© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent.

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent


Parenting Issues for Couples

What effect will pregnancy have on us as individuals and collectively?

Why do we want to have a child? What effect will the child have on the images we

have constructed for ourselves as adults? Can we afford a child and provide for its needs? What will be the responsibilities related to raising a

child be divided?


Parenting Issues for Couples(cont.)

How will the child affect our professional careers? How will we rear our child with regards to religion,

discipline, activities, etc.? Are we ready to part with much of the freedom

associated with the early adult years? What plans have we made if, by chance, the infant

has a serious birth defect? Are we capable of handling extra responsibilities if

the child is disabled? Are we comfortable with the thought of bringing a

child into the world?


Becoming a Parent through a Stepfamily

The Stepfamily Association of America recommends the following: Nurture and enrich the couple relationship Reveal and understand emotions Have realistic expectations Develop new roles Seek support and see the positive


Parenting Across Cultures

Fertility patterns across ethnic groups in America Amish families Jewish families Chinese American families Arab American families


Obstacles to Fertilization

Acid level in the vagina Cervical mucus thickness Location of cervical entrance for sperm Location of the correct fallopian tube for

sperm Distance sperm travels Motility of sperm


Aids to Fertilization

200-500 million sperm cells are deposited into the vagina during ejaculation

Sperm are deposited near the cervical opening Male accessory glands help make the semen

nonacidic Uterine contractions aid sperm movement in the

proper direction Sperm cells move fairly quickly Sperm can live for days Cervical mucus is thin and watery at the time of

ovulation


Fertilization and Implantation


Signs of Pregnancy (Presumptive)

Missed menstrual period after sexual intercourse the previous month

Morning sickness Increase in size and tenderness of breasts Darkening of the areolar tissue around the

nipples


Signs of Pregnancy (Probable)

Increased frequency of urination Increased in the size of the abdomen Cervix becomes softer by the sixth week Positive pregnancy test


Signs of Pregnancy (Positive)

Determination of a fetal heart beat Feeling of the fetus moving (“quickening”) Observations of the fetus by ultrasound or

optical viewers


Agents that Can Damage a Fetus

Rubella/herpes viruses Tobacco smoke Alcohol

Certain OTC drugs Radiation Accutane (acne drug)


Intrauterine Development Three trimesters (13 weeks each) First trimester

Zygote Blastocyst Embryo Fetus (after 8 weeks)

Second trimester: Organs develop, fetal heartbeat and bone structure evident, prominent weight gain in the mother

Third trimester: Fetus increases weight from 2-3 pounds; absorption of major nutrients allowing increased growth and weight


Maintaining a Healthy Pregnancy

Arrange for prenatal care Consume a well-balanced diet Take a supplement with folic acid Exercise according to your

physician’s recommendation Avoid and treat infections Avoid alcohol, tobacco, and other

drugs Limit your caffeine intake Stay away from x-rays, hot tubs,

saunas, toxic chemicals


Three Stages of Labor

Effacement/dilation of the cervix: Uterine contractions thin the cervix and enlarge

the cervical opening Cervix opens to 10 cm during this stage

Delivery of the fetus: Uterine contractions are aided by mother’s

voluntary contractions of abdominal muscles Fetus moves through the birth canal

Delivery of the placenta: Placenta detaches from uterine wall


Stages of Labor and Childbirth


Cesarean Deliveries (C-section)

Fetus is removed from the uterus through the abdominal wall

Possibly due to one or more of the following factors: Fetus is improperly positioned Mother’s pelvis is too small Fetus is especially large Fetus shows signs of distress Umbilical cord is compressed Placenta is being delivered before the fetus Mother’s health is at risk


Genetic and Prenatal Counseling

Preventing birth defects DNA and other medical testing, family history

Identify risk factors at first prenatal visit


Testing for Fetal Abnormalities

Ultrasound High-frequency sound waves

Quad marker screen Blood test that predicts the likelihood of certain problems

Amniocentesis Insertion of a long needle through the abdomen to extract

amniotic fluid Chorionic villus sampling

Extraction of cells from the placenta


Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth

Ectopic pregnancy: Embryo implants in the fallopian tube Miscarriage: Usually due to congenital abnormalities Gestational diabetes: Temporary condition in which the

mother’s body doesn’t produce enough insulin Hyperemesis gravidarum: Excessive vomiting Preeclampsia: Elevated blood pressure Eclampsia: Final stage of preeclampsia, which can

include convulsions and coma


Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth (cont.)

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR): Insufficient growth of the fetus due to genetic factors, maternal disease, or malnutrition

Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM): Rupture of the chorionic membranes (“breaking of the water”), which increases risk for infection

Premature labor: Labor that begins before the fetus is full-term

Fetal distress: Fetal problems such as a lack of oxygen caused by a variety of factors


Causes of Infertility

Low sperm count Poor sperm motility Sperm abnormalities Lack of ovulation Obstruction of fallopian tubes


Enhancing Fertility Cold packs on the scrotum (men) Boxer shorts vs. briefs (men) Increase intercourse frequency


Treatments for Infertility Artificial insemination Surgical procedures Fertility drugs Assisted reproductive technology

In vitro fertilization Gamete intrafallopian transfer Zygote intrafallopian transfer Intracytoplasmic sperm injection


Options for Infertile Couples

Surrogate parenting

Adoption

Foster parenting


Cloning Techniques

Procedures involve the following: Surgical removal of an egg from female donor Nucleus of the egg is removed Cell is taken from a cloning subject (male/female) Through an electrical jolt, the cell is fused with the

enucleated egg, creating a clonal zygote Embryo is implanted in the womb of a surrogate

mother After nine months, a genetically matched

reproduction is born


Cloning

Reproductive cloning Not yet accomplished Banned in selected countries and states

Therapeutic cloning Can be used to create stem cells


Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent.

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Transcript of © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Seventeen: Becoming a Parent.