3 ~ b 1 e o 6 q a ~ b 1 , p o n a T e n b c K a e

KOOnepaTHBbI Pi I I p O s l l e ~ 0 6 p O B O J I b ~ b l e O ~ ~ ~ A H H ~ H H R .

Havananm urrcoma - TO C a M o c T o R T e m H o e we6~0e s a ~ e n e ~ a e , me o d u ~ pumeflb eedem ece ~ ~ H R ~ U R c rcflacco~. 06vre~rre eedemc~ no ~ ~ ~ ~ U U U O H H O M - V nnaliv u smmrnem marcue ducuunnu~bl. lcalc:

4 9 T e H a e ;

4 n a T e p a T y p a ;

4 nUCbM0;

4 op@orpa@a~; 4 P O A H O ~ ~ R3bIK ( Y C T H ~ R pe9b); 4 MY3bIKa;

4 E i 3 0 6 p a 3 k i ~ e J I b H o e MCKYCCTBO;

4 a p E i @ M e ~ k i K a ;

4 HCTOpaR;

4 r e o r p a @ a f i ;

4 eCTeCTBO3HaHUe;

4 rarweaa; 4 @ M ~ U ~ ~ C K O ~ BOCnUTaHMe;

4 p w ~ o f i TPYA. B COOTB~TCTBUH c p e 3 y ~ b m a m ~ ~ u mecm08 ~a~blu leu ' demm HU

z-D.vnn bl:

4 A - " o A ~ ~ ~ H H ~ I x " ;

4 B - " H O P M ~ J I ~ H ~ I X " ;

4 C - " H ~ C ~ O C O ~ H ~ I X " .

Page 85: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

_ 1 O6ylrenue du&qbepenyupyemcrl. Co C ~ O C O ~ H ~ I M ~ ~ BeAyTcR cepbe3-

HbIe, HaCbIU@HHble 3aHRTMR C nOBOJIbHC) BbICOKHMI4 T P ~ ~ O B ~ H M I I M H K 3HaHmM PaU[kiXCR. ~ T U AeTki " 0 p k i e ~ ~ ~ ~ C ) B a ~ b l Ha K O ~ J I ~ A X "

y>Ke C nepBbIX J E T O ~ ~ ~ I ~ H M R B IllKOfie. K ApyrUM KaTerOPkiRM Tpe- 6oaasaa H m e .

Cpedwul wtcona B CUlA 0 6 b m ~ 0 de~umcg Ha dse cmpettu - rcaw- dux no 3 zoda: MnqqIllym;

cTapmym. B madweii cpedneli urrcone, KaK M H a ~pyrkix CTYneHm 06pa30sa-

Hag, Hem e d u ~ b l ~ yre6rtbrx nflatiO6, IIporpaMM, y ~ e 6 H t r K o B . Kawbrfi

lrr~onb~brii OKPYI' pa3pa6a~braae~ CBOM peKoMemauan K pacnpene- neHum yre6aoro BpeMeHn, nonroTasnasaeT CBOH nporpaMMbI no OT-

n e n b ~ b ~ ~ h k i c r . t ~ n n ~ ~ a ~ . Qdnmo m e a m m wle&aiuue edu~bre m a n - davmbr d m madulux ul~od: ylre6nbrli zod npononncaeTc4 170-186 dneu'; neTki O ~ ~ ~ I O T C R 5 dneu' B wenenm;

y~re6Hb12i rOA, KaK npasmo, nenaTccI Ha cefiecmpbr; B 8-M nxacce noxmrreTcR cucmma sbr6opa npedmemos, npki TOM 06~3m?~eflbH MMU n p e d ~ e m a ~ u psmlomc~:

aHrJIIi~cKMfi R3bIK;

C K O X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ " ) - rOTOBHT WeHkIKa K H ~ ~ O C ~ ~ A C T B ~ H H O ~ ~

npaK~kisecK0fi AeHTenbHOCTki;

(/ "0614eu' nodzomosrcu" - naIoT o6qae 3HaHkiR, HO B 06'6e~e, HeAOC-

TaTosHoM HH nnR nocTynneHkix B ~ y 3 , HH AJIH sb160pa onpenenea- ~ o f i npo@ecckiki..

L T ~ K H M 06pa30~, 3arconlrus cpednroro UIGOAY, paquecrr & I ~ K T M ~ ~ C K ~

kiMeIOT COBepmeHHO pa3JIUYHyH) nodzomosrcy.

Oue~lca 3 ~ a ~ u i i 6 cved~eii utlcode nvoucxodllm 6 cfiedvwure~ no~adlce: b' O ~ U H pa3 8 20dy CnaIoTCR CTamapTH3kipOBaHHbIe meCmbl ("Tecm

Xe~nr0~-Heflbc0~") YMCTBeHHbIX C ~ I S ) C O ~ H O C T ~ ~ ~ ki 06pa30Ba~eJbH0-

r0 pa3BkiTkiX, nPkiH5iTbIe BO B ~ e f i CTpaHe;

b' odun pa3 s neduro kina raqe, a kiHorna 2-3 pasa B ceMecTp (no pelrreakim y~ki~enx) cnamTcR 3ase~b1 ki TecTbI snymp~nxa~cnozo rconmpom. C U C ~ Z ~ ~ oyenorc O ~ ~ I U H O 6y1ctzenn~~1, no nepBbIM mTki 6 y ~ ~ a ~ am- nkific~oro anaaski~a. B utlcoflax u ~ e w m c a ~ned~vwwue omemlcu:

b' A - nOCTORHH0 6 6 1 ~ 0 ~ ~ u ' Y'OtZeHb rOTOBHOCTki, my6o~kie 3HaHkiR ki

OPkirkiHXTbHOCTb ( O T ~ H ~ H O ) , - (1 5 % ~ Y ~ I I J H X C B ) ;

b' B - yposem 6onee sbrcorcui, lrm cpednuu' (xopomo), - (25% m- m c x ) ;

b' C - cpednuu' ypO8eHb BbIllOJIHeHKR 3rnaHkifi (cpen~e), - (35% y ~ a q a x c ~ ) ;

b' D - ~~~UMaJlbllbfu' YpOBeHb 3HaHkifi (Hkixe cpen~ero), - (15% y.raqkixc~);

b' F - neydowemsopumenbnbre pe3ynb~a~b1 kinn nonHoe ~ e s ~ a ~ a e yre6soro MaTepkiana, - ( 10% ~ a u a x c ~ ) . C~eneHb YCneBaeMOCTki C, K a K npaBHn0, ~ e o 6 x o d u ~ a d m npodod- MeHU 06ylienm B d06b ln~~ lc~0 f i lIepkiOn; OUeHKa B RBnReTCR 0 6 ~ -

3a~enbHofi &TR n p o d o f l ~ e ~ u x 0 6 y l i e ~ ~ 6bl~yClcHUlcOM. Anx nonylrenwr dunnoma no orconlranuu cpedneu' urrconar B ~ I ~ Y C K H H -

KaM AOCTaTOYHO lT0nyYIlTb 3alriembl no 16 arcademulrecrcum KypCtlM B ~ e s e ~ k i e nocnen~k~x 4 nem 0 6 y ~ e ~ k i x . P e l c o ~ e ~ d o ~ a ~ o 06~3flmeflb- Hoe u3.wenue mmu "6a3osblx ducuunflu~". 3mo:

(/ a~mkific~kifi R3bIK (4 r 0 ~ a ) ;

b' MaTeMaTkiKa (3 r0na);

b' eCTeCTBeHHbIe HayKki (3 rona); b' COUkiilJIbHbIe HayKH (3 rona); b' BJImeHkie K O M ~ ~ I O T ~ P H O ~ ~ rpaMOTHOCTbI-0 (0,5 r0na).

Page 86: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

K p o ~ e T o r o , y.raml.recrr, xenaroque npodoflxcumb o6ylie~ue B B ~ I G UIeM F ~ ~ H O M 3aBeAeHMM, AOnXHbI np0f iTki %-flemH~lI KypC UHO

CmpaHHOZO S3blKa. B CmA MMeeTCR 6onee 30 mblc. YaCmHblX fUlcOfl, KOTOPbIe CO AePXaTCR 38 CqeT B3HOCOB OT YaCTHbIX JIM9 W B3MMaHMR IInaTbI 0 6 y ~ e ~ a e . Mx nocemae~ o K o n o 25% utrcoflbrrurcoe. TO - I-IPMBA r H p o s a H H a a npocnofi~a Y q e H m o B . EO~~UIAHCTBO n o c e U a e T ro AapCTBeHHbIe UIKOn 61.

O ~ o n o 99% demei, OKOHP~MBUIMX AeTcanoBcKMe rpynnbr, nocmyna em 8 utrcofly (C 6 AO 13 n e ~ ) , 94% u3 H U X npononxae-r 06y~enue 17 n e T . 29% m ~ o u e f i a AeByureK B ~ o s p a c ~ e OT 18 do 24 Aem c HOBRTCR c m y d e ~ m a ~ u ~ o n n e ~ x e i i M yHMBepcMTeToB,

3. nonyrenue sarcuezo 06pa3osanurr s CLUA oc .v~uecme~~emc~: d B KOJIneAxaX;

d YHMBepCMTeTaX.

K o n n e n x ~ npeanaram n p o z p w b l 06yrenu~, C ~ ~ B H M M ~ I ~ c n e p s b I - MM 2 zodmu o6yqeam B yrrueepcumeme. Konnedwu nped/lazarom rcvpcbl:

d o614ero O ~ P ~ ~ O B ~ H M H ;

d TeXHMqeCKOrO 0 6 p a 3 0 B a ~ M R ;

d ~ T ~ o @ ~ c c M o H C U I ~ H O ~ O 06yqe~wr ( K O T O P ~ I ~ L[aXYC CTYAeHTaM KOHKpeT- HYKJ cneyu~anocma). n o c ~ o n b ~ y 3adareu' rconnedxa ~enrremm npedocmae~e~ue B O ~ M O X H O -

CmU 06pa30ea~un f lm60~y 3tCeflUH)U(eMY7 MeCTHbIe KOJIJIeAXA O ~ ~ I Y H O IIpMHMMaloT ~ O J I ~ U [ A H C T B O CTYAeHTOB, OTBeqaIOUMX OCHOBHbIM T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H H M , M npeWar 'a loT UIIPOKK~~ Bb160p npeAMeTOB n p M CpaB- HMTenbHO H ~ 3 1 ~ 0 l . i CmOWOCmU 06ylie~ux. ~renare cmenenu e CILIA me x e , umo u e dpvzux ~HZnOJ73blYHblX 1

B CmA OKOnO 90 mblC. 2 0 C y d ~ p C m ~ e ~ ~ b l ~ M OKOnO 30 mblc. WCm- HblX UIKOJI, B KOTOPbIX O ~ Y ~ ~ H Y T C R OKOJIO 55MH LUKOflbHUICO~ PI pa- 6 o ~ a m ~ 6onee 3 MRH y ~ u m e ~ e i . C p e n ~ m sapn~ama y ~ u m e m 13 zocydapcmee~~oC utrcofle n p e s b I r r r a e T

40 mblc. dam. B ron, c p e n H e r o n o s a R c y w a pacxodoe Ha 0dH020 yve- Hurca - 6500 dom. U ~ c n o eblcutux y~e6Hbl~ 3aeedeuui B CLUA npeabrruae~ 4000. B HMX o K o n o 2 M H npenodaeameflei 06y.ram-r 6onee 15 M H cmyde~moe.

Rpo@eccop 4 - r o n M ~ f I o r 0 rOCyAapCTBeHHOr0 By3a B CpeAHeM ITOny- q a e T 70 mblc. donn. B ron M 6onee. XOTR TePMMHbI "KOIIII~AX" A "YHMB~PCMT~T" H e MAeHTM4Hb1, OHM WCTO B3aPIM03aMeHReMbI B C O ~ A H H ~ H H ~ I X U I T ~ T ~ X . O ~ ~ N H O KOA- nebmu npennaram 4 - z o d u ~ n y ~ ) npozpammy O ~ Y ~ ~ H M S I , no3~0nm- UyIO lTOny.iMTb CTeIIeHb barcanaspa. Konne~xw M O r v CyUeCTBO- BaTb Iie3UBUC1UU0, n p e A n a r a R MCWrloqMTeJIbHO nPOZPaIUMb1 BblCUle20 HUYUJlbHOZO 06pa30ea~ucr, a M O r v RBnRTbCR YaCmbH) yHU8epCUmemU. B CLUA 6onee 1350 MecmHblx ~onnenxefi M 2000 rconfledxeli: u y~ueepcumemoe. M 3 3~0ro qmna racmttblx - 65%. Ynusepcumemar - ~y3b16onee s b ~ c o ~ o r o ~POBHH.

rocvdapcmee~~ble v~usevcumemb~ e CUIA nodpasdefl~mmcsl Ha dee O C H O ~ H ~ ~ C rcamezovuu:

d nayrlno-ucc/redosamencc~ue ynusepcumemar. O ~ M ~ H T M P O B ~ H ~ I H a Ha- yu~o-ucmedoeamenbcrcy~,~ a T a m e nedazozurecrcyro pa6o~y. B MeHb- LUek CTeneHM CBR3aHbI C IIPMKJIa4HbIMM MCCJIeAOBaHMRMK M B 6onbue2 - c meopemurecrcuMu;

d ynueepcumemar muna "nend-zpanm" u "cu-zpanm", TaK ~ a 3 6 1 s a e ~ b r e "3e~eJIbHbIe" M ''MOPCKI.~~". fleJ'IaI0~ )'lTOp H a ~ ~ U K J ~ U ~ H O M UCnOflb308a- HUU ~ H ~ H u L ~ B CenbCKOM X O ~ I I ~ ~ C T B ~ , TeXHOJIOrMM M MaUIMHOCTPOeHMM

("JIeHA-rpaHT") A B O ~ J I ~ C T H MOPCKMX M C C J I @ K O B ~ H M ~ ~ ("cM-V~HT").

flyruumu ynusepcumemamu CILL4, B X O ~ R U M M M B "Juzy Hnlorya " ('Tvy League '3 RB~RIOTCR 8 y~ctsepcumemoe:

d Iapeapdc~ui; d Henacruuli; d npuncmonc~ui; d Konyrn6uic~ui; d Ilencmasancicu P; d Kopnemaciculi ynueepcumemar; d Ynusepcumem 6payna; d f l a p l l l ~ y b ~ ~ ~ u ' ~ o m e b x .

B ~ ~ C O I C O I C O ~ U D V ~ O ~ C S :

d M H W ~ ~ H C K M ~ ~ ;

d U A K ~ I ' C K H ~ ~ ; d K a r r ~ @ o p ~ ~ f i c ~ ~ f i ( E e p w r t r ) ;

d M J U I k i ~ ~ f i ~ K k i f i YHMBePCMTeTbI;

d Macca~yce~c~kifi ~ e x ~ o n o r ~ s e c ~ k i f i MHCTMT~T;

d Y w r b ~ ~ c - K O ~ ~ ~ A X ;

d A M X ~ ~ C T K O I U I ~ A X ;

d Y ~ ~ ~ c ~ H - K o ~ ~ A x M AP.

Page 87: Сенченко И.А. - Государство и право, история и культура Великобритании и США

B H Y T ~ M 3~0fi V Y n n b I " C Y ~ ~ P B Y ~ O B " 60mue YaCTHbIX BY30B, 9e rOCyaapCTBeHHbIX.

CUmembl , KOTOPbIe Jl@RIIH)mCJl CCUNbIMU npeCmU3YCHbIMU. A ~ H H ~ I YHMBePCMTeTbI OCTPO K~HKYPMPJ'IOT ApyT C ApyTOM. ~ ~ P B ~ P A C9M

TaeTCR 6onee 3aKPbITbIM ( " K ~ C T O B ~ I M " ) M aPMCTOKpaTklZIeCKMM

n e n b - OTHOCMTeJIbHO OTKPbITbIM I? AeMOKpaTkI9eCKMM.

~ O C T J T I M T ~ B r a p ~ a p ~ MJIM nenb 0 9 e H b T p y a H O - H ~ O ~ X O ~ M M

CAaTb CJIOXHbIe 3K3aMeHb1, BKmOYaR TeCTbI H a C O O ~ P ~ ~ M T ~ J I ~ H O C T ~

HO ezye u o x r i e e - nonyclurnb p ~ d petco~eridayuu' ' ) C U ~ ~ ~ L X Mupa ce 20': 6e3 PeKOMeHnauMM n0CTynMTb npaKTM9eCKM HeB03MOXHO

KPOMe TOrO, BJIHHTeJIbHble JIIoAM H e C n e U a T MX AaBaTb ( H a n p M M e p

n 0 ~ 0 X H f i I I O p m O K CyUeCTByeT n p M IIOCTyrrJIeHMM B B ~ c T - n 0 f i H T

BbICUJW BOeHHJW a K a e M M I o CmA: 9~0661 CTaTb TOJIbKO a611~yp~- eHTOM B ~ c T - ~ O # H T ~ H a 4 0 I IOJIpMTb peKOMemar[MIO CeHaTOpa

CLUA OT m a T a , me n p o m s a e T a 6 1 ? ~ y p a e ~ ~ , n p I l r e M c e H a T o p MO-

X e T AaTb PeKOMeFlAaUMIo B r O a TOnbKO OTpaHM9eHHOMY sMCJIy Xe- n a I o u H x n p H c o 6 n m e ~ ~ u uenoro pRAa I $ o p ~ m ~ b z x ~ p e 6 o s a ~ ~ f i ) . 0 6 p e ~ ~ e B rapsapne M nene T a m e noporoe n p o 6 b r u ~ o r o a M e -

p a K a a u a - OT 20 ao 50 T ~ I C R ~ aonn B roa (HO c y u e c T B y e T n o p R -

&OK 0 6 p e ~ 1 . 1 ~ B KpeaMT - K p y n H b I e KOMMepYeCKMe CTPYKTYPbI 38-

P a H e e Onna'-IMBaIoT o 6 p e ~ ~ e nepCneKTMBHbIX MOnOAbIX JIIOnefi, HO

nocne o 6 p e ~ ~ ~ OHM 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ b 1 o ~ p a 6 o ~ a ~ b B O ~ ~ ~ H M ~ ~ U M R X , onna- TMBUMX MX 0 6 y q e ~ ~ e ) . ~ O M H M O 3TOrO YHHBepCMTeTbI 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ b 1

0 6 e c n e ~ ~ ~ b pa6o~ofi B C B O ~ O ~ H O ~ OT pe6b1 BpeMR MaJlOMMyuMX

CTyAeHTOB, 9~06b1 IIOCJIeaHMe MOrJIM MMeTb CpeACTBa H a o6ecne- s e m e X M ~ H M B n e p M o A 0 6 p e H M R . C Y ~ ~ C T B ~ T T a m e p a 3 n a s ~ b 1 e

TOB ( T ~ ~ H T ~ I I? AP.).

rapsapn MnM nenb a a e T " n y ~ e ~ ~ y B X M ~ H ~ " O K O H ~ M B U M M MX CTY-

AeHTaM. MMHMMYM B ~ I ~ Y C K H M K Y r a p ~ a p ~ a ana n e n ~ cpasy nocne o K o H s a H a R ~ y s a r a p a H T M p o B a H a pa6o~a c o w r ~ o ~ H e M e H e e 100 TbICR9 AOJIA B Ton . Tame r a p ~ a p ~ M nenb RBnRIOTCR ~ y 3 H M I J e f i

~ M ~ ~ H K ~ H C K O ~ ~ ( M H e TOJlbKO ~ M ~ ~ M K ~ H C K O ~ ~ ) 6a3~ec- M IIOJIMTM-

qec~of i ~ J I M T ~ I , B TOM wcne ee BbIcrnHx c n o e B . B rapsapae p ~ - JIMCb @paHKiTMH P Y ~ B ~ J I ~ T M AXOH K e H H e a M , h b 6 e p T TOP M EWUI ref i~c. B ~ I ~ ~ C K H H K ~ M M f i e J I R RBJIRloTCR Amopm E y U - o T e U , EMJKJI

I? X M n n a p M KJIMHTOH~I, AXOH Keppx. H b ~ H e U H l l f i n p e 3 m e H T

CwA AXOPAX Y o K ~ ~ 6ym RBJIReTCR BbIIIYCKHMKOM M rap~apaa, M

f i e J I R OAHOBpeMeHHO.

I1PVIJlOXEHME 1. CWA - 3 T 0 UlTATbl B C U A cyuecTByeT noroBopKa "CILIA - smo iurnarnbr". C y ~ b 3 ~ 0 i i IIOrOBOPKH B TOM, YTO eCnM JUIR MHOCTpaHUeB CmA - 3TO B IIepBym Osepeab KpynHOe MOHOnHTHOe rOCydapCTB0, TO aMepHKaHUes C m - 3M COfO3 IIITaTOB. WEIT (State - nOCJIOBH0 - ~ O C ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B O ) - 3TU tOCy&apCTBO B MMHKaTK)Pe. W T ~ T HMeeT CBOH HcTOpPffO, KyJIbWPY, Tp@HUMM, 3aKOHOllaTenbCTBO. WTafbl oqeHb cunbHo OTnHqamwn npyr o r npyra r e p p ~ ~ o p ~ e f i , HaceneHMeM, Mema- XMTeTOM, KnllMaTOM I4 JI~HRu~@ToM ( ~ ~ ~ c H ~ I K ~ H H ~ R M CKOBaHHan rlerl~ok ~epanorofi kr rac~a oTnmaemn OT Tponatlec~ofi M ~ O ~ O T M C T O ~ ~ O n o p ~ n b ~ ; ro- PMCTaR M TIyCTblHHaR AprXJo~a d OT ~ ~ B H H H H O ~ O H H~@'P~HOCHOP Texaca; Te- nnan t.r KyPOpTHaR K U H @ O ~ H H ~ d OT ITpOMblUrneHHOrO Hbm-MoPK~). Korna aMepHKaHUb1 3HaKOMmCII, OHH 06R3a~e~lb~o CllPaUIMBafOT: "I43 KaKOrO Tbl

Ur~a~a?" Yxe caMa npaHWemHocTb qenoseKa K onpeneneHHoMy utraTy no- 3BOJlReT CKa3aTb 0 HeM OYeHb MHOTOe. B DaHHOM npHnOXeHHH JIaeTCR OCHOBHas HH@OPMBUMII 0 KElmOM UTaTe, qT0 weeT 6onbmoe s ~ a s e ~ ~ e npu H ~ ~ Y ~ H M H MCTOPHM M ~ y n b ~ y p b ~ CLUA.

A4&&ma Alabama - wTaT Ha lore CWA <und. "pacWutaK)mne 3apocnnn nnn "co6npa- renn pacTe~nfi">. Corcpnu(enue: AI. npossuu(a: "cepnue &~KCM" ["Heart of Dixie"], " U T ~ T ~ a ~ e n u . r d ["Camellia State"], " U T ~ T OBCRHKM" ["Yellowhammer State"], " rura~ nurepnu" ["Lizard State"], " X J I O ~ K O B ~ I ~ ~ m ~ a ~ " ["Cotton State"]. X u m e ~ b ulmnmai ana6a~eu [Alabaman]. Cmofluqa: 2. M O H T ~ O M ~ P H [Montgomery]. fieeu.3: " M ~ I pemmmHo 3ilmnllfaeM CBOH npaaa" ["We dare defend our rights"]. n e c n ~ : "krra6a~a" ["Alabama"]. Usemorc: KaMenm [Camellia]. fiepeso: cocHa roman [Southern Pine]. nmuqa: oecnHKa [Yellowhammer]. mr6onee u3eecmnble ona6ahiubc:

c/ A a p o ~ X ~ H K [Aaron, Hank], 6eiic60nucT; c/ S a ~ ~ x e n Tannyna [Bankhead, Tallulal~], aKTpnca; c/ l i n s ~ Xbloro [Black, Hugo L], nonnTHK n mpwcT; c/ 6paf ia~f non ("MenseJIb") [Bryant, Paul ("Bear")], @ ~ o n n c T ; c/ Kapsep ,&Kopw [Carver, George Washington], Herp-arpoXKMKK; c/ Koyn H ~ T K H H ~ [Cole, Nat King], nonynffp~h~fi neseu; c/ X3HRM YHJI~FIM [Handy, William C.], KOMn03MTOP; c/ Kennep X e n e ~ [Keller, Helen], cneno-myxarr nMcaTenbHnua n nenaror; c/ n n Xapnep [Lee, Harper], nxcaTenbHnua; c/ nync ,&KO [Louis, Joe], 6o~cep; c/ Meic Y m n [Mays, Willie], 6ef ic6on~c~; c/ M o p r a ~ OH [Morgan, John Hunt], reHepan;