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© 2001 by Prentice Hall1-1 Local Area Networks, 3rd Edition David A. Stamper Part 1: Introduction...
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Transcript of © 2001 by Prentice Hall1-1 Local Area Networks, 3rd Edition David A. Stamper Part 1: Introduction...
1-1© 2001 by Prentice Hall
Local Area Networks, 3rd EditionDavid A. Stamper
Part 1: Introduction to Data Communications and Local Area
Networks
Chapter 1
Introduction to Data communications
1-2© 2001 by Prentice Hall
Chapter Preview
In this chapter you will study:
• The requirements for communication
• What constitutes a network
• The various types of networks in common use today
• The OSI Reference Model
• Some of the basic terminology of data communications and networks
1-3© 2001 by Prentice Hall
Essential Elements of Communication
• A message
• A sender
• A receiver
• A medium
1-4© 2001 by Prentice Hall
Understanding the Message
• In computer systems, data can be represented by any of several different codes, the two most common being:– the American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)– the Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code (EBCDIC)
1-5© 2001 by Prentice Hall
Security
• Sensitive data like your credit card number or other secret data should be safeguarded during transmission. The most common mechanism for protecting data during transmission is encryption.– Encryption transforms plain text into an (presumably)
undecipherable form called cipher-text.
1-6© 2001 by Prentice Hall
Two Types of Networks
• Terminal Network– consists of a single host computer with attached terminals– the host computer does all or most of the processing, and
the terminals imply act as input/output (I/O) devices through which a person gains access to the host’s applications.
• Network of Computers– two or more nodes connected by a data communications
medium. – individual nodes may have terminals attached to them– a single node on this network can look just like the terminal
network
1-7© 2001 by Prentice Hall
Three Network Subtypes
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
1-8© 2001 by Prentice Hall
LAN/MAN/WAN Comparison
Limited—typically up to 2,500 meters or 2 miles
High—typically in excess of 10 Mbps—10,100 and 1,000 are standard
Locally owned— twisted-pair wires, fiber optic cable, wireless (not satellite)
Can be any, but most are desktop computers
Limited—typically up to 200 kilometers or 100 miles
High—typically 100 Mbps
Locally owned and common carrier— twisted-pair wires, fiber optic cable
Can be any, but most are desktop computers and minicomputers
Unlimited
Slower—usually 1.5 Mbps
Locally owned and common carrier— twisted-pair wires, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, wireless to include satellite
Can be any, but most are desktop computers
Distance
Speed
Media
Nodes
LAN MAN WAN
1-9© 2001 by Prentice Hall
The OSI Reference Model
• The problem of network interconnection is so important that the ISO created the OSI Reference Model that describes the functions a generic network needs to provide.
• The OSI Reference Model has become the basis for many data communications standards.– Because these standards are placed in the public domain, they are
called open standards and lead to open systems.
1-10© 2001 by Prentice Hall
OSI Peer Layer Communication
ApplicationApplication
PresentationPresentation
SessionSession
TransportTransport
NetworkNetwork
Data LinkData Link
PhysicalPhysical
ApplicationApplication
PresentationPresentation
SessionSession
TransportTransport
NetworkNetwork
Data LinkData Link
PhysicalPhysical
Processor 1 Processor 2
Logical Path Physical Path
1-11© 2001 by Prentice Hall
OSI Reference Model Formatting
Trans-Id Data Date=dd/mm/yy
Trans-Id Data Date=mm-dd-yyyy
ID Length Trans-Id Data Date=mm-dd-yyyy
TSAP ChkSum ID Length Trans-Id Data Date=mm-dd-yyyy
Address Seq Nbr TSAP ChkSum ID Length Trans-Id Data Date=mm-dd-yyyy
Header Address Seq Nbr TSAP ChkSum ID Length Trans-Id Data Date=mm-dd-yyyy Chksum
(a) Application Layer
(b) Presentation Layer
(c) Session Layer
(d) Transport Layer
(e) Network Layer
(f) Data Link Layer
1-12© 2001 by Prentice Hall
The OSI Model at Work
• Application Layer– The application on Node A builds a record with a transaction
identifier, the number of the account to be updated, the date and time of the transaction, and the amount to be deducted.
• Presentation Layer– The presentation layer is responsible for translating from one format
to another.
• Session Layer– The session layer’s major functions are to set up and perhaps
monitor a set of dialogue rules by which the two applications can communicate and to bring a session to an orderly conclusion.
1-13© 2001 by Prentice Hall
The OSI Model at Work (cont.)
• Transport Layer– The transport layer is the first of the OSI layers responsible for actually
transmitting the data.
• Network Layer– The network layer provides accounting and routing functions.
• Data Link Layer– The data link layer is responsible for data delineation, error detection,and
logical control of the link.
• Physical Layer– The physical layer does not append anything to the message. It simply
accepts the message from the data link layer and translates the bits into signals on the medium.
1-14© 2001 by Prentice Hall
Receiving the Message
1. The message is passed over the link connecting Nodes A and X.
2. The message is passed to the data link layer in Node X. The message is checked for transmission errors, the PDU information applied by A’s data link layer is removed, and the message is sent to X’s network layer.
3. X’s network layer records the accounting information for the message and then strips off the network layer protocol data and examines the destination address. The destination is not Node X in this case, so the network layer consults its network routing table and determines the next link on the path to Node M. X’s network layer affixes the proper network layer protocol data and sends the message to Node X’s data link layer.
1-15© 2001 by Prentice Hall
Receiving the Message (cont.)
4. Node X’s data link layer creates its PDU and sends the message to Node M.
5. Node M’s data link layer receives the message, strips off Node X’s data link layer protocol data, checks for transmission errors, and passes the data up to Node M’s network layer.
6. Node M’s network layer gathers accounting data, strips off the network layer protocol data, and fins that the message is destined for an application in this node.
7. The message is passed up to M’s transport layer, where the sequence number is checked to ensure that no messages have been lost. The transport layer protocol data is removed.
1-16© 2001 by Prentice Hall
Receiving the Message (cont.)
8. The message arrives at the session layer, where relevant protocol data is examined and remove.
9. The message arrives at Node M’s presentation layer, where appropriate action is taken.
10.The message arrives at the application, where
it is acted on.
1-17© 2001 by Prentice Hall
General Network Implementations: LANs
• A LAN services a limited geographic area at high speeds—usually 10 million bits per second or higher. All components of the LAN are commonly owned by the organization that uses it.
• The nodes in many of today’s LANs are desktop systems like personal computers. Henceforth, we will also use the terms workstations, clients, and servers in referring to LAN nodes.
• A workstation is used here to represent a LAN user’s computer; other terms used in referring to a workstation are client and node.
• A server is a network node that is dedicated to providing services to client nodes.
1-18© 2001 by Prentice Hall
General Network Implementations: MANs
• A MAN (metropolitan area network) is a high-speed network covering wider distances than LAN.
• A MAN spans distances of approximately 100 miles; therefore, it is suitable for connecting devices and LANs in a metropolitan area.
• MAN speeds are typically 100 Mbps or higher.• The most commonly implemented MAN is the fiber
distributed data interface (FDDI). It operates at 100 Mbps over fiber optic cable for distances up to 200 kilometers.
1-19© 2001 by Prentice Hall
General Network Implementations: WANs
• A WAN is the oldest type of network.• WANs generally span a wide geographic area like
a state, province, country, or multiple countries. However, some WANs are confined to a limited geographic area, like a LAN.
• A WAN in a limited geographic area could be easily extended over a wide area using the same technologies. The same is not true of a LAN.
1-20© 2001 by Prentice Hall
General Network Implementations: VANs
• A VAN is a network owned by a communications utility that sells the services of the network to other companies.
• A communications utility that owns a VAN provides connectivity to multiple locations.
• The value added by the communications utility is the maintenance and management of the communications circuits.
1-21© 2001 by Prentice Hall
General Network Implementations: Enterprise Networks
• An enterprise network is an organization’s complete network.
• With the advent of LANs, many companies installed departmental LANs to improve the productivity of work groups.
• Soon, these companies realized that there was a benefit to having users on one LAN communicate with users or applications on other LANs or on the WAN, and the various networks were connected together to form one corporate-wide network, the enterprise network.
1-22© 2001 by Prentice Hall
General Network Implementations: The Internet
• An internet (with a lowercase ‘i’) is the interconnection of two or more networks. An enterprise networks just described is an example of an internet.
• The Internet (with an uppercase ‘I’) is a specific instance of an internet.
• The Internet is a global network of networks. The Internet is made up of hundreds of networks, thousands of nodes, and millions of users throughout most countries of the world.
1-23© 2001 by Prentice Hall
General Network Implementations: Intranets
• An intranet is an organization’s private Web.• Companies have found that WWW capabilities
can improve the information flow and availability in a company.
• Companies may use an intranet rather than publishing on the Internet because the information being provided is intended for corporate use only and not for the public at large.