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2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 1 Chapter 2 The Brain and Behavior Slide 2 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 2 Chapter Preview The nervous system Neurons Structures of the brain and their functions The endocrine system Brain damage, plasticity, and repair Genetics and behavior Slide 3 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3 Nervous System Electrochemical communication circuitry Neuroscience - the study of the nervous system Neuroscientists Made up of billions of communicating nerve cells Slide 4 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 4 Nervous System: Characteristics Complexity Integration Pulls info together Adaptability Plasticity - brains ability to change Electrochemical Transmission Slide 5 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 5 Nervous System: Pathways Afferent Nerves Sensory nerves Information to brain and spinal cord Efferent Nerves Motor nerves Information out of brain and spinal cord Neural Networks Integration of sensory input and motor output Slide 6 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 6 Nervous System: Primary Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Network of nerves connecting CNS to body Two subdivisions: Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Slide 7 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 7 Nervous System: PNS Divisions Somatic nervous system Sensory information from skin and muscles to CNS controls the bodys skeletal muscles Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles Slide 8 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 8 Nervous System: PNS Divisions Autonomic nervous system Messages to and from internal organs Monitors the autonomic functions Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes Two subdivisions: Sympathetic nervous system arousing Parasympathetic nervous system calming Slide 9 Sympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats and stress Fight or flight Slide 10 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 10 Nervous System: Stress Stress individual response to environmental stressors Stressors events that threaten individuals & cause physical change to handle the stress Corticosteroids Stress hormones (focus attention) Acute stress is momentary Chronic stress is continuous Slide 11 Parasympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body Brings the body back down to a relaxed state Slide 12 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 12 Slide 13 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 13 Nervous System: Cells Neurons Nerve cells building blocks of the nervous system Information processing Glial cells Support (keep Neuron running smoothly) Nutritional benefits Slide 14 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 14 Neurons: Structure Cell body Contains nucleus Directs growth and maintenance Dendrites Fibers projecting from neuron Receives information Slide 15 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 15 Neurons: Structure Axon Carries information from cell body toward other cells Myelin sheath Layer of fat cells, encasing and insulating most axons Speed up transmission of nerve impulse Terminals Form junctions w/ other cells Slide 16 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 16 Figure 2.2 - The Neuron Slide 17 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 17 Neural Impulse Resting potential Stable, negative charge of inactive neuron Ion channels are closed Neuron is Polarized Positive on outside Negative on inside Slide 18 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 18 Figure 2.3 - The Resting Potential Slide 19 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 19 Neural Impulse Action potential Brief, positive electrical charge, or firing Neuron is Depolarized Abides by the all-or-nothing principle: Once the electrical impulse reaches its threshold, it fires and moves down the axon without losing any of its intensity Slide 20 Axon inside and out Slide 21 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 21 Figure 2.4 - The Action Potential Slide 22 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 22 Synapses and Neurotransmitters Synapses Space between neurons (synaptic gap) Neurotransmitters Stored in synaptic vesicles (sacs) within terminal buttons Chemical signals which allow electrical impulses to cross synaptic gaps Slide 23 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 23 Figure 2.5 - How Synapses and Transmitters Work Slide 24 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24 Neurochemical Messengers Neurotransmitters are excitatory, inhibitory, or both Excitatory - increase the likelihood of action potential Inhibitory - decrease the likelihood of action potential Slide 25 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 25 Neurochemical Messengers Acetylcholine (ACh) Stimulates firing of neurons Involved in action of muscles, learning, memory Alzheimer disease: ACh deficiency Black Widow Venom increases ACh = spasms Slide 26 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 26 Neurochemical Messengers Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) Keeps many neurons from firing Anxiety: Low levels of GABA Norepinephrine Inhibits firing of neurons in CNS Excites heart muscle, intestines, urogenital tract Stress stimulates release of norepinephrine Depression: Too little norepinephrine Agitated, manic states: Too much norepinephrine Slide 27 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 27 Neurochemical Messengers Dopamine Helps to control voluntary movement Affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, rewards Parkinson disease: Low levels of dopamine Schizophrenia: High levels of dopamine Serotonin Involved in regulation of sleep, mood, attention, learning Depression: Lowered levels of serotonin Slide 28 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 28 Neurochemical Messengers Endorphins Natural opiates that mainly stimulate firing of neurons Shield body from pain Elevate feelings of pleasure Oxytocin Hormone and neurotransmitter Important role in experience of love and social bonding Slide 29 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 29 Drugs and Neurotransmitters Drugs influence behavior by interfering with neurotransmitters Agonist Drug that mimics or increases effects of neurotransmitter Antagonist Drug that blocks effects of neurotransmitter Slide 30 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 30 Studying the Brain Brain lesioning Abnormal disruption in the tissue of the brain resulting from injury or disease Electrical recording Electroencephalogram (EEG) Detects brain wave activity Slide 31 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 31 Brain Imaging X-ray two-dimensional images CT (or CAT) scan three-dimensional images PET scan metabolic changes MRI brain structure f MRI brain function Slide 32 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 32 Brain Imaging CT or CAT ScanPET Scan MRI Scan X Ray EEG Slide 33 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 33 Organization of the Brain Hindbrain Adjacent to top part of spinal cord Midbrain Rises above hindbrain Forebrain Uppermost region of brain Slide 34 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34 Figure 2.11 - Structure and Regions in the Human Brain Slide 35 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 35 Hindbrain Medulla Controls vital functions Breathing and heart rate Regulates reflexes Cerebellum Motor coordination Slide 36 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 36 Hindbrain Pons Sleep and arousal Brain stem Includes much of hindbrain (not cerebellum) and midbrain Determines alertness Regulates basic survival functions Slide 37 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 37 Midbrain Reticular formation Involved in stereotyped patterns of behavior, such as walking and sleeping Slide 38 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 38 Forebrain Limbic system Thalamus Basal ganglia Hypothalamus Cerebral cortex Slide 39 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 39 Forebrain: Limbic System Important in both memory and emotion Two principal structures Amygdala Discrimination of objects necessary for survival Tied to intense emotions (fear, anger, aggression) Hippocampus Has special role in storage of memories Slide 40 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 40 Forebrain: Thalamus & Basal Ganglia Thalamus Serves as relay station for information Sorts info and send it to appropriate part of the brain. Basal ganglia Works with cerebellum and cerebral cortex Controls and coordinates voluntary movements Slide 41 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 41 Slide 42 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 42 Forebrain: Hypothalamus Monitors: Eating, drinking, and sex Emotion, stress, and reward Helps direct endocrine system Regulator of bodys internal state Involved in pleasurable feelings Slide 43 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 43 Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex Occipital lobes Responding to visual stimuli Temporal lobes Hearing, language processing, memory Frontal lobes Personality, intelligence, control of voluntary muscles Slide 44 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 44 Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex Parietal lobes Registering spatial location, attention, motor control Somatosensory cortex Located at front of parietal lobes Processes information about body sensations Slide 45 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 45 Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex Motor cortex Located just behind frontal lobes Processes information about voluntary movement Association cortex / Association Areas Makes up 75% of cerebral cortex Integrates information & highest intellectual functions Slide 46 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 46 Figure 2.15 - The Cerebral Cortexs Lobes and Association Areas Slide 47 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 47 Cerebral Hemispheres Corpus callosum Large bundle of axons connecting brains two hemispheres Relays information between two sides Slide 48 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 48 Figure 2.18 Corpus Callosum Slide 49 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 49 Cerebral Hemispheres Left Hemisphere Receives information from right side of body Language processing, such as speech and grammar Slide 50 Cerebral Hemispheres Left Hemisphere Brocas Area - controls language expression and the muscles involved with producing speech Wernickes Area - responsible for language processing 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 50 Slide 51 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 51 Cerebral Hemispheres Right Hemisphere Receives information from left side of body Processing nonverbal information, such as spatial perception, visual recognition, and emotion Slide 52 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 52 Slide 53 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 53 Endocrine System Endocrine system Set of glands that regulate activities of certain organs Glands Organs or tissues that create chemicals that control bodily functions Slide 54 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 54 Endocrine System Hormones Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects Slide 55 Endocrine System 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 55 Slide 56 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 56 Endocrine System Pituitary gland Master Gland Controls growth and regulates other glands Pineal Gland Responsible for the hormone Melatonin Increase = sleep; Decrease = awake Thyroid and parathyroid glands Regulates metabolism & calcium in blood Slide 57 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 57 Endocrine System Adrenal glands Regulate mood, energy level, and ability to cope with stress Pancreas Performs digestive and endocrine functions Secretes Insulin to regulate blood sugar. Ovaries and testes Produce hormones related to sexual development and reproduction Slide 58 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 58 Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair Collateral sprouting Axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches Substitution of function Damaged regions function is taken over by another brain area Neurogenesis New neurons are generated Slide 59 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 59 Brain Tissue Implants Brain grafts Implants of healthy tissue into damaged brains Stem cells Primitive cells with capacity to develop into most types of human cells Slide 60 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 60 Genetics and Behavior Chromosomes Threadlike structures containing DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Complex molecule that carries genetic information Genes Units of hereditary information Slide 61 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 61 Genetics and Behavior Genome Complete set of genetic instructions for making an organism Human genome project International research program mapping human genome Slide 62 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 62 Figure 2.22 - Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Slide 63 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 63 The Study of Genetics Dominant-recessive genes principle Dominant gene overrides recessive gene Polygenic inheritance Influence of multiple genes on behavior Slide 64 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 64 The Study of Genetics Molecular genetics Manipulation of genes using technology to determine their effect on behavior Selective breeding Genetic method used to demonstrate importance of genetic influence on behavior Reared in one of two environments: An impoverished environment An enriched environment Slide 65 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 65 The Study of Genetics Behavior genetics Study of degree and nature of hereditys influence on behavior Twin Studies Identical vs. fraternal twins Minnesota study of twins reared apart (1996) Slide 66 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 66 Genes and the Environment Genotype Genetic heritage Phenotype Observable characteristics Influenced by genotype and environmental factors Genetic expression Activity of genes is affected by their environment