© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. T4/10/12 Origin of Services (Ch. 12.1 – pp. 372-381)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

T4/10/12

Origin of Services

(Ch. 12.1 – pp. 372-381)


Overview• Service = any activity that fulfills a human

want or need• Services are located in settlements

– location of services is important for profitability – affluent regions (MDCs) tend to offer more

services – more people work in service industries in MDCs– local diversity is evident in the provision of

services


Percentage of GDP from Services, 2005

Figure 12-1


I. Three Types of Services• A. Consumer services

– About 44 percent of all jobs in the United States– 4 major types

• 1. retail & wholesale - 15% of U.S. jobs– department stores, grocers, cars sales/service, wholesalers

• 2. eduction - 10%– most employed in public schools (67%)– although public-sector job, teachers counted as consumer

service

• 3. health - 12%– hospitals, doctors offices, nursing homes

• 4. leisure & hospitality - 10%– restaurants & bars (70%)– lodging & entertainment (hotels & performers) (30%)


I. Three Types of Services• B. Business services

– About 24 percent of all jobs in the United States– help facilitate other businesses– includes 3 major types

• 1. financial - 6% of U.S. jobs– FIRE = “finance, insurance & real estate

• 2. professional - 12%– technical (law, management, accounting, architecture, etc.)– support (clerical, secretarial, custodial)

• 3. transportation & information - 6%– trucking, information (publishing & broadcasting) & utilities


I. Three Types of Services– C. Public services

• About 17 percent of all jobs in the United States• gov’t jobs including education support (non-teachers)

– federal gov’t - 25%– state gov’t - 25%– local gov’t - 50% (includes most education jobs)

– D. Changes in Number of Employees– U.S. - all employment growth in services sector since 1970s

• primary & secondary service jobs declined– growth in professional services, data processing, advertising

& temp agencies– greater efficiency has eliminated many jobs - esp. low skilled– growth in health care, education, entertainment, recreation– all reflect changes in MDCs


Employment Change in the United States by Sector

Figure 12-2


II. Services in Early Rural Settlements• A. Early Consumer Services

– met societal needs such as burial of dead, religious centers, manufacturing centers

• prior to skyscrapers (early 20th C.), religious buildings often tallest buildings

• household-based services - household objects made• manufacturing centers - clothing, tools, fuel, etc.• specialty skills developed over time


II. Services in Early Rural Settlements• B. Early Public Services

– followed religious activities– includes political & military services

• used military for protection from attacks• settlements often set up in good defensive areas &

walled for protection• walls useful until gunpowder introduced in 14th C.• military, agriculture, business mix together


II. Services in Early Rural Settlements• C. Early Business Services

– distribute and store food• save extra food for disasters & attacks

– required transportation to distribute– traded goods, later introduced currency

• agriculture fields often located outside city– needed more land


III. Services in Early Urban Settlements• A. Services in Ancient Cities

– probably began in Mesopotamia– may have developed independently or diffused in 4 river

valley civilizaions» Mesopotamia, Egypt, China & India

• 1. Ur - ancient Iraq- about 3000 BC– similar to Titris Hoyuk (Turkey)– 10,000 people at height, later abandoned– well-planned – public building in center - temples, palaces, etc.

• 2. Athens - independent city-state– close to 100,000 people– contributions to culture, philosophy & western civilization– addition of consumer services from ealier settlements


III. Services in Early Urban Settlements– A. Services in Ancient Cities (cont.)

• 3. Rome– established many cities throughout Roman Empire

» centers of administrative, military & public services» also included retail & consumer services

– trade & transportation important– utilities established - esp. roads & aqueducts– over 250,000 people in Rome

» “All roads lead to Rome”– urban settlements declined after fall of Rome (5th C. AD)– Europe’s culture preserved in monasteries


III. Services in Early Urban Settlements• B. Services in Medieval Cities

• 1. Europe– European cities developed w/ feudalism in 11th C.

» offered land & protection for periodic military service» urban life better than serfdom

– began to expand trade» new roads built & rivers used for transportation

– helped to revive cities which flourished during Renaissance» still had walled cities» religious & political leaders were centers

• 2. Asia– largest cities until Industrial Revolution

» Constantinople, Baghdad, Kyoto, Changan & Hangchow

» others located throughout Asia & North Africa

– Beijing & Constantinople largest cities until 1800

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. T4/10/12 Origin of Services (Ch. 12.1 – pp. 372-381)

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