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Echinoderms

Sponges

Cnidarians

Chordates

Brachiopods

Annelids

Molluscs

Ediacaran

Arthropods

635

CambrianPALEOZOICPROTEROZOIC

605Time (millions of years age)

575 545 515 485 0

2

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Waterflow

Pores

Choanocyte

Flagellum

Food particlesin mucus

CollarChoanocyte

Phagocytosis offood particles

Amoebocyte

Amoebocytes

Azure vase sponge(Callyspongia plicifera)

Spicules

3

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(c) Anthozoa(a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa

4

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15 m

(a) Valeria (800 mya):roughly spherical, nostructural defenses,soft-bodied

(b) Spiny acritarch(575 mya): about fivetimes larger thanValeria and covered inhard spines

75 m

5

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(b) Bilateral symmetry

(a) Radial symmetry

6

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Digestive tract(from endoderm)

Body covering(from ectoderm)

Tissue layerlining body cavityand suspendinginternal organs(from mesoderm)

Body cavity

7

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ANCESTRALPROTIST

770 millionyears ago

680 millionyears ago

670 millionyears ago

Arthropoda

Nematoda

Annelida

Mollusca

Brachiopoda

Ectoprocta

Rotifera

Platyhelminthes

Chordata

Echinodermata

Metazo

a

Hemichordata

Cnidaria

Ctenophora

Porifera

Ecd

ysozo

aL

op

ho

troch

ozo

a

Bilateria

Deu

terosto

mia

Eu

metazo

a

8

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Musclesegments

Notochord

Post-anal tail

Anus

Mouth

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeal slits or clefts

10

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(a) Lancelet (b) Tunicate

11

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Chondrichthyes ActinistiaActinopterygii

Myxini

Tetrapoda

Petromyzontida

Dipnoi

Chondrichthyes(sharks, rays, chimaeras)

Actinistia(coelacanths)

Actinopterygii(ray-finned fishes)

Myxini(hagfishes)

Tetrapoda(amphibians,reptiles,mammals)

Petromyzontida(lampreys)

Dipnoi(lungfishes)

Limbs with digits

Lobedfins

Lungsor lung derivatives

Jaws,mineralized

skeleton

Vertebralcolumn

Commonancestor ofvertebrates

Tetrap

od

s

Lo

be

-fins

Oste

ich

thy

an

s

Gn

ath

os

tom

es

Verte

bra

tes

12

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0.5 m

13

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GREEN ALGA MARINE CRUSTACEAN AQUATIC LOBE-FIN

Derived (roots) N/A N/A

LAND PLANTS INSECTSTERRESTRIALVERTEBRATES

N/A

Derived (lignin/stems)

Derived (vascular system)

Derived (cuticle)

Derived (stomata) Derived (tracheal system)

Ancestral

Ancestral

Ancestral

Ancestral

Derived(amniotic egg/scales)

Ancestral

Ancestral

Ancestral (skeletal system)Derived (limbs)

Ancestral

Anchoringstructure

Supportstructure

Internaltransport

Muscle/nerve cells

Protectionagainst

desiccation

Gas exchange

TE

RR

ES

TR

IAL

OR

GA

NIS

MC

HA

RA

CT

ER

AQ

UA

TIC

AN

CE

ST

OR

14

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Cephalothorax

Swimming appen-dages (one pair perabdominal segment)

Abdomen

Antennae(sensoryreception)

ThoraxHead

Pincer(defense)

Mouthparts(feeding)

Walking legs

15

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Lepidopterans

Hymenopterans Hemipterans16

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FishCharacters

Neck Shoulder bones

Head

Fin

Ulna Flat skull

Eyes on top of skull

Humerus

Ribs Scales

Fin skeleton

Elbow

Radius

“Wrist”

TetrapodCharacters

ScalesFinsGills and lungs

NeckRibsFin skeletonFlat skullEyes on top of skull

18

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Lungfishes

Eusthenopteron

Panderichthys

Tiktaalik

Acanthostega

Tulerpeton

Amphibians

Amniotes

Limbswith digits

Silurian Permian Carboniferous Devonian

PALEOZOIC

Key tolimb bones

Time (millions of years ago) 415 340 355 370 385 400 325 280 295 310 265 0

UlnaRadiusHumerus

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Salamandersretain their tailsas adults.

Caecilians haveno legs and aremainly burrowinganimals.

Frogs and toadslack tails as adults.

20

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Amnioticcavity withamniotic fluid Yolk

(nutrients)

Albumen

Yolk sac

Shell

ChorionAllantoisAmnion

Embryo

Extraembryonic membranes

21

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Tuataras

Squamates

Birds

Crocodilians

Turtles

†Plesiosaurs

†Pterosaurs

†Ornithischiandinosaurs†Saurischiandinosaurs otherthan birds

Crocodilians

Birds

Turtles

Tuataras

Squamates

Commonancestorof dinosaurs

Commonancestorof reptiles

22

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Monotremes Marsupials

Eutherians

23

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New World monkeys

Old World monkeys

Humans

Chimpanzeesand bonobos

Gorillas

Orangutans

Gibbons

“Ap

es” 24

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(b) Changes to ocean conditions by 530 mya

(a) Ocean conditions before 600 mya

Murky, poorly-mixedLow oxygenCyanobacteria

Clear, well-mixedHigh oxygenEukaryotic algae

25

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

5.0

Ag

e at

mat

uri

ty (

year

s)

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Workers on a mound of pearlmussels killed to make buttons(ca. 1919)

An endangeredPacific islandland snail,Partula suturalis

Recorded extinctions of animalspecies

Otherinvertebrates

Reptiles (excludingbirds)

Molluscs

Insects

Fishes Birds

Mammals

Amphibians

28