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Chapter TwelvePreventing Infectious Diseases

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7 Pathogens7 Pathogens(Disease Producing Agents)(Disease Producing Agents)

1.1. VirusesViruses

2.2. PrionPrion

3.3. BacteriaBacteria

4.4. FungiFungi5.5. ProtozoaProtozoa 6.6. RickettsiaRickettsia7.7. Parasitic wormsParasitic worms

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Chain of InfectionChain of InfectionFigure 12-1Figure 12-1

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5 Stages of an Infection5 Stages of an Infection

1.1. IncubationIncubation

2.2. ProdromalProdromal

3.3. ClinicalClinical

4.4. DeclineDecline

5.5. RecoveryRecovery

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Mechanical andMechanical andCellular Body DefensesCellular Body Defenses

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Immune ResponseImmune ResponseFigure 12-2Figure 12-2

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ImmunizationsImmunizations

DiptheriaDiptheria Hepatitis BHepatitis B Whooping coughWhooping cough Haemophilus influenza BHaemophilus influenza B TetanusTetanus

90% of children receive the following under the age of 2 years:

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Immunizations (cont’d)Immunizations (cont’d)

Rubella (German measles)Rubella (German measles) Measles (red measles)Measles (red measles) MumpsMumps PolioPolio Chicken poxChicken pox Pneumonia related infectionsPneumonia related infections

90% of children receive the following at the age of 2 years:

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Causes and Management of Causes and Management of Selected Infectious DiseasesSelected Infectious Diseases

1.1. The common cold (acute rhinitis)The common cold (acute rhinitis)

2.2. InfluenzaInfluenza

3.3. TuberculosisTuberculosis

4.4. PneumoniaPneumonia

5.5. MononucleosisMononucleosis

6.6. Chronic fatigue syndromeChronic fatigue syndrome

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Causes and Management of Selected Causes and Management of Selected Infectious Diseases (cont’d)Infectious Diseases (cont’d)

• Bacterial meningitisBacterial meningitis• Lyme diseaseLyme disease• Hantavirus pulmonary syndromeHantavirus pulmonary syndrome• Toxic shock syndromeToxic shock syndrome• Hepatitis A,B,C,D,EHepatitis A,B,C,D,E• West Niles VirusWest Niles Virus• SARS (Sudden Acute Respiratory SARS (Sudden Acute Respiratory

Syndrome)Syndrome)

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Sexually Transmitted DiseasesSexually Transmitted Diseases

Most devastatingly infectious Most devastatingly infectious disease of modern timesdisease of modern times

Over 816,149 Americans have Over 816,149 Americans have been diagnosed with AIDS [Dec. been diagnosed with AIDS [Dec. 2001]2001]

Cause – virus that attacks helper T-Cause – virus that attacks helper T-cells of the immune systemcells of the immune system

HIV/AIDS

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Spread viaSpread via• bloodblood• semensemen• vaginal secretionsvaginal secretions

Not transmitted by saliva, sweat, Not transmitted by saliva, sweat, or tearsor tears

Most HIV positive people are Most HIV positive people are asymptomaticasymptomatic

HIV/AIDS

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HIV/AIDS SymptomsHIV/AIDS Symptoms

Eventually the following may appear Eventually the following may appear (HIV with symptoms)(HIV with symptoms)• tirednesstiredness• feverfever• loss of appetite/weightloss of appetite/weight• diarrheadiarrhea• night sweatsnight sweats• swollen glands (neck, armpit, groin)swollen glands (neck, armpit, groin)

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Diagnosis of HIV InfectionDiagnosis of HIV Infection

1.1. ELISA (enzyme-link immunosorbent ELISA (enzyme-link immunosorbent assay)assay)

2.2. Western blotWestern blot

3.3. Home tests (Home Access, Confide)Home tests (Home Access, Confide)

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Treatment for HIV/AIDSTreatment for HIV/AIDS

No cure at this timeNo cure at this time Combination drugs Combination drugs reverse transcriptase reverse transcriptase

inhibitorsinhibitors and and protease inhibitorsprotease inhibitors; both ; both assist the body by disallowing replication assist the body by disallowing replication of the virus in various cyclesof the virus in various cycles

HARRT (highly active antiretroviral HARRT (highly active antiretroviral therapy)therapy)

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Prevention of HIV InfectionPrevention of HIV Infection

Abstaining from sexual activityAbstaining from sexual activity MonogamyMonogamy Using condoms with chemical barrierUsing condoms with chemical barrier SobrietySobriety Regular STD check-upsRegular STD check-ups Never share needlesNever share needles Avoid unprotected anal intercourseAvoid unprotected anal intercourse

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Other Prevalent STD’sOther Prevalent STD’s

ChlamydiaChlamydia HPVHPV GonorrheaGonorrhea Herpes simplexHerpes simplex

SyphilisSyphilis Pubic licePubic lice Yeast and protozoa Yeast and protozoa

infections (vagina)infections (vagina) Cystitis/urethritisCystitis/urethritis

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Chapter TwelveChapter TwelvePreventing Infectious DiseasesPreventing Infectious Diseases