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T I" "" 4' 1I", /" ", " fin .",d ,1" /)" ., H b,IIl"" It",·, <l pl,J("1",,1t '" "''' ""'<JI')' ""d p"p"I... • ,,1' d.' lit" CllI:'" bo ' I,dall..../.

R H aD E I SLA ND HI STORY

1' lIbli, twd InTIlt RIIO Dt hL"ll l ll"!oMICH . ..... .U .1 \

:'2 P() \" t. R "I R f fl. PRO \ IIH " n :. k llODf, h L"", O

O~)t) and pI m u-d In ;1 grant III Ilw

"'1 ,\ "11 O f MItOIlI ' \' _A:"'O .\ ' 0 1'110\' 101 :"(: .

1'1.." 1\1 /0' \ . J. JU'o('ph G.urah" Gon'r nm .

Dunca n H un ter :l.la ur a n, pr,.udnlll jen ni .. L Stark , ,'IU' p".lId"ntjame-, F. Twaddell. vu r p u .u dnll

David W. Duma s. srcreta rvTalbot Rantoul , 8ul\ta"t ,/"rr,.'aq"G t'oql;(' II . Cit rna . t U Q ,\IITt"

J ohn 1-1 . (>r u n , a U H t/HlI t rI"Q.I IHO

..\ II>rTl T . J\1 ~I)f" r~ . lim'Tlm

C lifford I' . ~1()llaholl . director ernernus

PI ' II 11C ",1 10:-" CO\I \ 11r-r ~ ~

SI U;lr r C . S!u 'IIIl;ln , chatr manI kill v 1..1'. HI'I kwirh , JI.1\lr ' , P h ilL p D;l\ i ,\\" 'I ldrl l D , (; ;1111'11

Cha l!!" E. :"1'11Xonn.m W. xm uhGordon S. Wood

'lio n:O-; alln Fi,IWI C IUIt!;"1l 11, edstnr.'\'od P . Con lo l1 . lI/a 'IfI~ "'g rtllllH

.\1;1I"la P" I ~I ' . pnturr n i l/o r

I~S : OO~5· -I 6J 9

lvsued Q tl;lll t",h ;1I P lu \ uk,UI'. Rh, ><k leland.Fd Jl ll ;iI \ . :\1<1\ . _ \ I I ~ I " I .•md :o.,; fl\ c'mho ~ t'l f )nd

cla - -, f)l " I .I ~t ·IJ.l HI .11 I· ! ,n uk lll " . R hode- lela nd

T"~ R 11'1(/" "fn'''' 1/ /II '" /1 '1 f SUI mv IH.Il011l" \ 1/"

' r 'IHH/ I /h l1lt \ , fur 1l1'I'IIlIl" IIf nmtrlbu/fHI.

T'ahle of Cmllf'lIh

.\ vtan Who Dan..llo Sl a ml .\ 10I1t' -

.\ Sitl, ' Ii .~tll 0 11 IIII' 0 .." R" bdlioll I K I ~ - I RII

bv , \f(l r~(lTl"1 Brnehnm vultu.el! .1.';

:-.: i lli~ It' I " .L.. t il , 01 Al Ionuno d.u ionInd ia n Di p l lJlll;ll \ in Xe-w EIl ~I<Ul d 1t-i.'S7 - lfi7,?h\' T m w lJl\' j. SI'/It I ~

Pub lic He-alth and PU'n 'm i\! ' ,\ k d u illl'III Provideme: 1!11.1by A bby Cull r" .'"' .'"1

\OI.l ' M ~ .'Hi :-'I '''RHI. ~ " "" IY77

1l1",<J" I , la",I II " I,, ' \ ( l' H:!- ) ,11I<1 11' pl t'(!l-H""" '"Ill" ..!" h iM"! 1I " I" w al '\ ' '' lf' h C" II"(/ " ,,, . ( 1' 1111 · 1'1111.11I<1 1'"/,/1<111",,,, H I" " I" / . I" " ,, lI" r"' '' QI ,\ ' Hlf''I\ / ltl93­1'1111 1 an- ,1',111.11>1,' III IIlIt " .1"" 11 h ""' ,\ " " " I '"i"' '''1\:\h " ••hl rn , . l IWl :'\',,"h h ·,·1> R" ;1<1. '\ n ll ..\l h" l . \lu h ll~"n

11\1111; ( l l ~l ' 1;1· li IMI 1'1" .1"", "'U" "" 1'''''I ,I"t<· ,,,I, ,,·m"'lI (11l \ 111, 10-, ,11'1"',11 IIl lo: III 1111' 1"11I n.. 1 ,,,,. ,J1"U,I' It'd;lIltl ll1,k, ...1 1II 11" /0 ' /( 11 1 :,b.I'lIdl ;11 ,,1 ,'mnl/Q: 1/ " 1" ....IIrld ' ,1/"

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,-

Rill' I ,~ •• '"

A ~Ian \\'ho Dared 10 Stand AloneA Sidelight o n the Don Rebell ionIR42·I RH

f)u,in~ the- DOlT Rd X'lI ion , whir h canu- 10 a head111 rill' IIno" e-mot ion, ran hi~h , ,\ ha ndf u l of"1<'11 ;IIIlOllg 111l' p ropt'rt \'-Ow ni llg ( Ia" w ho vawjll'[!l(' in rlw Idlt'II'Horl [0 '!Tlllt' Iht, rig tll o fI i[i/( 'n ,hip IIll tht- div trauc hi " ,t! nu-u 01 Rh ode­"bllt!. WI'II' o'lIansl't! . vihfied. and denounced a,11 ;1i[01 ' 10 Itll' 1I ( la". AJ11o ll ~ rfu-m wa HI\' g ra n d­

lathl 'l Ahraha m H ermon Slll lwl ·II, who Ir om IR31HI IMllj owned a ht Hlk'lOl l' 011 :\l.lI kl" Squall' ino ld I'IO \I(!Io!l( l'. al rhe " Hll 01 (',o llt'gl ' fl i l l.

In a '";Ill'~i ( ' pociuon 10 knriw whal we-nt 0 11- and »uuaeed b\ lh e vhe namea n-, a m i r hu-an-e-tv o f t he- 1111 11nri l\ erou p III p OWt'1 thar I OIl~hl toPI,'\t'll l ne-arl v IWII-lhil d , I I I [t il' ITWII in Il l(' \ [d [l'

t rom h;l\ ll1~ [he -raru-, o f <i[III'II' - h(' puhli,llt'da hl tlw-ln _lIltlw al (O UIlI o f "\ t'III ' . deu-muned Ih al

li lt' mnh vhould IX' known I f) !H"lt'r1I\ Tkll

I)lH,k - ,\l I~ h t and Rut,hl - 11......· quill" l;(It' , It' l1dt',l\ol In dt ·'\( nbe. vu pph IlIg ii ' 1);1( k~I"U1 J(1

only a hr it'f vurvev of the ,illl;l[ion , rh.u oo-a ­' 1011('(1 i l\ wl i[ing: and pubiuauon.

lhe- DOr! Wal , ;1' it " " Ha lh ralh-d . wav nor a

\ h oo t in g war h UI one of worth , ilkol().~y , and aI,mgkd 111<1" o f la h f'hol l<b . t1ou hh',dt 'a li llg andde,polic ;u li"n. R\" Ollt· tlWall ' fI [ ,\IlO[ht'1 Rhod!'"la nd ', Iq , i,b [lIH' ' IIOH' [0 kt'e p 1[\(,11 in l)ln \T rand ;1 111 lllOlit} glOlIp of wt'alr h" Lmdowllt' l\ in;1lI[CI( l<l[i(- (olltrol 01 [ht' , ..lit' . En'lIlu;lI h lh('1Il;ll lt' l It 'lIl( 'l ed UpOIl .on't iIU[illllallaw , hUI 01 1II,,, ll l)l>!l I h t' u nrt'\[ cau\ro In lilt' f,ll I Ih ;ll .OI lrh flugh [a",'d ;m d \ ubjt't [ [0 milil;u\ ,,'I\ I.t',

- h I\! ""m,. n d l'pOlnlO,,11fl d lu lll'",lr,...,,, tllpon li lt"K""..n l 'n l\ ""I' \ f.lcu!l\ ,I,h'dll..n ..1 il l" :\ n nm ..nK" ,.. n \I..mflll .l.l ln>m 1911 u. hr l ' '''"rm'·11 1 In 19:->3,\ 1" , '"lh"l,1t I" 11M- ,n u hol ol,u m' m"I'" "" " l\ "I ,drr-r ll' .. ,lf1d I ·m ..·.. '".. OIhN puhli' "llO'' ' ,," "'I"(" " Ip. ·. ...,,,,.1 II ' ..' .. " 'lI h Ihr lT b.." l, !, u bll\hr d III ,h ..1"'\1 'l' " ',u,

111 '<111\ IWll'l h itt h of rlu- mab- I III/( 'n , we n- denu-dt Illll·ll,hip. In [he p rnidt '!1[i,d 1, 11'( non of IMIOa ll lll.,\.imalt'l\ 1,600 clf 2"W41 IIl1 'n ill Rh ode­h b llli \\'1'11 ' d epr ive-d oj a \'O[C', r hi , hlllllg h[ 10 aIIt'"d rll(' 't ' ll'>(' 01 IIlJll \ l jft ' th.u 11;1(1 lx-r-u -mnul­d t'l i u ~ [01 IW,l! h Iil tv \Till'

( ; la l1 l1 (;)lhl'l S[ ilh..'ell found Ih i, IllJIl'l i(t' in ­hlli ;lI l1l .~ , c" lx'(ia lh lilt' ne-rwor k 0 1 IiI" In whichpoli[il ia n_ , n Ol(' In d()\ql Ih t, ' lIlfl, lg i,,, who'\(lug lll n-toun . II i, Ilwlhlxl o f ( o p ing wuh Iht', ilu;ll IOIl, fllW r nigtu '<1 \ . W ;( \ like- Iht , u ld adagt"- tU' la ugh, Ix·...1 who laugh, lavt , II " would hide­hi -, rune. hUI In- wa v de te- rmim-d rh.u !)I"It'fil \, ho u ld O llt ' d ,,, know' lhl' muh Ciu IInl\I;II1{(' ~ ,

h owt'H 'I. led him 10 pubhvh , \l I ~h ( {HId R u!.h t III1,'l1i . ear lu-r than he had planned.

T tli' vnuauon wa v fu rtht·, a ,~~r;l\ a l ''ll tn Ih t' 1;1t [rh.u II" [('ad of hal illl!: a vtate conv ut uuon Itll'

R h od e lela nd legivl.nure eommue-d [0 u w a, u-,

gO\l 'rnnwnlal in , tr u lIlelll IIH' JI!fl\ i,ioll' III rhe(hallt 'l wh it h - Ihrough Ill(' clfou Ilf RI)gt'TWill liull ' and ./oh n C la l kt' - had 1)('(' 11 obtai nedhum Kill g C ha d t', " III Ititi:i , lln iq lH' in that i[had g la nll'd (ulo l1iill lando \"l1f' l ' [111' !l .gh l o f ,elf.gOH' [ ll1Tll 'll l a nd did n ot ' t'",i l [ , l'I l~io ll' frl't'dolll ,Si lll l' pl ;ul lCall y a ll ('a l ly ( ololli " , wt'u · l;md.OWlll'I' , [h I' (h<l rler wa, wdl altu llt'll [0 [hI' In ion\'ill Iha [ dull' .

HUI ill (ht, pa" ing of l i llle. !'101lt'I'r and !ura lli \i n g g;l\("' wa \ 10 Ih(' g row'Ih o f tow n " Th('~' HIlu rn - IIndt'l Ih f' PI t'~'lIU' of .oa 'I ....·i'\(· [radt',

Ifl lll llll'!li il l!\I1I, a nd then 01 indu virialivm c-,

dt ' \Tlu!,I'I1 11110 tjli", 01 r-onvuh-rahh- vive. :'>I ellhue-d 10 W,"I. fi ll \hl'l 'P'lil i\lll~ pfan ta ti on vI LHlI.IIl ~ :":"wpOIl 01 on crud Iar m-, of So ut hCOUIll' ,OI III lnnld Wha lH'\ and , Illop\ fm u a nv­Plllli ll~ 11\t" 101I.. I,ll kr-d Itw rm-an-, l o r a« IUlll llg1'101'1'11\ ;1' Iflt' IWI I" "iU \ qll il li li" lIioll fOI (-il i/t' ll ­\h lp . .-\, il l\o did II ;u l"'IlWII , 'ma ll m e-r r harnv .illli ...nh IIU Ilil'm 10 e il\ iii" , mifl-opcra uves andlIntkllJ,;ud 10Il'i~I)(,J' who in the IX2(), fou nd\,,"l III 11ll" 1t"III,' mill-, 0 1 B la d ' \I HIW \ 'all('\ '," t'l lh ,II " 111\ lIll'lll e.

I II lOti" :":"WpOIl - a r e-rue-t ul (1l.;!..lwi"", trade- WiI' Iar I;n~t'l IhiHI 1'111\ 1I11'1l1 f' and had there­10It' tM 't 'll .d lo lll'd mnte lI'pu·w lIliUne., in the(;I'Il!'ldl ' \ ' '>t'm hl\, l ';IIH!, m lU'" of Xewpon and~.t1lh ( A'U III\ r ould Ill II\'I[t' 11·.~i, I"I(I'~ reprewn ­l i n ~ IIU' Ilf' llht'ln and 1',,'nlll;l l l\ mnn- IIC lp u lu u ..;HI';I 01 l flt' '1.1lf' , RI" ;\ pI M,II io nnll'rll wa, rhereloreIlt-e-ded but \ ioll-lIlh 0PIMl\l'd h, th e southerncOII I I Il ~ l' Il L

( ; ra nd lal lu 'l ', 1" l\ h1MIC I Ine ud. Tho ma .. WII ,ollDou , h-, 11I IIh a IIw1lltM'1 "f Ilw d iu' , broue hr IIjJ

ill ItIt" be uuufu l !lOll ma nvinn 011 B('IIt'lil Sneer .W il" iI quiet una ....ullli nR \Ol lll~ ma n whom 1"\('1\­

Ollt' liked . 1I 'l\Ill R ..11I11 1I'Il la .... III :\"e....· York , hen-nnm-d te. p liUl i l l ' illl'J()\l tknn ' and serve d inlhl' Ic-RI,I,Il Illt' h OIll 1!'1$,1 10 l!'ljH T here he- o b-....·1\1'1.1 ri ll' inequaliue-, o f Rhrxh- l vland 'v svvtema nd w o rked (or 1l' -di \lIi l lin g ItU' vtate . Wi th a-, uud v Ix'iid in [II!' t1I' llI tXliUif principles of OIlTna t ion and ill rlu - \o\"l' J('ig n righ r-, ofrhe pe-ople.Thoma ' Dolt t"I"'II\I'<1 IIII' I ';HI "" of th e di , ­frail( hi -,I'Il and h l ,taml' tfn- le-ade-r 01 Iht' su ffragemovetueu [

(:la ndlalhl'l Sl illwdl al so 11I'longed 10 [hel'Illill g r-lavs. En'l , i lll i' the- d,ly" of Rogel\\·illiam.. - lluou gh Parduu ' l"illing ha \ I, IheAlnollb and the SI1l'ldoll ' - hi -, lam ily a nd km v­lll t'll had held a widl' l1al [ 01 land "ill Ill(' vou th ofrhe- town ." A, O llt ' 01 th e ori gina l plantations•. it' ITI, [ t1 lt'd h om I'aldoll Till iJl ~ha \I ' s long-wharfa nd \"a tt' hfl ll\l' Oil 1111' ( ;II'al Salt Ri n 'l a l [he ItM)[

II I T ran,i t SlI t'l·t UJl III fWnd il Sll t'I 'I , OWl 1111' tull10 H OlM' SlIt't 'l ,lilt! ti ll Iowa III tht' St'f'konk Ri "el,\<I- hilt' hom IlIl11h III ' o ll ih il e, u'mk d fro m JohnSll el' l In \\' it l.t'Jukn dO"I' 10 Fo x Point a l rill'ht'ad of :":alla gim \l '!I 8 ;1\ , Cr,lIIdlarl1l'r'<, IIll i'n'\lIII d l,fra IKhi""d I 11I/l·n .. W;l.. Ihe ldlllt' alatl('Tll il ,pu r('h a maw'l of pr innph-. Ll kl' Thoma, Wi 1-

l ~, .<" ',oJl," ~

I h",h" '" lin .,"'" \ 0 11" ,.../1 'I wz-r \'~ /, """'I "'~ b\ E 'Hrn, ...'"I"I""v f ... /d. IH I

..0 11 D Oll , lit' had 110 1" 'I ..oual ,0 ':1' 10 gr unt Bu r hr­hilt! h i.. own IIC 'I\,II" 10 p..a v.

Wht 'll i l ht'( a IIII' known that he stood for Donan d Ih t, su ffrage ranve. Abr aham I lennon Sti ll ­we-l l Wit , 'Y' [ I' rna l i ( a l l ~ " ''' ill ivcd. Wilh om- I':\.-

r epnou . wln-n hi , t Oll ,i n, nu-t him Ihq ga vr- h unI h l' rnld , [a n' <lilt! (, II hun dead. :,>te" hanrv withwhom lu- had , d W, I ~" rradrd. who ra u-n-d If) rhr­land -o wn in g (la ~.., rd ll' t'tl to h 0l101 hi s order s.,\Iemht,! , nf Ihl ' rhun h he <l tlt' lIdt'l l. where he- hat!lon g verv cd ,I" treavu n-r . nOI onl ~ \'01('1/ h im ou rof olli t t- hUI u lI;m imtl us ly vote-d h im n ut of the( h Ull It , I ii , IOIIlll'1 pa n on , ,nuidl'd [hc' b' IC )bho pa , if 1\1' ha d rlw p lag ul' . f :t'lll, n:l ul'n tl y hi \ I kl k'\\'1'11' di ,mi",, 'd all d hI' ' al al lm('. I II' leal lI,d"hilo"lphiralh , Fa m ih lIadn ioll ha .. i l Ih a l Iw"Lut,,1 ,llornloll;rhk IIM lI III ;1 ~IHMIIi~hl a nd""11. 1"1.'1.11'1.1 111 1I '; ltl h i, Win ,HlIUlId h i" , tw in·... lieha d " 11,,,111 11" b ilh IIMI Ihl' IM.lll rcal hn..lil i l\\\,(.l lld "\ 1'11111,, 11 \ hlfl\\' (H" I. and Ihill ri.c: hl W(Ul ld

.'\i .'1.1.-\ " WHI) llARHl

pn-vail in rhe end.Due III uv raruv . ,\1 H~ /I / lI lId R ig ht i ~ wldom

cm-d b\ wr iu-rcourhe DlllI Rebel l ion. Yet il h.e,l1111l h of illlpOlla1llt' tll oflt'l . It breat he s the ai­11lll\pht,!t, of u-, rime. ,\ 1111. lll eidt'm all y, it hasa\tlll\ o j i t .. OWIl .. \ 1l1 , m g lilt' hook\to\(,'\ tll\IoI111'I\\\,;I\;\Il ' , lIIn l \ ()II.U\ u-adcr a nd \ollH't iTl1l'\ wrin-r,

;1 \\0111 .111 thololl.C;hly mc e-uwd In thl' ;u r-, of th t'poluuian-, III 1'0\\'1'1 . Tlw \101\ i-, thaI 0 111' dav\ t 1l' n-m.nkcd rh.u votnr-oru- vhoufd "'TW· a hook).!;i \ 1JIg ;1 II IIIhlul ;11 tf H ill I of t·\ ,·nh. Gra ndl a tlu-r\\';, \ quit I. to \1 '(' l ilt' poin t. If \he wou ld \\"11 n- thl'I)()()k , Ill' would puhlivh II, \f) rh.n \I lIllt' II;I\'pO\lt 'lll\ wOll ld know lilt" uuth .

:\fy fnend. the !;w' Mr . Sid ney S. Rnh-r , III hi sRlblwgmph/(al Me l1l Olr.1 of T h ree R hode island,-III /hIlT", R.I , H isto r ica l TtaOJ II (1880 ), lisu-dM igh t lind HI,gh t a mong Fra mt''\. H . (W h ip p ld,\ldlougaJl\ wr l1 l1lg~. Un for tun a telv he g;I\'(' norea~()[.. nu-n-lv \t;u ing th a i \bt' was interested illrempctauc e u-fonn. aboluion. a nd " ;1 \t'I}' \" iol t'1llparusan 01 .\ 11. DOli ." :'\Ir . R id"1 1t'lo1'ded , how ­t'\ 'I'I , that 1111 { ulv I , 18,1 2 '\. hr' wac mar ried a tLowell. :\ 1;\ " al"llll\l"t t\, to Cha rles C. (;1('("11('. "a nan i\ t rl'Sidi llg thar unu- at SPI illgf it'ld ." andr h.u i ll18,17 \ 11(' hlTa llw divorced and \lIb~I'qut'llIly mo \e dto Cd i fOll1 i~l , \>,.ht'It, \ Iw manit,d Will ia m C.:\Id louga ll. In view o l lhe LId th a t Oil the ILue 01hn {'arhn marna~t' , the Do n wal wa\ wa rm lllgup to a nis is - a nd that Ih{' hoo k des n ihest'\Tllts a fte l tha t da le - it wfluld ~t'{'m tha t helt laim 10 Iwing- Ill(' nb\t'l\el a nd wliter i\ o pt' ll 10

qlll'\tio n ,hlllllly nadll ioll ha\ it Iha l a Mi~~ i\.t'n dall.

daug h tel of a fam lh fnen d , ~I I ,~gt'\ It'd 10 Cralld ·father that ; j 1JUlh flll. n lll tem pora ry n·tord \ hou ldh(' kept for po \tnlt y. She 1\ hel lt'n,d 10 havt'"aTled th e book bu t to han ' I)('ell lotted lfI aban ­don it beeau\I' of ill health . C l andfall-w l , i t i~

thoug:ht, Wlott the hoo k rOI her , ~igni ng hI '\. nalll t'a" p ll o li,lwt atemdi ng to th t' o r ig inill pan , butkt't'pill.,!; th t' tt'xt a lll) nymoll~.

The fir " (ha p tn \ Opt' lIl llg wou ld st'em 10 bealth i" oul. Alt ho ug h I;HIlt't h li nd in il s sl<Ht'llle llLi t la lb al ll:' ll l io n to a nOlin'a b le {'ha ng(' in ~ ly' l(',

due to Ilw fan thai " the Work ha~ hl:'t'l1 pt' llIw d hya not her ha nd than {'XIXYled. III health a nd d o ­lTl t'sti( enga!,wnwll h ha \·(' com bi nt'd 10 p te\'en lIhat per ~on from perio rm lllg th t' r a ~k . . She ha~ ,

ho wever. wi th m udl co u n t'sy. del egaled 10

another tfn- offill' of ddm('ating t ht- rhar.u tel ofSOIiel\ in Rhode l dand. PIlOt to , aud at tilt' nnu­01 rln- glt',11 IUIlitica llotlte\t ,Ill' i-, ( 1IlIII1WlIl 'oraung." Oddlv elloug h , thi\ fil',t chaptt'l 1\

, igllt'd " \\"" whil h mav illtlitdte that ,\ It \.

MI Do ugal l [ IWt' W h ip p le ) had ilt ka~t a p .ur I II

Ihe proj ec l.

,\l I,!!, h t and HI ,gllt hav a prdace wrim-n\l·t·l1lll1gly hv a more fluid ha nd . "lhi s aplleab 10

mht'! stan-s to su pport vlr . Dor rs elton "untilfrom thl' children 01 rhe d isunn prairies shallIOlTW;] wirh-l v t'( hoillg response: and 110 lrt-t­Wi lld vhall retu rn to 11\ with out ca ll unau ­vwr-red." Sinn' Ih t' stvle ~llggt'~l.' rha r 01 a ft'Ill; l!ewriu-r o r tht' IX'II0d , it 1\ po,si b le rh ar rhi-, i, lht,wc rion which ,\Ii" Kcudall conuiburcd.

The bo ok it\t' l! i~ a vmall 1I(laH. of 3~' 1 page\ill( luding Ih tt't., ;IIlIX'lld HT" tht- fint a t e ~tI111 , )lJ l al

10 the \ lIHra.gt' women 01 Rhode leland ho no li ngtheir "IP IXJrt. Adduion 01 "A Ske« h olt tw l.ift,a nd Character of Thomas Wlh o n Don " to the \0'

ca llt'd \t'("ond ed ition bt oug ht the pa.glllalloll o frhe la tn-r to .'\,1;1 In the cr-uu-r of it, titk page 1\ aquoran on Irom ;\Ii ltl lil - ":-';'lIlt.' (-;1 11 Il l\'{' Fn T­dOIl1 he-ariilv, hu t good men: thr- re-t love 1I0 tFreedom hUI lil(' II\(' , whit h ne-ver bath mo n­'1.("111)(',01 lTl o n · indlJ lgt' nlt' , tha n ullder I"yra lll \ "It s {('XI h t'q uellll y q llot e\ do(u m(' llh at fu llleng th . or allah,,(', alld d i\u\\\('\ t tWIll " o im h\'poi n l fOI pagt's al a time . For Ilf't \OIl\ who,t,knowll'dge t)f h islol Y IT"t' upon I)]('d ig(',tt 'dano ul1ls o f h i, lOt ia n \ , .\I i,gh t (Hid R ig h t make\fOI d iffic ult It'ading. It i \ h i \101V in th e la \\',

In add it IOn 10 rt'((lUll! lIlg tbt' a( tn il it,,_ 01 tbt 'cha ftn all d \u ff,ag(' pal ties, i t de\(lilJ(,\ tht' fla'io0 / the ir two ( ollf toll l;il io ll\ and tl wil appea l\ tn\\'a '\.hin gt on 101 mil ilal Y01 r:o ll ,~It's\ iona l a id . Itq uot es fro m ("] \"1(. an d pol ul("a l leaden 01 Ih('slate . It mi ng lt'\ sta teJlWllh by lh e Pl(,\ ~ w it ho p inions o f Ilfn rn ill enl j udg e\ , decisit 'lls n f (( llIl ts,d en u nci ali on , hy ck lg v, and addlt'~M's by Thoma sDon in a n\wt' ri ng opponen l~ 01 ('xp la ini llg lheju sl i(·e 01 th t' \u ffrage (i Ul\t' . It de'\.criht'\ tr i(k('l y,fakt' si lua tio ns dt' \-' i ~ t'd by polit ir ian ~ , d i~ lor lio ll ofeven t~ preselll ed by a c hatt('r-('o lltrolled pt t' ~ s , an dti l(' callOllSnt' '\.:. 01 rhost' in power, Add t'd to th isart' Ihe wril t'r '" o wn q ues tio n ings and kt't'n -t'yedpt'HTptioll . Comtalll d i"n lss io n 0 / ideali sm a llliideolog y sta nds in marked contra st 10 the ('hi can ·ery a nd s i n i~ rer slla teKYo f Ihe polilicians , ..... hi (h

Iht, It" 1 1t'\I·;)I,

. \ ll h"lI ~ h wrunn 11\ 111l' 1;11111'1 , Iillc 'd , 1\ II' 01

ItW pt ·llod. li lt' Ii ' ''' [ ha-, a IC 'I I;tin tOl ll ll llll'''­

0 11C'11 lilt' ;Hll hor ', 11l'1 \ollalll \ IJI('a" \ thI Oll~h .

[ 'Wlel h i ll~ Itll" It 'l n rd lllg "I 1"\('11" an- , I '1, lIw',1I1hdll'l 1Il ma n ', lI ~h t 10 ITl"t 'dorn a w l .1 de-maud 1"1

1IIIIh .\ 1 t mu-v Ihl' CIIIIl'I c"IM"ili'lli IM'ccJm c"loudullll it-, IIhhlt'llcc ' llJMm hold lllK 10 OUI

IMUolI,l1 tfJ lI,lIl1l1lOln and l ilt' ideal-, ol rhe- () t"t la ­rallon 0 1 Jn dq M·n d t·lll l' . " ' ht' ll It' LtI IllK II\("

m,ll Iu na uon-, CII tilt' p 'lll tlll;lll ' and Ih l"lI I.IlJWI'I ­

ful Ito ..,, '" rheu I ; tl i llLi tt ·d lir-, and tli'l tl1 l io n,. tlu­I l.\~t·' "I .\1 1 ~ 1t 1 and n , ~/1I LL lll\ blll gt , wi lh

IIldlKlla 1l011 a nd .IIlKer. I,, ! 10 ,ill ,C; P,U<lKI:l p h 01Ihl' 1II;l 1ll It·"" llli .Khl h ,n t· 1.Il"t·1I wr tuen lor lud;l\ :

I l m" l a l",hm J(1 t a ll b f' If' '' d' lholl"mblf' '"

d l/J/"mat \ tha'i '" «nhrr 111",1, I UHum' \f'f'; \ 'f'1 tll f'

"1 " 11 ,. (f" ,,..,1/ u' f'a/JlJ1I\ flf fIIH ,m!llualll ·arlar..

are hllrlu'd 'IJ "f" 'lI fl,./wod - end thnt , nttrn fliIii.. 1/1"1/ m(lIl,~1/111I1 c hnrrutrr, 11",. lall 'Wl"'1

"nom!' 1/ Ir l. h ~rr"IJI S M IIl ' 1. unnt I h,. I,ml'

ar rn-rv Idll' l/. !Iv 11/" oath Ilf ,,(flfr. /l'" shell ""tb,. bmmd If} Il lI ta", a Im11\' . h\' 1I111IlIJlm\f'd

IIl't,.uaq· i-usla tum .,f truth and Tll?,ht - u-he n

Pl)lltU/{HB mal' \11,.a k thr (TIlth and oct the truth

- nev , u-hrn, I" IH,.\l"n. ',. III"r churactrr IJl/r,..

tll t'\, 11I11'1 do 10 - iI' /' ,." 1111 of!1l1ll1 flllr lJ',lI h../ 10 1 a.' ",ra" III /I dmll t'l/ u. 01 ,\mlllf II/II - 11,11,."

11'/11I1 1\ Illht' U'I{/ b,. p HI In bll d /1/ Oil" ' JItIO' . 1/.\

al/ulhn. B Il l / 11 01' 1.1 II g rt'lJt d l' ll! of 11'''/l /ml'l,I. II IlII II

'(rt'llt dt'lliof lI 'ultrdllru. /0 hI' pl"~I'(ltmt of IH . fll"

'01,. that da\' U"Il 'f' , : a11l1 III,. ,\ OtHl n lJ'f' \,., abou/,l.

l'1' r r\' ma'l 01 IH, I/',. brtt,.r 11., , 11 I t h,. fOI In. a'lfl

for tJlU lOlOllr\' ; "11\' , Ollr \ a ll'a t u m of 11I11 COIOllr\'

d" IJ,."tl\ 011 thn; for 1I ,IIal I an a /11'0 /111' 11,.. " 'h"

hili '" II/It al/ I",,,,,mbll" rr",'(llId 1111 trll/It: li n d U'lwf

11111 III/Mum In', lI·hov ( 1III'I ,I/I1 I1l,l?,\ o f IU /IO " lUI'

T1Illi,,..d h\' Fa 'l ,.hm){i~ / .f'1 /II, I hl''' • .lt rll'" to " lI l /n ,

till' (111\' , w hn ' ,m l l \ ' ralltor mal bf' mf'llnl dou"1,

m,d r,.f l1lf'll I'" 'a\ , Imtll Imh I/',. PUrl' l?,lIld 1\ If'fI

- u,.h ,." If'/(n/Hlf'H\ha/l hf' I"bdu,.d b\' In.1'

Imtrllltllm - 11 '/',." th,. '''P,,.I,.,ltlllwf',\ 01 all

1/(/111,.,\ ,hall f,.al ·" III,.},. ",,,,.,uhll' ll'mru:-1"''(1 /111pfat f' lI1/d }/lOtl. III Ihl" lOll'''' (//lImaI.I. /l" d ((HIl,.

11 11 /fI.~" l hfr, ilkI' ME\" , 10 t ill' Inoflll llillt jo r m of

UJ(;frr, Il mi 1110,. labor I(}~r/hn. {n I h bU I O il"

ob1"tI - our CO l'ST R )"' .\ ( ;OOiJ?" 11m IIflo.1" \l fm a T\'! r /, ,..,, /,.t IH b,. ,'(JP' 10 mak,. II " ' / / 11 : lor

11 '1 qUit,. llml'.':'Ilt'a ll w h i l(" . 101 ( ; rand Lt lhn "'till wd l d,,\,

p;I"I"tll l llic \.. 1\ . There wa c r-'c itemem in li lt" <I IILike ;1 !!: It-al udal wa ve. 11';11 l io n hom ;1 t n\ !'II'

lOll II1 K 1I11111a l\ ,t 'l\, iCt' a nd IlIIH" 1 II( 1;"JOIlt-d h~

till' prt ' , id t'lIli ;i1 d t'llioll in HUll I,W,,·t! t lu- suf­fta ,!.;! ' m ovemesu 10 glow in , 1I1'ng-lh and OIgalli ­

( a iIOIl l 'n k llo w ll 10 l ilt' Ch;UIt'1 pollllc iau - . hUI

wu h pklll\ of ~, i' l fill i l-. m ill . the ,w lh -lll lHlI n~

C·\I·Ill-. WI'It' I Inollil It'd ill ,\I , '(h t and 1l1'( h t ..

.\ 11<1 tfn- P;III' quic kem'd . <I' (halle" a nd '>lilflaKc'1);11111'-. vpar n-d wi rh 111ft' <1 /1(11111'1 - lIlt· LJII("I

W ill III 11 K a ' Ia lt'w idl' \O\(' ' <I ti fy illK l ilt' ,/1 --< a 11 ("<1pC 'Ol'l t,' , lOll'titlllioll rh.u hlo;ulI'1l 1'd lhl·lran·

, hi~ , · . wh ilr- 11I1 tilt' oltH'1 h.uul the Iq,:i \LllllU'

II(,hl ,·It ·d I " IMI'ltioll 1)\ pa"lIlK 0 11 A p lil :!. IMI:!" ;\ 11 ,\ 11 ill n-la riou If) n ile-lilt" "~,lI lh l theSOH·Jt·ig-,n POWt·, o f rhe S t;l tC'" whie h ,lIllong-, ul llI' l

IM·Il,r1 I1t·, dec 1C"t'C1 Ih a l hfl ld ll ll~ o£f in' IInd"l Iht,IM'l ll lk ·.. cI lIl ..,i ll lli ll ll W" ' ;I IIe-a .... I1Mblc· ' 11£(,!l'l'

putu ..hahle h\ i lll p r i"on llll' lll lor 1111' .

BIll tht" \ lI l h;t~ i" I" wer e 1101 10 Iw dr-n-su-d . IIIan 0lwll ' I;ll(' w i,k \ 0 11' f01 1'11·,'lion of <I g UIl'1Illl l,

Thuma -, Don won h\ 13(HI H llt'~ 0\1'1 ."i;IIIHIt'1

Kin K, IIU' i lll IIIl1h,,:III . In \ IC'W o f l lH' Ltl I that(;0 \1·,,101 li. ill ~ n-lu v-d III ,tq) dow n .md d t' lIwd

Itll' II'" o f pu hlu bu rlding-, 10 ,uff ra.~i.." , eae h ,tl\1)('( anu- mrue t·' ! iu n g-, and onunou- , IIM Il the la'l .Thom.r -, DUll wa .. IIMUKlIl.tl t'C1 Oll :'Itl\ 1 in :1

1'10\ 111"11(1' waldloll '''' ; CO\ 'l'lnOI Kill K ill 1111';-":"\\'pOIl ."i1;W· Ilou,r O il :'Ila\' I. A 111O'llh 1;1It'1(;,, \I 'lnOI h.in.~ tI,·( lalt·d Il\allial law ;t lld hl'g-,all;l

\ (' l ll; l hll' r f' i~n 0 1 In llil . :'Ikn l\'t'ft· a r lC·,lc'd 0 11­

ha nd . w i lhoU I l, i.11. H ou , ('w' i\C' , lo und Ih f'lIl ,d \l"

w ilhc llIl lllClllt'\ . ..•..ilholllll)/ ltilm Ilwil childlt'll .

TIll' tUl moil IM'c;lInt' '0 ~1C'i1 1 Ih al k<l ri ll ~ a !!:rn ,

t'lill lIpl i ,in ~ . i l 'ot"t' IIU-d c'x ll('(li l'l1I 10 It 'I'l'al m ;II '

lial Ltw 011 Jllh .'"1 . It h;ld WHeel I" pili 1.11 ' '''''' .h CJWI '\"I , l'h(' ~ llllra .Kt· TIlCl\t 'J1Wfll in P III\'itlI' IHc' ,

i", ~ l ltI ll~ h o J d, tud h'o""n Ulldt'l till' ~ it·gt' . al ·

Ihl)lI~h a, anolhc'l H'\UIt , u fl rag ls'" in <l ll l hi n~

dl 'llll h - ~nlllh fidd and (; !o (_("..u·, i n IMl lilU I;1I

- 1)1'( ;lInt' molt· m i lil<tll l.

O !lt· IIf l ht' lllosl color fu l 'l'C1ion, III ,\l I '( /' 1 ami

1l ' l?,hllC'la tt" 10 Ih (" ( h ;l llt' II' I~ ' sll 'l" i .....· a ll ac k U ll

Ctwp;1f ht'l. lklw·t"t'n thH~ ' :lnd fll lll hUlldl t'd ,iii ·"agl 'l-. had la kc' ll mel A lolt' ", I lill "I Ih , ' "lIl1h

0 1 Ihl ' \ l lIa ~t' a " :111 t' llc lm p lllt' 1lI "lid 1I :llnill,~

g l l lUlIll. (;11\('lllOI King-, ,rill f" llI 1111 '"'<1 11I1 , Ia li'

III M'I>' 10 rnUI Ihc'lIl flUI. Poullng III fr tlm Ihu"t·du t.. Iion, ..irnu ll; luellu,h. Ih c'\ oulll lllllht'lN! lilt"'lI 11T;I!l:ish t-Ic·\t' n 10mH'. rhc- m a jlll ll \ of 'UIlI;I-

."l9 \1., " WItO /lARFIl

'" ' '

,'"

",\' ," " t

\'" " "'..., : ::;:,'.,', .

'" ,: "> :,;,,,-.'

HilI ' I ,~,.,,'

.\1" " dm "' " '" /s11 ""''''''' .~ ",11,/11, h""d,/ ,m ru n '"e/'"I''''/'''' ",,,I ", ,,,,t ,,,,, "I ''''''''~'''' ,,, "'" 'm .'Inl/"" 11, 11,

gists ('S("'lI ll'd af!t 'l their leader h ad o rdeled them10 d ivband 10 va ve- them hom \Iaughu'l . Ah o ltt ahundred and thin v ~lIflragis t s we-rt- ca ptured ."C o n'n IOI" Don safely cro ssed the srau- line.co nt in ued no rt h ami found ref uge ill t he home ofhis fr ien d , lilt' governor o f New l Iam p vhi n-.

Under hea vy g uard, p ri soner s we re thrust into ala rg e e-mpr v barn, wh ile in th e ,DUlSe o f th e nexttwo d a ys state troops clea ned out a large wine­cellar at the local ta vern , a p propriated 11,500, igars , rom rnandeen-d a ll the food in rhe vi llage,destroved ton s of hay , gra in . a nd corn, and in theco u rse of thei r dru nken org y looted the ho mes ofChepac her and the su rrou ndi ng co u n tryside .w hen th e ir n-velrv was ove-r. Ihey assembled thei rpriconers , p inioned their arm s be hi nd the m . tie-drhe m ugh tlv ill groups o f eigh t. a nd marchedthem 'II bayo net po int 10 the Provide nce ja il.T hey herded th e-m - weak fro m lad of food a ndwater and from th e broiling heat of the m id ­su m mer day - a dozen or mOle a t a time - imon ' lls 7 bv 9 Iee-r, wi th o n ly a n open rectang tet by7 incbe.. fOI ven u lauon . Dt'''p ite oppo..itioll from

(;o\('lnOl Kin g and hi s co u ncil. rhe ~urg"fln

general had th e pri soners moved out into theopen roun . Otherwise. so ~tatn ,\f lf:{ht and R ight," the morning wou ld have found dead a .. mall)' ofth e sufferers , in proportion , av were Io u nd in theBlack 1I0ie in Cabuua ."

T hat Thomas W ilso n Do n and h is {ollo wl'l s,bel ievin g as they d id in the-sO\Treignt" of the people.overlooked th e fan th a t in the American gov et n­menta l sys tem rhe peo p le 's onlv po wn is 10 e lectrcp tcse-ntaiives. is indeed odd. Once r-andidau-s a n 'electe-d and in office . Ihe pcopk- han' no Iq~a l

powel to iuiuan- ,hange 01 governnn-ntu l reform ,no power to dra h law.. or 10 repeal th em . In onlytwerIly 01 our s!ale~ todav do the peopk- han'powe-r 01 tTl all. and rio red ress t-xcvpt hv dellingo lh"1 n-pn-ceruauve-, ill IIw next d el tion Con ­-t-quemlv. III(' O IlI" llu tio ll drawn up underDorrs guida m c and ra tified I)\', a majorit y VOle ,a nd hi-, t-lrciion a ~ governor wele It'ga ll y inval id .The al IS had no t be-en iniriated hv leg islatols. lI isfa ilure '0 uudr-r vrand this was his apparentlyun ..een stu m hl m g b loc k . Ikllt'\'lIl g tha t the P res­idem 01 Congress wo u ld rt'l"Iify the situanon andta ke th e part of the pt 'oplt, if rhc mutter wert­brought horne to rlu-m. he decided rhat vonu­dramauc art was neede-d to awaken them 10 ac­non. At a public nu-criug in Au gu sl HH3, hea nnou nced that he would retu rn to Rhode l vland!O fall' uial for treason .

DOli appealed in P rovideur e in la te O((obel,reg is lered at the C ily H OIel a nd wr-ru our to

di nner . leaving hi s address at the des k , In lessthan an hom he was arrested and jai led. H is tr ialwas held in Newport in spring 1844 before adelibt'ratd y par-ked jury a nd a malicious judge,who insrrucu-d tilt' jury to consider o nly Iheq uestion whether the defendant had intended toperform the ael s he had rommiued. AI Ihe tlo..ingsl"ssio n, when ca lled upon bv the cle rk of ' heCOIIIl to g iv!' reason why he shou ld not bl' con ­victed, 1\1r. Don gave a roru-ise ar r-Ollllt of tht­

injusures dom- to h im during the tr ial and 10

disfranch ised ritizens whose r a usc he bad upheld ,Th is fell upon dea f ea rs as all of the jury W('It' hisenemies. a mi he wav verue nred to life impnson ­metu in sof i tar v confinement .

O n the ni~h t he wa s reuuued to the P rovidencejai l, c h.uterist poht ir- ian s p"t o n a great disp layo f firewor ks ncar the prison . The suffra ge party

10 " '" \11111 II\MHI

.....a' lit-ad . Tfu- mall ..... hn had Iim';III'Iln.1 Ihe ilIXI~'et .....a' \ ;mqul ,ht'fl 101t'H,t . rtll' .....mld .....a' allIht·II ...

On Ih t' .nnn .II\ , Ihen " ..... n de.uh kne-ll had1)t'~1I 11 10 tnll. 1'111" di,m;1\ tli;1I had I ;w ' I1:1I~TIlI\-li\(' rmmber-, of the 1 , ' ~ "I , Il Ill I ' earlv III Ih ('\(';11 In (a ll upon Cflll~I(," 101 ;11I 1Jl\I·:,> lig-atioll .IIIlW h UI" 10 11 11 ill ;111 emeuumal u p,Utgl' <I1ll0ll gIh t· landed pl npl it·ln r.. ol I'l o \ id "IH t·, ' Lhev hat!knn..... 11 lhoma-, n Oli i ll h i, h.,\lHlot! ami vou rhThcv had IIJ.. ed hun. li t· had , rood 101 wh at hehdw\(·d to hI' IIglll . \ \ 'h;\1 mamu-r 01 IIWII w('u '

tlin,·. who n-jnurd '" blala n ll\ .11 h ,I\lII g (011'

sh-mur-d a n htll1l"'1 opponent ro a li \lll g dt'alh?lhen GI ;lIldLllho "illll wd l Inol.. . 11 linn a nd

ente-n-d upon hi' \t'lfllld \('THUII' ;1' pubh-her ."in. uling ;1 10P\ 01 Dorr ', !'1("" 'Il!t '1I1 1I1~ ' IX'M h .he- l!I('a,ult"111 11l' \\'lIlduw .. IfI Illl' I)lM,I..,hop andhad handbiflc psmu-d 10 Ii i rlu- ~'lI1d(l\"P;I1lt"' l it­h ,1I1 th ree rdiuon-, 1'11 111'"1.1 . IMI)I 'I 11'1'1'" 101gt' llt'ta l dr-mbuuun . in b lal J.. 1IlJ.. : fl ll" i ll goldIt'll t'l ln g on d.ul, 111111 ' paper , Ifl t ;1l1 h Ih t· t'\t" o jli lt' r-hn-: and ;U1tJ l lll' l n il IW;lI \ 1\11 11 1' vilk . tbilll ilt" II'XI mi ght vun-I v ..urvi ve 10 n-ll I)ll\tl'rit \ "fthr- volu mar v m.urvntom o f "IIt ' ''';I' DtUI a n d 01th r- <Ippa ll lllg t011 upu on III Rholl" leland pol -11 11 ,. In eac h . t lu- It" ' 1 a .. -u rround-d I" a ha nd -\t llnt' dl:'nl('lk IXltd..r, uh a dt"lfll ;III\" It"ll;l llil; k,II the top t'1l1 1f)'IIl~ the dale l i i li ;lIul. al lheIM\('. lht' im"fl nl - .\. H. "ilillwt'll. So. I \l al J.. ,·1"ljuare. PI O\ IIlt·II((' .

."'>la nd in g IW;H .1Il OUtll)l' I.. . Gl antlf.1l11t'1 wau h'"lito ,t't" w hat ',ol1ld ha ppen . .-\u ur d m ,i!: In fa mihtrad lt lOll h .. W;I, w..11 \.ali,l i,'fl ; hi, \t lu·m t' ha d"'l ' I",'d ..... ..11. RII 'I IH · ,~m('n wal l..llI~ t11 'WIl Coll,'gt·IIdl 10 Ih ..il (lffil .." W('I t' ~ I a n lt-d 10 "'t· Ihal th ....l III tht'1Il f'Kildt· of Iht · IKlt I" ..hlil l h ;1l1 ht'(,11 IUTIWdill iO a hllll t'l in ho.lld . Tht', IUlIli"d to \t .t' wlwt ilm t"ant. Al tlmt·.. th n ..lIxK! a lmo'l , hou ld,' r to

, hou ld(' r a.. thn tl'ad Ih l:' h andbill .. 1;I;1\1("d o nlh t" w·indowpam·... G t<lndf;llh,'r \l m l lt'll tht'l r la( ('..,;1' lo r Ihe fi t,1 limt' lht'\ tead a ,l;u('nlt' lll 11\T ho ma , Our r thaI h;ld nOl Ix't' ll dl\lntled ortIt' libt' ralt'h ~afhlt'd h\ the (hafl(' t -collltolledpre..... lie h ad foru-d lead ing- (i li/t'lI' 10 face lhefa(f~. Thei r fal e\ , howed ..u rptl ..... a nd (on\ler­nall on . For Ih l:' fl t" l lime , lht'v "oa \\' Ih t' w ll ,n a lllt'dLaw a nd O tdt'J pall y for ~'ha t i l \\';1 ' . They had1 01l~ lx't'n h o(xl",in"t'd int o heli('\'in~ in a sim a­li on fa r from Ill, ' ttllth . That GtandLuh('l "'a, not

.1t J(,~ t t"1.l IIl.1\ \\'..1 1 ha\(' bee n due In h i-, timill~ .

nit' pulilil 1;11I\ . It·alillll,i!: rhar t he- lid" of pllhlu1IIIin il lll w;" 1\lIlting agalll'l them. we-re- no dflulJlhing low

S ...... l III ( ~ l a Ilt ILH IIt' I Sl ill wel l' .. fl lU"'II1.1Il (;1111­

IMig n I;Ullt · li lt' \tH,d lt'd \t"l »ud ,',hllllll flf ,ll l~ h t

an-d Rreht, l he-n- \\TIt' Iw'll 1\ IW-,, 'lllll g.. 1,1 till"nx t. lilt' fn 'l " 1'1"' 1<'1 11 1\ i ll I\\'fl i"un. I h ;1I I'. Inrhe- o ng lll;d rdinou 01 .'~ 2·1 pa.l.:t ·, wav adlkd rill', "t'll h l, l Ill/JIll;" 1)' 111 " hfe-. til" , lll\rll llg t \\ l'",UI" of lh t· " rigi ll;t1 Iorm.u, ,Ilt l"'llgh t hat wirhIlu ' added m.uu-r I' ' ·' IOIlt"'II, I,· d t', ig n;l lf"11 a, a\f"(ond '"lh lloll l' u-vu mablv lh l' ~... , 'lop-g-ap1"11(' IIIt"II t!t"l! III I IHUla le whilt· tlu- 111' \' I\IX'-..... lIing W;" 0 11 Iht · I'll'\<' . Th,' 111'1 n11lH'1l ill 1J0th..I u-, i....ut·, I' t\I)lI!,:I ;lphualh a '1II1plt- ;lllallnit" bU'1 \e"I'''' I' It"plett' wilh .1 fll' lltl'pll"ll"1)lII II;lI t 01 I hom.I' \\'I h o n DtlII . .. 11,'t!il;llinll to111 m and . on lhl" \1'1'" of Ih,' t llh- p.l .~t' ..1 (011\­li g h t 1"'lin' .m d llw Impr in l - UJ- \l OOIt'.P rirl H'I , 1', ln HIt '1Il r-.

III 11'1.'10 . \1 1. "'lIltlt'\ .'" Rull '] \\'It, lt· III l!'ft' lll lIgIt' i lu- ,,)- ,;111<,\1 ,t'l t ,nd ,'d ilioll Ilral " 11\ pn-vml'!"" wenrld ;,'It,rl,,11 ir-, .uuh-u." [h i' would I,..nt·" rnrne- 1I 1l<" t,t rhr- fil\! l"Ut · t,[ lilt' III,t t',!1­

uuu . \ \' h " " \( '1 11I.1\ h .I\( · ,I "'I" 01 .\lII,: },1 and1l1!!. /111I1 IlllglII.1I to\( '" .1IIt! n ldlllg , It p .l!':t · ~ :! 1.

ha .. ,I 1;111' 1)1.01.. Illll t·"t! "" 1.11 .1' I J..II"" II" t t ' ln.,f tfj(' fil,t t" IJr " I lilt' 111'1 t11111t'" t .1II1l" th,t HlghIII rllt" I.lITllh II1l1n 11,11I1 I'..dtltllll l!.h 1\\ 0 ,Ol"t ·,I·.1f h IIf Iht· "',' .11kd '1'( IIl1d nIHil 'II ,lil t! III lilt"h ;llIdlllll t'll ,ill h,I\( ' , u l \ I\ <1 1

( :r and(;ll h"1 "'lI l1wl"1l did HUI 11'\1 tlwlt·, Ill' IudI;d l..ing- III d o . i lll POI1;J 1II I'('oplt· to ,1\,,:\1..1'n ;lI1dI IIIl\ ilh I' 0 1 11ll" Ilt"t'd 01 ,t't llI 11lg IIH'III;I' 1)0 11 ' ,Il·ll·,I..... fllllll ", ll la n' IOnllllt 'lIwlIl <Irld It om lui ""rIh.-lf. Thi , ", t illt\ i, , a id tll h~I\ I ' htTIl agalll\llh t' w l~ ht,,, o f \11 . Ilolt . who it-Il th ;lI i l Iw I\TIt'Idt'a,,'d lh l' i"lH' wou ld h,' dt l\l·d . BUI ltl , (J ill(' IIIhi .. hiellth. lh l' 1)l ll il ita l i" lu ' w .... n o t ,0 implll '1;J1I1 a~ ltw i t In ul , ioll al Ih t' Ihoughl 01 lilt" 111:" ­\(Itla l , ufl(' ti n!( III w h i, h h(' wa, 'lIhl"1 INI.Duri n~ lhi\ Ix', il ll:l G ra ndia lilt'l ,al for hl\

II()Ittail . II<, a lli'l - EU~" fI(' Sall,IIIl!\ Field - h;,,!difficuh\ IX" IJ;I\ill~ h im III a ll illl t'U""I1~ w·;t\ limith,' d i...o\t'It"1! lhal if m(' llI lnn WI'U' IIutl, 'ol Ih t' n Oli\\'al hi , "lIh j"1I" h lood p rt°" UIt· Wt' lIt up. hi , lall ', u lfu \l"d wilh , t,!III , a m 'w 1,)111.. III t!t'I('llll ilt atlflll. a nw into hi , nt·... :\'Olifln g thi , " , 'I\on;lli"(hangt' , Fi.. ld !..t·pt him di..cu <,\lIIg 1)lllitKs a ll

11 \I~'\\'IlIlIl\IH Il

tluOll1o{h tilt' ,ill illg,. wuh IIII' n-suh th ;ll III Ih t·pllltl ail hI' a pp..·.." a, lOW and Ill gg....da-, ~1Il

En .gli ,h rounnv ' qu ill ' . Rill wlu-n I wav <I ch ildtilt' an u, ing 1001.. 111 ( ; ' ;m d bllwr ', t·y..·" rroubl ..-dIlW g lt-'<l lh . In ""poulJ(hng lilt' t; l ..... In ,It . Fiel d .he foug ht li lt' ....-ar hom II<> 'I;llt 10 .lhuma-, Dn,, ' ,1IlIpll .... uunenr . Tn him rh..· ba u lc be-rween mialuand right. whn h [u- h;ltl " ·i IlW,,..-d. wa.. a n inren.....and pt ·I II1;I1 thi llg .

nit' I.. ... lt hoi IIU' l. i lt· and Charar WI 0 1Th(Jm~I' Wit- n n Ho n " apP':Tltkd 10 .\l lg lit andR ,,~ /1f i, t 1e- \I·lh .. OIl((·I\rtl. II Idh 0 1 hi .. quie-tbovhood and vourh. hi, kindluu-cv. hi, m H·H·.....and COIllI);!"illll . hi .. lug h pri ru-ipb-.. and h i"dfml<> In ""'t lit... jucnee- - <III (If which thr- la n dedplollrl ... I.. II, eJI Prn \ Idf'III(' I.. TIt'" III h..· uue. De­-cribing rh ..· m oc k Ilial in ;:";e")ltllt. llw h.. nbed ofhi .. ;Id u·l oc,a r i... , . II t1qllt" ;1 mall vurround..-d -.01('1 \bv e-nt·ITlIt·... \" '1 t ourageou .. "'l1tJugh 10 ..p...ak hi "mind and 10 pl t·;u l. nm 1m h im ..... IL hil i fflt rh...right .. of humhlt- IIlt·TT. It dt ''oCT ih('" Ihe u n·"rlt'aL:ah l~ fou l CIlfl(l ll io!l\ ..1 11ll' Plmid('fl(T Ja ilIII wh ich n O li h~l(l lJ('t' ll i"'pl i .... ,lwd fIJI lif ..·. Ihehorro" of l)JoleJllgl'd .... ,l llan (l lIlf iTwlll...n l. a ndIht· 11lt' \l lahl..· Itl lllag( ' III IU';l ll h a mi mind. .\lig lltanti RH~ /It (·nd.. wi lh Ih i.. ' Iill lll .g appc'al forT h n nl;l' Wih nn Do,, ' , It,ka ....·:

T o rnlti", hIm ,lHllft' u runl' Im/m.\,llb/l' . furthaI ha~ bt'f"'1 tit",t' w h it h f a" ' ' ''1'('1 bt' ta,ul'/fl'd.Bu t 101111' al/Hll'mt'''' H\tlll '" orlT pou'n .11 '/11 /1' Ihnt' l-\ I'I I'. It" /1 .1 ad. L I'I 'lOt tilt' damnmg

.1"111 01 111.1 mfjrd", ' I' lf 141Jml w ... R lw clt' 151a71d·n .l, A m l·ru a7/.I.' Jial" ) '014 though' 01 IIII .I ? A rt')'011 prt'/HlTt'd 1m tlII\.' 11' ,[1 }'ou pnmtt tlll \.' Iap/Jf'al tIJ )'01/. m Ih t' " amt' 01 a h f'arl · hi l'f'dl1lgfat hn! - 171 Ihl' /laml' 01 n h l'art-bmkn / m otho.'- i'l t hl' 71ll/1It' 01 a cTlH ht'( i a"d .Illf fl'rm g PI'0IJ/t'!- m t lit' na llll' 01 h Im w ho ,\l/nl'n d f'Tt'd h B/ib nl}' Ih nl ol hn.1 n llg ht bl' f rl't'! - ItI t ilt' ',am t'of } lI.I I U ('! - m Iht' 7la ml' of G od! - PaU,It' 71U1,lamt nol , rn t '101. Imtd TI,({III IJ t'.l tab li!> h t'd . ( 'lidotil(' wnrk of darbl(,U . lJu ak til l' bflllti.1 01T )'ra, m y. 0f" ' 11 till' fHi.lim dooT.l. r o u ilia )' do1111.\ u'ithoul ol hn tllan tI,l' fora 01 Truth , lI·ilh­Ollt o thn Iha r, 11,1' IOffl' of U I,({ h t . l1"i lh Ol-I/ o tlll'rlil a" til l' fura 0/ I.all'! - I f 11'1' carmol do Ihis . 1I't'au S /. ..U ·f} '; .

AlthouRh lOT m Ull' Ih a n fill, \ ('ar " Rhon f""land '.. GellP,al .\ .....·m bh hal! rdu....-d to hc"t'd Ihe\ 'o ice of Ih l' 11t'''PIl- ;lI1d 10 in \li ga ll' rdorm,

cr-ruu u I '"11 t -.... ill l1' Wt· lt· "'\1'1111I; lll\ made. In aIOlll il i~Ul I I\ ( :" IIl, tII IllIOIl. ,I" ~ I qualll l!"ali, ,,) 101

(iti'l' ll ..h i" . a 11f ,II ·t;t , \,'a .. mad ,' ,Il l qlla lJle a, anah ... mau- 10 1" 011t'1I\ oWlw"h lp. a nd tilt' Iran .. hi-,«

Wil' (·x I...ud.....1 10 l",ill"'111 malev. hla . I.. il.. " '1' 11 a ,whu e- . n il' \( ' (f Jl1((·"ion.. W(·!t· d ill.' borh to;1

I han~(' in rhr' Ilflli l it a l .IIITU" p lw H· and 10 tilt"POli lic i;Ul\ ' cffou-, 10 ;Illt;tt I n ew ~IIPllfll["''' 11\h,oadt'nil1~ lilt' f l~lIlt hi ~I ' and 10 n-ta m Ihc-il ownIlflWt'l 11\ It 'gai n iul( Ih ' N ' <Im"l1~ the-n l" rull"1tllll,IIIIU·III.. whIt had be -n lll il lag....ll" lilt" ....: n ­Il'nci ng "I Thorna ~ 1),," 10 lif( ' unpt tcnn nu-nt in\(l lilan 'tlllfim'Ill('1I1

Con....,q tl<' llI h. Ill' anda h""1 01 "olruc;1!pr i ....me- .. "Tit' U '''' ;I\( '11 Oil JUlW 2i. 1815 th roughthe IlO",in~ Ilf ", \ /1 .\ t I III IlOndon ren.un offe-nc r-~

"g"lIl~t Ih. · ....)\I·lt·i~n 1"-'\"'" of Iht' Srare. a nd 10quil'l lh ... Illlll..h ullhl' I(tltltl p('oplt' rhereot," Civ i land polilit·;llli.I(IIl' "TH' H'''lott'tllfJ him whenDeuu x rar-, CHlIt· illln Ilt tWt'1 III l li':'l and r-on­\ic, ill n Illuc';"OIl W;I' .umulled in lo'!':'l. ~honhht-fnr ... hi_ dt ·;ll h . F\t'n thuug h lilt' pl"'I"I ... '"~llt h lat I..rtl Iq~a l IltJ\"" T 10 i lll l i~IlC' l ilt' ,dofl nwh ith :'lli n U ll ~tJug:lll. il m;n he .." id Ih ;1I 11 wa,hI' \tJlllnl~lI\ ma ' I\ld o lll lha l IOltl'r! til(' (;t'n n al.-\' ....·m h h 10 '01 1. ... Ihc' ini l i;lIiH'. a .. " motU... , 01poll Iical "" IIt...li l·II' \' .

Thoma.. I)tJ rr ' ~ ... XI It·' .... llI t· i ll 1t'''l lIlg h i ~ failhlllltJII lilt' 1)I'(I"k ·.. "Iu·tt ·ig n l\· Ic·\t·..h lU II" Ih t·"alliing f;ltl Ih Ol t 011I na llolla l go\elllllle nla l

' \"1('01 "Ii ll "rmid..... 110 1I'gal 1111' ''1'' fOI Ih ..·p...ople IU lal..... [hI' m ill ,,[iu' in PIO[t't ling: Iht'm ­.....In·... o lhl'l lha n \,o[ in 1/: for othel 1{·ple..elll" II\Ta nc! oH lt' lal lead t·" al I·kt tioll IIm('. An onling 10I);m id \\,... Il\ ln \ din u rn . 0 11((' ca mlida ln alt' inoff icI.' , il ~t't' lll, Ihat 0 11 1 o n ly h o ld O\'CI Ihclll isIha l tho..t· "'I'L:lnJ.: It '-d('t lioll an' p ro ne 10 Iwed(01 to Kin' lip'\( 'J\ 'itT to ) the \'01( (' o f th eir co n ·"litll et1l ~ . Hil t IllW h Ill" Y otT u r in Ih t' p"'riodIwfo l(' the IH"X I I'I('c t lOll . \\'(' ha \ (' ample lilll t· inw hich [0 In ,,· o llr In·('(lolll . if ('\, i l P(,I ~Oll\ a le inoffi cf" - w ill inK UI t'agt· , 10 tJ\('fs tt'p lht'i r It·.~ i­

limat!" po.....c·, 0 1 [0 It'ap a hal\ e.., of kic-kback ~ 101tht·lll .....h ...~, III " '[1I11l fOl w hi ch I ht'~ ('n an LHn [0Olll di \;Hhama,gt' 01 Olll d t'lr inH'1l1, The DonRdX'"lIion i.. a n i"'l ltll ' ;Ull fa("[01 III Rhodebland '.. h i..I" " . II ;t l,o poin ... up III(' inhell' llld;lIl ~el 0 1 a WI'OIL: "'It II III OUI ,gu\'(·lI lmt· ,lIal\\ " 1...1ll .

I:?

N""Io: ' ~I ..'i."h~m ", ll,,' .... ,.llllh ' . 11I11l-,~" I"", ",I f,a", r"' f{h\' wwl...rlrfr~d a rl"l, ""~ "I ",1I~' I"'" , ,,, rn a ll ' of/mba,,'/"ll'l".d", Ill" ""mI., b~f"'~ Ih" . ~m~ .."", fl"""I""""

Ii

N in igret's Tactics of AccommodationIndi an Dipl omacy inNe w En gl and 1637-1675

nllk r hislllli,'s o f In d ia n- wh ite n-la nons in ( 0 10­nial ,'\'ew En gl a nd le ad ,I' i f wnuen h~ Jul iu sCu'sal, W h ilt'S ra mr-. rhev si1\\', lhey l o nq llt'led:\Iosl hi sll !l iall s h <l\I' IWt'1l10111l'll1ed wuh frum u­la nol! of po[i ,ws by whin-, rn deal w ith t lu- In ­dian "prohh-rn": 100 of n-n tlll'Y have- i,c:noH'd rh r­at uon-, of ludiau -, who h ad to adOI' I snatf'gies to

dea l with Iht' whm- "proble m ." lndiau -, rried aVilllt'l\ o f t.« I i i s III arronnnodan- whin-, wirhi u auaduional cu ltu ra l Iranu-wor k o r, bil ing rhar. 10

fir thnnsl, IH', into thl" m-w OIdt'J wh ilt's h ad im­POSt',1. 1

Alth oug h :'\'in ig n ' t o f rhe- e-acu -r n :\'ia n li( '0 inpr ev-nt-da v R h od r- " land wa-, n ol Ih l' m ost pow­r-rfu l sal he-m III "'H'lIlt'elll h -n'nl ll ry 'cew En g ­brill. he did n'spflIHI (n'alndy ro dilfi,ultlncauv-d 1)\ ar nval of the En gli sh . In ronn uualcontac t w ith P mitanv fot over forty years, hekn e w and res en ted ltm'trai lll' th ey put on hi,at l ion s. Al \'M iOlIS l im es he need defiance. iso la ­l ion , pl'lv ma l d ipfnmar v. a nd ap peals 10 theClow n 10 mai n tai n h is a mo nornv . H e ' tJ((et'dedIII a vo id ing .l::t' lloci dal Win wi rh rjn- Engli sh hUInot in kt'epin g- hi, freedom of acnon. Slo wly ,p a in full y, Ill' adjusted h is an iv il ies 10 fil themwit hi n fim itauon-, set by Ell g tish ll1('1I .2

In h i '; iuinal enco u n ter :"Jinigret d efied P uri ­tan s w ho presu med a rig h t to direr r In d ian ­Ind ian rel a tions. During- th e Peq uo l War ill 1637a P urita n army lIndt'r J o h n Ma .mn pasSl'd

*,\ " I...n ll." of til" d"p,,'lIlwlll 01 II1~rol\ ,II I Ilt!laIL I{'lli"·l,ir .., BI '-'o m lll_': IrlIl , .\ 11_ ',..!II "wn lha" l, 10

P",f"" , ,, R" I...rr C. (;II11dn"lIl "Ild IlWmh"I' "I hi,.~ , ,1t1""lt· 'I'mill'" ' II ,-\ tlWri' ";11l \1ll( li,,~ who.... ",mlllt'IlI'hdp"d mal,' Ihi, e"", r",,,I,,h l,·

by TII/wllI\, j .."'I'hr*

Ih Jo ug h Niantic rnunr rv. l\' ia lll il s "r.nrvrd VtTy

p ro udl y rowa rd-," the Engli sh and n-luved anyadmi vsion 10 the-it 1011 ;\fa,OII, "k;ni ng Jr."sl rl lt'\"

miglu d isco H'1 uv to tlu- F!]('II1 Y, t"pt'cia lly Ih.,\h avill.C: manv nme-, SOIllt' o f t1Wil n ea r Re-lauon-,a mon g thei r g' ..ale' l Frx-v." vunounded till' [Oll 10kt'ep Ihe Indian -, from lr 'l\ in g . T ht' IJt: xt ( ];I\ afn-rso nw of ,\ I ia n to llo rno 's :\'ana gan , e ll s had aruved.rhe ;,\,ian li('o rame- IHI I ot rheu \ll la .g,' and joinedI tl(' Eng li,h exped ition. T'l u-v made "volemn 1' 111­

Il" talifllls ho w ga lli;uuh they would demeanth(' ITl'>!' hes, and ho w man v ;\It'll th ev wou ld Kill. "T b i, po sllll in g left a rlegal l\T 1JI1 PI t'ssiOlI w irhMa son , t" lwlia lly alter the :\' iallll n a nd Xarra­g:a mett~ largely dese lled hi m d u rin g tlu- M y, wba n le . '

,\ Ia" Hl " n'artiouv 10 tlu- N ian tirv evtahliclu-dIh e p.uu-rn for fut u re EII.c:li'h res p onw-s. W ha lMacon firs t em phavisr-d was the m voleru pnde 01N iantirs w ho refused Pur it a n -, proper re,pec l hvdt' rn'lJIg th r-rn ('Jll ly lIlIO till' ton a nd hy pro t lai m­Ing thr-ir ow n hra H'ry whilr- mrx ling- that of th ewh in-s. Suc h prnk- was ll o uhl esollle hfTau'>!' i lin d ica ted nOI onlv 1l011arn 'pl;nH t' of Ill!' E ngli , ha, rhe pt e-vt rutu-nt POWt'l 111 th e ;11(';] hUI a lso;lprefer e-nre £01 rradiuoua l wavv . I' lI dt' made Xia n ­lin t rouhk-some: ki n sh ip l it" made the m da llgel­ous. Ma ,oll ft'a u'd th a t rhe :-.1 i;m lio wou ld wallllh t' Pt'q u ot , ht'("aust ' o f a s, u med blootll e la lio n ,

l.al n Ihe Ni anli n weft' al mo st a lways It'all'd fOl

Iht' ,anlt' reavm. T hn wnl' II l11 deeme-d d<lll~('r­

Illl' tu Iht'lll">t'IH'.. hUI 1;lllwl IXT,IIl'" of Iht' ir tela­lIoll,llIp' ....-n h "Ir()n~t'r Ililll;", IUlI icu lar h rhe:-': ;lrr;I~"lht'I" and 'lo h;l .... l , _·

:-.:illi~It'1 ;lp pea rt'll lO tid, IIw ElI~ l i,h furlh t'lh, ,11 1,11 lill~ Iht' :\Io n l' lU\... Indl;tn, 01 Lon~ lela ndand In ;l ll t,~('tI h har bormg lu~n l\t' !'l'qJ IOIS.Inn-rn iba l rivalries a nn-daring th e P ur ua n arriva lI'IOlllplt'll lhr artar k fill the 'Io ltl a u b in j u nelfi:\H . :\Iolllaub welt' tfl hll l;UIt" and alhc-, o f rhePI'q uoI ' a nd ..0 wen- ('nl 'nul'"" 0 1 t ht- :"a rra~an"'l! '

.uu l :" 1,11I11(', ~"lI Utll nll n l lh" I' l'lj Wll' b\ rlu­F IIJ.: Ii,h made ir appe.u ,,1ft- 101 :":in igr el 10 a,­',1U 1t LOllg I"lalld \ Jruli;m , . :-'foJ(' impnr ta ru, lilt'dl'mi,, ' 01 rhr- PI'quoI" ',,"I' llit'd to "III;'n the po ....i­bill! \ " f 1" la hh,h mg .'i ialllll n verlordxh ip. thu ..J.:; l in lllg till' nibun- :\!ol1t ;lllb had paid the Pc-II110 " _ .'i in i.~"'I" inu-rest wa-, i ll rlu- II ilune - lit'dcmandr-d immed ia te pavnn-m IJI wa mpu m andw.um-d rhe :\Innla u k, hi' wou ld n-nnn later formon-.?

1'n ltlll u na lt 'h fOI :-':inigl l'l , IIwH' wa.. no po wn\,1( UU lIl 10 fill on Long l vt.md (',1 IIlIlt'uiull a nd

'''''....11 hU't'lh authormc had " lrr .lIh laid cla im10 Iht' 'l nllla n \... lr ibUlr. 011lt' :" i lll ~ rt' l It'l l thei,l.uul. II'> IlId i" lh <tPIII;'akd tn Connt'(li(lit\ gen­,'rnml'lll for I'lor("C lion . T he'\ rl'mllldffi Ihe En~.

1t,11IIwlI Ihal no Indi an would tl U' 1 IIll'm if I h('~

did nOI It't'p Ih l'il agu,(: lllt'IJl' _ConliN lic UI re­'ponde'd h\ di'pal( hi ll~ :\I,1't1ll wi lh '>l' \en mt'll to

:-': i1ll!-:!C'1 10 dem a nd 'at i'(;1( l io ll a mi 10 Ih rt'au'n.....a r. John Winth rop wrn l,' RO!-:t"r Will ia m , urg:­1Il ~ him In ....'OI\... ,,' ilh ,liall loll olllo , Ih t, :'\ arra ­.e:a n ,,'U ,a ch"lll , 10 df".( I a IX',ll d ul ·.olu lion.[ '11111'1 Ih",,,. pr t'\\un".. ;-';in i ~ It'1 wt'n l to lIarrfOid,lIIll madt' luJI U·"illllioll .

nil' in cident did not t'nd IIll'u' hIT;IlI'(' II lIlI­douhll '(lly made a ll imp;u Ion hOlb ..ide ... :"Jilli­,l.:H'I" lontlllt! r".in forn ,d 1111' i'n ~l i,h to!l\,i(liolltha I h i, p ridt' matl(' him a (harant'r In ....·<Iu hI IO' l'"h'. 'lontauks H'poll t'll Iha l :" illi ~ n"l had ..ai d['.o llm' lIion .....o uld do 1I0 1hill !( 10 hi m a nd lhallilt' :'11" , ..,1( h u "t'll , gml"rnor .....;1' a h it'nd ....·ho.....ou ld w ll tht' :\Iolllauk, {n, hall o f lht' lri bu l(",lit' .1 1<.0 a ll~ffih ca lled t he ElI ~li ,h lia l\ wh oprom i"t' Indi ans prOlt"oio n o n l\- 10 obta in .....am­pmll , P u rila n , .....ere rltJI l ikd\' 10 on'r!ool \l1thho,l'tl n!(; ind('ftl, they .....elt' mort' lilt''', 10 la l(' 11a' a Ihrl';u 10 Ih(' l r 'kif(,t,-. P rtJb;. hh whal appt"aret!,l' ;mlj, Engh,h III :'\inl!(It'I" ,I( 1101" a nd rht'lOlI c

W,I' " '\l 'n llllt' lll of wlun- in ln ll'l l' lll l' wh rch dl lo,{'t!(.11 tilt' 11'11,11 mr.m-, of inlll',l'llIlo: ,I enhem "

IJI'\'Tr .':'\im~H'1 could nOI han' 111'1111;'(1 bUI lea rn rhar

(.,I'llIl'l, we-n- deu-mum-d 1<, 111;'.( fOlI( ' III Ind ia n ,Ind ia n n-lation... . Obviouvlv II did nnl rake- a dir­1"(1 ,111.1<].. 011 whlll" In p"nolt, ltlt'll wra th. B,etlTnl'hin~ wuh P ur i tan Ikmalllk :'\ lIligrl'l t'\ in ,11"(1 a w l ll m~nt's, ltJ c(l IJ( I"Ik lh"11\ a rok m inter ­trill;" ,(fl;lj" '0 lon~ ;(, rbar 10k \ , ';l' uaduiona l .:\"lIli lo: U'1 had no !, It'"i ng: pr ohh-m-, with lilt' .\ Io n ­rauk -, b UI had m"l t'h "o ll,l.:h l 10 fill" , u p l'0">C'tivoid. O rHt' it beca me rle-ar Ih ,1I thr- Engh ..h hada",u lIlc'tl ' U/t' ra m l) 0\" 1 till' :\I"IlI,Hlk" :'\inigrt'ldid 1101 chalh-nge them fO! fill l,t'n ve-ar ... In thi, 11I ­..1'1 1111' Puntan -, -,rt-mcd , im p ly III III' 1;llinJ.: li lt'Ilbl t· t lf PI'tlllf JI ' . -1'1l{' r"l lbt t'rlll 'l ll llillnot mak e.'iil li ,l.:rTI ha ppv . bUI il wa c ( CIIIII H("hc'll,iblt',

.-\ thi rd major nmlroll Ltllllll 1II; 'I ~" t'l '1l :" ini~H'1

and lilt' Eng li ..h hd ol(' lfi-I~ - Ihal O\t' l Pequot'lll\inll' - vhowe-d that P ur ita n llli'IIU\! \\-a,hankn i ll~ in to p rejudi. e . :'\ ini ~ l t,t wa-, nor rhohiK~t'~1 har borer 0 1 P("( lu o h . In J u h Ifi:S 'i , \ \"ill ­Ihrn p rt'fu'K'd 10 deal wi th ItU' :"i,U1l1t vac hem illBo ' lUlI u nti l h e- had ddiu'f('tl rdll~t"t' Pe-quorv..-\fln he ..ita lin~ :-': in i.l(f(,t cOlllpli"t! ,m d ",,-a' Im ­inKh di..m i....ed ." In 10nll;I'I , t' !lC"', '>.'llht'm oflilt" 'loht'gall ' , and \\'("lj lla , h Cook bOlh l ('p l p("q uoI, o n L(Jn~ !'>Iand ,lilt! hlllUg l1l IIw m b;l( \... 10[',1 l1l lln lIcUI 01(-a,itllla lh III i 'Hrt";lw Ih(" i r't"'IIRlh . Will ia m , ,(,"'III 'd lh, ll Wt·(l ua ..h (',oolhad "KHIWIIC' r il h" and h <l tll ll; ,(mIlt · "';1 Sac h imwith Ihe I' t'(IUh " h \ h;uho ling IIH"m . R("n mh in ,I IudI' nt) at lion lalt'n a ~a in ' l W('qu a,h Cookwhi lt· ( 'n (";l ~ wa .. o n l\' ( b;l, tl",t! and ordered 10br in g in Ihl' !lamt'" and numlwl llf hi .. Pt'quol .. 10Cnlllll'ttinll alilhorili('s.

billioll dt'\'t'lopnj III 11)-\0 O\l"r Iht , l'lllitan dl' ·t-j, io tl 10 I'xt'('llie Iho'>!' 1'l'qu"I' wh o had klilt'tlh' ,l.:l i,h llWII. Conllt'lci l UI m d" It'd :\" i rti ~r t"1 10 ..ur­rt'lIdn ' Ollll' of Ih t', t' Illl11 d,'w r" a nd h(" Idu ..t'tl.Ttlt' ha ,i .. of hI ' ,,-f ll,al w,e.. hi , ' l"l )lr io n th" l , h('Engli..h ....T It· ,,'(' k Hl .~ 10 p llllhh lu m ra lht'l Ihan10 adrn in i'lt'I JU\U! t' . Wdlla m Coddi ngll>n wrOlt"Wim h rtl p Ihal 10 hi ' pl 'r"olu l lnowlt'tlgt, Iw('ht'" t'tl uo l murderer .. wnc' , Iill ,IJiU' , t'ig h l wilh( lnea" iiI(' u lhn IOlU with :":UllgIC'1. r.ot.fdi n~ton

,,,id :'\ ia lll ic, ....-alllt"li ( ' n ca , III 'UlIC'mkr hili (' IghtIII' t ">IJ " Iha l Ih ,,\ m,1\ "'I' iI' Jt"lin' Ihe Engli,h'I"('\...t" ." Wllha m \ told Wln lh ro p Ihat :"a rra g-an ,

"~.',,.h,....

f\flj

-

/'''' /10" II ( a "'tip ",/ /rut ,a" {,,,,ti, '" HJ" Hh 1,la ,,,1 11\, , ,,1,,<,\,... H ld~, . 191IJ, ,h ()" ',,,~ .\' ''1'' ''' /"","', lI., l", I, "" ,~ . ~d "

la',l: r I"HI ,,' 1I't/ ,h "' l:t" n <.",.,,1\

seu sar hem .. cou ld not convince :'I:illl.~n·t (0 giveup four Pequots ht>("<lu'it· "Engfish Pa rtialuie 10

all th e Pequts a t Monhi!,:xin is \0 g rea t and thec.on s('<jllt'n((·s so Kl it'wl lis upon the Abuse nf th eEnJo;li sh Love. that all the-ir Argument s returnedba rk (w h irh they USt" 10 the- Na vantaqui t Sachims)a s Arro w!'.. from a "011( ' wa ll."

In 1 6~H Nin iKH'[ had aoepred the Puritanclaim o f their ri~hl" U\ t'r :\. lolHau k\. a d aim rhatfil the tradit iona l Ind ia n pol iucal framework . By1640 he 1)('HTi vt"(1 Puritan ;1<110 11\ a imed agai ns lh im and that lh o '>(" a ((io ns Up!>t' l poli tica l hal ­a n n ' s w hi r h e xi..n-d ;lTn (lll~ lilt" mbes. ~Ol feelmgh im self a ble to a ttract Engli~h mppoJl , :'\ in ig rt'lp referred to isola te h imwlf fro m ..... hir es. T o th e

..r-uh-r.. rh i.. ""' ;1 .. juv r ;InOlht'1 exa m ple of hi s pride.Willlhrop 1t'[Xlllt'd rhar all Narragun sen sat-hem..kindly e-uter tainr-d P urira n rue ....ell gTrs '>{·1II 10 in ­\'estigau' rumor s of <I p lol ill lli·lO. But :'\ in ign'l"ca rr ied hi nl\eH proudly , and refu sed 10 t ome 10

u.., o r 10 yield 10 auv Ihillg , only he sai d hewo u ld nor harm liS . exu' p t we in vad ed h im."?

[ H 'IlIS of 16·1.1 ··15 confirmed a nd st rengthe nedinit ial irnp re....vion .. of IXlIh sidt 's. In 1M3 Unr-asrapt ur ed ~liaI1lOlHJIllU in a war . a nd co m mission ­t'rs of thl ' newly' formed United ('..nloni es allo wedUnca s 10 execu re him. ~1 ........u h ll'>t'" ll s, Connec u ­CUI . Pl ym outh, a nd Xe w H aH'1I had Clea ted th eUn ited (".o lo nies in spri ng 1643 lar gel y 10 betterregu late affa irs with Indi ans. M ian tonomo's deat h

Hratll "j.\I"",lmwIIIO I.., drpnted in a lQl h-'-l'nIlH~' u-ood "",~ra, 'ing . .-h<"f>7<lill~

10 alu!lOII.\ "'Iilr rvrnt, ,\! lIl11 l m w mo "'{I.' hllird II" II"" hml l,,,,, 0/ / ''' 01.\ "·,/11 ,,/11011' lrom 11 IOIll{lIIlll<'k.

made hi, brother Pessacus sachem and increased~imgret \ import ance. Puritans usually treatedPe"sa cus and Nini gret as if they were equalswhereas tllt' y had awurm-d Miamonomo su per io rto Ninigrer. Both Pessarus and Ninigret were in ­rem 0 11 fl,\t'flging Miantonomo's death hu t wa r011 Unca s wa v 110 lon ger a simple thi ng". Puriransrom r niued th em selv es 10 th e Mohegan's defencein any war ca used by the execu tion.

Twin' in 1643 and 164·1 Pessacus "ought too b ta in P ur ita n approval of war on Un cas . Bothumes Winthrop denied th e request . Narragauv-usthe-n made a tactical error of major proportions.Pessacu s and o ther snr- hem s - urged o n bv Sa m­uel Colton - signed a document p laci ng th em ­seh-'("s under the proter-uon of King C ha rles I. T heanion only served to anger the Pun tan s. do ubl yso since the text of the submi ssio n wa s dearlyaimed at the New Eng landers . The doru me mgave Charles the Narraga nseu co u n tr y ill rei urnfor prorer. uon from "some of Hi s :\Iajesty 's pre­tended subjects" of whom the In d ia n." had "justcause of jealousy a nd sus picion." W hen Massa-

chu"ell s seru men 10 interview Narraganven sa­chems . th ey were n eared ludely . Canoni r us II,tthem stand in the rain for I W O hours. P essarusan swered their questions iusoh-rulv a nd told the mNarraganscu s W('I(' gOlllg 10 wage guerrilla ....-ar­fare 011 U nca s.e

Despite all rhreatv no major war broke out in1644. Narragau-en-, did attack L'nca s in spr ing1645. a nd the United Cnlonif's moved quickly tosupport th e Mohegan sachem. In May the Mass­arhusens General C..ourt ordered a lcucr to theNarragan-ens u-lhug them to sto p the war. InJ ul y comm iss ioners 01 th e Un ited Colonies in aspecial meeting called lip all arm y to ligh t th eRhode Island Ind ia ns. In m id -Augu cr, before thatarmy had gathered . Narraganseus a nd a Nianncrepresentat ive signed a peace trea ty with the Puri ­tan colonies. T hai agreement la ter beca me a fur­ther source of frin io n between In dian s a nd Pu ri­tan s b U I for th e moment it brought peale.

Niu igret's role in the war sca re. war its elf , a ndsu bmission is unclear. but th e English consideredh im a m ajo r rause of agitation. Maso n 's co m mis-

,ion \0 command t lu- t 'uued C.olo nie.. ,ltm~' vtau-drhar it\ (flJllITlI\'IOIIt'I\ 100kl"(1 " u po n rhe Xvan­til'h a .. the r he-i! 1IIII'n tli;u il" a nd (a ll..I"" o f rhewan and ..huultl Ix' glad Ihq m ig ht fin l Ieele the..m.HI o f it ." T lw commi....io ner .. may han ' had"\'Iclt-nlt" fOI ltw il ronclusion . but il h likely rbevW('It' It'a<ling; III Ih t'll pre-viou..lv for med auimdevabout :'\ini~It'1. "Lh e-v rraclI"(1 al\ll 10 ~lIli~rl'l'<,

alJt'~t'(1 I('ph 10 their m(,..'t·nfi!:I' I" t hat Xia n tic ..had deeidr-d 1111 war a~ain"l L'nca ... "nor wouldrhev enquin- whn began" II. :'-l o rf'O\(' I. if Puruansdid not ..lOp Plul t"~ lin.':: 'Io hl'K,lll ... Xia nnc..H ....-ould heape up ( En g; li , h l Canle a .. h igh as their.... igwam..:' and all Eng-li ..hman could "nor ..u-po ut of Iht' dou tt·.. In IJI..'t·, hut rhev would killhi m."?

In Iti-li .'\ in i ro:; l<· t cnuld not dC'fly making Ihn'>('vra te- rn en tv bUI al~lI("(1 rhat rh e I;"m is'>dril''' had pro­vo ked him . Tht, r ommi....inm·l .. did not acreprrha r I;" x p b n;ll in n: neverrhe-h-..... II r rm lo r m v InXlIlig-r t'I ·.. pt·r\l)I1<tlil~ . Uu the n 'rfi!:{' or a warwhich wa .. j u..1 in h i.. t'\ I''', Purirans interfered: h i..1('''pO ll ''C' wa .. hl\ u ..u;1I hO.I..lful po..turing . For rheFnro:;lJ sh hi , .111\\ \'(" ....·a' amuhe-r ilhlalln" of hismsufferahle- 1'1 ide-. T1111". ('\( 'n Ihollg;h imphcit in:":inig;r(,I '" a n ..we-r i, hi , I ~ nora ntt· of who starredrhe ....-a r, tht· romm i.... ium-r .. blamed him . Xi lllfi!:H' t, ti ll p,,'fI'II("(1 a pol ic \ o f I,o!a lion a nd o f avoid ­ing; tll rl'(1 r ou rae t .... ith the I':n,ll;I ;..I1. H I' did no tattend Ihl' I)('a('(' eunfetvnc e o f lfi ·IS berauw ilwould have been a rt'f'o ,ll; n it io ll o f I':n g l i ~ h right-,10 interfere in mn-rniba l aff.urs

In 16·17 :\ini,li;rt'I'" t,lI til ' to ward Purit ,lIl'( h a n ged 'lhlll p tly ; he Ilt·,Ii;.llI to rou n their favoraf ll \T ly'. In IMII h t· ITII ,11;h t han ' hn ornl' mot(' openIlt'(";H1 s{' IIH' l lll i!I'!1 Co lo n in Ihrt';II{'lwd wa r if:\arra ,li;an ,, ·th a nd !\" ia m in did nol "\ll'nd " thl'Colo nie, j ll~ t ..al i,f'llt ioll o r if h~' all Y irholt·nt &­hostil e ra l ri; l,li;t· Ihq [didj ~ i\'t· fllrlht'! l,rmTKa ­tion ." "fOil ' hk t' ly', :"lIl i ,li; lt 'l a lll'm pl"d I)('r ;-,on ald iploma( y I)('cau \(' h" hd it'\('ll hI' mig h l fina llyha \'(';HI En g:li ~h a lly in COIlIlt'(·lir ut , John Win ­throp Jr. Willl h rop W,I' a h it'n d o f Willi a m s whoin HUll wa, frit' lJdly towilrd l':ia nt in. and Ih('re ha u ad il io n Ih,lt :" inigrl;"l 0111(' \an·d Winlhrop'~

lif(' . Fu nhl;"f . Win thro p a nd h i, nt·w p la n tat ion o fXe....· I..o ndon W('I(' ha\"in,li; Ilfohl('lUs wl lh {:nca s.

:\in ig:rl' l \·i..llt't! W illl h rn p in Feb' ua n ' 164 7 a ndsig na led hi, (hange III t'lft in . Willlh rop ....'roteEdward l-{n pk in ... C.on Ill·Oi.-UI·s gm'efllOl _

, .. t hf' f'flu t 01 111.\ prtncrpall ,spa.h u'a,s to

u~'''/)' that Ilt' hf'ard the f"if,il-lh had an Ilf o p m ­UH! 01 111m b ut hI' RrIf'U' '1Of' [ ust .- a1 HI" bUI be­

cau sr hI" It' a\ a ltra",~ f" to them '101 IT('qUOlllllg

tht'H 'OIHI.I and plantattans es fJth l"H did u.hrch:u'a .\ dlf'lllv b f'farHl" hr Il'a .l w Tl""wtl" f rom them

and ! l"a'fllil to come amml,if, ,\t them fwd waj also

!ormrrl't' bll7ld. Iml /ltJWIl"f'S Ihf' En ,'{l; jh dot'j IHIl't' , ami 1lt'I'l"r bf'.l{1Il uollh an}' 1IIIIIuy aTt'

p TfH'tJk l"d thai ' IOU' Jw (O l/U,\ 10.ll"I" m r , bt'i1lg71t'wl)' (OT7U 10 bt' ltl.~ "I" I.Ii{!tbOltT alld 10 hmit'

171! (J Tmal um II'hal 10 dut' t hat ht' mlghl t'71]O)' Iht'

iovt' of tlt f' f :",li{lllh I h al Itt' tl'a .\ T("so!t,t'd to bf'

(J('quamlf'd willi Ih('1n and kapl" pl"au U'llh them

a'ld dot' tl'hal .ItJf'I'f" l!try .~ h a ll Tl"qW1l" m Tl" a j O n .

Clea rly Ni nig;rt"1 h im , ('lf .....a\ a ....·a re Iha t he wa,a l lea \t d ("(' lal in g a nl;" w po lit y. li t· wa ~ willi ng 10tl\' to .....or k wi lhin m<lrh lllt'"J)' ('s iablishl'd b\' ,hePuritan s.Xin i ~rl;"l ,ough t 10 ..ho w hi .. g:ood fauh by Ie­

q ue\ling- a 1Ja" 10 ,1I 11'nd ,ht· Uni led Cu lonil· ..·fl{'XI mt't' l ill~ in Bo ..u JIl. W imh lOp Ihe I'ldt"Kla llled ~af(' nllldmi . a nd lIlt" Xialll i( \<}(h('1!l

•

/ " It .. II , ,,rlt,,,p I / · •• . /"'Q . Ii:"", ........" '" 114' "'' nll"'I" 84 "( .. I.... ,

appea red 011 rhe '\U.!'tU\1 1&1 7 ,e\\inl1. represe n ung:-':anag:ao"l'll .. ,1\ wel l as Xiamics . T he comou-...iUlll' I' quidd\ a ..ked h im wh\ l nd ia nv had no tpa id UI1Jl1 1t" accord ing 10 pro\ 1\1011\ o f rhe t reatvof l fi"~ . :-': in i ~rt'l u nwiwlv den ied know inJ;; o f the1I('a1\ 0 1 ...-hv the l nd ie n-, ,hnu ld I ~l ~ ' wa mpu m .Hi, 1l" pOIl"l' ..ho wed hi-, (Ol1l i n ll i ll~ rewn tmernof Puri tan nuerterence in Indi an affau, . After th eI nmmr ....IOIl('n reminded hun o f h i.. 1&15 threat..

to th e EIIJ;;hsh . he a sked fm all aU'IlUTu ill .C: o f t ht­;IIIIOtl l1l of uibuu- already pa id. I [e- a~re('d 10 sendout nl('''(' Il~t'r, 10 ( o llen wampu lIl a nd In sta y inHm toll u n til lh e delll wa , paid , Tht' mt"M'llger"f(' IIlIlWd .... ilh o n h lWO hundll,t! of m ('r one lhou ­';lIId f;l lhom of wa mpum dll (' , :"iini .!'trel a ..ked lhallh t" 1t, ..1 hf. ddayed unli l rll!: lullo ",' i n.~ ' p ri ng, a nd"l lwn il il ....'eu· nOI fu th paid , Ihe En gli ..h sho uldlak t' h i.. ht'ad & ~i<,(" hi , (oll n"y.'" Thl' (omm is-..im w!\ o lleu'd a 11.' ''\ gt' nt'rou, ('om promiw ....-h iehS in i J;; H'1 "'< h('('rfu lh' aut'J!It'fl, a nd prom iwd 10Ix-rfnrmt' a(('ordiogl~'."'l'

A ft·w da~', la ler :-': in igre l had Will iam -r ileWlIllhro p JllI1ior 10 a\" h i.. ill! er<e.... ion ilh Ihe(ommi\\iOlwn for a funhf'1 dela~ . In Jul y lol -

lo will g Wllu h ro p ",'niOl It'qw" led lila l hi ....Oil' IM'a" w uh rhe :" iantil "I( hem ,thoUl lha l mbuu-.:\tt .., a(hll,t·lh' g:O'f'1II01 ,UllI'l't1 :"ini~rf't of tl('itl~

untauh ful and u ngrateful a nd rhrr-atened 10 plac eall blame for brear h of lilt' ItH:t lTt'al' on hi-,..houlder... In a second 1t'lll' l Wi lll h ro p told hi..""Oil lilt' (lI11um" ionn' warned :-':1I1I,l:; f('1 10 appt>a lat ltwil "i.t-Illl'mbet rnee-une .

8 \ St'p"'m lx'r 16 HI ,I 1It',,- problem had ariwnwhn h pur n ibu re mro The h.u"~lulJnd - rum or ..th a t :\Iohawb were (Oll1ill"': In anar k :\Inht'ga n,a nd FIl ~I"h . WIll iam.. twl il'H'd Ih a l :\Iohaw'"W('l e (om ing; beca use 0 1 :\Iotl(' g;an a uac k s Oil Po ­cu mun k Indian s. Ifi \ vu-w wa .. a uuuont v rnu- a -,11 ' 11<11 : rnml veu h-rs blamed t ht- all eged Mohawk('{lini ng; on a r\atrag:an 'l"1 and :"ian li, r ouvpir­,Ily , :\1<1, el!l a nd Win lh Tfl p junior wrnle lh t' C:OIl1 ­mi ..\ io llt·" ch arging the- Rh cK!I- l- dand Ind ian-,wirh a pl ot . Fro m the lener -, rfn- eo mnuvcionervden-mnned that a ( on'p rr;tq (""It,d a nd tha i:"in ig; tt' l " in 1l<lIlltll kr I t id "1I11Il1t'l1 wluthe-r lh t,Fng Jj,h would defend {' uqu;t, l·xprt, ....ing hi m ­\(·11(' tha i if Ihel d id. Ih t'l Could '>CIO!U' bume thehou v-s all Co n neoacun."

Li ke most scares o f rhe penod . lhl' romp irand im ;1\ quic klv a .. it ha d a riwn . 0111' rail ne ver hf.'me if there was a p lot 0 1 w ha l role :-':i lllgrl'lrnigfu have p laced in it . bUl hard f('d ing~ lrurn"tt' ll lt'r\ aga mst him connnued . T h " '><a rl' hadhan!l l pa vsed before vtacon ;11 t tl , t-d hi m o f the

lutthet in .....lence 0 1 h unuug III Pe-quo t terrnorv .Wi n lh rop junior wa-, a m.1I1't1 how :\1a '>C11l ha dhl \u ll '>fl rapi dl v of li lt' :"i a l1li( ' , ;u l i,il~ 1I1l 1t· \ ~ il...-a .. frum "S urm i..('~ and Jc'lolI, ie, of the :\lohe­.':;ens" Winlhrop deh-ndr-d :"in ig; ret. "t o l)(ein llg II

sutfirieru to li lt" En gli ,h to mainra inc rheir c rigluthat he aeknowledgeth lbeil l igh t in It , a nd seek­e-rh for lict'nc e fmm lht'm ." J o h n lI a \'Ilt'\ a ndhlwaul lI n p kin \ - who ;I!ll't na lt'tl a .. governo r<llld d<"JlIllY g:O\'f'TIlor in ( :e-JllIu 'c-l i(lIl ' , :fir~1 fih et'nyt'<l " - wer t' nOl ..0 f ha l i l<l blt·, 801h wrn le Win ·lh ro p ar~ lI i ng Ihal :\'1Il1 .!'t«'1 ha d no righ l In h Ulllin Ihe ar ea bn:a ll'>t' hi \ " non pl:rlofma nr(' of l .t)\'·

t'tla lll\ a nd lTt"'d(herOll' dt'\ IIl;IH'\ ma lt' hi m (allIt'a 'I ;1\ "f'Il ) unC:-dpabl(' In «'Cf'i\ing fa \'olln Ofin f o ur ag:t'n wll! \ fro m a n~ ,,' ho lo\'(' lht' pt'd(t' o flhl ' C.olonyt'\ ,"'11

:\ minor i"ue in Ih(' (Oll!lIl llll1g: I('la lioll~ Lt,­lwt't'n :\i lll.!'tJ('1 a nd Ihe Pur i la n~ , Ih l\ di"pllll' O\f'fhUIll Ill!i; JI!l: hts li lted th e ini m i(a l pallt' TIl o f lhow

u 'laliOll\_ Puritan .. pIUU·..ted what th,'\ \aw a ..:\'ini~r l;"(\ in cnleru pude. nOI becauw hi .. hunti ngthre-atene-d the h"',, of ;111\ \('1I1t'r... Jl ll n l lll~ be­I\O"I"I'n the :'oh ..li( and rhe Pav..-rarurk rilt"" virnplv~;l\l' Iu rrher evidence Ihal he wou ld nul ;UO'p lEn~li ..h tlill:,nion , A divptne between Conm-r tic utant! :\I;t ....ac huwu.. (I JlHt'rning: juri",l i(lillll otrhe, 111' ,1 I ompluated IIII' p roblem . :\' in igJt" r Ianned alig;h ' 10 hun t from a Mavsac huseu .. alll hOl ily,Winthro p junior. For Connecticut IHIl III han'denied :"in ig:Tt"I'" claim wou ld ha ve lx- en 10 deuvil~ II\',-n r laim.. 10 Ih,' an-a . T I\(" incident ..kt'l ( he..11\l" dl,\-t'lopi n~ pattetn in wh ir h G IIllU'( Ii, III 01

the lo ur Puritan IOIUlllt'.. emerge.. the rno ..1 vm­de-nt en e-m v 01 :\'in ig:Tt'l , a nd il\ oppn"lIInn wa..r nnnet red wuh rh e ro lonvs land rlaim.._

[',(lnnt'( li( UI '" Kruwin~ impauence witb :'\ ini­!{rl"l ..urfar e-d III IWU development.. in 1&19. The'''''1 Ill( idem wa.. a n alleged a Ut'mpl 10 kill L'm-a..III rhe- ..prill~ , 'The ;t<H I"t'd woul d-hi' a .....I 1II wa ..all Indian na med Cuuaquin whose n lll ft· ion im-pli'a lt'd ;'\'in ig u 'l and :"iarraga n\t·u .. i ll till" m urdnlI y , Co tl!wni , Ill '" It-ad l'r\, t" I)t'(-ia lly ~1<"lIn , 1)('­li,,\t"d lilt" s tOlY a nd hla n wd :'\'iniJ.:lI 'l in palli n l­t il . William.. Iwar d IUIllO," in :\lay tha i ..orne:'o la ....." hll\t' ll" nWII Oil lht 'i, way I n ll;lTlfo rd wl're~oi ng 10 com{' Ihrnu~h R hode "'la nd alld lake:'\ 11I1~Tl'( wi lh rht 'm. .-\ month la lt'! III" I1":I'I\I..lkllt'r.. from :\1a"'1Il warn i n,~ hi m Ihal COllflt"l ll.lItpJannt'l1 ""ar o n hi .. :":iamin.

\\';u wa.. aWlidl-d In :"illi~!el '" \oluIIt,u\ alll'n­danl(' a l Ih l' .ommi....iolle"" mt't"llIl~ III Jllh . lit'..1111 (tin! 10 wOlk wilhin Ihl' framewOT k Ihl' P ur ­lIall .. had t'slabli ..hl":l. hUI Iheir n lllfro l1 1<lIiulI W;l\nOI frit'ndJ~ . T h(' (Il1Juni .... io nel\ ch ar!il:t..! hi m of( Olh piri ng wilh :\Ioha wb , hirill~ ClIll aqllin,bi l i n~ 10 pa y l equ il l'd IIi hille, a nd filiall y, 1'101­lill ,l{ 10 rt'vi \'(' Pl'qllOI powl'r (h ro ugh th t" marriage0 1 h i\ da Ll .~ fll l'r 10 "a brOlher o r brothl'r s \ 00111' o fSa ....aq ua.. Ih t· mall i~na n l fu riull " Pn !lu ll ," Themrt"lin g endt'l! w il h the (ommiss iotlt' r.. ur~ ingIht'i r (olonil's 10 klTP dt'fl'llI-es in !il:ood order b illnol ca lling (ot wal .

The OIher major dt'\f' lopmt"nl of 1&19 had~rt';Uf'r imp;tet in lIlt' lo ng Tun . P rr n o ll 'io h P ll r­ilans had illlt'rf" Tffi onl~ in :":ini !il: I1·t '" aflain ~'Ilh

mllt' r lT ibes, but bf'Kinn ing tha i y't"a r Ih l'l mt"lidlt'dill inlralr ihal confl i{ I amon~ :":ia nt if ", Camha wa­'holl - a ppa rent ly half-PI'quO! and half · !Io:ianti c- hwh' wilh :'\'ini~J('( and fo und fr iend s amol1 g

It-adt·" {II Conne- Ii, Ill . In 1f 11'1 C,;!U\I\ ,I"" ,I ..hr II I.the-n Il\ing the l1;tJlII" w-qua..h Co oL., u ·polll-clhOp pO'l-d rhe CO II"P U;U \ wuh rhe :\lnh,lwJ,. .., The11I· ...1 vea r he lOol.. :\tl\tUl wampum \, hi, h :'\;II I<t ­g;llI\t'Il .. t1aimt"l1 h ';'" 11<111 01 rheir IMHm'nr 10 tilt'EII ~ Ii ..h . Tht'\(' ;1( lion.. p rompted :'01;1 ..011 In \..-nte­'''''II leuerc to Win lh ro p jUl1iot dl ' ll'l1Ilrng Ca n ..ha ­wa"holl '" imen-..I .. . I lopl..in.. al-o Wlul! ' \ \ '1II11110 P

o n be-hal! o f Cau ..h.rwa ..hou. Hnpki nv r lauru-d IlO;u quaima n«- wi th 11 1I' Ind ia n hUI renu-m be-n'dthat in the ptevinu.. vear Ill' had nor 1)("1'11 impli­(-all":! in rhe- :'o loh;I\..-k "C:llt'. Cau..h,tW;l\holl\prohle-m wa.. th,ll :'\in iglt'l W,I" ,,{'uling 1'1>( 1110 ,,";I lon~ Itw eacn-rn t...mk of the P..w"flUt k Ri\ 1'1,whi,h Cau..hawa..holl' laimed w .... hi .. lJ n p l. in ..wa .. mil "1'1 n-adv In deb-rid thr- Ind ia n '.. urle 10

Iht' land, bur hi' wa .. 1(' ;lIh 10 find fault with:": ini/{rt'l.

B\ lall lfi -J9 Rhodl ' Ivla nd Ind ia n .. , ()flu·tlt'd111<1 1 Cau ..hawa ..hun wa .. oU I o l theu I llnlrollh rouah Willi a m " Iht,\ complame-d rh.u Cau..ha ­~';I"holl and h i.. lollo"'TI\ ""ou ld lIo t ,ollllihu lt'h i" "ha lt' 10 wam p lllll dil l' Ih t' 1'lI i lt,d Co lo llic ...Ttll" Ind ia m a..k,'d Iha l Itll' rurllall ~ ' O Ill PI' J tll mto nHlITlbu te, impll,illv .l!:ra nti llg Ilwlll a 'ok III

i llllatri ba l affa il" . Call..hawa~holt ' .. Ill'w-Io undfrl"l'dom a nd It'I'h ll!il: 0 1 im pOrl;lnn ' ..urbff'd whellht' Ih"-dlt'Ilt"d :":mig:rt' l Ihal :\l a <;( 1II would <ttla. l.. i lht' d id nOI limn hI" humin.£:: art'a , Wht'lht' r Call ­..h;lwa ..holl '.. Ihll';u h ;I(1 ;111\- ha ..\.. in LUI i.. It·....impollanr Ihan Ih;1I ht' mddl' it. Th;lIlk .. 10 hi \frit'luhhip wilh P ur il<l ll I'lwmie" ul :":iniglt'1.(".au\ha""a..ho ll "'·a .. a h lf' 10 dd~ a ...u IWIll ""ho, ho u ld h'l\l' IX"'ll hi .. "u lk' rio r. lz

Ik lwrt"11 16-1 9 and lfi,'>:i Telalion\ h'·I"'·t"l·n :":in­igll,t a nd tht' PlI ril;IIl" \\'1'11" ll'tht' ami Ilnfril' nd h­hili IIldnageab lt'. :'\0 m aj o r in c id t'llt 1){llln t'd 10Infl a mt' Ihl' ..ilUalioll , ami :": ini~ 1 1' 1 ..till rt'lil 'd 011

\\' i lllh rt lP Iht" p)l l n~t· " In 1 65~ ['.oIl Ill',l inl lIlImnl En gh ..h ;llu'lIIion a.l!:a m Oil :\' itllgTf'1. .-h1I ..llal P u ri tan .. It';UI''ti Iht'le wa .. a cOII..p irafy- a ­!!:,ain"l Ihl'm . Thi.. l im t' fea r alfJ'>t" \)(:..-all'>t" Ih,' :":1 ­antic "kI(ht'1Il h<ltl " 'It'1ll part of wintt'r 1652 -53wilh Iht' Olllch on ~bnhaHan hland . Thl' {'nitI'd(",o lonie.. "",nt J('pl('\{'lllalin's 10 h im 10 {lIIti OUI",'h\ ht' had , 'i..ilt'd Ihl' DUlt'h. :" ini~l t' l dt' ninla ny- lon\pi raq' n.i"ioll-d <Inti I'xplailll-d Ill' ""t'1lI be­.au..1' ht' had h,'a rd a Fr t'll chm an o n :\l an halla n('(lll id n llt' a n UlHli'o(lm ffl ill nt·, ...

:\'inigrl'l " all\W," i" nOI ' Oll\' inci ng ('\'I'n no w ,

but Iht' IOIlt' 01 Ill' 1t"lwlII,>e I' ful l 01 1t" lx "(1 IIlI}- ngil,h p<"WC 'I . 1111111 for Ih t, EII!o:I I,h rhe mw lves.1':IIII!o:rt'l t.,uld hnd 110 1("<lVl!I "\.-11\ h,'t , vhou ld111)1 keep III' k;lI~tll' ..... irh rhe- EIl!o:Il,h hi, Hidhimh and il Iht"t, Ih illg-, [the p lo l) WI'If' ,0(' h o w(.1Il hl't: t''' I)('(( Iu IMT p l" ' t"n t'd hIT and hi , bv a!t-w Dutch 11]('11 whIM' ;ur '>Ilt" Remon- whe-n <I.. w,'( 'd ' M' lin' h y Ih l' d Ol i ' 01 the- F II!o:l i , h ?" AI,o "whardcM' lIw FIl~Ii ,h IhJl1h· that J Ih in k. t' li u'y IM't',,, It'c 'p and ' lIlft' 1 IllIT 10 dOl' "Will WlOI1 W' dI M' 110 rw ,'t ' k now Itll' FI1 ~I I ,h an- 1I0r ;j , It",p ,,' pt 'o p le?"OH"la ll hi -, U" IMI II,I' wa-, lO ll( Iha,on a nd tlln" l i­uued a fina l all t'm lll 10 ..a h"a!o:t' fr i" luhhi p withIht' Pur itauv . In Iurt her proof HI h i, iru r-nrion be'>t"1II .t wa -h a w III IIw Illl't'lin!o: 01 , ht, t 'nu-d Col­011](" _ .\ 1011: drplom.uir than :\, in ig rt' l ill hi, en ­fOlllllf'1 with ltU' fomml ....in ner.._ .\ wa , ha w ,lIt-ft't..lt-d In g-, 'lll n!l: them If) revealtha t IIr w, of.' " l1g,rt -( .. 'lIPIM)'\l 'd fon,pi(;1( \ 1';11I11' h o m t "n r av.hi ' ruuld 11, ,1 1lI,111<lg,1' 10 make them adm it tfn-Ilia .. III Itit' 'OI ll lt ' .

1':lIl1gU'1 t)lo!..1' Itll' It'lht' pI'all ' 1 I "lIltill~ fromrill' .-\1'111 IJ1(Tllng b\ ~ll r afki n~ rl u- .\ lo n la u k.. in' lll l1 IT wr l fi:) ~ . lie ,\"t'lw d rhal lb t, 1 ,1l 11 .~ hla ndIn dian , h ad 1.. 11 11'11 o w' o f hi , 11\1 '11 . rtw I'"ritall ',oll lllt'rt'ti " Ihar Ih t' lIIali :'\ inru '~It' 1 ,a ll h wa ,\ furt hl'lt't1 tn 11ll" lon~ h landt'f'> wa ' .1" '11\ pUI tllIlt-alh In Iht ' lIl wi lh lilt' approh;lIioll' o f Ih t' COIllIa ' C.c IlH't: III UII.'" nlt' f'(,mmi"iIllWI" Illt'..'>t" Il/;:;er..klfl '0 t'udult· "r ud e' .tIld hO'lilt' a fh ull l'> u llt'rt'ti11\ 1':in ' lt'g- rt' l , ITWII" a nd Wt'ff' ~I\I'II "'p fo ud pt'l ­t'nUOl\ and Ollt'II1i \t, :\ n ..wal t" " In :'\1II1 ~H'1 h lm ­,df. 11 f('lIl lm led Ih,' lomm l.., iollt,,, hn w "p ro u d h­,lIId In,olt-llIh" 1':lIl1!o:1 1'1 had u eau"li dwil em i ~ -

..,ti lt', III l fi--l .; rtW \ Hl lt'd ro {all up ,Ill a n n \ 10a ll ac k rhe 1':ialllil ,. Simoll 8rad'll n 'l t1i''\l'llled ,, r'l p p in/;:; a ll\ illlllH'{!IaH' ani ol! . Il c' <I1 g, lled lh al" 11<1(' agHTIIlC'1I1 plIMlu cnl o r PlI I\TtI whl'lh\, Iht"Coll o nie' a lto Ilhl itlj.;,' d In p ruI l'1 I Ih,' lllll~ " la ndInd ia lh ag-;Iin'l 1':ll llllg rt' ll 01 "r hl 'l' alld ">1 M' n oRt';h nll 10 1'1I\{;tg" Ih"m in IIwi t t1u ,urd h Ih l'grou nd.. ,.h('(('of Ih, " (:.I n n nl wd l IIndt·r ..land ." 11

Bralhtlttt"' ;11 lion m ig-:hr h;l\t' wI ;1 prt'troelllhad il bttll .. lIn .... ,"l1 10 'la nd; in..lt·ad il o,("f'ffi

nnh to {-au">!' d Ut,,, :.Imou~ li lt" ( Tu ill 'd Colonie'flll Ihe na lill e of Ihl 'i l fo nferlera linll . 8\' Sf'IJlem­1M" 16.')-1 :'\ ini glt 'l a nd lh " \lolll;ltIk.. wt' rf' im oh ·!"lI m lull -\I al t' wa l . Tht' tOm m l"IOIlt'I' u'gai lwt!lh l'lI unallllllll y ami dt"( la rt'd wa r on Ihl' 1':ialllll ,.,\ fa"ach u..ell' It'\'('I ' I,<I ir, !X)\il io n fM 'lau,e in

In!'!l war wit h lilt' Dutc h wa.. 11111 ;1' Ii""I. ;" ilh;11I been a ve.u ,,;u!i,'1. III ,,,Milion. :'\ in ig1el h;1(1hin-d Peq uot-, 10 flldll for him 11 ,· had also" h in-d &: dra ...ue- 1I1Iwllt" ma n, fOIl ,ul{Ilt' In di au -,Arn u-d wi th ~I III" picrol l-, &: ,woJ{h 10 the It'H OIof the Enghch ant! lnd ia n-, thet eaboutv." Th i-,looked too IIH lt h Jj"r an Ind ia n ton,p ir; l< v 101tfn- l'umau -, III i~I\OH' II.

:\ ~ uvual . Ib ,' El1 ~]i ,h found ' lIp p o rr Iell Itw iI

lea l i ll Nilll gH'I ', ,1Il'Wt' r, 10 Ih"l1 rt·p lt',e lllalI\T'.R" 'IMHldlll g ;\, a proud warrim who n-ve-nn-d PUI­

nan IIl1l'rlt 'U'lH r. li lt' :'\ ia llll(- ~a( tu-rn .g l ih h d e­IIIt't! o wing Ih l' En gli..h ;111\ 1111111((' lor !'t"fIUo r,hna ll' t' he- n il longe-r had auv : he- hat! o nh h ire-d,omt' ro h r-I p h un . "Com er ni ng hi, h l\ 'llh n g " fthe long h la nd nr ' hee- An -wa n-d: wlwllfl!e vhou ldhe-e- arquaun rfu- (;omi"iolll"" rlu-rwir h whe-n rhelo n g i ..la ndorv had , Ia \lll' a Sac bem-, ,on a nd ,i,,­1\ ot her.. 0 1 h i.. ml' lI~ And rhen-kue- hl't:, will nOImake pea ce wuh 1111' lon g ivlaudor-, hili doth de­' lit' th e En g ll'h le-u h im alone .... :\dding ilyo ul' r Gr.l\'t'rnol ' ' 0 1111(" wen- , b, w' a nd v-veral luthe-t 1Tlt'1I would yOll a ,k e COllll'>! ,I] of allolhelNa lion how and w·lwl1 10 Ri g hI yOllt'1 ", In',? , ,Wh t"refort' , hOll ld I ,H<j u ai n r Ih t, COlllln i....io fl('I'wilh it ? I diM' btll R igh i m y fl\\tW <jllaltdl ...-hi f hIht · In n/;:; i..la ndl·' " ht'gall w ilh 1111'('." l it- \t'a rnt'tlIn ' '>olall' him ">!,lf frOITl Ih e [1I~Ii ,h <l lld 10 d o ">!'Ih t' door ht, had opt'nl'f! in Hi li .

Fo r P u ri la ll" hi, <l1I'Wf'1 w;" ..imph In ,olf'n l t' .\I ;)<,o!l h ad n o r,,11 , 'adlt' r in In.;1 l tMI Ihl' In di a n , '"p l\'df' a nd in, nl t'lI f \ I" g rownl ' \t'" lu g lw." .\I a ' ­'kit hll">t'll ' JlI..lIl lt"(! wa r a, a wa \ 10 " :\ !>.:u e lh eprid,' a nd PIlWt'l o f 1':migrt'Il ." T h t, IOll ll n i....ioll ·t"I' d nid''11 Ih ;1I " IIll" forlx'ar;Hl ( {' ,n lll Il'llil\' 01 lht,Colion it', dolh h tll l'IHIt'a,t' hi , ItI ' O] t'1l1 e and outda ngt'r." Afl"l rlwi l"X pt'dili oll !t '1l1111l'd wir ho ulha\'ill,l2; fOllgl u :\'IIlIJ.!:It'r who h,ullt'lle;u ,'(1 illlO ;1,wa m p, li lt' I o1l1rni" iollt,,, Wf'It' u ll ha p p \' wHh,hl'ir comm;Jllll, '1 Samuel Will;lu!. ThPt'xlX'di lionh;ul nOI ' U1 I t"('1lt-d IM'(all..e " 1':in llt'grt'!1 wh oew h ile 0 11I ..111;11, ' a im, w'a, Ih t'1t' IMd hi.. mOUlh a ,III Ih t' Du\! '\lM )lJt' aft" 1 ~Tt' W hie ant! In ,oklll IIIhi, ' p!'f'th a nd Calla.~t...." ['.ol (lfl i , ... i llll'ndt't! Iht'W;II 10100"1'1" 1':l1I i.i:It' I \ p ri df' a nd fo ul' hi m imnad milllll .e: EnKli 'h hq~t'mon,' ; Iht'll tHlllm is, io l1',. , .. t>elie\t'll Will a rd h ad fa ih't! III ;Il h i" \t' Ih i,~f)<ll.H

Anually rl', ,,It , wl' rt' molt' amhiguou , rhan Iht·fom llll ~,iollt,I' fit 'l Ihoughl. In ll i ')li ;\Jin ig-rel did

appeal 10 t he ltnne-d Colo n it" in ho pl" o f tlWIIjll' lIfYIII.~ h i, rouduc I toward lh l' L OIl g" " landIndians. 'n U' rommicvionr-r v Il']l'l lt'd h is a ppealI)(~au,t' 11(' did nol pn-wnt hi, (;I't' ,rr()n~h o rClea rlv and l!ln n-nu-rubered how pwudh he hada. ted towanl rbem ltll' pn-viou-, vear . II i-, 1I0 1t·­wonhv thai :\: lII i~H' 1 a.~ain med III u-e murhinerv'>1:'1 up bv P ur n an-, to hand It, nuer mbal conflic!S.Snnilarlv ill 16:;i :";uraK<ln't'lI\ and Poc urruurk vreque-ued that \b \ 'kUhU't'lh' ge-nera l HIli II allowthem 10 wa~t' war nn Unca-, a rt~ llIl'~ 1 a lso de­med . The l'spt'dilion ;1~a i ll ' l :o.: ini~rt'l ma v havehad lh e chou-n-un dh'( I of rnakin~ India n , rl"!>pt'C1Purnan pohnt""o more.

.'\ ..er o nd H-,uh of lilt" war reduced :o.:iniKlt't'<;fl~hlln~ "I('II ,~lh . ' I'h t, l'mn-d Colon it" 1t"'"I("1.t ­ed rhc l)t'q uOl uibe ill 16:;5 b~ r rean ng Iwn bandsUll 1"" 0 n-wrvauon-, Ont' Kruup under Cauchawa­"hOll lllo'" ralh-d Harmon G;urt' ll ) ronvivted inpart of Peq uor-, who had l!('S('tlnl :o.:ill i,;u' l. Cau­vhawavhou ' 1('S('l\aliun ran hom rhe Pa wcatuckeacrward . o n land I lamu-d In :o.: i n i~lel a nd b~

Rhod e lvland. Ctllllll1",iorll'TS p robahlv Ie" thatCau,hawa,ho!l had ,unit" he-n-ditarv elaim 10 th earea . but Ihl ' lI a.lion h.n1 u rllt"l im p lie'a lioll':lheir g-tan l "';1' a ( h;llIt' II~/:' I)()lh 10 :\:in i,;-rel <l nd10 Iht , ht'u 'lil al (ololl ~ of R h ud e "land .

:o.: i lli~I(' I '~ It'duI (~t ahll il Y IIJ o p po'>t' P Ul i lan ~

/x'f'amt' n idt' 1II in IIi(-,O , Th,' (onllnis~ iolJ('"

eh;H~t"l 1 h im w it h "a ll In ~o l l 'llI ra rriag:t' 10 theEn,; l i~ h all d a balhalou ' t' a nd Inh umaill t' ae le"ill\'oh'i nK a IIt'W ;lI la, k n il LOIl~ "!<lml Indian ~

a llli a ra id 011 :\"fJlwilh , ('.o ll froll t(~ 1 with <I (;o n ­nt' ( tinll alln y, N ini g: lt, t, Pt'~sa.u" and Snltt llpIlltllt g;IKt'tllht, t'mi lt, N;lIlag:all~elt I Ollllt ry to paylht' fi ne tt'q uilt 'd h\" th t, I)ur ita ns. In Onolx.'r 1660tilt' ~,It hem , II1nll~a~('( 1 the alt'a to land ..pe ru1<1 ­IOn It,d by H u m p h lt ,y Atht'uorl Oil co nd ilio n thaIth ey p;n- Ill(' filll ' . AthntOli pa id <lnd, wh en theIlldl<lll~ dd;llI llt'd in ttwi t pa ynll'IIl , hl' lOok pos­~l'S~ion o f Ill(' n'~ioll i ll ' p li nK It.i62 .1\

Ill t (,fl' ~ t inKh' t' lIo u~h , in lh i ~ pt' rlod lh e . om ­l1li~~jo llt'h a. lt'd favorabl y Oil o nt' o f :o.: ini ,lI;lt't ' ,pe li t ioll ' . III 11)61 :S: illi~tt'l prol t'..ted Cau ,ha wa ­, holl's effo fls In ,t' ll \ Olll/:' la nd Z': inigrel d ai ml'd ,a nd Ih t' (omm i",ioll('fs ;Ig:rt'nl lo twar Ihe .a..e. InIf.i62 "Comm is..jollef\ u pon Iht' wh ol e Cas/:'Iholll'thl il nOI tIIt'et In p lej ud u(' lh t, l ill e of :" in ­nl1;fl ' lt ." II i.. po....ibl t' Iha l Ih t· ,rren~l h of :S: in ·iRrer"~ t',idt'lln' ..im ph' (oll\'i nn'd lhe Puritans, ~ ' el

i t i, k ilt! In i nJ;(~ i llt' Ih,'\ <lid 1101 a l, o lea tll,t' t ha t

tlu- I1Hl l l~ag-c " (If 11',1;0;d l t';llh ~a',' the-m a II;lIm10 Iht , land. Rt'l o~ni/ lll~ ;-': llIi .~It,t", r fai m (011­

l il lllt 't.l h i, r-arln-r "lI)Jl~a~t ·, ,I~ k !!; l li nult' ,I n Itifi3 :o.: ;lIl<l .~alhl ' lI v.u hr-mv and :\"lIIi!!;lt'1 n-.

uewe-d Itwi t ,uhmi"iol1 In lilt' kiu g , T wo vear-,

la te-r Itw In \<ll l o lll lll i" in ll ..elll In IOllqun :" t'W':" t' lht'l land , ;11111 III 1tl\t"1 i ~a U" I oud iuon-, III :'\t'WEn ~Iand voided the Arhe-rmn motlg:a!!:l' and de-r lared th;1l :" ;ur ;r~all 't' ll 101111I1\ wav the kin.~ ',

pTtHinlt'. In lilt" I l lIl .~ run the- dl'1 l.n.uion madelillie difft'U'Il( C' , , \ , otlt' h i'IOIIall ha, rommemed,Rot)('rr :'\11 hoI.. , tll' ;1l1 01 tht' ounnuv-ron . In th ekill~ " name - "d id. illllt 'c"ll , dt'fI:Ilt' ..11 ltlt"~t ' pro­n't"lllll~' void . hili 110 .un-nrion '('("Ill, to have 1'\("

1)("('11 paid to him " ....1I1t tlu- Indian," attempt IUu-e- Lhnrle-, II ', p(n"'1 ;1';1 f()J lI lI (' I "' t' i.~ llI 10 rht­P u man-, Itldit ;111" .... .me poJillcl1 .... lphi,litalion , IIn-pte-e-ntv au ,'ffOlI 10 iii tlu-m-elve IIlto the ne-wtlldt'f wlllll" had (le;III'd .

," i ll i ~H ' 1 uwd lh ,lI ,,,hlll l'''OIl III hi, rlt'<llin!i:~

wirh (OIHlIl,t,: II "I'l\ed a, tlu- ha ' I' of hi, tela­lion , wnh 1'1lIil ;III' IhlIlU~h lilt' 16i O, . For hun ilrn ea n r Iha l Iudian -, a nd "I'1I 1t'l' wele a tl cubjcr r-, 0 1the klllg: a nd ,n "qua Is. "'U1 h ;U1 in u-rp n-rar Ion fi Iredh i, ,,,dt'lt 'lIt (' Il lr ;1( Il lig- ,I' if Iht· (olnni", had noconuol m(·t him , In I!tli9 Ih t, Engl i\h again <It­t U, t'l! h im flf « ()II 'Jl i t ltl ~ aV;<l i ll\ l dWITl , ,\ I;r, o nfj"l ra i"l'tlllw " t ll lll . hili ," t'W York ', gO\'f'l nnrFra lH i ~ I .In TI" t (, ,,1,,1 \\'llllt' If) R tu xll' I,I and a u­thOl ili l '~ a houl it. :\'ill ig ll ,t ;ljl lX';ut'd lX'fOle RllIxlt'"Iantl '- 101l111il to t'xpLtill hi , tO mhlll . Ifi ~ It'­, pOllS( ' ~i\'f" hi , ,il'w III .ht, rda tlo Thhip be l""('e!lIlI lII' elf ;lIlt! "' lllt ,t, , li t, wOlldelt'd

Ihne ,l h rJll ld II/ 'f' 111l\'lluh H'lmlt rflHrd, (1I11~ld­

"Tm ,~ I/l s Oll'rl l' lIl lwu'nl')', 11 m / that "1'f'T shuI'}ll 71l \ ,. !! r }lI·aul lh ,. I"OTI/,I II\' tilt' C llI llm H .I /01/ rT .I ,

,l/mknl 11.1 fHlII/ "'m ,l{ (; h llTII'I h i,1 " W I, lh , lind hlllll

llIlU laid I t 11 11 HI h /\ }/t'IITI thai l ilt' "" II1Ji, d id

look,. 11110'1 hlmv/ft' 11 /111 SlUlJt<ll1l.lh IITHllh,./T

I mllQlI I a .1 hBII.bV(I,I, tOl{t'tJ/t'T with th,. F " ." l l.Ih :alld~lI ld h,.,. Imdn,l (oml Ihat Ihl' f:ng lHIt of IlIi .1CO/OIl)' u'prt' to }It'IIJ t h O ll , .f all\' ,1}w lI ld b,.,. too

m lght\, fo r tht'TII , (HId th r 'j 10 dol' Olt' li}u Iu til,.f:ng ln ll If QI/ V .Iho /j /d /tll 'adp u r make war uponOlt' COlOIIV,

li e <"'"1W EII,lI;ti ,h ('01Ulli'l\ a n ti hi m 'Rlf a, a ll iesa lit! t'qlla l~ u ntlt' l lilt' k in~ . T he oll h ' u '..pom.ib i­ti ll (' ittll' l r);lfl\ had W;l ' to a id Ih t' ol her dur in!!;war, . Pfl" lIn);l hl ~ ;II OIher 1I11l1" ne ithe r "att~

'1 ~IG R F 1's '1 ,\Cn C~

vhould iumfere in lilt' o th f>r'" an ivitit'". '6:'\i ni g!t'l implied "o rne lim ita tion a" to whit h

En.e;li"hnll'n Ill' bo und hirn celf to help . H i" rel a ­nou vhip appli ed pa rtir u tarl v to se-rrlerv o f " th isColon y." Rhode lvla nd . T he lim itatio n wa s fullof poluical me-aning , at hcau ant i-Puri ta n andann -Uuued Colon ies. P u rit a ns had a uarked himand t-xac n-d trjhun- from hi m . 1\i ni.e;rt·t dec-lared

inde!lt'ndt:'!ll (,' hom them as all equal su bject ofthe k in g a nd be-cau se he did no t live in a ny of theL'nued Colonie". Bt'ing: a n eq ua l su bjen freedhim from 1J<l \' ing a ny uibun - , while livin g illRhode Isla nd limit ed hi " political re"potl"i hi li ties10 Ihat tnlonv . :"'iniglet obvio us tv knew h is ( ' 11(' ­

miev and understood di vi ~iOll " among co lon iststhernv-lve-s.

1\i ni gll,t uv-d thai "u hmi ssio n a ver-o nd lime arthe out b rea k o f King P h ili p 's Wal in lfi75 . Eng ­livh h-at of ,III Indi ans m o uuu-d . a nd they wut

1Ill'S'oen,e;n" to derermine lo yal ties o f all the va r­iou-, tnht..... Tobia s Sauder v interviewed :"'i niglt'l

a nd found h im o pposed to Phil ip . He had a per­vnna l g rudgl' a gaimt P h ili p , hut he assured Sa n ­ders tha t even if P h ilip "had no t du n hi m rha tinjorv he-e ca n not for ge-tt the- kindness tha t hercrived fro m King Chart s. a nd the rornm shnervwhen lhay wear in Ih ee.. part s." He "sair h i t aga in& agai n that Kin g Charts a nd hi s r-ommiv h nershaw' "0 injaged hi s ha rt , so that if tfn - Eng lis hca n finde that he lut'v" fa ll' to the-m he sha lld es ier no favor from the-m." T o pro\t' hi .. loyalty ,Nin ig rer ..t-nt the head o f o m' of P hil ip 's wa rriorsto Fit l -J ohn Wint h rop , a nd a fter o n!' o f the hat­tit'.. he huried rhe dead.!"

By that li me Ninigret no longer appea red amajor Indi an fi,e;UTt'. 8ased more on me moriesthan o n fan s, Eng fish fear s cOIH'erning hi m wereex aggerated . By the 1670s the pro ud warrior o fth e Ifi:iO.. had become a wil y o ld ma n. Ill' sti llval ued h is autonom y, bu t it 110 lon ger had muchcub..tame. Though he had a ppa ren tly Hen'! kifled01 e-ve-n in jur ed an v w hitt' person , th e En gl ish hadsp l it h is mbe. d ep rived him of m uch o f hi s pa w­n, a nd made h is rla im to h i" la nd ten uous . H isladies o f defianc e. wi thdrawa l. act in di p lo macy .a nd submissio n 10 th e king all fa iled in th eiro bjec tive to m ak e colon ists recogn ize h is freedo min Indian -Ind ian re la tio ns .

H isrona n-, have noted :-.I inig rt,t '" fa ilu re to ar ­rai n h is goa l: t!le )" ha ve sa id less a bou t h is tacti cs

to haudh- problems ca use d by t h e- ptewn ce ofwh ite s. By d w elling on th e u ltima te inabilit y o fIn d ian.. to deal Slll(t's..fully wnh di ..t upuon .. to

their cu lture... hi storians ha ve 1101 b -en just cuherto In d ia " .. o r to history. Ind ia n" hav e seemed / ;11

too pa""i\ e whik hi story has appeared fa t too"im p lt'. :"'inigl l't \ r-an-er shou ld remi nd II " o f liteulm p k xity o f lndia n -whuc n-larions and of thr -I reanve- partici pation of Ind ia n" in Iho..e rela ­tio ns.

B er nard W 'i hrt- ha n. Nl nd ,..n · Whu o:' Ro:' l.. uOI,. III L,, ·h \m..I1...... 1I", Il,Gm G"d .\lG1'\· Q "G.'... h ~ ,d ....1 .• ~

(. \ 1'111 1 ~1t>9 ) 267-21'l6. R" ho:on F 8<.,l<h..I.., Jr .• NP"li'i·•.•1 C..m ,·",' ,,1.1 ;-;ew India n lI i" ..n ." PGll ;'l H u lo,,­,al Hn " " "" Hl(.-\ulI: lI~t 1971 ) ~S7·~ 1I2 P R u h.ll d .\ h· l­••111. ~Who 'i h"u ld R u l.. .. [ lIo lJlo:'? ;-;"1" " .\ m'·IL" " lP.. IoI I. , and Indr an -....hne Rd,,, i.. n , ." j 'JU m al o f A ­"I"'" a'l 1'"',,,,,6 1 \ n .., ..mbe 1 97 ~ ) ii 'l l -lit;', .

" " .lIn ll,.] ( . 1) [ ;1" " . 8 1O,:. aph\' 'HId /ln l" 1'\' 0/1 11,. 1,,­d /i1'1I ,,/ ,\'", 'h ." m",u·a. (10m I I ' /) /'\ ( "1 '''' ' '. lUll, f"li.(Bm l" ' !. UHI'I ) 2: 67 · 113 .

~ I"IHI :'>1.1\011 . 8 " ,., 111.1'1"')' of II,,. " " '1,, 01 Ir a. (Il' p , i11l

:\' 111 , \ ll~". \li . h i.I(',LIl . 19titi \ I ·:' .

;"; i.'ll li, ·'''. Ll rag a l1 ''-·' ' [l'I;I[io n,h ip 1'0" 1' " , I" .... ,mrIM" ..I " 11 klll ,lu l'. Ilra"e. 2: SM. 67 . l/: i,"" t",,, I" ,,,illir" ' .'" I II whuh ;";i 'llgr.-' ......' , ..I:" ..d III :'>!c 'Ullonn m nth .· ...... II .II("n u <;.I.-hl· m, Jo hn W lIllh",1' w"'1.. tha t."';11111" ",,01 ,u'all:an\("ll' had m.tIl \· hl , ~,,1 Ii.., -I :u " n Ii. II " , ,, ,, '" rd.. n 'm l ll m p ' , I'm.md hrp rinl" ..... Yur ko 19"9\ 2· ; 11 .\ P I>;/I ..lllh 0 11"" ;";' '' IIll( , un­,,,", \\"' '' l lId, h ( ~,,," had , .........-nh Pn l" Oh - .\ Ih·n B!-orhn , ,..I lI 'm lh rop pGIV" I Be " ,,,n. 19'~· 19-1i1.'J

.11 11. I!H . ',01 .\I,k l1 l \ ·;o" lI: lIdn . s,.",· f.p' l{ /,,,,d f n",­I,.., I',,,"a',, a"d hldlQ"' J":!II·II>;~ l Ro ...ron. 19Ii."1 S.".'1lIT1' u p Iht' '" I.,u, " "hiI" ;..; i;o 1Ili" .... ,'' '' "" ,mrllTI,....' lIb "I.. II ' m th .. ;";;ufali;an,,·[I\ . " '01..1101 .., a il lro 10

th e-m not al ",hr' ti m .... ,old lh , mk l' ..nd"lll ..

:. 11'"" h"'I' Pal'"'' 4: 4 3 -~ S .l"""f"' If' 1 BI..d"..s, ~ ~ I I1l Il: ' ''I'~;";;0, .. 1 c."nl'''l~n ~ all:" II I\I \lolllal/ b .

N 10 " ,,1,. l dand1/ " f"''' ''/ ,0.;""1'1)' C" lIn l""' ,' I I'l I t J 'UHJ.U' 192 .'> 111·1'1

f> 1I'''' fll '''I' ' [ournal I 2i2·2i~ \t '''' fh"" , I·n,,,.,, 4' H ­

"i lI 'm lln " I' '' I " um n/ I: 226 : 2: t , 11'lIl lln " I' I ' " pn l 3: :,0 I:I. 27'1, 2h' l

i'I Il ;l l·td 1'1I1 , ilt-l , l·d .. H"" o.d , e,, /m, y "f S r U' I'"",,, 'mlh mS,.", f ,,, !!, ltm d ( B()~ I I) Il. 11'1."." · 1Mh I ) !l I (J·12 , Vaughan .IId · lhti J ,,1111 .-\ 'i:<in , IHll \'. " M i;llll" llllm"'~ Death and;..;,..... t llj(ldn.-l P"l il u, lfi.W-1 6'1 'j .~ H h",l,. I . /a" d 1, ,)1"')'3()1 , ;..;", ..m ht', 19 i 1) 111 ·12311.111\:'>1. Wa ld.I ·",I,.dC"I","t" "t S,.u · f :" l{la" d /" 4. ·/" 9£1. j :-.:.. ..... York. 19fiil, h 2. John R. Ban lr n. f'(L Ru m d. " l l h,. c:" I"'.... viH h" ,I,. I . la"d a"d p ' Ol·,d,," ft' PI,m lal " m . '" S t'Ii · 1-." 1{ 'la .,d. lO, tP",,,d..ne e. 1li'i6-IIIfiSI I ' u~·ntl. Franli ~

J..llIl tll i:\ . "( ;.....1. .. lid Funcuonv 01 Puritan \Ii" in m 10Imlld1l\ ." J-. l h" v hu IV.....· 11'1 (Su m m t:'1 1971 I 20 1·2tr..!. 11'", -

Ih"'I", /.","'aI2: In.lj7.1 6II- lfl~1

'1 ' ..Ih dll idl K. ..hllll l..11. ..d .. I-I. ,.,,,,d. ", (;",.,..."" (H,dC:""'I.a ", '" .\lalia, h"'''ff< Ra\ '" S ..u f "l{lalld\ 8 " , [" n116~ · 1 1'1:'1) 2. II , 1\'""h ,o,'" 1""",,,1 2. 2 '>,1 Hu ",d.s,.,,· I' I\ "I 0141h 9 32- 111. 11 11

In H,." " d, .\",.". Ph mow l, ' I 11 2 h l< " '.1 " \1 .111)("1 . Hd a­I"", ", 'I",.",bl,., u-huh hill'" 11",,,, ..</ lfI S " I, ' f .•u:I""d.,, ,, f( ,.a .w 'l '"~ l it,. h,d".." Ih,..,.. I"'''' 11, ,. \' ../H 11>1 -110lit,. I' ,.a , J I> ; ~ urprmt ....,·w y " tk .I ' Ii2 i .', !I. t ~ ) R"I,..[ tt; K!;,," . I'm" , '!" l ohn Il' m l lo "'f' (:,\,' " Ymk . l'JI;fl).h I I C" I/.., lum .' .\ /a.lw'-!n,,"' " " 1\10 '" "I 'i", ,,.1\'llh W I " Ii ; :!tJ:! . Iw r.-"f Wl .\Il/'\Co l. lI'm ll,w l' Peprr..~; i'l2 · M ~ . I II . 127-1211 . I·HI. H,." ",I , ,\' '' '' 'I' /-''-'''''''fll 9.1'l7·1'l'1, lUti,

I I 11' "" I., ,,p l 'npn.. :O : 1;6· l ii . 2~:,·2 ~ h. 2." 1·2:,6. :n 6·2ii1t,.,,,,,I, .\",.u- Ph"'OI. I11 T l lli

12 1-1. ,." ",1< .\" ,....· I ·h"'.,,<l1I IU' 11 6-1 1~ . 2K~ ; 9 I H · H ', . II' ", ·Ih'''I' Pal ,,.n S: 326--.'J21l• .'J,13·3H. 3:02.113·.122.:'1; \·j77 JII.HII I1I",,,1 I I1"nhull . ed.. p" bl ll' n,.,",J. ( ." Im" 01Cm",,'" '' "'1I 1.J1I10l'1. li'I'olI ·III'lfl , 2 :O j [oh n \\" I>. ,F" , ·,',1, 11" 1" ....' "I I"dla" , '" (:,,,,,,,,,/1,,,, f .om f .a. lt f'HA'.. " ...,", P,..,lOd I" I ~'~n t 1f'P1l11l lI a m ,lo- n . C..nn .. 1961)1.'If)·Ii'l 1

13 .\ I1I \C:ol. 11" ....T.. 6: 277-271'1. 1"'~· I't-t j' ~M n,." ,.d,S,.,,· /./\ moulh 10 ~ · II . % -9!1

II Ch..JI.... 1I 1I.....t h . ,....I.. U" ",d . ( ,,,I,,,,, ,,,,d l ' la ,,'al"'''0' X ,.,,· IIG' ,." t II .m lo ,d . I II'>;. 1M"!'! , 2 112-1110 \\' d" l .• h ~l .\l I1 \ C,,/ ~,h ....t., i I Il2 · ~ I'l ' B.n ll..u. I 2':11·291<H,.l wd, s ,...· l ' I, ,,,,,,, ,b 10 1 ~1'l ·1 1 2 . U Ii. 12 '> ·126 . 1:W.1'1 11 · 11'1

I:' H,., ,,,d, s ,..., l ·h .mtt<11I 10 : lIi~I · IiO . 2 17·2'19. 119 Hec­1)0,/1 ,,' ,,,,/I Ill( h,,,,,,,.' 1 II' :HI I I; :'''I',· j lll \ 1),0"-'".-'1. 21n­2-17 . ~ 1i,It ,1 R l'oUt·' . " Luh' 11"1", , o j ;";.t1'a .L:" n,ru"C" I/,.,I""" HI" ,d, f.. lll ll d Ih,I", " (/1 ,\,,, ,..tv j' ,ill"lIm., ", 1'1.',·1'111 ,

Iii H", o" l , X f'u' /' Iv ,,,, ,,, l h 10 2hK, 2K3 B.Ll lku . I: :l I2-."1 3,;..;" ,.[ ".l ill,hlll'·. ed.. Ca/,.",III' "1 ·'\ 1111r 1'''1''''' . Colotllil l"·r"",. .Jm,.rlf ll ll" d n·".ll l " d,,.. J"M · IMI,~ (L w IlI,, ".11<1I() 121l1'1 ·21l9 . 3·12. K!."k . 21'l:' ·2 I'l>l 1'0 w ·I . I;<I. .\II/\C: o l.h h ,,"I . ;: 12.'0 · 121; U"" m l . of C.",,,.,,,., flf '" 2: 't ~ !'! .'):1 1

B.m ku . 2 · 2h.1-26-1. 2,0 .

I i .\1 /1\ C:ol. .'> th , .. 1126- 127 : mh " '1 . ~ 1·l7 ·H Il Co i-l", ''''''0 C" "" I'CUl 1/ nlmrr nl \/H ,,.f' 2 1 (I 9'!H 217·2 1M ell.llk, loll/ l oi n . ed .. S a" alII"" " l lmlla " lI ·a ..If''p ll nl ~...... YOlk . 196fi 16 't .

..

-=---

[

."

\ -

Cleaning Out the Bottles

'.

Public Health and PreventiveMedicine in Providence. 1913

In lj lli t\ imo produc -tion . dismbuuon . a n d con­vum prion of m ilk a ppt'an superfir-iallv m signifi-j ;1111 w it h in III(' ';.('OfX' of American urban hi stor y,

a fit'ld of(('lillK a ll a b undan ce 01 "OUR!' materialrou p le-d wuh lelati H' ne~IC'(1 hy hi storians . Yetsuch ;u l i\' i t it·s did IxT oTT1c' of primarv rmm-m 10

Cili/l' m o ( Providence in 1913, whe-n allegauou-,of wW IIKtlui nK in the o ffi( 'e of the ~lil k In vpectorprompted a n invesnga uon. ,' fl UI. Cammutee1''' ''' ,I / I f{a l ,0 71 R eports reveal 10 the ro n re'rnpora rv1I';ukT ;1 tavi nari ng SH)f~, replete wi th .....e11dndol)(-rl r h.arar ter v, a thic keni ng plm a nd\ilkllll S ~-ho ,grl their just de....·lI s at the- elld forjl'OIMHIt/Hl K thr- comm u n itv's wl'H.lle, To Iht' his­torian . rhj v in vevngarion 'ot"J\t's more importantlya s a raw vtud v of the e ra IR,)()-I 920; the broadtheme-s ~-hi( h r harac tertze th a t period ;HI" fou ndin m il toc oc m in Ihi\ ver v 10(-011 scanda l.

Th ree ma jor them es predomi nate in Iho .....YI";H~ ; KlOwt h of rh e c ity a nd il s con_llIl' llIiall~

deh-n-r iuu-, dfens o n heahh IWI"I'" of urba nd welh-rv. poli tica l o rg a ni zation which an-o m ­panu-d Ihi ~ gro wth a nd ilS ramifirut ion-, Iot "0­l il'ly, a nd list' ol a new I YJK' o f n-lor m " ra uonal lv"II Jl}I I' i\I'd and dedicated to ",ic'lllifi t principl es .' I' lu ISI' tlu-m ev provide th e framework (01 dt'\Tlop­mn ll of Ih l' puhl ic heallh Ill0 H' m C' n t in gent' ra l;md o f m ill. i ll ~pt'(( ion in p;u tit u lar.

Likt, almost a ll urban Cl'lIll"r\ ill Ih t' m iddle 10

la le 1I1111'U"('lIlh cf'nl llr~ , P ro\'idt'lIft' I"x lX'fil' nn-rlrapid inl rl"a ..e in popu la lio n , ~'h i c h would halep tIJfu Ulld im pl i(-a lio m (Of Ihe (i l~" " p h )'\ ica lemirollllll'lll. In Ju ne 1900 , Prm ·idf'lII e had173.397 pl'oplt' Ii\'ing wilhi n ils boumb rie... 8~

- BlOwn l ' ll" I'I ~H ~ I I.H~ 0 1 19, 1:1 , :\h C..h'·11 , _ m..ior­illlo: 111 ..\ I11", .. ·.. n • i~ tIll ..... " , .. nd h",.."

1910, lh e- 11'(II' ral ce nvuv n-poue-d rhat 111I' popula ­lion h ad ..urged 10 ~~ 'L:\2ti , an mr lea Sl' of appro x ,illl<lldy 27':, %. The primary (;U lOI in th is ..ur geW; I' m ig ration from borh Em opf';m and :\ mt'l ic<l n..o ih. ei lil'\ li ke PtIJ "idt'lHt, o lh-n-d ma nv induc e­IIlI'll t" I.) 111<'<,(' m i~Tanl ' , l"IN 'l ia ll y' i ll I II<' for m nfjo h" wh ich mi gh l nl'llI u a lly It'ad I n Slonlli ly a nd\11111''''' . ' 1'1) res idc'n ls o f ru ra l \ i l lagt" a t houu- a ndahH MtI ..... here di"'Ollll' llI wu h isol ait'd , im ­1)oI )\ (,f1 , lwd h le was widespread . t he- p rolll iSl' 0 1freedom andopponu nuv met c'agl' l ears .

Ha rvh di scoveries of I I'II awaired m-« '>t'ltiers. A..J nu-rr a fflt dream .., (ilit'.. \~t'tt' a di vappoirument .Ciue- , ~TTI' IIUI paH"I:I with gold . nOI wa-, theclimb hom IMnt't1\- 10 wealth qu il kh and I"a~ih

;11 hieve-d . Il o ll \ in K wav often ,,1I1I,h inadeq ua te inthe- inner (ores. are-av o f o bliged 1t'\ifll' lJ(l' forthl )'>!' ~'hll lacked mont" 10 rumnu ne to work.(~I ()~- ill~ popula tion (OIl\l'fKill!( ill a li mited a rea1Il!l I'(! III' p Ti(( '" 0 1 a'lommIM!al io ll ' . III ."d,', 10a Hord hou"ing , imm ig rant v had 10 "ph I the CO\lo f It'min K a H'IJ('n1t'lII wuh ot lu-rv. Although( ' IlIt1 i,il ll1' wer e n ot ..o Sf'\l 'l( ' a ~ in f i l ic', like NewYork 0 1 Bo slon , Providenc e "had il \ shal(' o fd wdlillK ~ , ht'qut'llll y o Wlln! hy ;lh '>< '11I l'(' landlord sand lll l upie-d hy immigr anr v, 'wh en- IM'op1 1'liHi tl J and ditid} in U[[ ('I ddianlt ' o f a ll tiani la qla w..."'l Ch c'rno wding a nd d i~I ';I,t' Ollt'nan IlIll ll<l lIil"ll urb<lll il<ll i. m ,

Ih "dl 'n ic nJ\lnm~ whi ch h ad 11I"('n suff il if'nt 1IIrUTal ;nt'a ' , im p " ",'er f' no IUIlKl't alkq uale intuOOn (( ' IlIe-T\ . L 1.ck o f <,('wa~{' , rdu'>t' and ~·a ..ledi ", KIS;JI. or J)fOJ-X'f \(,ntil;uion , o f p Ull' I(Kid a ndwall'l , ;lIld of Iwalt h f1·~t"alilln" rl'\ultl-rl in u n -

",Ii f'llIt lCIH\l.lll

nt '( t",..aH ' II kilt'" a nd dea th I ,U....- I·I (la,,,,,, vul­te-n - d 010'1. d ue 10 t h r- phv-ir a l a nd low pann!,:natur e of thei r Joh, .

.\ 1 rhe out v-t . health wava mora l iccue- wh u hrema ined (Iuh uk tht· 'ot·ie tlli fi, real m . Dut ies o flilt" fi l <,1 vtare hO.IUh of hea lth well' 1101 de..oted tod i '>{·a ~e r-ont ro! al ,III bUI 10 pt"rfmlllill~ wel fa reI u nr uons . ni '>( \ \-.I ' W~l ' It"gardl'd a ' Iht· t lJ/l<,e,qll t"llle of I,ll k "I vanuauon wbil h wav III turn

a,ni l>t'd 10 lar k of mora l fjlx-r iulu-reru ill a 10 wI'1( Ja" popIILIII·. rbt" t" so. ral k-d pet so na l made ­fjll ,Kie<, were n ul al fir\l dN'llwd wouhv of COil 'vrdera uon h~ rhe middle a nd uppl·r I la -, public.t

Al Ih t' <,.;t mt" milt' there Wil' a dl·Mlh o f '>( ielll iritknowledge. DOt llll ' ounmanded hu le t"'I('('01:' Ill:'{' if ic e liologil" of moc t d i'>l:"iI 'ot" remainedunknown T here wa, mer e" a '>("1 o f crau nr hlvhe-ld behei-, whl( h regarded fihh .1' a b reedingg ro und o f d i'ea'l' , a ll kind.. o f filth a' dangerous.a nd au a ' Iht ' -.I lk ca rr ier o f d iwa ce. Togetherth e\ ra rne to 1)(· known a , the fi lth rheorv oft1i' l,;t, t'.)

Illt t'l l'st i ll pub lil heal th grt"w ra p id ly as po p ­u lauon denvi tv inc reased a nd urba n envi ro n mentdeu-rioran-d. Ind ividual s involved ill rhi v mo ve ­nWlll were ilur;It'lI·d 10 reform ' fur qui te diverS«:'It"a...:m<,. Sonll'. l ik t" Or. SIt"ph t"n Smidl . presid t"n1u f Ih t" ;ro..; t"w York Ci t~ Br.lilrd o f Ilt'alth , ~t>nuillehfl'l l a humanildrian dt'~irl' 10 im p ro \t' li \ in g: £on­c1l1 iom o f lh l" ri l\ ·, POOT- \lill1\ flf tht· oouC"au·d .a Hhlt>n l da ~, 11)()kt'd upon pre\ elll iull o f di "l'a <,('a, a dUI\" " Olh('r ' . Itf,;e Ll'muel Shdflu£k o f\l;h \arhu sl'II \ . a m an si g:n ift£a lll ly .t he-ad of h islime, uq;l"d public he alth £olllruh a , a me'lIl ~ oflirn il ill~ nJllla~i(J ll . li e sla lt'l.l. " II I)(,ht)()\es Iht'l i lY aU lho ril il'~ - il ht>hoo\l"s c·" 'I·ry in tli\'idu.dci[izell to '>tTk Olll a nd It> mO\'e I·"t·ry 1I'!llo"ahlt'ca u"e o f di ..t"<l ' c· dnd tIt-alh , ill ..... ha[t' \'t'r <,er lio n ofthc' (Ily. undl'r ..... hdlc·n·r rirrUm'l<IIKl"s. andillTlOnJ:; whalt"\TI l fa" of ciliu·n .. II ma y appear."l ft" u ndt"l\lt)(Kl Iha l anl effons undl"rtake ll b~' Ih t"m idd le da" In ma intain a nd imprO\ e Ihei r own\<lI1ila rl £o nd iliom would be ' I~ mil'l! III lo"·er( Ia~<,.t'<, " La rk o f I It'a n li nt".... a nd Hd l'( t"nq"" amollRthl" poor .....o u ld lint bt" lons lTa irll'd b~ Iwifo:hbor­hood borde, ..; t·p idl ·m ir .. allribull'l! In lo"'er1la '~c.... Wt·rt" a lf ('( l i ll~ whole ciu('... " W ilh iI larg:l'pnpulal ion unahll· m un"'ill illR In la kl' o n per'" ma l rl"'>pomihili l)' 10 condun tlw i! lin'\ in<!frord wllit It ' ( ornlflt' lIIlt-d sani lilry pli llr i p lt"~ . lhe

vta te cou ld p roJl'''·lh pla v the I n lt- tl f !o!:1l,ll d ia ll 10

'-\)( 1 t'1 ~ and pClltt 1'",;rIlIO tht ' unimtiae-d." On [hi ,h':hh. r ouple-dwu b inl tt"iI, i ll.~ 0,( It"lHifir k llmdt't l~{· .

rhe \1 01 ' ....1<hU-.I·I" Bo ,u d o f Heal rh W<l ' evta bhv hedin l!'lti9 , H lIWt·\ I·I. e-ve-n Shall utJ,. \ pr arue al wnrl..in g:a[ ht"r i n~ ..iral , 1<l 1,,[ i(<, . and h i, .e r ura«­;r" I'" nWIll , of Iht · hea lth <,i ltl ;1I101l \\ 1"11· d iv­n-garded H'll qll l( kl v bccau v- Ihn It 'lI1a ill edconchcdiu p il't1, tic lei III '. l it' . l ikr- nl ht'l nu-n IIIhi ~ era. \ 'it 'W t 'i1 di ,t 'aw a, [he I)(" [la lty fOI vin . an dIhi, ultiman-] ... I'lt·\ (·l\lt'd impll·lllt·ll la liulI ofIIHII h of h i' wruk .

Socia l ron u o l wa-, 1101 the o nh n bjec l!\'(' o fpublic health vUl~h l 1)\ retor merv. O [ht'rs su p"ported p u bl ic heal th reg ul auon-, 0 11 ~,ound , o feconomic l1I,( l·"I I\ _ .\ , earl ~ a -, l!'lt'o . a rea-, wh it hsenr reprewn ranve 10 r o rwen uun-, dt"alill!'; wuhpubl ic hea lt h and quaramme \\TIt · a lmo<'l eXI lu­vivelv atliH·, romnu-nial ren u-rv. "who '" Iurrhergrowth and Pl o 'IK·r il\ we re d epende-ru 0 11 acv ur .ing the healt h allli ;lt llVH~ of a la l ~(" a mi hcn-ro­~l"nOll ~ popul.uion."

In a \t'r ic'\ of k([ure~ in l,('IIlIa ll\ in 1873. :\taxVO II Pell enkofer pult"i,e ly sta ted lilt· rronom ir<, ig n ifica n r t' of ill lle..~ . S i (k lll' ~ ' p " l a nalionmo nel bl de"l ro ying its labUl I)(I"TI . Thi ~ ()(­t·u rred in ei lht"r of two w;t\ " - u'mpotaq 01permanent di ybilil\'· rt"..ultin ~ in Ulwmplo~ mt' Ill ,

or 10.... o f life ..... hich mighl a l<,() 1)( ' 11·" mod a£a p ila l los<, . T o \ on Pellenkoft"r. 'pl'nd m g mOIlt'\for the im pH)\'e:- nl t' 1l1o f urban heal lh (ondillo n<,was Ih u '> a wi \.(' a nd ,o u nd ITOnOlll lC 1IIH·Slmt"nl.Like Shilllmk, he:- rt"a lilro lhl' Illtmlalt' fa ih llt" o fany allempi by upper da sS«:" 10 "1)lI~N h t'ahhflllcond ition.. on ly for lhem~:hT' . "'T he:- rich ha w 10pay a bill a lld ,h,' poor canllot nlllllib ule a ny ­lhing ; yet thl ' ti l It d ra w nm..idt 'r ;lbl l' a dva nra!,:l'\fro m the fall lhal SUI h in"li tu tioll\ IWIWfi l lhepoor al..o." :"l0i on ly would Ihe ,ich ht' prO\ 'idingideally \'al lia ble hdp for Ihl· pc)()r. but a lso per ­forming wmt·lhinR of langiblt· \'illue:- - """ \'ing:monl'l in Ihl' lo ng run - for Ihl·lIl o,(·h t"" . ~

Pro \'idencl' moved qu idly wilh r~ard 10 i....(le\o f public health . Tht" melhodoh)JO a nd \fOre o fpublic hl'alth .....lIIk .....er l' dramali£.llh ahered. due10 expen i\t" tl f men like:- Or. Edwin Snow (fi rs l\·icl'-pre :r. idelll of Iht> American I'uhlic' H ea lt hfh~ial ion ). and Dr. Cha rle<, \' . Ch.rp in - bo thfonU nald)' in Ilw l"mploy o f l'IO\'idt·n c(" .. Boardof Health . A.. Wil..on G. Smi lli e U'IOl IIII.. in h i,

HilI_ I ,• •• .,

/Ir ( 'hn, I" t ' ( hnf" " (/ ,~ ~ "- l'l4IJ

hi~lnr~ of puhlu health : "Perhaps the lx"l rerordo f pu b lil health in a cuv was lhal of Pro vidence.R .1. Dl. Edw in Snow hq,~;m h i, dnue-, av Superi n ­l{"mil'lII of H r-ahh in IWllI, and \l'l\t'l! tO Il11l11101l\­lv un u l he w <1\ sUHeedt'tl 1)\ Cb.uk-s Chapin ill188-1 . Chapi n ronri nued in lhi, o Uin' for -IK vea rv- to 19j1 ."

Whal chararu-rized Prm idefl(e \ health de-part­rnem wav ih I/:luwillll: It'lIdt' llC~' '0 a ppl~ '>( u-nce 10pu bl n healt h . Fnllowi lJ~ lilt" trend at th e 111 11I o fth e tt'IIII1" ', there- W OJ ' an-a ter reliam e on «x hui ­cal l'xpt' lli'>l'_ :\10'1 impouanr of all , ,Ilt" fi h hrheorv had g rve-n wa v 10 Korhv /<t'TlIl rheorv ofdiv-a-,e. T'avk-, ,n ....-h ich Dr. Sno w minal b, hadturned his attention - \UI h a, rt'mmi ng: dna \ ingmater iah , r1eaninll: SlIt't'h and vard p rn it" -g:a\t' way 10 1l:1t',llt' l ernphavi .. upon Iunruon-, o fvital ' la li, tin, r-om mumra hle d i'e;l,e con uol.ep idemiologv a nd e-nvnou men tal canua non.

Or. Charlt·, \' Chapin wa' Illml mfluenual IIIbring ing the 1);(( ter inlogiral germ Ilwol\ 01disease III Prov rdenr e. Thi-, IheiJl' incorporatedthe nouou thai ' Ixx-ihc ag:t'llI" 0 1 lllf t'l non c;III'>(,1Ispt:'l ili l di,e,t'(" . Wuhlll rhi, Iramcwor k it lx-ra rue

...I

HIli' I ,• •• .,.

clear thai there rould ht' individual immunirv 10",x·(ir.1 in ft'lliull a nd "hcah h v lalrier~ _" l' lIdel

Chapin's dirr-rrion rhe li " t mun icipal hl'a hhlahor,llory in tlu- I'l1Ilt 'tI Sta lt'\ ..... a-, rs ta hlis hed inIHRH. The adve-nt of Sl ieu ulic il1\t" l i~a l iflll meanta lit' ....· rel iance - o n techn ical eXpt'lh in the Iu-Idv ofb iol tl~" . medii me. r he-mi-arv and (·n,~IIl('(·rlllg: .

G .T, S.....artv . a r hemi vt. w a.. made direrror ot thela hn t;IlOl\ and h i.. pr ima ry fu m uon wav In pe-r­

Io uu a nalvw 0 11 P rovidenr e'v footl a nt! waret . Itwa .. IIII W evid rtu rhat th e- way 'C) pn-vt-nr d iseasew a\ Ih ftHl~h lh t' muniuuing a mi ronnol nf e-n­\·illlll llll'nlal coudinonv . Th i\ mea n t n o r (lllhc leanme up filth w 11I(h had alu',ll" 1M;"'t'11lT ealed ,

bill wnrlill!o: '11 .... ardv 1I1I'\f'11Iion 01 Ill,HI' rondi ­uun-, fro m ,Iwil poim o f ori~i ll . ·

Food a nd nulk had I llll~ bee-n I nn viden-d a ,~ c'll t '

of d iv-ase. hut ner-d fill m il l il1'IIC'( no n had arisenprima ut v I THIll grow rh of th e ritv , T he d e-pe-n­dable tanner down Ihe road no lon g:er 'lIpp!l("Umill 10 om" , doorvrep. lncrea-e-d populauoudenvin . and It',ull ing: d i<,;,ppl:'<lI ,lIIf e of Ia rm laud ewulun the . i ,\ \ bouudar iev hall ner evvitau-d thatmil l 1M' tl'an'pollf'd h o m o Ulhillg larm, IIlIO lilt'

•

~H PI Rill ' I I ~AI I II

city. T hen-lon-. IIw ur bani te was m uc h less a b le10 gua rd a!/:allls t " ro uen" m ilk. Milk corru ng intorhc ( 11 \' fro m olllsill!' pH'SC 'IlII,,1 two new danger-,10 the ronsumer . Fil st o f all , rhe large dema nd formil k toned dea ler-, to IOllt 'f l il fro m a widerle ITlIOI\ . In Pmvide nce Ihi .. meant rhar m ilk ....-a ..vhipped in hum COHIlt't IiI UI, a nd thai th e in­SP('{lor had no power 10 regulalt' i ts p roducnouunder hi S departmen t".. r harte-r , Serondlv, since somanv producvt .. were in volved . dicmbutors easedrheu la sk bv 1:M)oIIllK a ll their m ilk . In doing soth,'" oiten '>al rifued qua luv bu r. far worse. rhevohrn vpread d l<ot'a<ot' o ver a far grea ter area . T h i..s('(flnd danger was nor taken Ii!/:hll~ in ,itie\..-\stud, had prmen concluvivel v that Chicago's 19 11<,{'pliC ',Ofe Ihroal epide mic. a fh-ni nK over 10,000inhabirarus. was armbutable In a rni lkbomegerm. II was known thai certain beneficial bar ­tetia in mil l. caused the product io n of marketableilems lilt' \()j(1II1 a nd ( h,'t''io('' . Ye t b~' 1900 it wasa lso c!(>",J1 that mill. provided a n exceptiona lmedium for inr ubanem of Kellll\ wh ich developedinto dicease-, li ke rvphoid lever . dipehena. sca rletIever . cholera . and r\r>ITiallylubt-nu los is ,'

Increavi ng incidence o f ru ber culoeis convincedmanv. esp('(iall~ III Ih(" upp(' r d a s\t"\ . of Ihe needfor malk reJl:u la lio n . Elaborat ion o f this pointcomt''' fro m I Jllt' wr i"'1 who rern a rk rd " Iht' Ir u lhis. Ih t" wt"alt hy a nd wt"lI · to·do l/:el mort" milk Iha nIhe pO(Ht" r p('o plt" so Ih t" a moll nt o f m ill. lI\("d byIh e a\'t' ralo;e c ili /t"n is cOn\id('fabl y I('~ ~ Ihan .6 Pl. "A fa reful st udy of m ill. consumplion done byJ ohn R . Will ia m s ill Ro( 'hr't('f , ;'\1' ..... YOlk con ­ducled tha i " Ihe fM MH nnt o n ly u ,t' less milk andtMlUght il in srna lll' r Cjuantiti(' , Ihan Ihe \\'ell -Io­do hUl till' U'>I ' of slnrt' milk and nllldt'llS("d m ilkwas largdy l'Onfilwd to 11ll' lahorin~ das~ . " Thl'wealth y ( o n,u lIlt'd mon° milk Ihan Iht, poor , bUIIht' Iypl' o f milk ....,hi d l Ihey colhumt'd did not goIh rouKh a~ mall Y !HOI'e",inJo; stalo;e, or pm,ihl t"P Olll h o f infl' lIioll as thai wh ich rt"achffi Ihepoor, St ill . peoplt, W ('f(' infn: tt'd by lhi s insid iousdi sea ..e rt"gard le.... o f da..... EXlemi\'e po\\ibilili t"~

of ('n lTalJ('t" o f IUIlt"rde barilli madt" i t t"~pecia lly

diffi('ult 10 com bat. A "y'-' lt"m ..... 01 .-. n('('(:kd .....hi chb~' ism all(e of lif ell<;('s (ou ld ('na ble th t' OUif t" o flht' .\li ll. In 'I M-tlOr 10 follow Ih(' ('n ll n ' rflUlt' {Ifm;u l.('1 m ill. hom (nws in tI\I' b;o ll 10 Ihe h01l 11'I II f',lII and dippl'l wh( 'f(' il wa' 1I111malt"h ..o ld .

:\nal~ sis .....n llt"n h, ' a ht"alth o ffi(f"r in 1917

idennfied six lIlajol 'I;t~es in tra ns mivvion of m ill.from da ily Ia rm III 101lSIlIl1I'1 whelf' mler rioucould 1t' '-' 1I1 t. Thl' \ W('It' : I ) n n rhe larm - w atersu pplv , farm ha nds and OJ equi pmen t: 2 ) en rc uu­10 Iht' crea mc rv III c i1~ in u nsea led. u ns terile ca ns:3 ) in (il\ mil l. p la ms. .....he re " h" 11 the m ilk wa..

taste-d usi ng a dipp('r plar ed bac k in the- can: 4 ) b,u ucmi ta rv r-an .. and hOllies;:; ) in del i\t" r~'; a nd 6 )where m ill. wav crored f O l sale. Tuberr uloviv d idno t a l....-a vs onul from IIII~.. rcll k s o n the cow'sudder . hairs fJI '("{('" fin d in g- th ei r wav into rhermlk : it mil/:h l also revult hom a far m hand 01dealer nmKhinll; sputum nea r rhe- row or near rhe­the milk.

Fronomi... placed a major role III determiningnred for mil k n·Jo;ulalioll . Eagt"t 10 turn a profi ton milk "old 111 the r uv. bo th p rodurer , and dis­triburors rt''>I)II(''{1 10 lacti... ha rm fu l 10 the con­vume r, Perha ps Ih(' WO"I tarnc employed wasfeeding co..... h erd v r heap feed often infected ....-uhgerms. Alr ead v ourta wed was " vwifl rrulk," ormil k from (o....·s fed un "d i, ti ll in g- slops ." Farmer vu u lin-d a nother ha r mf u l It''{ huique. Desi ro us ofp rofi t a nd imere-aed III p rod uc in g g reater qUOIn·ririe.. o f m jlk . Ih t'~, sold the ir ca hes a nd added 10the-ir he rds bv pur cha se of caufe sh ipped in fro ma br O;td 'Ht"a t ln forl unalC'ly . Ihl' mO\'t"mt'lIl o fcan lt" spre;ltl d isc'aS/:' fIlOlt' lapidh a nd resultffi ina 10 '-"-' o f n)lIl ro l o"t"r li\eslOCk epidem ic...~

The profit t't'rlll lo; n lt'lhod t'mplon"d b, d istri ­butors - adullt'ral ion o f mi II.. - .....a s to play amaj or mit' ill I'f(n"id(·nc·,·... milk ",anda l. A,Smillit'nOled , " Adu ltt'ra tillll I)f fn()(1 wa s ' Try co m mon a ndr('mailll'd th(' chid prohkrn in f(MxJ sa n ila lio n forO\'('r fifl y yt'ars. Adull eration wa s not all aUf'mplat fraud . nor d t'signl'd 10 dama g-t' health . bUIrepre\('IlIt'd sl ral1l('d ('//0' 1,1 10 m alu morlt"y. Thiso b.,('rV;Jlio ll W,IS madc ' hy LR. Squibb (T h l" man....'as In fnUlld at a lalt 'l (Lut' lh t' greal drug su p p lyfirm thai now hi'alS hi s name) in 1879 ."9 Adul ­It'r al ion was harmful fOI IWo It''aSOIlS. TIlt" mOTt'dan~t'r()Il S and mon ° ra re fo n n o f ad u ltera tio nim'ol \'t'd Ust" IIf a liquid OIht"T lhan WOl ler 10 dilUlt'Ih t' mil "- FOImaldt"hydt,. a ( h('m ica l id ellli fi('t.! IIIIhe Prn\·idC"nc't" InH'\ til/:a lio n , was occa,iona llyu..ecJ . for il wa.-. a p rt"\('I\'ali\ (" intendro 10 ex rendIhl' pl"riod o f ti mt" in wh ir h m ilk cou ld be .-.old ..\I or e commonly , ho ....·e\'e l . proou( t"rs ei lht"r addt'dwa u' r or f('moH'd Ol·a m . :'\01(' Ihal 01 1 Ih l\ pointin lime mil k ramt" wi lh Ihe CTt"a m - Ihe IITh-

ni'-lue of remova l of en-a m was kn o wn a~ "top­pinK" a nd lil t" revul ung skim med m ilk was 10 ill,labelled a~ ~lJ( h . Clearlv . ad ul tera ted mil k was tln­most profil<l bh- prodtu t for produce-rs a nd lilt'lea vr ex pe-nvive for « lII\ UnWTS. :h Dr. Charles \ ' ,Chapin , Provide-nc'e 'v Su periruenderu of H ealt h .'>0 coJ;tt'nt ly remarked . " If the mass o f r nnaumersco nun ue- 10 consider merelv tht' numbe r of celllSPs" qua il which thf'Y ar e obliged eo pay . withoutregard 10 qualirv. a nd there is every rea so n 10belie .. e Ihl"y will "0 r onunue, there i~ liule cha nceo f irnprnverne-m through rompeurion . II thereforeceemv like! .., that rhe milk ~upply "0 fa r as dean­line..~ i .. COIIU' lIl t-d ca ll only be improved byo ffic ia l (Ollltnl." I'

Official romrol began quilt' earlv in P ro vi ­denre. In 1878, II'Il ..ea r.. prior 10 r reauon of rheboard of health laboratory . a di suncr departmenthad been establi ..hed 10 conduct routine analvses.10 determine the veate of mi lk supplied 10 P rovi ­dence. The Office of rhe ~fi l k In specto r w avunder vupe-rvivion o f lh l' m ilk rommutee of Iht'boa rd of a ldermen . lI o w ever , the commi neequir klv deter iorated into a rubber stamp organi ­zanon . Be-cauw the dr-pattmetn wav not underau\pitl'~ of the board o f hea hh il became a polni ­ca l loo l indrpt·lldelll of any dlt't k~ o n i... powe r.

T Ilt' nOlion of " 'tCil'lIrC'" wa~ I'xlTl'mdy influl'n ­lia l in fm lt'rill l( I(TUwlh of n nl o n ly the politit'a lpower o f m di "'idual p ublir ht'a lth proft'..~ionals.but lilt' a Ulhnril)' ~uf h pt'r~on~ rom ma nd ed o nh l'alt h hoards a~ w('11. 1\\ Harh ara Ro >;('nkrantzrom llle l1lt·d in her slUd)' o f th e Ma ssafhu <,(;'lI sBoard o f II t'a h h , "'Sr it'llce' ht'Camt" for lh t' p h y­sic ia n, Iht , sa ni la ry t· n~int't'r. a nd lilt' la boraloryill\,t· sti ~~Hor . a /-toa l a s wt'll a\ a procedure , whirhg'ave il tht· <Il1lhorily o f hi~h{,1 la w and remo ved ilfrom n iliri ..m ," In ;ldd ilin n, " mt' rRinll: of roncept so f indi\'idual 'Of' II· u's trai n l wilh final judg't'lllt'llland di sposilion hy the t·xf.ll'n resu lt ed ." St' ie lll if icknowlt'd~ t" wa s 10 .li:ai n th e upper hand not o n lyin d ilfi cull polili cal ~ i l ua lions bUI pa rt icu la rlyin sit ual io m of a fio,{"a l nalure . Tht" producI ""a s arOlJ(um ita nl ~row l h o f "\l i<' llIi fic" power a ndlessell in.':; of " la y'" pUWt'l. " P ublic' ht"alt h beca meIhe Pf( Wi, ll 't" u f Ihe spt'Cifka lly lTa ined a nd a u­Ihori zed ." lJ n fOllUnau'J)', hown er . ItIt' milkIIlSfX'Clor '" po \ilion was \-t"ry sus(,(,p lible 10 br ib·I'r)' a nd fraud : h t' wa s a ble 10 ho ld ex!ens i\ 't'powt'r wi thnUI c ht'(' k. 1I

TIlt" mi lk in ..pt'( to, \ pr imar v durv was 10 i ~ sll t'

licenses rhar il1\'III\('(1 irn povuion of certa in re-..ttiClinll ~ nn pTfltlWt 'lS and dr-ah-rv st' l llng m ilk InProvidence. (; ta Jlli ll ll: of II(( 'II\('\ was conungentupon in sp"l tio n flf nlW~ and their IIl 'ing rondi ­lions, and o f m ill.. handl ing a nd divu iburion . Inrhi .. manner lilt' mun icrpal itv r o u ld halt' dlH't' lr onr ro l over the qlld lil~ of mi lk !'t'inR ma rketedwithin ir-, lim its. If the ptllthlt I was analvzed a ndfound 10 bdo"" standard . II wav either confiscatedor so ld a -, vkimme-d milk , and ollendt'r s wereprowe uted . The pl'IUlly look various fotms­lines. impri ..onmem . adv emv-mem (na mes nfr onvir II,] de-alers puhlivhed in newspapers j andor rl'HlIl arum of one\ lu enw.

II wa s al ..o the dUI\ of lilt" invpecror to becerta in rhat h ... dealerv Wt'11' aware of Providence'sreeutauons. \\';t ll t" r 0 , StOlL r itv milk incpector .did publish a book let in 1906 enutled . HFaClSwhich You as a I><" a lel Ca n not Alfo rd 10

O ver look.H

The final requued dUI) o f the inspector and hisdepa rtment wa-, col lee uon of mil k. Or. Chapinex pl ained rhat Iht' collector was obligated to ca rr~

sam p les en ItIt' de pa runeru r hemisr Io r a na l..... isa nd " ser- u re a ll evidence rha t It rna )' be n('Ce\ <;.a t\'10 ust' in ca'>t' of lTia !. a nd 10 kfTp d ca rdu l rerordo f a ll h i.. p f()(('t'di ngs." He a J.,o ('()Iumellln!." l ' ,sually inSpt,(lOrs nu kl' Ihl' ir fo und,s o n fool.O UI in P lOvidt·fu'r . owi lJ!I: 10 Ih t' spet'd Wil hwh irh {"(' fla in mil kmt'n dun'l' 0 11 1 o f si.'th l al theul lll'(lor'\ a p p roar h , lht' lalll'r wa s fu rn ishl'd ahorse a nd bil K!':)'. whil h ht' ust's in h is work."Sam I'll's Wt' tt· lakt'J1 nol onl y fo r Itlt' p ur post· o fprnseflll ioll . Dail y "("( )flsumt'r" sa mplt's werela ken \olt' ly 10 nOll' lh t' w 'rl('ral q uality of milk.l ~

Milk Ul1lSUITwd in !'rovidetll (' had long beennanwd tn lit' of thl' lK'sl qualil Ya vai la b le for theprin' homt'lIIaker~ W (,fI' payinK. \Vh t'n price.. wt're10 tK' rai \t·d howt' \'t·t . a ~rollp of womt'n twca ml'(,(lIHt' t! lt'd nOI o n l)' aboUI Ihl' prict' bUI werl'anll inm to kn ow if m ilk Ihe)' wt"rt' bu ying wa~

in d/:'t-d Ilw bt.'~l avai la hh', The Ru m p . I'~ lab l ished

in 1912 and kn o wn as lh (' Housl'wi..-es Lt'a gueo f P rovidt'nct'. was n ut' o f Ihe hnl local It''agul's o fa na lionwide orll:an i,ation , T ypical of ur banproll:ressi n ' rdor m . Ih t· It"ague\ philo so ph yfollowro lhe new nal ional f()("u \ o n bu sin t"ss....ielll ific m anal(l'm t'1lI a nd d ficil' nqo . jen nit"H ealh . na linna l presidl'llI. add rrsM'd h('r m em bt'r·

liO "t 'III,J(" n r cr ru

~ llIp. " ,h We' .....t·u· piolwt'I' in es tablivhing theI("(f)~nitinll of tlu- LI( I tha t homemak ing i .. ahth illt·\\ - all IIId u \ lI y - \0 we <Ill' p nmeer s in(JI~allill ll!< rhat mdu-a rv." Heat h ex plai ned th a tn lhl'l IIldll~tril"~ had 'H~alll /('li and profited . oft e-nar the- hOIl" 'will"\ (· Xp l'lh C. "T he il" m u..t be nowaH",in!< linw, r ouvumer v must bot' made ci a ....Ion", 1011 .. . \ \ .(' 1iI11~1 ronun ue 10 orga nise o u r ill ­duvtrv in order IH near a-, a 111111 . wnh th e in d ue­1111'" whll h ..upph Iht" IU"I"lI " of lht" home; " _ " IImean ... In he-r , be-uer condi uon v u nde which thematerial ~tll" buv ~ i-, manilla, tun-d and beuer1I;1I1t" r -ondiuon-, E\t"l\ pt"nny \IX·III. ha .. so meeffl"tl Oil lIldU'"\ . commetee and trade and wemust tu t' n Ul le'l)flfl"billl\ and poWt" ill effec­1IIl!< and I flllu n ll lll Ji!; Hade co nd iuon.. so tha t ourhome.. rna\ tit" PIO(('( red and indu-uv ..iandardin-daud vra brl ia-d ." Ho rne dfilil"llIy - O rgan iza ­lion - 1.0 \ ;1 11 \ ." Cily dUt'noTlI"~ indica te rharrn'''l flf Ihl'llll llllllwnl ....·111111·11 })(')nng-ing-10 theIf"a.~Ilt:" .....er e- WIH", of the ri,in~ techn ical and p ro ·le""ion;11 I b" . I"IH'lt huvhandv w ere emploved avproft",,,u,, ,, 1(';1( herv . engmeerv, ph v-,u ia n ... a ndckr l ... Soml' ot rhe- wome-n w ('It" d i..rru t l1ur'>l",> .I'

In 19 1.1 the It';Jg:IW', int('H'>;1 in m ill p rom p ledSoph ia J.u 'l i!o: , then p rr"idt' ll t o f Ih t' Pro videncebrun ch . 10 intervie-w \\'alt t'l O . SCOII :

The 1)111~' /ft( t "'I/Ht'\UJ I~PO'1 me wa-.l th('1/' WIH

('0 1/U'''1 HI 1" /1I " d,." , ,. u.luch was .If'lIm.~ P001

milk , and w h u h ~'a ,\ much mOT,. t'X /JOHIl't' than, I ,l JlOu ld br , and .\l r. SU III had '10 au thoruv 01'0that concern, because tlu1t' wal too much poiiu­ca l milurnce , " . tht'1(' wa .\, I thmk, a q uarrel 01

.H l u l"!;g l r betu-rrn tllt' m ilk m .I/Jr('(or uho wa.\

t lym", to gl'l .l!,IJ(Jd m ilk /01 Prrn.idencr and be­Iw r r ll a crrtain dair» Whl('!1 wa.\ 11}'jrlg lu mak el l101/t'y b)'lom" undes trenblr means. and tha t('(n/(t' ''' lHl!lntrawl"h was, II'rll, w a,\ us j rzg .\O

m luh l7/fm n ' / o l bnbmg m/lunillal p('(}p/(' IhatM r. ."i/IJII couhbl 't till a'lyt hHl,1{ with Ih ('m .

Shof b ·d b\" ~ llc h di ~cm' t"ri ("... ~Jr ,> . Lu ,>tiK m elfo r a ""'IC Jlld lilllt' w ilh ~1I . St olt " Ih i ~ lime aITUHl -pa ni t'll by M, I lammond , illIOlh er It"ag:lle mt'm -ht-r" 01\;1 wi lli e Mak ing a nurnlx'T uf acclIsa ·liom" StUll id l'lIl if ll'd till" () flt'nd i n~ lom pa ny a \lh t' I' Tfn idl"lU I' fla ir \ ' Cornpa n)'" a di ~lribulor

wh ich ..u ppl il·d flr all y Oil(' half Ihe cily.1Ir told m" th,,), Jllppilt'J hmpllal!. for I'''ry

cht'ap, thr}' UTldn)old Ih,.H mIlk to th ,. hmpllahand thu~ .l"!; o l aJ !'t'Ttl.lmg, and that thry -.It'nl

1.-,,1'0 0 \, ,,1/. • 11\ ",Ilk "',',~, ("'. "fo,al "t 1',,,, .do" ..II"'....."·,, .... 1,.."It".. ·• fo"lIl.. ",,,./,,"It.,, III' ,,,,,,,,,,,b..It,,,,,,,'1t Ihn "tI" I~

u-om en dressed U/J fl ,\ 1/11n,.,\ to Jil/t'1('nl /tOU.I"S

and tnld 111t'11I to .' (l )' that 111,,\ , « (H ll r f1uII/ 110,5­pltat.\ and ,h,,\ , ca rnr 10 1,.11 thrm that ti, ,, milk

11lrv 14'''''' g"Ul1lg ll'a., /11"1\' poor and to advisrthrm 10 g,.t /' rm '" io l ft' lJalr)' (;om/)a1l)' milk" fI "aiso told llit'''' I'm/'Idnlt'" lJa l 1\' Componv 11tH'"dlffnnl/ lI'agm/.\ unth: [ancv names 011 Hum . .10

mallY /)t'u/J/r didn't rratcr Ihr)' had Prmnden crlJalT y Cm" /Ja ,,)'. T ht')' thoughl Ihe-v W (' 1(' gdtmgfro m di/fnn,1 [a rms, farm m il k" A nd h" alsn toldmr tht' "' tw Hi",u r /) a I 1\' Co m /Ja llY wa.l ,\"lli ' l,l!,/Jfl .l l r IHl zni m ilk ami Ihal If was 11 oth l7lg b,a.\l m p l)' f lill of d"ad bml"d bugs. It ,l"!;'I'I l'f' m,. .lUch

nUfJ/t1.1l, ,\ n l.l a t ItHi / ('(mld " n 'n ,({"I rid uf Ihall' ,l:/JI",H/iltl .'I'u,..

SlIIh It·\l'Iatioll .. prompll'(l ;\-It .." Lu ~t i Ji!; 10 fo rm;J commillN" undt'r th l" ( ha il ma mh ip o f :\11".:\bry C. BTal kl'lI " A Ikl' i~ioll wa .. ma de 10 ("011("0IWI) 01 Ih l('t" s;Jm p lt-1J fro m eac h d l'akr. labl"i Ihem....·i lh numl)("r.. ;JlId brill /;; Ihem to kKilJ d lt'mi1JhC... ld t·1 and S" idd and fur a na l ~'~ ,,,. Sl lickland foundtha i o f '>I"\ I'rIIY-1Ji x ..amp1t:"... fo rty·lhrt't' .....ert' a l o rahmt" ~ ta lldard bill Ihal Ihi rty -lhrtt wert" Ix-Jow"

til PI Rill: lit ~I III

.\ 1 IhlS juncture lht" ..uuauon alu-red radl(';tll~ . As:\ h~ . Lusli~ later reca lled. " :\Ir. Sum make-, asta temen t that Providence Da iry Companv '>t' llsrotten m ilk and he' ca n' l dn anvt h in g a bout rhatcompa ny , Mr. Scott !<('" IS up ill rhe Milk Con­Ierence and 'kI~S rhar the Prnvide-nre sta nda rd ofmilk IS the be st s ta nda rd can be, a nd if anvonebungs him one sample below sta n dard he will be\ 't'T) muc h sUJpri'ot"d. 01 so methi n g 10 that effect .In rhe me-aru irne we had our ow n in\'l"SliKill io ncarr ied on a nd w t' had ma ny samples Ix ·lo ...· starr­d.ud : and if the milk m spertor doe,> no t know

.... h a t IS ~oillg: 011 ill his own c itv. the n we fe lt w t­

had h(·III·t (orne Ix·fort' Ih is rnmmiuee."!'Fear Ih.ll :\Ir . St 011 .... as 110 w vu p p revvrn g h iS

kn o ..... b-dee ca used the Ieague'v rom rnmee 10 brinKirs e..ideru e to the Prcn-idence j o urnal w hu h usedthe illiurmalion in do mariner bt'filllng: the a!<t" 0 1

mur kraking joumalivm - " T Ilt' on ly IM lsi liwvratenu-nt hy Slott was tha i tilt' wome n shou ldkl-'t' p out." :\ . ursoq ' re-view of tlail y I ronr 1"' !OWsreveals lhl' lIrg(·fI{" and indigttanou w hit h ron­fronted readers. "Inq ujrv 11I \('s li g:a les Low :\li lkStandard - Produr t-, o f :\Ia m Local ljealr-r -,Below Sialt' Rt"quitt"Tllt'nh - IlouSf' ....in·.. IIIH'S­lig:au,·... " :\li lk Qualil Y fg:nn ll>t l W h ilt' PolilicsR u k s." "T Ilt' la lt'sl dt""t' lopmt'llh in Iht' m ilksituat ion indi.a lt' lhat Ih t' Offllt, of Iht' ~Iilk

In spnlOl is lI"t'tl a s a polilical ma(h ill e, a lHl lhalIht' illsl'( '( lo r hi m st' lf . Wahn O . Sum, is playin,ll;polili.s a l all l imes ""ilh a ll Iht' po...·t'r of hi ..posilion dilt"£Ied lo ...·a rd aiding: his friends pOlili'ca lh ." " I' rou"t: l io n for ~li l k [K"alt'rs - Rt"~ ll lar

Pa,m('lIh fOi P rivilt'g:t' of Se lli ng: POOl P rod uflCha,~t's of Briht'ry Ba yli es R. Chan" ." Fi nally,·'C.om m illtt o f :\-lilk o f lht' Bo a rd of Aldl'rnwnVo te 10 hl\ t' sl i g: ale . " l ~

At o llsal of puhl ir com-t'tn had (on..,i lltl,d Ih t'tom millt"t" In It'as'l' ll its po...·(·r. Its mem hl.·ls "'OIffiunallimollsl~' 10 i r1\('sll,ll;alt' tht' milk dq>all mt'fl(- 10 nOIt' hl'lht'r ;Ill adt"qualt' job had bn-ndom' and ht'lher Ih("te had hl."t"n all~ ...·w ng:d o in ,ll;lin th e l>art of l'mplnyt't's. Hl'Ill ~' C . Cram, a~sis­

la llt (il~ so lici lor , (ullt'cted mtl( h H"stimOll\" andath is(1:1 lh t· comm iw '(' Iha l a !JTlma jant" ( as (' o fmalft'i1 s'lII t t' had h('I'1I pro wn . Al th is pOi nt 1\1r.S.ou ....as d isthar~t'd . (-ha rg:{'s ....t'tt' for mub lrtiand a s{'lond commillt't' ....a s aPIMli llled . I... rt"slx.IIlsih ili l it's ...-t'tt' 10 i",t'sli~alt' all chal~t'S andpro..enllt' if nl'("('s<,ar~ . Op('n 10 the publit. Iht' in ·

\t'sti~i1l1 OI1 became it nihlllJilI rathe-r IIMII it ma t.At lilt' fil st hearing, the r Ie-rk crat ed . "O w in,ll; Itl

SlaU"!TH'1J1s made ill I he pubhc IJI('S" a nd (·I'l,w hereielauvc 10 the qua luv of the- milk supplv fu rnished10 (OllSIHtWrS in lhl' Ci tv (If Pr ovidence- and 10 the­methode o f inspt'l t ion of rfu- ...arne h.., Ih(' Offi<ia lsof lht' Cil\ of P rovide-nce charged ...-u h such dill'.thi s I Om111111t't' unanimou..ly d ecided Ih ;1I a fulland complete invevuganon of rh r- l'mil t' subjl"Cl....a .. imperative .. 0 • nit"co mmutee Will nOI lim ittheItl\'('sll~a lion 10 a n, pa nieul.u ma tter Of period o fli me. hUI is pre-pa red 10 hea l all t-videtur- I lt'a l ill~

0 11 rhe- vubj ect." Wha t revuhe-d was a 10111'111 o fIt'slimnny - 3.272 pa,ll;t's to 1)(' ('Xal1. 16

In il ia l tecumonv cen tered 011 means of i ns ur i n ~

thai lut' \iousl~ analvzed mi lk had not IX'(On lam ­pered .... irh bv th o se delivering the pnx!U( I 10 thechemist. Fra nklin Smcktand faced hea ..~ qm's­1I01ll 1l~ 1It1 hiv meth od s of It"sli n~ . 'TIu- dd('lht'h l OU~hl in m ilk all <ll~' si s {'xlx '''s to .aSI dou b t o n

Strirklaud's revuhv o n Ihe baviv of "outdan-d"It'thn iljut's wh ich Str ickland cmploved . ' \ CI uracvof th e (llt'm i~I 's revulrs w as the POint on .... hic hmuch o f t he- 1Il, t'sli!(aIlOn hinged . As Dr. Chapinhad remarked. "The ehemivr o n hi s pall rnuvtanahlt' ilh ~rl"al (-aft' o;.amplt"s ,lI;i\t'1l hi m , " rt'-sen ill!,!: i th cert a in ty Iheil idt'mil\' i th tim('.a nd II{' 100 m ust (a ref ul h n'lo rd h is OIJ.. and 10M'p rt' pa u'(l to r xpla in a nd jus ll fy i t 011 Ih(' ....illlt'~s

sland ... :\ na l~' sl ' s lIladt' II\' tilt' cht'mi~1 sha ll beac.t'piNi a s pri m;l (;uie e..idt"fll('." Some 01 Iht'm ilk ....it .. (ound In t o n la in t'X(t'ss ...·a lt' l . ,"wlalin .din . and t" t'n humaldt'h"dt' , alth()L1~h lht' lallt'rsamp"" ....a s sullj{'( I In contro\t'rsy .n

Such sla ll lm g: diston"T1t's p lompu1:! ddt"llS(:"aIlOllW\' In'in g: Champl in 10 slalt' lha t It' S ll lr ~ ofIhe ka~Ill" s anal yst·s w{' re wOll hle~s. I)('(-<lu ..t· theyha d nOl tM."(·n pt·!formed b,' tht" im pt.1:l fll . TheIea~ut· lI'slJOndc't!; " In an"Wt'f to ma n, tju{' ..tions .Ihe H n ust' .... i"l's l.t' ag: lIl' .... ish t's 10 slau' on(-l" moHothai it s fM)silIon III Iht' milk ifl\t'stigalinll issimp,," lU ptl"Wnl 10 lhe mill Hlmmillrt° Iht· rl' ­su it s ollht' anal~S('s madt' for il ..ho....mK Iha tman~ of Ih(' sa m p l('s are ht'low sla ndau! S('I b~

la w. The leag m' feds lllat i l (a n It'a\'( ' till' res l 01Iht, in n 'sl iga lion o f lh t' pl;ll -i n~ of bla llw forin(OInlMou·n.e o r g rah wilh lhl" rml k cOlJunillt"t" .....hl'll' i l belong:s. T he HOll Sl;·...·iws Lt'a~lIt· is in ­It'Tl"M(od ..imp,,"- in doin~ il\ ht'st to Set' Ihal fam ­ilies of lht' peoplt' of P rovide'm t' art' pro\idt'd

•

ti:! PI 'RI I( In \1 III

with pure IIll lL. ."' (Mill new i ~ ~ut" aro,e. Tevnmon v of a Iew

pt"flp le mdic a n-d tha t Bavhes R. C1Mcl:', d('p\lt~

m vpc ctcn , had hc't'n paid mom-v fill Il'!lill .~ pro ­dUel·l \ whc'lltht'lI lOW' would 1M' lll'lx't lt'd..,\ IIe-ga iio ll ' Wt'lt' al ....1 made wlllih 1i"1 lu , c'tI thaidealer-, wen- aho 1J;l\ing: Plotf'< uon 1Il0lWy 0 1anvwhen- h o m lin' 10 finer-n dollal' pt' l month ,\\' l h o 11 \\' i lma llh , ;HI agcrn oj P tm ,idt'n H' Dai ryCompa ny , ;t"I'Il('d rh.u dr-a iel' " TI t· t ('q ll e ~l ed b~

.\lr , Chau' to m;1I1.: IIIt' Il r-anv ilHlita ting good orbad nulk in Iht' rt';11 01 Ih(' wa gon . O th t'l tt'~l i ­

111011\ re-lated rh.u during :"u\t'lll lx'l. Drr embe-r ,

j ,llIIl:II\ and h 'hltMI\ ",'h('11 w" ,1I11l'r wav cold andivvuam r- ollllt'n ",,' , IX((HIt'd , ' /(J ',il lll ple ~ weretake-n. All rm-n \"' II L.,'d III the o ll ut' and madepe-r todic ni p, 10 I.nm-, for 11I' llt'l ti o ll\. jame-,(;UIlII , m il L. colkl 1lI1, vrared th .u WtWII .\11 , SUIllW ('1lI OUl o f tOWII o ll h railroad "'''lIp lt,\ we-re­take-n. Tfu-c- c amp it', W('I (' not '1l1 1ll 1 ~ \ l b l t' evi ­(knl t' fOI p IO't'! urion P\lI l)(I't' ~ I)("f ;1U't' rhe- r ar"lrllp lt'~ were' 11" 1 in ilu- PO\\t' ~ ' l o l l o f lilt" OW Ilt'1or I Oll~ lg l1t 't " I"

T C'sllllloll y weut o n fOI moru h-, H'IInlll ating inll t'ct'm bt"1 19 13, Charges wer e- h ur led bar k andforth , a nd IIU111t·IOU\ a uackv 0 11 the- (H:di bi li l~ nfilll wrmevwv III I uned . R~ the unu- Iht' in vecu­f(a Ho n wa -, tumplf"lt", public inu'It',>1 had waned .The re'ult of tilt' Plo'>(:'tullon wa, liliit Ra \ l ies R,Chal t' wa \ (om l( tt'tl o f ~rah and d i,mis..ed , It.....as adt'tjualeh prmen Ihal W <l llt'l O . 'Won hadIx't'n nq~ligt'lII o f hi~ dutie" but had Ill'H'r ac­(("pled graft . :h Iht' (ommiu('e 1t"IM)l lt'tl , "'11 5rolld id nOI I.: IlOw o f Ihi, g'rah exhlinf( III hi s dt'p;H1·mt'lII ht' nll tld ha \t' I.:no"'·n it hy u 'a,onablt, d ll·ig!'IlC(, a nd /t 'a'lJIl;Ih lt, d foll ,md , illt!' Ih t' n 'i­dl-Ill't' d ot' " HOI (IIsllo,t, ~ urh dl1igTlI1t' and S\I( beffo rt o n hi ~ pa ll , h(' o lJ.L;:h t nol to lx' relained a ~

.\!l IL. Im pt·tlll[ of tilt" C ity o f l>rm idt'nf c'." Tht,l'ommi1tee 1(,,,,,,1"'11 Iha l Scot! wa\ f(u ih y of ('('r­l.li n mistondw I InH . la cl.: lIl f( a <'1lIf( le \nte , was1101 10 Ix- H'mo\t'd from o Uiet·.I•

The \erd lrt did howen-r rt'mlt in a dramatitt hange (01 Iht , mill.: im pft tin n dt'p'lItmelll - OIH"Ihat would II:'IIl11H' the depanmenl hom polillralIIlflut'nc('. R~' all a<l of Fe brua n ' 10 , 191-1 th e\ Ulx 'rin u' If(lt-1lI of 1wahh wa s madt,t'x -oHicinilhlM:(tol flf m ill.: , p lMi nf( thl" m ill.: dt'pa nlllc'n1u udt' l Ihe hea lth dt'pa n ml:'nt. Lall'I Iht' su per­int t'n d enl of hea lth provided for a d ('lmty ill-

vper mr of milL. appointed b~ hun a nd vu bject tna pprova l hy Ihe hoard o f aldermen. Xeedleo, In"'1\ , .\It . ScOll wa c n.u teh m-d orue- n-organizauono f th e d('p.UlOWIlI ()(cu rr t'd. llI

Prmidel1ct' \ I'itilen<., repn-eun-d b~ rhe hou se­WI\t'S It',lg u t" , IMd made signi fi( ,lIlt ga in, in 11U'1111 \ 't' for lxu h a Ix-uer vupplv and dislr ihUlion ofmil k ill panicu lat , and public hea lth 1lI ge lle la llnrr ea v-d ~I ie1\li fic I.:no wl ed gT had eon firme-d 10

n-fonucr-, tuvd f01 a healthy, rnuuuninant -Ireer-nvironrm-nt . FOlMJ sa ui tauon wu-, (It'ar l\ in -r lud ed in rhi-, go;lI . [)f' It'r i Ol ,lI in~ urban rondi­lion, d emande-d that p ublic he-al th r-oncern II~'II

wuh other til' L. , as welt . su ch ,I' com m u ni ca b ledi<,("a <,.(" r o n uol. sanilar~ engiut't'ring , health t"tIII­r a tion, indmuial hvgiene and homing.

Still. mur h WOII.: remained m l)t, ao-omplichedin the- food sa n uauon field . Rhlltlt, "land a s of19 1-1 had the- 11'\"1·\1 sta n da rd In lilt' l tn ued State -,fOJ a llowable amount of fa t in m ilL. a nd had nosta ndard whan-vr-r for allowahh- ;1l1111 11 1lt (If hat ­rena . The 19 1~ vanda l f(a\e !tn tlll' l i mpem-, IIIalter thl \ suuarinn: lobbving by ma uv ,ta l('wi l!t­g ro u ps ronrerne-dwuh healr h bf'j.;:al l in ,u p pott ofa n adequate \!;IIt' la w. They dev ire-d a law w hir hrlearlv defined aoepta b le srandard-, and m di r-aredu nder wha t cond uionv milk could or cou ld nOI becold. T be mu-nn on here wa s 10 prl"H'1l1 mall.:elingo f mil " wh ich. wh il e ablt' 10 pOl" Ih t' fal s ta nda rd ,had bet-Il p rodult"fi on a falm rilt" wilh ro nta m­maill s. StronK 0PIX)~ition from 'la tt' d;tin pr o ­dur("f~ and d lSlflbuiOIS prt'\f"nted 'Ul h altemp"from Ix-ing fa\nl<lhh ant'd upon fOI quill' '>01Il1:'time, and lItg,lIlilillions lil.:t' Ih t, hflu'>t'w i\t·~

It'a g'tl f" , Iltlli llf( tha i P rm 'idnl( t' h ad ;u h it'ved afa i rl~' .....ell Plol ('t tt..1 m ilk supply dt"\ pi tt' "W law,( OIKt'nll, lted th eir !'ffo rls o n c,dll c'Ol t io!1 ra lher th ;1lthan It'f(lslati nll . In 1914, the hOll st'w i \'('~ lea f(llt'0 1X'1l('tI m ill.: s la tio n\ 10 ,~ ua ra n u't" th a i m fant swou ld ha\'e anT'S tn Kood, dea n m irk, a nd p ro ­\ id rtl in format io n 10 m o tht'rs on in fant ca rt' .

R t"fo rlll eu rt"lllainrtl \'igi laru to ,l"t' Iha l pol iti ­t'a l influt'llu' and t'tonomic fanOl s were '>t'totldar~

10 a pUle mill.: sllppl ~' . In 1920 Iheir ~uPI)t' 1t

helped defeat a Illt"a\ur(' whit h ",'ollid ha\ t'lowt"rt'd the alrt'''I1\" subsla ndilld I.lw " O f .\h ll.: .".\Ja ry C . R"ul.:l"t!, t ha irma n of Iht' Irag'ue's mi ll.:commi nec', cOITlI1lt'n u't:!. '~rh t· WOIllt'1l o f R.I " whnfo ug-ht n Ile billt'l fif(h l 10 re\ fll( ' m i ll.: hnm thefit'ld o f I)(lh ll n , It"'t' nt any in di c',llion of its

ti:i IT Bll l II L H .1I1

n-nnn. T Ilt' food o f our r hil dn-n lIlay 1101 ht'com('a pl,l\ I h i ll l( ~ ' Th e Leag ue i.. a-,"uMI 01 th e un ited~U"poll (If the- wumen 01 lht· ..tale on the manet .:\k m ht·r.. of the Housewives I.t ·ag;lll' - watr h theIt-~i..lature! Be read, - vraud firml y 1O~t'lhe r ­rarrv 011 - in defence of the 1I0nw!"'Z1

.\( If"ntifLc advances alco r on n n ued ;1' a Iorre III

tht· dri ve lor better mi lk . :"ewh' g:ainMI kllo~'led.~e

III till' area o f thermal dearh points lor bacteriaIunhered Iht· des ira bil lly 0 1 p,a,lelll iJ;tI Ion . Therehad be-n ma n v objecuou-, 10 rh i.. prun''' , 101p('1li;llli, ian , were COIl" iIUl:d that pa ,u'uri lrom ilk would 10\t' i t, flavor . cllla li l)' and foo d val ue.A t an IM97 Kal heri n~ 01 111(' :\b"al huv-u-, Board01 1I1';lIth , DI. Sedgewick o f Bo ston and Dr.C ha pi n o f ProvidencT weft' it , lom- cnpporter s.Objt'l l ion , dirnmi vhed a l te-r 1910 whr-n a ,t' p lic'Olt ' Ihr oa r ep idemic SWl'p l through Bo ston as th ere-vult of a sing-Ie "model" Ja ir)' d i..tribut in g ra w

m ilk. Ct 'u ificat io ll of milk - producuon 01 ah igh grade- m ilk whic h was cert ified hy a rom­m'''lnn Inl ih p ur il\ - wa .. no lon ger dee medildt'lIIMte. Eremo m ic couside-ra non-, ' lit h a' th e(0'1 of ran-tul lv in vpt'oi IlK distant da iry farmswa .. fal outweighed by Ihe expe-nw of 10-,i1lK mi lkto bar te ria . Althoug h a dolt'n ye;n' would fl<hS;tftt'l the \('andal before pavtetn iearion wouldcome into regu la r use he re, P rovi de nce " ·;t , wellahead 01 othe-r a reas in the na tion . T h ro ughChapin ", l'ffOlh th e city r-ounr-i! in 1925 pa..sed anew m il k la w wh ich p ro vided for pa vn-urizauonand g radi ng. Bo ..ton . o ften in lilt" fnre lront o fpublic hea lth measur es . d id nOI req u ire ma n­dat ot v p avte-urizarion until 1929,21

Sn smal l a sca nda l in Providence wr u ug h trilti wi sig n ifica n l cha nges ill rhe quality of milk1'T!l t'rilll{ tht- homes of ir v r i t i lt' Il~ . The mi lk scan ­dal t'lll·" ps u la les man y- themes 01 the 1850·1920period - ( ha llKinK health requt remenr s broughtO il I" lIlt' gloW lh 01 t he- ('11\ . rou u prion uf agen­1·lt·s under cIlll l lOI of mu n ici pal ~l '\ '·l n lllt" ll l. a nd;Illt'mp " by- progre",in' refo rmer s to a p plv the irIauh in '>< Il'n cc' 10 ra lhe! com p lt'x urb<1II p rob­It'm... Ollt' m ust be i1mazt't:f at th e enormi ty, 0 1 Ihl'la,k "' hic h lefor mers (acro and Iht' siJt'able meas­ure of slIcn·.... th q i1ch ie \ro .

J.II"'" ( ~w.. -dv. Ch ari, . , . C hap", 'Hltl 1'" b /i.--II"illtJ,.\I"' .. ..,,."f(Cdm brid!':e: l id" ... ,1 ( ' I11 ' '' ' ' ' U P I"" .1%2) ,Ii

2 B.u l"II,1 R" ....nllanll. Publ" lI,.il//h m id 111,.\/1211'"Chll " Io: I'llo: l', o"tI " m .llIlH<lchu,,.ff> . /.H:!./ 'Il" ,Ca m·I.. ltlle'· I I..n ..,d t 'ni'er"t' PH"" . 19';"2f2fi

3 Ch,ul.... Ch..pin . _""'TUnpll/ \tJ 'llftJI"m H' Ih,. ( ·OII /,.d\IM;, t PI'" itl..ncr: 'n".....Iltl t ,or IIh',"I , 19O1h 2l'l1;.

~ R",. ·nlr,onll. 19, 31 . 39

... :\1.1>, 'un Pelb-nkof er , 1'<1114" ", 11..11//11 '" 12 e l/ \

(flt h lln",..: Jo h n 11 " " l " " l ·nrH'r" " I' ,, '' ' . 1':Hl ll .17

Ii Wil-on (. Sm ilh... P"bI,.-- lI ..alt h, I I . l ' w ", ,,,, 'or Ih ..1-"1"'..(1"...... YOlk: :\1<" rrutlau. Itl', .... ) 21'l1; . jit; .

i Iklll ' 1I.·11 ll'I1 ...av . /. ('gal 1" /OI <lp l.. , uf l'"blu H..illill.~ d"' r " '.' t 'lI l um (Chir;.l:''' H ," " I. I!11 ·1 17:n Il or 'll [<,

jI,;" ....I" 1I I' ,ul..t , Cil)' ,\ha SU1'('/v , ( 1'\,..... Y"I k: :\ld; ,.<1 .... ­lIil l. 1917) 92.

II I' .Ul ,·" 2. 77. j li.

9 Smilli.'. ' '>11

10 Ch,II"II. :'\'1'1

I I R"...." l ' ..nll . 7.'> . lUi , 120

12 Ch.lpm. 171i. $1'111 .

13 1/""" '''''' '"·.. , 1,,,11 10: '''' B ", II('I ," :\b. 19'.!O. 1. 2. Pro, ',df""u0"..<1"",. 1913

I I .\1 , 1,1, ' ''' '''''Il{lIlu", Com,m l/('(' H('p"''' • P,m Illt-IIU".1911), 1-1. p . 9 , 14. 2:' . ht', ....IU'1 eued ., ,,11t Il ..pm f.'

I:' I '"" "I .." , .. [ ournal :\1.., :.. i. II. 9 . 191 1

It• .\ II IIt H"!N" " . I

17 Ch""in . :'I'fi.

1M ,' h ilt H..,>o'" ~ II . 613, 1:'101 . lit......

Itt 1'" ,, ·ld... ,. ,. C I I\ ' CorlO/nl H...." lr;t"m.' 1'11 1. 2'.! .

20 RI'I"" r, Board of H ealth . H . II ,

ZI 1/""''''''11 '''' ' 111!:"" Bull('f"' . :\I,t. 1!1:''1l. 1'. 122 R"" ·lIl rallt / . lUll. Pa,lel , "II . ( ~I"...h . 2It; .

Front lilt' ColltOn in ns

1"0 ,1'11·111 :11" '11I 1lI~ il i-, li ltill!-: 1 (l "~l a(t' 'h,"'C'

I I.I ~(· ' Wilh d,·Ii, ;11I' W;Ill"/' 01"" of wild ll oWl"I'"II w , ""11110>11 \1"11",\ Iih ,I lid \ " Iolllon ", v-al art"

'"II 'i'n 11111"11' h"III .1 '01l1~ li on " f ho f;lIl i( aldLIWi ll~ ' 11\ blw;lId l .e"wi, Prr kha m ( 1812-11'11'19/"

d5 .:'~,rh' -r ~~d.-r /)rr.~ .

1' #" £ ;~/~~_ 44 ~"'"

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...

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111"" • /1" II / ' I r: ,{ ~ .

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