2010 Cengage-Wadsworth The Vitamins, Minerals, & Water: A Functional Approach Chapter 7.

2010 Cengage-Wadsworth

The Vitamins, Minerals, & Water: A Functional

ApproachChapter 7


Turning Back the Clock

• Discovery that diseases could be caused by dietary deficienciesScurvyRicketsPellagra

• Discovery of vitamins


The Two Classifications of Vitamins

• Water-soluble vitamins• Fat-soluble vitamins


The Minerals

• Vitamins vs. minerals• The two classifications of mineralsMajor mineralsTrace minerals


The Antioxidant Nutrients

• Antioxidants = “anti-oxygen”• Vitamin C, vitamin E, & beta-carotene



• Vitamin CRole as antioxidantOther roles for vitamin C

•Collagen•Stress•Immunity

Sources of vitamin C in foods



• Vitamin ERole as an antioxidant

•Heart disease•Cell membranes

Sources of vitamin E in foods



• The vitamin A precursor: beta-caroteneAntioxidant roleOther roles for vitamin A

•Vision•Epithelial tissue

Sources of vitamin A & beta-carotene in foods



• SeleniumAntioxidant functionsRole in chronic disease prevention


Color Your Plate with Vitamin-Rich Foods--& Handle Them with

Care• Shop for produce weekly• Store produce properly

Most belong in the refrigeratorStore whole

• Eat frozen vegetables within 1-2 months of purchase

• Cook in the least amount of water for the shortest time possible


Nutrients for Healthy Blood

• FolateDNA & red blood cellsNeural tube defectsSources of folate in foods

• B vitamins & heart diseaseHomocysteine



• Vitamin B12 Nerve fiber sheathsRed blood cellsDeficiencies

•Vegans•Lack of intrinsic factor•Atrophic gastritis



• Vitamin B6 HemoglobinProtein metabolismFood sources



• Vitamin KCoagulationSources - food & intestinal flora

Deficiency in newborns



• IronHemoglobinIron-deficiency anemiaWays to enhance iron absorption

•Absorption-enhancing factors•Absorption-inhibiting factors

Iron toxicity



• ZincMetabolismImmunitySexual developmentFood sources

• CopperRoles in metabolic & physiological processes


Nutrients for Healthy Bones

• Trabecular bone vs. cortical bone

• Bone development & remodeling• Peak bone mass



• Vitamin DCalcium absorptionSynthesis in the bodyDeficiency

•Rickets•Osteomalacia

Toxicity



• Vitamin K’s role in bone health

• CalciumBone/teeth materialCirculating in body fluidsOsteoporosisFood sourcesAlternative sources of calcium



• PhosphorusBone/teeth materialDNA & RNAMetabolismPhospholipidsFood sources



• MagnesiumMuscle relaxationBone/teeth material

• FluorideRole in bone/teeth healthWater fluoridation


Vitamins, Minerals, & Energy Metabolism

• Energy metabolism• Thiamin

Coenzyme functionsDeficiency - beriberiFood sources



• RiboflavinCoenzyme functionsFood sources

• NiacinCoenzyme functionsDeficiency - pellagraFood sources

• Niacin equivalents (NE)

Supplements



• Pantothenic acid & biotinCoenzyme roles

• SulfurRole in protein structure



• IodineThyroid hormonesDeficiency

• Goiter• Cretinism

Food sourcesTrends in intake

• ChromiumRole in carbohydrate metabolism


Water, Minerals, & Fluid Balance

• WaterEssentialityRoles in the bodyWater balance

•Movement into & out of cells

• Electrolytes



• Sodium, potassium, & chlorideSodium

•Hypertension

Potassium•Deficiency•Relationship with sodium•Supplements



• Sodium, potassium, & chlorideChloride

•Roles in the body


Diet & Blood Pressure--The Salt Shaker & Beyond• Risk factors for hypertension

Salt (sodium) intakeObesityAlcohol intakeUnhealthful lifestyle


Diet & Blood Pressure--The Salt Shaker & Beyond• An eating plan to reduce high blood pressureDASH diet

• PreventionHealthful diet & weight management

Physical activityModerate drinking & not smoking


Choose & Prepare Foods with Less Salt

• At the supermarketRead food labelsFresh, whole foods

• At homeHerbs & spices instead of salt

• When eating outAsk for no-salt preparation


Phytonutrients in Foods: The Phytochemical

Superstars• Phytochemicals• Mechanisms of actions of phytochemicals

• How to optimize phytochemicals in a daily eating planFruits, vegetablesWhole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds


Nutrition & Cancer Prevention

• Research on the association of diet with cancer

• Nutrition is one of several lifestyle factors involved

• Results of studies on diet & cancerColon cancerBreast cancer



• Dietary concerns for consumersTotal calorie intakeFatProteinCarbohydrateBeta-caroteneVitamin C



• Dietary concerns for consumersCruciferous vegetablesOther vitamins & mineralsCalciumFiber



• Plant-based diets linked with lower cancer rates

• Association of alcohol with cancer

• Association between beta-carotene & other carotenoids & cancer

• Phytochemicals & cancer



• Prevention strategiesBe as lean as possible without becoming underweight

Be physically active for at least 30 minutes/day

Avoid sugary drinks & limit energy-dense foods

Eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, & legumes



• Prevention strategiesLimit consumption of red meats & avoid processed meats

Limit alcohol consumptionLimit consumption of salty & high-sodium foods

Don’t use supplements to protect against cancer

Do not smoke or chew tobacco



• Foods are better than supplements

• Green & black tea• High-temperature cooking• Variety in the diet

2010 Cengage-Wadsworth The Vitamins, Minerals, & Water: A Functional Approach Chapter 7.

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Transcript of 2010 Cengage-Wadsworth The Vitamins, Minerals, & Water: A Functional Approach Chapter 7.