© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Muscular System Chapter 4.
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Transcript of © 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Muscular System Chapter 4.
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System
Chapter 4
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Overview of Structures, Combining Forms,and Functions of the Muscular System
Overview of Structures, Combining Forms,and Functions of the Muscular System
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Muscles
• Primary Function– Make body movement possible
– Hold body erect
– Move body fluids
– Produce body heat
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Muscles
• Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)– my/o, myos/o
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Fascia
• Primary Function– Cover, support, and separate muscles
• Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)– fasci/o
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Tendons
• Primary Function – Attach muscles to bones
• Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)– ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscles:
• Attached to bones of the skeleton
• Make body motions possible
• Voluntary muscles
• Striated muscles
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Types of Muscle Tissue
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Types of Muscle Tissue
Smooth muscles:
• Located in walls of internal organs, bloodvessels, and ducts leading from glands
• Move and control the flow of fluids throughthese structures
• Involuntary, unstriated, and visceral muscles
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Types of Muscle Tissue
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Types of Muscle Tissue
Myocardial Muscle
• Form the muscular walls of the heart
• Myocardium or cardiac muscle
(continues)
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Types of Muscle Tissue
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Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
• Muscle innervation: stimulation of a muscle byan impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
• Neuromuscular: pertaining to the relationshipbetween a nerve and muscle
(continues)
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Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
• Antagonistic Muscle Pairs– Contraction
– Relaxation
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Contrasting Muscle Motion
• Abduction: movement of a limb away from themidline of the body
• Adduction: movement of a limb toward themidline of the body
(continues)
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Contrasting Muscle Motion
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Contrasting Muscle Motion
• Flexion: decreasing the angle between twobones by bending a limb at a joint
• Extension: increasing the angle between twobones or the straightening out of a limb
• Hyperextension: the extreme or overextensionof a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
(continues)
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Contrasting Muscle Motion
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Rotation and Circumduction
• Rotation: a circular movement around an axissuch as the shoulder joint
• Circumduction: the circular movement at thefar end of a limb
(continues)
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Rotation and Circumduction
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Supination and Pronation
• Supination: the act of rotating the arm or leg sothat the palm of the hand or sole of the foot isturned forward or upward
• Pronation: the act of rotating the arm or leg sothat the palm of the hand or sole of the foot isturned downward or backward
(continues)
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Supination and Pronation
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Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
• Dorsiflexion: the movement that bends the footupward at the ankle
• Plantar flexion: the movement that bends thefoot downward at the ankle
(continues)
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Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
• bi- – twice, double, two
• -cele – hernia, tumor, swelling
• dys- – bad, difficult, or painful
• fasci/o – fascia, fibrous band
(continues)
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
• fibr/o – fibrous tissue, fiber
• -ia – abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
• -ic – pertaining to
• kines/o, kinesi/o – movement
(continues)
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
• my/o – muscle
• -plegia – paralysis, stroke
• -rrhexis – rupture
• tax/o – coordination, order
(continues)
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Key Word Parts and Definitions
• ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o – tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
• ton/o – tone, stretching, tension,
• tri- – three
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
QuestionsQuestions
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Question
The largest muscle in the human body is foundin the buttocks.
True or False?
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Answer
True. The gluteus maximus in the buttocks is thelargest muscle in the body.
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Question
How many muscles are required to raiseyour eyebrows?
a. 15
b. 8
c. 30
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Answer
c. 30
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Question
Pronation is the act of rotating the arm so thatthe palm of the hand is turned upward.
True or False?
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Answer
False. Supination is the act of rotating the armso that the palm of the hand is turned upward.
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Question
Singultus is the medical term for:a. A facial tick
b. Hiccups
c. Cramps
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Answer
b. Hiccups
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Answers to Learning ExercisesAnswers to Learning Exercises
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Matching Word Parts 14.1. -ia4.2. fasci/o4.3. fibr/o4.4. -cele4.5. kines/o, kinesi/o4.6. tax/o4.7. my/o4.8. -rrhexis4.9. tend/o4.10. ton/o
Matching Muscle Directions and Positions
4.11. transverse
4.12. sphincter
4.13. oblique
4.14. rectus
4.15. lateralis
Chapter 4 Answers
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Definitions
4.16. skeletal
4.17. heel spur
4.18. supination
4.19. bradykinesia
4.20. physiatrist
4.21. myofascial
4.22. tendon
4.23. adhesion
Definitions
4.24. paraplegia
4.25. tenodesis
4.26. myocardial
4.27. gluteus maximus
4.28. tendon
4.29. deltoid
4.30. sphincter
Chapter 4 Answers
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Which Word?
4.31. strain
4.32. neuromuscular blocker
4.33. dystonia
4.34. impingement syndrome
4.35. deltoid
Spelling Counts
4.36. antispasmodic
4.37. singultus
4.38. gravis
4.39. ganglion
4.40. pronation
Chapter 4 Answers
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Abbreviation Identification
4.41. carpal tunnel syndrome
4.42. deep tendon reflexes
4.43. range of motion
4.44. repetitive stress disorder
4.45. spinal cord injury
Term Selection
4.46. myorrhexis
4.47. myolysis
4.48. hyperkinesia
4.49. hamstring
4.50. myofascial release
Chapter 4 Answers
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Sentence Completion
4.51. epicondylitis
4.52. flexion
4.53. intermittent claudication
4.54. myoparesis
4.55. spasmodic torticollis
Word Surgery
4.56. electr/o, my/o, -graphy
4.57. hyper-, kines, -ia
4.58. my/o, clon, -us
4.59. poly-, myos, -itis
4.60. sarc/o, -penia
Chapter 4 Answers
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
True/False
4.61. True
4.62. False
4.63. True
4.64. False
4.65. False
Clinical Conditions
4.66. ganglion cyst
4.67. myocele
4.68. atrophy
4.69. hypotonia
4.70. chronic fatigue
4.71. Achilles tendinitis
4.72. myalgia
4.73. shin splint
4.74. quadriplegia
4.75. hemiparesis
Chapter 4 Answers
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Which Is the Correct Medical Term?
4.76. dystrophy
4.77. carpal tunnel release
4.78. adduction
4.79. myotomy
4.80. dorsiflexion
Challenge Word Building
4.81. myopathy
4.82. polymyalgia
4.83. myonecrosis
4.84. fasciorrhaphy
4.85. polymyectomy
4.86. fasciodesis
4.87. myocarditis
4.88. fasciectomy
4.89. herniorrhaphy
4.90. sphincterotomy
Chapter 4 Answers
© 2015, Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Labeling Exercises
4.91. flexion
4.92. extension
4.93. abduction
4.94. adduction
4.95. pronation
4.96. supination
4.97. dorsiflexion
4.98. plantar flexion
4.99. circumduction
4.100. rotation
Chapter 4 Answers