2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9 Lecture Development The Cultural Landscape Eleventh Edition Matthew Cartlidge University of Nebraska-Lincoln 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issues Why does development vary among countries? Why does development vary by gender? Why do countries face obstacles to development? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. KEY ISSUE 1: WHY DOES DEVELOPMENT VARY AMONG COUNTRIES? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Development of Countries Development: the process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Every place lies somewhere along a continuum of development More Developed Country (MDC) also known as a developed country Less Developed Country (LDC) also known as a developing or emerging country MDCs and LDCs tend to cluster in certain areas Europe has a lot of MDCs Africa has a lot of LDCs 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Development Index A countrys level of development can be described by three factors: Economic Social Demographic Human Development Index (HDI) created by the UN, recognizes that a countrys level of development is a function of all three of these factors 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic Indicators - Calculating HDI To calculate HDI, the UN looks at the following factors: Economic: Gross National Income (GNI) at purchasing power parity (PPP) Social: Literacy rate, pupil to teacher ratio, and years of education Demographic: Life expectancy 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The highest HDI possible is 1.0, or 100% Highest ranking in recent years has been Norway at Lowest ranking is Niger at 30 of 32 lowest ranking countries were in sub-Saharan Africa 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ten Highest HDIs 1.Norway 2.Australia 3.Switzerland 4.Netherlands 5.United States 6.Germany 7.New Zealand 8.Canada 9.Singapore 10.Denmark 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ten Lowest HDIs 1.Niger 2.Democratic Republic of Congo 3.Central African Republic 4.Chad 5.Sierra Leone 6.Eritrea 7.Burkina Faso 8.Burundi 9.Guinea 10.Mozambique 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where are MDCs and LDCs located? Of the worlds nine regions, only two are considered more developed North America Europe There is a clear global pattern if we draw a circle around the world at 30 degrees north latitude, we find nearly all of the MDCs are to the north, whereas nearly all of the LDCs lie to the south This is known as the Brandt Line or the north- south split 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Brandt Line 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Brandt Line is located at 30 degrees North; it separates the More Developed northern countries from the Less Developed southern countries. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Development Index 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. HDI by region 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary among Countries? Economic: A Decent Standard of Living UN measures standard of living based on two functions: 1.Gross national income (GNI) per capita Value of the output of goods and services produced in a country annually, including money that leaves and enters the country, divided by number of people Gross domestic product (GDP) is similar except it doesnt account for money entering and leaving the country. Per capita GNI measures average wealth, not its distribution among citizens (there are rich people in poor countries and vice versa) 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Purchasing power parity (PPP) Cost of living adjustment made to the GNI If people in country A and country B have the same income but the person in country B pays more for a Big Mac, the person in country A is better off What is your dollar really worth? PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. It creates a COMMON CURRENCY. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. GNI PPP Per Capita 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary among Countries? Demographic: A Long and Healthy Life UN considers good health to be an important measure of development: Main health indicator contribution to the HDI is life expectancy at birth. Average life expectancies of a baby Global average: 70 years Developed country: 80 years Developing country: 68 years 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Health and Welfare People in MDCs are healthier than those in LDCs People in MDCs receive more calories and proteins daily than they need In MDCs, public assistance (welfare) is available to those who are sick, elderly, poor, disabled, orphaned, veterans, widows, unemployed, or single parents 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Demographic Indicators of Development Life expectancy babies born can expect to live into their 60s in LDCs and into their 70s in MDCs MDCs have a higher percentage of older people and a lower percentage of people under age 15 Infant mortality rate is greater in LDCs due to malnutrition or lack of medicine Rapidly growing populations in LDCs puts a greater strain on resources like hospitals, schools, jobs, and other services that can make people healthier and more productive 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Life Expectancy at Birth 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary among Countries? Social: Access to Knowledge UN considers years of schooling to be the most critical measure of the ability of an individual to gain access to knowledge needed for development. Quantity of Schooling: Average Years of schooling actual number of years spent in school by someone by age 25 Global: 7 years Developing: 6 years Developed: 11 years Expected years of schooling number of years an average 5- year-old is expected to spend in school Developed: 16 years Developing: 11 years 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Quality of schooling: Pupil/teacher ratio Global: 24 Developed: 14 Developing: 26 Literacy rate Developed: over 99% Developing: less than 70% in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Social Indicators of Development MDCs use their wealth to provide schools, hospitals, and welfare services Their people are therefore better educated, healthier, and better protected from hardships This type of population can be more economically productive 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Average years of schooling 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pupil to teacher ratio 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Literacy Rates 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Countries Face Obstacles to Development? Making Progress in Development Closing the Gap Progress in reducing the gap in level of development between developed and developing countries varies depending on the variable. Three prominent variables: Infant Mortality Rate Gap has narrowed from 17 to 6 (per 1,000) in developed countries and from 107 to 44 developing countries. Life Expectancy Gap has not narrowed. GNI Per Capita Gap in wealth between developed and developing countries has widened. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. KEY ISSUE 2: WHY DOES DEVELOPMENT VARY BY GENDER? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 most gender-equal countries 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary by Gender? Gender Inequality Measures The UN has not found a single country in the world where the women are treated as well as the men. At best, women have achieved near-equality with men in some countries. UN argues that inequality among men and women is a major factor that keeps a country from achieving a higher level of development. UN created the Gender Inequality Index (GII) to measure gender inequality GII scores range from 0 (equality) to 1 (inequality). 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. GII Measures: 1.Empowerment: Ability of women to achieve improvements in status. Percentage of seats held by women in the national legislature. Percentage of women who have completed high school. 2.Labor Force: Female labor force participation rate defined as percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home. Developed: 75 women per 100 men Developing: 65 women per 100 men 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Reproductive Health Maternal mortality ratio: number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births Developed: 15 Developing: 140 Adolescent fertility rate: number of births per 1000 women ages Developed: 20 Developing: 60 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Potential reasons: An over-medicalized healthcare system with a very high C- section rate, which leads to more C- sections in future pregnancies Chronic ill-health High rates of obesity and diabetes Lack of access to prenatal care and to hospitals (especially for the poor and women of color) 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. In nearly every country, gender inequality has declined since the 1990s Greatest improvements have been in Southwest Asia and North Africa GII has actually increased in the U.S. Reproductive rights are lower in U.S. than in many other very high HDI countries Percentage of women in legislature is much lower in U.S. than in other high HDI countries 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Gender Inequality Index 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Women in the national legislature 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Women graduating from high shool 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Female labor force participation 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. U.S. women in the workforce In 1990, only five nations Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Canada and Finland ranked higher than the U.S. in female labor force participation U.S. peaked in 1999 at 77%. Since 1999, U.S. female labor participation has decreased to just under 74% in The leaders among OECD nations are now Slovenia, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, Austria and Switzerland. U.S. offers 12 weeks paid maternity leave; average among other MDCs is 57.3 weeks U.S. women are less likely to work part-time than European women (part-time workers have fewer or no benefits) However, U.S. women are equally likely as men to be considered for managerial positions 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Maternal mortality ratio 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Adolescent fertility rate 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Change in GII, late 1990s to 2010 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Gender Gap Report 2015 video Gender Gap Index interactive map 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. KEY ISSUE 4: WHY DO COUNTRIES FACE OBSTACLES TO DEVELOPMENT? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Developing countries face two main obstacles in trying to encourage more rapid development: 1. Adopting policies that successfully promote development 2. Finding funds to pay for development 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Countries Face Obstacles to Development? Two Paths to Development Developing countries chose of two models to promote development: 1.Self-sufficiency Countries encourage domestic production of goods, discourage foreign ownership of businesses and resources, and protect their businesses form international competition. Popular for most of 20 th century 2.International trade Countries open themselves to foreign investment and international markets. Became more popular beginning in the late 20 th century 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Countries Face Obstacles to Development? 1. Self-Sufficiency Path Barriers limit the import of goods from other places tariffs make imported goods more expensive than domestic goods, quotas limit number of imports Businesses are isolated from competition with large international corporations Investment spread as equally as possible across all economic sectors and in all regions of a country. Reducing poverty takes precedence over encouraging a few people to become wealthy 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Countries Face Obstacles to Development? 2. International Trade Path Calls for a country to identify its unique economic assets What animals, vegetables, or minerals are in abundance? What product can the country manufacture at a higher quality and lower cost than other countries? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Rostows Model of Economic Development W.W. Rostow 1960, United States Model of economic development (also called modernization theory) Based on stages of economic growth and modernization Based on the myth of developmentalism the idea that every country will eventually make economic progress toward a high level of mass consumption if they only compete to the best of their ability within the world economy 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. W. W. Rostow Rostows Stages of Economic Growth 1.Traditional Society Marked by a very high percentage of people engaged in agriculture and a high percentage of national wealth allocated to nonproductive activities. e.g. military 2.Preconditions for Takeoff Elite group initiates innovative economic activities that ultimately stimulate an increase in productivity. 3.Takeoff Rapid growth is generated in a limited number of economic activities. e.g. textiles 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Countries Face Obstacles to Development? 4.Drive to Maturity Modern technology pervades from the few takeoff industries to other economic sectors, thus sparking rapid growth. 5.Age of Mass Consumption Marked by a shift from heavy industry, such as steel, to consumer goods. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Criticism of Rostow Attempts to fit all countries into the Western/European historical mold Geared toward large countries Economic development is not always linear Based on high-consumption Western ideals Oversimplified and does not take into account new technology Assumes all countries start with the same foundations (climate, natural resources, population structure) Many countries development began at the expense of colonialism 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Agriculture, mining, etc. Industry and manufacturing Service industries 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Wallersteins World System Theory Also called Core-Periphery Model or Dependency Theory Model of capitalist world economy global economic system based in high-income nations with market economies Traced economic inequality back to the colonial era when Europeans first took advantage of the wealth of the rest of the world Says the world economy benefits rich societies and harms other countries by making them dependent on the core countries 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Wallersteins World System Theory Three types of countries: 1.Core countries: Rich countries that fuel the worlds economy; highly developed and industrialized 2.Countries of the periphery: Poor, developing countries that provide cheap labor and raw materials for core countries 3.Countries of the semi-periphery: Countries somewhere in between the core and the periphery The core exploits the periphery The U.S. is the main core country 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Wallersteins Theory: Core and periphery countries need each other to exist; no country develops in isolation 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Examples of Countries in each region Core Canada, France, Germany, Japan, UK, US Semi-periphery China, India, Ireland, Mexico, Pakistan, Panama Periphery Afghanistan, Bolivia, Chad, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Haiti, Philippines, Vietnam 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. UN Millennium Development Goals Established in 2000 All 189 UN member states committed to help achieve 8 goals by 2015 Eight goals and 21 targets Have been met with varying degrees of success 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. UN Millennium Development Goals 1.To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2.To achieve universal primary education 3.To promote gender equality 4.To reduce child mortality 5.To improve maternal health 6.To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7.To ensure environmental sustainability 8.To develop a global partnership for development 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sustainable Development Goals What are the SDGs? The Global Goals for Sustainable Development are a set of universal goals, targets and indicators that UN member states will be expected to use to guide their development agendas and policies over the next 15 years. The SDGs follow on from and expand further on the Millennium Development Goals, which were agreed by governments in 2000, and are due to expire at the end of 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Sustanable Development Goals as of Sept No poverty 2.No hunger 3.Good health and well-being 4.Quality education 5.Gender equality 6.Clean water and sanitation 7.Affordable and clean energy 8.Decent work and economic growth 9.Industry, innovation, infrastructure 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Goals continued 10. Reduce inequalities 11. Sustainable cities and communities 12. Responsible consumption and production 13. Climate action 14. Life below water 15. Life on land 16. Peace, justice, and strong institutions 17. Partnership for the goals 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Microloans and Microcredit Microcredit programs extend small loans to very poor people for self-employment projects that generate income, allowing them to care for themselves and their families. 75% of all microloan recipients worldwide are women Pro Mujer in Latin America combines microcredit with heath-care servicesPro Mujer Grameen Bank in Bangladesh gives 95% of its loans to women Women have higher repayment rates and tend to accept smaller loans than men 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fair Trade Commerce in which products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small businesses in developing countries. Because fair trade organizations bypass distributors, a greater percentage of the retail price makes it way back directly to the producers. Fair Trade requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.