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© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Two Your Family Health History.
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Transcript of © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Two Your Family Health History.
![Page 1: © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Two Your Family Health History.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649ddd5503460f94ad571d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Two
Your Family Health History
![Page 2: © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Two Your Family Health History.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062716/56649ddd5503460f94ad571d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Creating a Family Health Tree
• Also called a genogram or genetic pedigree
• Visual representation of your family’s genetic history
• Illustrates the patterns of health and illness within a family
• Pinpoints areas of special concern or risk for you
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Sample Family Health Tree
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What can you learn from your family health tree?
• An early onset of disease is more likely to have a genetic component
• The appearance of a disease in multiple individuals on the same side of the family is more likely to have a genetic correlation
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What else can you learn from your family health tree?
• A family member with multiple cancers represents a greater likelihood of a genetic association
• The presence of disease in family members who have good health habits is more suggestive of a genetic cause than is disease in members with poor health habits
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You and Your Genes: The Basics of Heredity
• The nucleus of every human cell contains an entire set of genetic instructions stored in our DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• DNA has four building blocks that can be arranged to form a distinct message (gene) that acts as the body’s instruction booklet
• Within the cell’s nucleus, DNA is divided into 23 pairs of chromosomes (one set of each pair comes from each parent)
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Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
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The Human Genome Project
• Launched in 1990
• An international collaboration between 20 groups in 6 countries
• In April 2003, it was announced that the sequencing of the human genome was complete
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The Human Genome Project Discoveries
• Humans have only 20,000 to 25,000 genes (same as a mouse)
• Found many potential applications in medicine and pharmaceuticals
• Helped confirm that race has more to do with social and cultural interactions and has no biological basis
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The Role of Mutations
• A change in a gene is called a mutation
• Alternate forms of the same gene are called alleles
• Some mutations are harmful, other mutations can be beneficial, and some have no effect
• Mutations allow for human diversity
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Genetic Inheritance• Alternate forms of
genes, called alleles,are responsible for traits such as eye color
• Alleles can be dominant or recessive
• Most characteristics (such as height or skin color) are determined by the interaction of multiple genes at multiple sites of different chromosomes
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Single-Gene Disorders
• Some diseases are caused by the alteration (mutation) of a single gene
• Autosomal dominant disorder: Mutated gene is on a dominant autosome
• Autosomal recessive disorder: Two copies of a mutated gene on an autosome
• Sex-linked disorder: Mutated gene is on the sex chromosome
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Multifactorial Disorders
• Many diseases and traits can result from interactions between genes and the external environment
• Account for the majority of illnesses and death in the developed world
• Heart disease is one example of a multifactorial disease
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Multifactorial Inheritance in Personality and Behavior
• Genes appear to play a role in personality and everyday behavior
• Differing personality traits, sexual orientations, and inclination towards addiction may be caused by genetic differences
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Chromosomal Disorders• An inherited disorder caused by the addition,
loss, or alteration of an entire chromosome
• May lead to fetal death or death within the first year of life
• Individuals may exhibit a broad range of symptoms, called a syndrome, ranging from characteristic physical traits to developmental delays to growth abnormalities
• Down Syndrome is an example of such a disorder
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Genetic Counseling and Testing
• Genetic counseling helps individuals and families understand genetics, evaluate risks, learn about diagnostic tests, and discuss treatment options
• Popular tests include:– Diagnostic – Predictive – Carrier – Prenatal Screening– Newborn Screening
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Management and Treatment of Genetic Conditions
Treatments may include:
• Dietary Modification
• Medication
• Environmental Adaptation
• Gene Therapy
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Implications of Genetic Research
• Controversial issues in genetic screening and testing
• Issues of privacy and discrimination
• Workplace discrimination• Health insurance discrimination
• Eugenics (selective breeding)