© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 1 Therapies 15.

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Slide 1

Therapies

15


Slide 2

Psychotherapy

• Specialized process where trained professional uses psychological methods

• Differing forms of psychotherapy have differing methods– Psychoanalytic: focuses on gaining insight– Humanistic: focuses on gaining insight– Social learning or behavior therapy: uses forms

of teaching

Therapies


Slide 3

Psychotherapy

• Relationship involves power of therapist, emotional patient divulging personal data

• Ethical Standards

– Goals of treatment understood/agreed to by client; in best interest of client and society

– Careful consideration given to alternatives

– Therapist treats only within limits of expertise

Therapies


Slide 4

Psychotherapy

• Ethical Standards

– Effectiveness of treatment must be evaluated

– Rules and laws of confidentiality followed

– No abuse of therapist-client relationship

– Therapist must treat all humans with dignity; respecting all genders, races, sexual orientation, and other sociocultural factors

Therapies


Slide 5

Therapies

• Psychoanalysis – founded by Freud– Root of all problems is in unconscious conflicts– Imbalance in id, ego, and superego– Conscious insight can resolve conflicts– Special therapy techniques may be used

• Free association• Dream interpretation• Interpretation of resistance (from vague

forms to specific resistance)

Therapies


Slide 6

Therapies • Psychoanalysis

– Transference – therapist-client relationship takes form of client’s relationships with own parents and other authority figures

– Catharsis – emotional experience or temporary relief from discomfort (some insight gained)

– Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression• Emerged from psychoanalytic tradition• Identifies sources of depression and goals for

therapy process; very successful outcomes

Therapies


Slide 7

Therapies

• Humanistic psychology – Carl Rogers– People not born with unconscious mind– Client-centered therapy or person-centered

• Emphasis on client’s ability to help self – feels emotionally safe enough to explore own hidden emotions

• Therapist creates unconditional atmosphere (warmth, genuine positive regard, empathy)

– Reflection – therapist makes statements to clarify client’s feelings and emotions

Therapies


Slide 8

Therapies• Gestalt therapy – founded by F. Perls

– Humanistic psychotherapy approach

– Meanings of sensations organized into whole perceptions

– Goal: create therapeutic experience helping client achieve greater self-awareness

– Emotional atmosphere: therapists often deal in confrontive, challenging manner necessary to loosen denied feelings

Therapies


Slide 9

Therapies

• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)– Abnormal behavior learned from inappropriate

experiences through

• Classical conditioning• Operant conditioning• Modeling

– Learning is central goal of therapy; therapist is teacher and client learns adaptive behaviors

– Cognitions less important

Therapies


Slide 10

Therapies

• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)– Fear reduction methods using

• Graded exposure - series of increasingly fearful situations experienced for gradual mastery

• Use of modern technology - computer-generated virtual reality

• Treats obsessive-compulsive disorders when used with other methods

Therapies


Slide 11

Therapies

• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)

– Social skills training

• Shaping and positive reinforcement used in role playing

• Teach use of adaptive skills enough to handle real-life situations

• Focus on social skill problem of unassertiveness

Therapies


Slide 12

Therapies

• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)

– Cognitive restructuring

• Assumes faulty cognitions – maladaptive beliefs, expectations, and thinking

• Effective for treating anxiety, depression

• Cannot modify clients’ existing behaviors because of inaccurate ways of thinking about themselves

Therapies


Slide 13

Therapies

• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)– Cognitive restructuring

• Patterns of cognition contributing to emotional distress

Therapies

– Selective abstraction– Overgeneralization– Arbitrary interference

– Magnification and minimization

– Personalization– Absolutistic thinking


Slide 14

10

0

15

20

25

30

35

5

Allocation

Initial 3 wks 3 mos 6 mos 9 mos

Self-help booklet CBT

Untreated

What works best?


Slide 15

Group and Family Therapy

• Group therapy – Carried out with groups of 4 to 8 clients; sees

experience more effective than individual therapy techniques• Receives encouragement from others• Sees problem experienced by others• Learn from others’ advice• Learn new ways to interact with others • Format of group therapy varies widely

Therapies


Slide 16


• Family therapy – Group composed of family members– Therapist trained in psychoanalytic, humanistic,

and behavioral approaches– Beliefs

• Family issues at root of problem• Dynamics of family system need analysis –

function of each need to be understood

Therapies


Slide 17


• Family therapy – Therapists’ goals to resolve problems by

improving functioning of family system• Give family members insights and correct

family dysfunctions• Increase warmth and intimacy in family• Improve family member communication• Help members establish reasonable set of

rules for family regulation

Therapies


Slide 18

Human Diversity

• Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues in mental health

– U.S. has one of most advanced mental health system in world – does not cover all citizens

• Hispanics - less outpatient care than whites

• African Americans – more likely than whites to be committed to psychiatric hospitals (often involuntarily)

Therapies


Slide 19

Human Diversity

• Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues

– U.S. mental health system

• Fewer women receive mental health services than men

• Gender of therapist does not appear to influence outcomes

– Feminist psychotherapy – radical approach

• Women treated as second-class citizens and Barbie dolls

Therapies


Slide 20

Human Diversity

• Goals of Feminist Psychotherapy– Advocates equal relationship in therapy– Encourage women to see how society limited

them to dependent roles– Encourage women to become aware of their

anger; find constructive ways of expressing– Have women define selves as independent– Women encouraged to consider own needs– Women should develop nontraditional skills

Therapies


Slide 21

• Drug therapy – Widely used to treat abnormal behavior– Commonly used psychiatric drugs

– Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)– Transcranial stimulation

• Magnetic field used on frontal cortex

Therapies

• Effexor• Paxil • Prozac

• Zorloft • Xanax• Geodon

• Haldol• Navane• Risperdal

• Zyprexa• Depakote• Epilim


Slide 22

Medical Therapies

• Psychosurgery

– Trephining

– Prefrontal labotomy

– Modern names for labotomy surgeries conducted today

• Capuslotomy

• Cingulotomy

Therapies


Slide 23

Trephining operations were

apparently performed in the Middle Ages to treat abnormal

behavior


Slide 24

The End

15Therapies

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 1 Therapies 15.

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Transcript of © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 1 Therapies 15.