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© 2008 Porteon Electric Vehicles, Inc.© 2008 Porteon Electric Vehicles, Inc.
Perspectives on the Future of Transportation and Sustainability
Oregon’s Role in the Emerging Electric Vehicle (EV) Industry
Perspectives on the Future of Transportation and Sustainability
Oregon’s Role in the Emerging Electric Vehicle (EV) Industry
John ThorntonVice President of Manufacturing & Supply Chain
Porteon Electric Vehicles
Oregon SAE Luncheon MeetingFebruary 29, 2008
John ThorntonVice President of Manufacturing & Supply Chain
Porteon Electric Vehicles
Oregon SAE Luncheon MeetingFebruary 29, 2008
Context: Why are electric vehicles (EVs) important?
What are the benefits of an electric vehicle (EV)?
What does it take to build a practical electric car for families?
Will EVs require new infrastructure?
Will EVs require new technology?
Oregon’s prospects in the emerging EV market.
Context: Why are electric vehicles (EVs) important?
What are the benefits of an electric vehicle (EV)?
What does it take to build a practical electric car for families?
Will EVs require new infrastructure?
Will EVs require new technology?
Oregon’s prospects in the emerging EV market.
TopicsTopics
Transportation ProblemsTransportation Problems
CONFIDENTIAL
Air QualityAir Quality Land Use
Land Use
Population GrowthPopulation Growth
CongestionCongestion
XXFuel PricesFuel Prices
Transportation ProblemsTransportation Problems
CONFIDENTIAL
Air QualityAir Quality Land Use
Land Use
Population GrowthPopulation Growth
CongestionCongestion
XXFuel PricesFuel Prices
Climate ChangeEnergy Supply Climate ChangeClimate ChangeEnergy Supply Energy Supply
Schafer A, Victor D. The future mobility of the world population. Transportation Research Part A 2000;34:171-205.
Mobility: History & ProjectionsMobility: History & Projections
IEA Key world energy statistics 2005. IEA, Paris. See also: http://www.iea.org/dbtwwpd/Textbase/nppdf/free/2005/key2005.pdf
Global Transportation Energy Consumption by FuelGlobal Transportation Energy Consumption by Fuel
Electricity as the Ultimate Flexible FuelElectricity as the Ultimate Flexible Fuel
Energy Carrier
LiquidLiquidFuelsFuels
LiquidLiquidFuelsFuels
ElectricityElectricityElectricityElectricity
HydrogenHydrogenHydrogenHydrogen
Electricity as the Ultimate Flexible FuelElectricity as the Ultimate Flexible Fuel
Energy Resource Conversion Energy Carrier
OilOil (Conventional)(Conventional)OilOil (Conventional)(Conventional)
OilOil (Non-conventional)(Non-conventional)OilOil (Non-conventional)(Non-conventional)
BiomassBiomassBiomassBiomass
Natural GasNatural GasNatural GasNatural Gas
CoalCoalCoalCoal
NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear
LiquidLiquidFuelsFuels
LiquidLiquidFuelsFuels
ElectricityElectricityElectricityElectricity
HydrogenHydrogenHydrogenHydrogen
SyngasSyngasSyngasSyngasRenewablesRenewables(Wave, Tidal, Geo,(Wave, Tidal, Geo,
Solar, Wind)Solar, Wind)
RenewablesRenewables(Wave, Tidal, Geo,(Wave, Tidal, Geo,
Solar, Wind)Solar, Wind)
Electricity as the Ultimate Flexible FuelElectricity as the Ultimate Flexible Fuel
Energy Resource Conversion Energy Carrier Propulsion System
OilOil (Conventional)(Conventional)OilOil (Conventional)(Conventional)
OilOil (Non-conventional)(Non-conventional)OilOil (Non-conventional)(Non-conventional)
BiomassBiomassBiomassBiomass
Natural GasNatural GasNatural GasNatural Gas
CoalCoalCoalCoal
NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear
LiquidLiquidFuelsFuels
LiquidLiquidFuelsFuels
ElectricityElectricityElectricityElectricity
HydrogenHydrogenHydrogenHydrogen
Conventional ICE:Conventional ICE:Gasoline/DieselGasoline/Diesel
Conventional ICE:Conventional ICE:Gasoline/DieselGasoline/Diesel
ICE HybridICE Hybrid(HEV)(HEV)
ICE HybridICE Hybrid(HEV)(HEV)
Plug-in Hybrid ICEPlug-in Hybrid ICE(PHEV–Parallel)(PHEV–Parallel)
Plug-in Hybrid ICEPlug-in Hybrid ICE(PHEV–Parallel)(PHEV–Parallel)
Extended Range EV:Extended Range EV:(PHEV–Serial)(PHEV–Serial)
Extended Range EV:Extended Range EV:(PHEV–Serial)(PHEV–Serial)
Battery ElectricBattery Electric(EV)(EV)
Battery ElectricBattery Electric(EV)(EV)
Fuel Cell ElectricFuel Cell Electric(FCEV)(FCEV)
Fuel Cell ElectricFuel Cell Electric(FCEV)(FCEV)
Bat
tery
Bat
tery
Bat
tery
Bat
tery
SyngasSyngasSyngasSyngasRenewablesRenewables(Wave, Tidal, Geo,(Wave, Tidal, Geo,
Solar, Wind)Solar, Wind)
RenewablesRenewables(Wave, Tidal, Geo,(Wave, Tidal, Geo,
Solar, Wind)Solar, Wind)
Ele
ctri
fica
tio
nE
lect
rifi
cati
on
Electricity as the Ultimate Flexible FuelElectricity as the Ultimate Flexible Fuel
Energy Resource Conversion Energy Carrier Propulsion System
OilOil (Conventional)(Conventional)OilOil (Conventional)(Conventional)
OilOil (Non-conventional)(Non-conventional)OilOil (Non-conventional)(Non-conventional)
BiomassBiomassBiomassBiomass
Natural GasNatural GasNatural GasNatural Gas
CoalCoalCoalCoal
NuclearNuclearNuclearNuclear
Conventional ICE:Conventional ICE:Gasoline/DieselGasoline/Diesel
Conventional ICE:Conventional ICE:Gasoline/DieselGasoline/Diesel
ICE HybridICE Hybrid(HEV)(HEV)
ICE HybridICE Hybrid(HEV)(HEV)
Plug-in Hybrid ICEPlug-in Hybrid ICE(PHEV–Parallel)(PHEV–Parallel)
Plug-in Hybrid ICEPlug-in Hybrid ICE(PHEV–Parallel)(PHEV–Parallel)
Fuel Cell ElectricFuel Cell Electric(FCEV)(FCEV)
Fuel Cell ElectricFuel Cell Electric(FCEV)(FCEV)
Bat
tery
Bat
tery
Bat
tery
Bat
tery
SyngasSyngasSyngasSyngas
Ele
ctri
fica
tio
nE
lect
rifi
cati
on
LiquidLiquidFuelsFuels
LiquidLiquidFuelsFuels
ElectricityElectricityElectricityElectricity
HydrogenHydrogenHydrogenHydrogen
Extended Range EV:Extended Range EV:(PHEV–Serial)(PHEV–Serial)
Extended Range EV:Extended Range EV:(PHEV–Serial)(PHEV–Serial)
Battery ElectricBattery Electric(EV)(EV)
Battery ElectricBattery Electric(EV)(EV)
RenewablesRenewables(Wave, Tidal, Geo,(Wave, Tidal, Geo,
Solar, Wind)Solar, Wind)
RenewablesRenewables(Wave, Tidal, Geo,(Wave, Tidal, Geo,
Solar, Wind)Solar, Wind)
ElectricityElectricityElectricityElectricity Extended Range EV:Extended Range EV:(PHEV–Serial)(PHEV–Serial)
Extended Range EV:Extended Range EV:(PHEV–Serial)(PHEV–Serial)
Battery ElectricBattery Electric(EV)(EV)
Battery ElectricBattery Electric(EV)(EV)
RenewablesRenewables(Wave, Tidal, Geo,(Wave, Tidal, Geo,
Solar, Wind)Solar, Wind)
RenewablesRenewables(Wave, Tidal, Geo,(Wave, Tidal, Geo,
Solar, Wind)Solar, Wind)
US annual CO2 output emission rate
(lb/MWh)
Electricity – Growing GreenerElectricity – Growing Greener
US annual CO2 output emission rate
(lb/MWh)
Electricity – Growing GreenerElectricity – Growing Greener
State
2004 State annual CO2 output
emission rate (lb/MWh)
Top 10 Vermont 7Idaho 144Washington 360Oregon 456California 700New Jersey 713Conneticut 754Maine 772New Hampshire 779New York 907
Bottom 10 Missouri 1881Iowa 1943Colorado 1986West Virginia 1988New Mexico 1992Kentucky 2051Indiana 2098Utah 2121Wyoming 2278North Dakota 2386
Source: Pew Center for Global Climate Change (September 2008)http://www.pewclimate.org/what_s_being_done/in_the_states/rps.cfm
Electricity – Growing Greener:
Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
Electricity – Growing Greener:
Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
OR: 25% by 2025
WA: 15% by 2020
CA: 20% by 2010
NV: 20% by 2015
AZ: 15% by 2025
MT: 15% by 2015
Comparison of Energy Crops vs. ElectricityComparison of Energy Crops vs. Electricity
Comparison of Energy Crops vs. ElectricityComparison of Energy Crops vs. Electricity
An average-sizedsoccer field is 0.75 ha
1 ha is
equal to
100 x 100 m
10,000 m2
Source: Photon International, April 2007
Comparison of Energy Crops vs. ElectricityComparison of Energy Crops vs. Electricity
0
*1Average usage 16kWh/100 km*2Average usage 7.4 I/100 km fuel equivalent*3Average usage 6.5 I/100 km fuel equivalent
20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
biodiesel*3
21,500 km
bioethanol (from wheat)*2
22,500 km
60,000 km
67,000 km
biomass to liquid*3
biogas (from corn)*2
An average-sizedsoccer field is 0.75 ha
1 ha is
equal to
100 x 100 m
10,000 m2
Source: Photon International, April 2007
Comparison of Energy Crops vs. ElectricityComparison of Energy Crops vs. Electricity
0
*1Average usage 16kWh/100 km*2Average usage 7.4 I/100 km fuel equivalent*3Average usage 6.5 I/100 km fuel equivalent
20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
biodiesel*3
21,500 km
bioethanol (from wheat)*2
22,500 km
60,000 km
67,000 km
biomass to liquid*3
biogas (from corn)*2
200,000
electricity (Plug-in Hybrid operation)*1
3,250,000 km
An average-sizedsoccer field is 0.75 ha
1 ha is
equal to
100 x 100 m
10,000 m2
Source: Photon International, April 2007
Comparison of Energy Crops vs. ElectricityComparison of Energy Crops vs. Electricity
0
*1Average usage 16kWh/100 km*2Average usage 7.4 I/100 km fuel equivalent*3Average usage 6.5 I/100 km fuel equivalent
20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
biodiesel*3
21,500 km
bioethanol (from wheat)*2
22,500 km
60,000 km
67,000 km
biomass to liquid*3
biogas (from corn)*2
200,000
electricity (Plug-in Hybrid operation)*1
3,250,000 km
An average-sizedsoccer field is 0.75 ha
1 ha is
equal to
100 x 100 m
10,000 m2
Source: Photon International, April 2007
IEA Key world energy statistics 2005. IEA, Paris. See also: http://www.iea.org/dbtwwpd/Textbase/nppdf/free/2005/key2005.pdf
Transportation Energy Use by Transport Mode (US)Transportation Energy Use by Transport Mode (US)
1. Aviation 8.4%
2. Petrochemicals3. Maritime shipping 4.5%
4. Long haul trucks 19.1%
5. Rail transport 0.7%
6. Long trips by car7. Commuting 61.4%8. Picking up the kids (local trips)9. Driving a Hummer
Petroleum: A Hierarchy of Requirements vs. Available SubstitutesPetroleum: A Hierarchy of Requirements vs. Available Substitutes
Source: US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA, 1991 National Personal Transportation Survey 1990
Personal Vehicle Miles Driven Daily Personal Vehicle Miles Driven Daily %
of
Aut
omob
iles
Miles
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%30 60 90 120 150 >155
50% drive 25 miles a day or less
50% drive 25 miles a day or less
Approximately 80% drive 50 miles a day or less
Approximately 80% drive 50 miles a day or less
Drivers in the United States average 25 miles or less per day. – U.S. Dept. of Transportation Data
Drivers in the United States average 25 miles or less per day. – U.S. Dept. of Transportation Data
Propulsive Energy Requirements – Various ModesPropulsive Energy Requirements – Various Modes
Propulsive Energy Requirements – Various ModesPropulsive Energy Requirements – Various Modes
Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS)Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS)
Acceleration Consumes EnergyAcceleration Consumes Energy
Regenerative Braking Recovers EnergyRegenerative Braking Recovers Energy
Mass Consumes Power (and Energy)Mass Consumes Power (and Energy)
Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), lbs.
Po
wer
(kW
)
Assumptions:Gear train efficiency 90%Fixed transmission losses 1 ft-lbCd .3A = 22 sq ftRf .8%Speed 35mphGrade 1.5%
Mass EfficiencyMass Efficiency
Automobile Passenger Aircraft
Commercial RailUrban Bus
High Speed Rail
Freight Truck
Freight Rail
Cargo ShipBicycle
Gross Moving Mass (Tonnes)
Mas
s E
ffici
ency
Increasing Mass Efficiency in CarsIncreasing Mass Efficiency in Cars
Automobile Passenger Aircraft
Commercial RailUrban Bus
High Speed Rail
Freight Truck
Freight Rail
Cargo ShipBicycle
Gross Moving Mass (Tonnes)
Mas
s E
ffici
ency
Energy EfficientMass reduction
Lightweight materials – aluminum, advanced compositesSmaller size, compact
Electric power trainIncreased efficiencyRegeneration
FunctionalOperating range matched with actual use
“Right-size” the vehicle for typical use profile (including energy system)
Appealing (curb appeal)
Distinctive design
Fun / Performance
AffordableAcquisition costOperating cost
Conclusion: EVs as a Practical Car For FamiliesConclusion: EVs as a Practical Car For Families
Existing Infrastructure
InfrastructureInfrastructure
Efficiency
Light Weight
Energy Storage
Future TechnologiesFuture Technologies
Vehicle to Grid (V2G), Grid to Vehicle (G2V) and V2HVehicle to Grid (V2G), Grid to Vehicle (G2V) and V2H
www.porteon.net
Metropolitan Areas where hybrids are most popular
Rank Metropolitan Area Hybrids per 1000 Households*1 Portland, OR 11.192 San Francisco, CA 8.763 Monterey, CA 6.834 Santa Barbara, CA 6.085 Los Angeles, CA 5.66 Bend, OR 5.357 Washington, DC 5.068 San Diego, CA 59 Charlottesville, VA 4.87
10 Eugene, OR 4.6411 Seattle, WA 4.2612 Honolulu 3.8613 Eurkeka, CA 3.6714 Sacramento, CA 3.6615 Denver, CO 3.5
*2006 Registrations (December 2006 YTD)
http://www.hybridcars.com/market-dashboard/feb07-regional.html
Oregon – Early Adopters of Advanced Transportation Technology
Oregon – Early Adopters of Advanced Transportation Technology
Metropolitan areas where hybrids are most popular
Suggested ReadingSuggested Reading
A Thousand Barrels a Second: The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges Facing an Energy Dependent World – Peter Tertzakian
Time for a Model Change: Re-engineering the Global Automotive Industry – Graeme P. Maxton and John Wormald
The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail – Clayton M. Christensen
ZOOM: The Global Race to Fuel the Car of the Future – Iain Carson and Vijay V. Vaitheeswaran
Crossing the Chasm – Geoffrey A. Moore