© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 ...ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR1AEP072.pdfDr. Naveen Kumar...

© 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

IJRAR1AEP072 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 361

Water Resources Management and Conservation

of the Ancient Schools of Wester Rajasthan

Dr. Naveen Kumar P.D.F. Scholar

Dept. of Geography J.N.V.U. Jodhpur (Raj.)

ABSTRACT

The basis of human life ' Water ' is . So ancient human civilizations developed in the river valleys. Times

due to lack of water in western Rajasthan disasters such as famine and drought have damaged human life.

The most area of desert is the main reason for the lack of rain here. To resolve this problem, many rulers

of the state canals, lakes, ponds and other aquatic resources built. Gangasinh by the king of Bikaner Ganga

Canal built by the rulers of Jaisalmer Gdisr Lake, and Lake Kaylana by the rulers of Jodhpur , Jawai bandh

, Balsamnd Lake, Hemawas bandh, Srdarasmnd , Lakotia pond , rose, ocean , sea , etc. Padma was built.

The original purpose of the building to collect rain water and make it available to the public throughout the

year was burning. Become formerly been preserved, these aquatic resources by the public and one of the

sources - using a drop was needed and carefully . The most terrible is that domestic and industrial waste by

putting them in the position of these ancient water sources is extremely deplorable. So in time is necessary

to understand the importance of these sources.

But that will happen only when we are in traditional and nontraditional sources provide appropriate

protection and management. Because of these sources of water for irrigation and drinking water by

collecting rain water can be provided. Several methods to collect rain water is present, it is an advantage

that the upper layer of underground water will expand. Sustainable development and management of water

resources for the survival of human life is necessary.

These natural water sources along with the development of tourism and beautification of new

employment opportunities will be creation. With the increase in the income of the state government

would solve the problem of unemployment.

Prudent rainwater harvesting and conservation, from time to time to test the waters, pollute water sources

, the government - the work done by non-governmental and voluntary institutions to increase , and diffuse

public awareness through various programs in these pristine waters the management and conservation of

resources , the main objective of the researchers .

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I. INTRODUCTION

Rajasthan ("Land of Kings") is India's largest state by area (342,239 square kilometers

(132,139 sq. mi) or 10.4% of India's total area). It is located on the western side of the country,

where it comprises most of the wide and inhospitable Thar Desert (also known as the "Rajasthan

Desert" and "Great Indian Desert") and shares a border with the Pakistani provinces of Punjab to

the northwest and Sindh to the west, along the Sutlej-Indus river valley.

The state was formed on 30 March 1949 when Rajputana – the name adopted by the British Raj for

its dependencies in the region – was merged into the Dominion of India. Its capital and largest city

is Jaipur also known as Pink City, located on the state's eastern side. Other most important cities

are Jodhpur, Udaipur, Bikaner, Kota and Ajmer.

Fig. 1.1 Location map of study Area

Location of Rajasthan in India

Latitude: 2700’ N

Longitude: 74 00’ E

Rajasthan, situated at the northwestern part of India is the biggest state in the country of India

and lies between 23 30’ and 30 11’ North latitude and 69 29’ and 78 17’ East longitude.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_India_by_area

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Desert

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutlej

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur



Districts33 total

Area- Total 342,239 km2 (132,139 sq mi)

Area rank 1st

Population (2015) - Total 73,529,325

II. OBJECTIVES

Geography presently considered as a séance which deals with the natural phenomena of the earth and its

inheritance who live on it man is taken the central figure among all creatures of the planet but the

relationship between man and this environment extremely complicated. It is, therefore of greatest

significance in geography to bring a close relationship between man and environment which surrounding

him. As the environment various from place to place the interrelationship between man and surrounding

also changes. This variations are the main attraction for field study and the analysis of the degree of

relation in the intensity of influencing the main mode of livelihood by the different elements of

environment is the main object of field study. Selection of the area for field study depends upon the

following points-

i. To study the geology of the area.

ii. To study how the underlying geology reflects the landform pattern of study area

iii. To study the process of urbanization and assessment of the existing condition depending upon the

existing landform.

iv. To study the life-style of people.

v. To identity the urban problems.

III. HYPOTHESIS

1. The practice of water harvesting methods will increase the agricultural production in these

areas and give an impact on economic and financial condition in the society.

2. By initiating water harvesting methods we can increase the soil fertility which in future

leads to grow commercial crop.

3. The education Transportation and awareness programs are also determining factors for the

same.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_districts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_districts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_India_by_area



IV. METHODOLOGY

The studied the land use, socio-economic as well as socio-cultural condition of the area. Now only that

present problem of the area are also studied. The proposed would be completed through these

methodologies as under-

(a) Primary Sources – Interview with people, field work, field survey etc.

(b) Secondary sources – Articles, Published books etc, related to this area.

Water is the basic need of Rajasthan

Water is life not only in Rajasthan but the whole country. Otherwise how else would one explain water

related unrest in whole country, riots breaking in Rajasthan farmers, or the large-scale migration that is

currently taking place in desiccated Rajasthan? This colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid is essential

for all forms of growth and development – humans, animals and plants. And if this basic need is not met,

then all hell can break loose. Helpless, drought-hit districts of Rajasthan have little choice other than to

pray for the success of the administration’s desperate attempts to strike new sources of drinking water.

The drought is causing social concern, as there have been reports of drinking water shortage all over in

Rajasthan region. Water scarcity is now the single biggest threat to food production, as falling

groundwater levels make less water available for agriculture.

The United Nations Environment Programmed warns that the world today is faced with a water crisis

that is life threatening. Its report on water released recently says that unlike the energy crisis, water crisis

can mean the difference between life and death.

Without sustainable water management to ensure that there are sufficient supplies of clean, safe,

water, the health of ecosystems and those who depend on them, especially people, suffer''. Shortage

of potable water is restricted not just to urban areas; the problem is worse in villages and hamlets

where lack of water means no crops and hence, no food. Currently, a severe drought threatens

several Indian states - Rajasthan, Gujarat , and even Maharashtra , an advanced industrialized

state. Indeed, as many as 19 districts in Maharashtra are badly affected and villagers have been

forced to depend on water supplied through official water tankers. Reports suggest that because of

the huge demand-supply gap, village elderly have to do with not more than one glass of drinking

water through the day.

Water Policy of Rajasthan

Rajasthan state water policy 2010 This new water policy for Rajasthan presents the framework for sustainable development and

management of water resources in the state. It focuses towards community-level empowerment and

responsibility for water management.

The objectives of the state water policy are: to adopt an integrated and multi sectorial approach to the

water resources planning, development and management on a sustainable basis taking river basin/sub

basin as unit; and the water resources of the state shall be planned developed, managed with a river basin

and sub basin as the unit adopting multi sectorial approach and treating surface and sub-surface water

with unitary approach.




The Rajasthan State Water Policy 2010 describes the critical status of water in Rajasthan in terms of:

The growing imbalance between demand and supply of water

Uncertainty in availability of water

Inequity in access to water

Low operational efficiency of water resource development projects

Depleting groundwater resources and deteriorating quality of water

High cost of service, low cost recovery and low level of expenditure

Lack of ownership among stakeholders

The policy has evolved out of the earlier policy documents and intends to function from the new

perspective of Integrated Water Resources Management, which is holistic and includes a bottom up

approach.

The new policy document addresses issues related to:

Water supply and development

Integrated Water Resource Management

Irrigation

Water resources infrastructure

Water conservation

Water quality

Environmental management

Water pricing

Legal enablement

Water-related projects

European Union Ambassador Daniele Smadja had recently announced reinstatement of a grant of Rs

450 crore (Rs 4.5 billion) for water-related projects in the state.

During the current financial year, Rs 100 crore (Rs 1 billion) would be spent on water campaign and for

hiring services of experts. Under the policy, measures will be undertaken to make communities aware of

their legal entitlements, rights and responsibilities in respect of water resources management at

community level, and NGOs would be fully involved in water management related activities. Preservation

of traditional water harvesting structures and sources will be encouraged and roof-top rain water

harvesting, storm-water harvesting, recycling and reuse of waste water will also be promoted.




In rural areas of women are spending increasing amounts of time and energy traveling long distances to

get water. In some dry regions of Rajasthan, they spend as much as four hours a day and walk an average

six km for water.

SOLUTION TO WATER SCARCITY PROBLEM IN RAJASTHAN

333 RO Plants to be installed in highly water starved areas of Rajasthan.

Jodhpur: The Rajasthan Government and a Private company have signed a fresh agreement under the

“Jeevan Amrit Project”, in which 333 RO plants will be installed in over 800 villages of the district in

next three financial years, including the current year.

Jaipur: Rajasthan Government assured it was committed towards addressing the water scarcity problem

and that effective implementation of the state water policy was one of the areas it was focusing on.

Desert State Rajasthan takes steps to ensure better water Management

New Delhi, June 8(ANI): Facing a dearth of water resources and a decline in its availability, the

Rajasthan Government is taking effective steps to control the misuse of water and trying to fill up

reservoirs and Ponds, besides running mobile water trucks to provide every citizen of the state

with water.

Special Trains are also being run to provide water to remote areas of the desert state.

Stressing on the need for a better water management system, the Ashok Gehlot - led state

government is for the first time, providing water to farmers for irrigation of their lands from the

Indira Gandhi canal.

One step in this direction is a plan to use 50% of the revenue generated from the irrigated water

for the maintenance of canals.

Rainwater harvesting is an available tool.

The Rajasthan Government has been consistent in rectifying the imbalance between limited water

resources and water usage.

Take for example Nagore District. Here, about 40 water tanks have been built in ten small towns

with the help of the Rajasthan state Mines and Minerals ltd.

The state Government has several projects to ensure provision of sufficient water across the

region.

In the coming year, the state government plans to set up and nurture drinking water projects at a

cost of Rs. 3796crore.

Out of the above amount, Rs.590crore has been allotted for phase-2 of the Pokaran- Falsoond

project to provide water in towns like Pokaran, Siwana, and Balotra and 171 other villages.

About Rs.260 crore has been approved for the Barmer Lift Project. In addition to this, Rs.88 crore

has also been allotted for the towns of Takatdgarh town and 111 villages, under jwai-pali Projects.

The Government is very keen on spending Rs.80 crore to establish transmission pipelines with the

help of NABARD with the intension of providing drinking water between the two cities Chambal

and Boondi.




Rajasthan is the worst effected state as far as availability of water is concerned. The Indira Gandhi

Canal Project and the Chambal River Project alone cannot provide sufficient potable water in the

region.

Eleven districts of the state, including sikar, Jhunjhunu, Churu, Alwar, Karoli, and Dausa, sawai

Madhopur, Nagaur, Pali and Bhilwara etc have been suffering from a scarcity of drinking water.

So far, it has allocated Rs.1340 crore in the budget 2012-2013 under National Rural Drinking

Water Scheme, the highest in the country.

Chief minister Ashok Gehlot has requested the central Government to help his government to

solve Rajasthan water problem.

WaterharvestingMethods:

Traditional systems:

TANKA/ KUND/ KUNDI

In the desert and arid areas of Rajasthan people build unique underground structures of

various shapes and sizes to collect rain water for drinking purposes. These structures called

Tankas, Kunds or Kundis are constructed in a variety of places like court yards, in front of

houses and temples, in open agricultural fields, barren lands etc. These are built both for

individual households as well as for village communities using locally available materials.

While some structures are built in stone masonry with stone slab coverings, others are built

with only rudimentary plastering of bare soil surfaces of the tank with cement or lime and

covering with ZizyphusNumularia thorns. Some Kuccha structures have a convex covering

of local wood with mud plaster. Inlet holes are provided in the convex covering at the ground

level to facilitate entry of rain water into the tank. In case of Pacca structures (called Tanka)

the wall of the tank is kept projecting above the ground to provide inlet holes.

Though this rain water harvesting method is said to be in vogue since time immemorial, the

first known construction of a Kund in western Rajasthan was in 1607 by Raja Sur Singh in

villageVadi-ka-Melan. In the Mehrangarh Fort in Jodhpur, a Kund was constructed in 1759

by Maharaja Udai Singh. Subsequently, during the famine of 1895-96 construction of Kunds

was taken up on a large scale. Today these are the primary sources of drinking water in the

water scarce areas of Churu, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Barmer districts.

Since Tankas are the main source of drinking water in these areas, people zealously protect

and maintain them. Just before the on-set of the monsoon, the catchment area of the Tanka is

cleaned up to remove all possible pollutants, and human activity and grazing of cattle in the

area is prohibited. Even though the average annual rainfall in these areas varies from 200 mm

to 300 mm with minimum of as low as 120 mm, these structures provide enough drinking

water to tide over the water scarcity during the summer months. In many cases the stored

water lasts for the whole year. These simple traditional water harvesting structures are useful

even during years of below-normal rainfall.




Traditional Tanka with Treated Catchment in Churu District

An Improved Tanka Designed and Constructed by CAZRI

Khadin A khadin, also called a dhora, is an ingenious construction designed to harvest surface runoff water for

agriculture. Its main feature is a very long (100-300 m) earthen embankment built across the lower hill

slopes lying below gravelly uplands. Sluices and spillways allow excess water to drain off. The khadin

system is based on the principle of harvesting rainwater on farmland and subsequent use of this water-

saturated land for crop production.




Khadin is a system basically innovated for runoff farming by the Paliwal Brahmin

Community in Jaisalmer area in the 15th Century. In Jaisalmer the ruler used to encourage

people to develop this system at suitable sites for agriculture and share the part of crop with

ruler, who would remain the owner of those structures. There are as many as 500 big and

smallKhadins in Jaisalmer district, which are productive, even with 40 mm rainfall.

Rocky-hill-terrain around a valley including the valley slopes, constitute the catchment area

of a Khadin. Stony gravels, wasteland with gentle slope in the form of valley can also form

the catchment area of such structures.

Paar system:

Paar is a common water harvesting practice in the western Rajasthan region. It is a common place where

the rainwater flows from the agar (catchment) and in the process percolates into the sandy soil. In order to

access the rajani pani (percolated water) kuisor beris are dug in the agor (storage area). Kuis or beris

are normally 5m to 12 m deep. The structure was constructed through traditional masonary technology.

Normally six to ten of them are constructed in a paar. However depending on the size of the paar the

numbers of kuis or beris are decided. Bhatti mentions that there are paars in Jaisalmer district where there

are more than 20 kuis are in operation. This is the most predominant form of rainwater harvesting in the

region. Rain water harvested through PAAR technique is known as Patali paani.

Nadis

Nadis are village ponds, found near Jodhpur in Rajasthan. They are used for storing water from an

adjoining natural catchment during the rainy season. The site was selected by the villagers based on an

available natural catchments and its water yield potential. Water availability from nadi would range from

two months to a year after the rains. They are dune areas range from 1.5 to 4.0 metres and those in sandy

plains varied from 3 to 12 metres. The location of the nadi had a strong bearing on its storage capacity

due to the related catchment and runoff characteristics.




Talab / Bandhis

Talabs are reservoirs. They may be natural, such as the ponds (pokhariyan) at Tikamgarh in the

Bundelkhand region. They can be human-made, such the lakes in Udaipur. A reservoir area of less than

five bighas is called a talai; a medium sized lake is called a bandhi or talab; bigger lakes are called sagar

or samand. The pokhariyan serve irrigation and drinking purposes. When the water in these reserviors

dries up just a few days after the monsoon, the pond beds are cultivated with rice.

Talab in Mandli village, Barmer

Mandli is the village Balotra tehsil in Barmer district of Rajasthan state, India. 47 km from Balotra.

400km from state capital Jaipur. It is located 139 km towards East from district headquarters Barmer.

This region is surrounding the Thar Desert is called Marwar translated as the land of death. It has

identified as one of the area’s most wonderable to the effects of Global Warming and climate change.

Marwar suffers from frequent rounds of a situation that is predicted towards with time.

It rains 1 year, and doesn’t in the next! We are helpless.

There is no water in the village well. We have to wait long hours before any water is available for

collection.

Many times officers from JAL BHAGIRATHI FOUNDATION visited there and explained how to

address the village water problem but people couldn’t understand initially and were hesitant to

take any initiate.

JAL BHAGIRATHI FOUNDATION encourages the people of Mandli to form a Jal sabha to

address the issue 0f water shortage.

Village children’s and adults got together for a new revolution, a revolution to end the water crises

for wise and all.

This newly formed Jal sabha then discussed the various solutions to overcoming this water

shortage. Finally, they decided to collect money from everybody to be used for regeneration of the

village Talab.

People donated according to what they could afford, they gave varying amounts of Rs. 100, 500 or

700 and so on.

Initially, Rs. 1.5 lakhs was spent to revive the Talab. Later, when people benefited from the water

of this talab, they decided to spend more on it to make it deeper.

Jal sabha then discussed the plan with JAL BHAGIRATHI FOUNDATION and another sum of

Rs 2 lakhs was sanctioned for the Project.

The talab was regenerated how when it rains the Talab fills up with enough water to last 12 years.

This live in up the spirits of the village people. The Jal sabha has developed its own water

management system foe maintenance of the Talab. The water catchment area is conserved through

plantation and the area is fenced to ensure the water remains cleaned.

A watchman has also been hired to look after the Talab and the catchment area.

The Jal sabha charges Rs. 100 per tanker. This money is used for the maintenance of the village

Talab.




'Rural areas in Rajasthan most affected by contaminated drinking water'

Water Scarcity in Jaipur, Rajasthan

A recent report of the Union water resources ministry states that villages in Rajasthan are most affected

by contaminated water in the country. According to the report, in Rajasthan, 25,504 rural habitations or

1.09 crore people are getting water with chemical or bacterial contamination. According to WHO,

contaminated drinking water results in the spread of water-borne diseases like cholera and dysentery and

is said to be the main cause for the rising child mortality rate in the country.

Palar Pani se samridhi

Meaning of PALAR PANI

In arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, like Bikaner, Barmer and Phalodi, rainwater which is

considered as the purest form of natural water is known as PALAR PANI.

Solution

1. We can solve the water scarcity in these places by collecting rain water in tanks in houses.

2. We should grow that vegetation which requires low amount of water.

3. The traditional water management system should be reunited, and cleanliness and hygiene should

also be kept in mind.

4. Awareness programs should be initiated in government bodies like school and offices by means of

Posers, Dramas etc.

5. Women education should be empowered so as to pursue our Motto.

Conclusion

The Problem faced by the water sector in the state are many, acute and serious. The implementation of

the envisioned action plan will enable the department to meet the challenges, present in future , and

achieve the objective of integrated, efficient, environmentally, and financially sustainable development

and the management of the scare water resources of the state and the same time ensure optimal utilization

of every drop of water, through water conservation, increased distribution efficiency and use of water

saving devices and practices leading to an efficient, scientific, innovative, transparent and responsive

irrigation department. The water sector would then be able to accelerate economic growth of the state.

This report is based on the problem of water faced by the person western Rajasthan The salinity of water

is also very high in these areas which causes several health hazards skin problems and teeth problems to

the people of these areas. Government has taken several measures to solve the scarcity of water in these

areas but then also the people living in these areas having problems related to water.By these solution we

can solve the water scarcity in these area.




REFRENCES

Water Resources Management in India Problems and Prospects (2012) – Ashu Jain

And Dr. Shukla.

Rajasthan ka Bhugol,Rajasthan Hindi – Nigam, M.N and Tiwari, (1998)

Rajasthan Patrika newspaper (May 2015)

Water security and Management – V. Ratna Reddy.

Information center, Jodhpur, Rajasthan


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