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Appendix: Sources for ERC proposal CHILDCARE B2

This Appendix follows the objectives and questions in ERC proposal B2 and lists accordingly the primary and secondary sources we examined in our preliminary work and those we propose to collect and use in the project

OBJECTIVE 1: THE GOLDEN AGE OF ASHKENAZI JEWS IN POLAND-LITHUANIA, 1500-1800

Question 1 What accounts for the spectacular demographic growth of Ashkenazi Jews in central and eastern Europe? especially at a time when they were supposedly living in cities and under repressive regimes?

Question 2 Why did the Jewish population in Poland-Lithuania grow faster than the

Jewish community in Germany-Austria (and in other locations worldwide)? Was this due to a higher natural rate of growth or to migration?

The sources for Questions 1 & 2 – Methodology:

(i) For the period prior to 1550 we will gather evidence that testify to German-Bohemian origin of Jews in Poland-Lithuania, document the eastward migration and contradict the hypothesis of Sand (2009) rooting the demographic growth of PL Jews in migration of Khazarian Jews. Our study will be based on onomastic analysis of Jewish names (Beider, 2001; Бершадский, 1882; Schipper, 1926), contextual analysis of texts as used for example by Zaremska 2011, Cygielman 1997, and Teller 2001, as well demographic analysis as used for example by Guldon 2008. We will summarize the state of research on the origins of Yiddish (Beider, 2015). Our main sources will include four types:

(a) Princely and royal privileges (charters) granted to the Jews who wished to settle in a location or secure their legal status, which will prove links to German-Bohemian prototypes of the documents and thus testify to the eastward direction of migration. For original texts, we will use the new scientific edition of Gumplowicz (2008) as well as the still reliable publication by Bloch (1910);

(b) Jewish agreements with local authorities or craft guilds such as trade agreement in Cracow (1485) or settlement agreements in Kazimierz (1583, 1608), which can indicate the range of Jewish migration and settlement as well as give examples of names of the local Jewish leaders. Texts will mainly be gathered from the scientific publications of sources (e.g. Piekosiński, 1879-1882 ,1876-1905; Shorr, 1909-1910; Ehrenkreutz, 1916) as well as from secondary literature discussing specific locations (Bałaban, 1912; Nadav, 2007; Teller 2003, and others);

(c) Royal documents related to Jews which are preserved in Royal Register – Metryka Koronna (available in Central Archive of Historical Records in Warsaw, henceforth AGAD) and were surveyed by Bergsohn (1910). Additionally, we will concentrate on privileges "de non tolerandis Iudaeis" which were granted to cities interested in banning Jews or preventing Jewish settlement (e.g. Warsaw in 1527, Kielce 1535) and although important in understanding Jewish demographic patterns and Polish-Jewish relations have so far received little scholarly attention (Goldberg, 1994);

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(d) Early court documents, which include examples of Jewish names and testify to Jewish presence in different localities, e.g. for Warsaw: Księgi sądowe warszawskie ziemskie i grodzkie nr 1, 2, 3 including years 1421-1466 (in AGAD, Warsaw); for Cracow: Ulanowski (1886), or archival documents at State Archives in Cracow such as Księgi radzieckie sądowo-administracyjne (inskrypcje, sprawy sporne, protokoły i bruliony ksiąg, księgi burmistrzowskie) 1369-1774 (sygn. K 1-4, 7-214); and unpublished 16th-17th century archival sources for the region of Mazovia (Moniuszko, 2013).

(ii) For the period after 1550, we will continue using the above mentioned royal and court documents as well as study additional types of historic records than can be divide into three main categories:

(a) Communal privileges

Those charters reflect the dynamics of migration and the migration policy of the towns resulting from changing economic, confessional, or political conditions. For example, in privileges from before mid-17th century nobles who acquired eastern territories invited Jews to help establish and develop private towns. The privileges from that period testify to Jewish migration eastward under the active support of nobility. After the mid-17th century wars many charters issued by noble owners invite Jewish settlements to compensate for the population loss and to improve economic situation of noble domains. Thus, they testify to Jewish eastward migration and its changing conditions.

So far, we have collected over 130 privileges granted to Jews in royal and private towns. Most of the collected charters are preserved in central archives and libraries in Warsaw, Cracow, Lublin, Posen and Wroclaw as well as in the Central Archive for the History of the Jewish People in Jerusalem henceforth CAHJP). Majority of the known charters were published by Goldberg (1985-2001) and Schorr (1909). However, according to Goldberg's authoritative statement unpublished privileges are still preserved in local archives, city and court books (akta grodzkie i ziemskie), municipal books and in church archives.1 While founding all privileges is impossible, we plan to discover few unpublished charters to enrich our data and help confirm our hypothesis. We intend to cooperate on this with the CAHJP and with Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw (henceforth ŻIH).

(b) Random lists of inhabitants

While the research of migration in the pre-statistical period is limited by fragmentary character of the available data, we will use the extant inhabitants lists and registers. They were randomly prepared for different purposes and testify, among others, to the intensity of immigration into cities (e.g. Follprecht, 2001). In order to prove our hypothesis, we will concentrate on a single stratum of Jews, while bearing in mind that it often joined a wider movement. Moreover, we will concentrate on Jewish patterns of migration and settlement through comparative examination of specific case studies of locations with existing data. As a model, we will use the recent works on population mobility in pre-industrial German-Austrian lands [Schwinges (2002), Mathis (1977), Vasarhelyi (1974)] and apply them to available primary sources, such as for example lustrations. Lustrations were random lists that checked the status of domains (royal, noble, church). In royal cities, they included a register

1 Goldberg (2001, p. 69)

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of all city buildings with their owners and tenants produced by quartermaster in preparation for king's visit in a particular city (e.g. Frick, 2013). From 1564 till 1789 a copy of lustration had to be send to the Royal Office and many of them survived till today and some have been published [e.g. K. Chłapowski and H. Żytkowicz (1992), Dygydała (2009)], while others can still be found in AGAD in Warsaw.2 To verify the patterns of non-Jewish migration we will refer to burgher registers (Bürgerrechtsbücher) or city council records (Ratsprotokolle) according to the model utilized by Miller in his study on early modern regional, state and foreign migration in Central and Eastern European Cities (2008).

c) Documents related to the Jewish national councils

Documents issued by the Council of Four Land, gathered and published in 1945-46 by Halperin and newly edited by Bartal (1990) as well as 255 documents addressed to the Council and issued by Polish authorities, which were published by Kaźmierczyk and Goldberg (2011) will allow us to check our hypothesis on migration and settlement patterns and will enrich our linguistic evidence. Same will be done with the documents of the Council of Lithuania, which were published by Dubnow (1925).

(iii) We will document the religious and cultural practices of the Jewish communities in Poland-Lithuania in comparison to those of Germany-Austria:

(a) We will use the linguistic data gathered in (i) and (ii);

(b) We will utilize royal and communal privileges gathered for (i) and (ii) to extract information on Jewish communal organization and to compare them to Western models in search for parallels or prototypes;

(c) Tombs and material evidence testifying to Ashkenazi roots of PL Jews not only through the mentioned names but also resemblance of rituals and artistic elements.3

(d) Responsa

We will need a broad survey of Responsa in the Bar Ilan Responsa Project [http://responsa-forum.co.il/www/?page_id=325&lang=en] to track letters linking rabbis and communities in 16th and early 17th -century Eastern Europe to Western Ashkenazi rabbinic authorities and communities.

(iv) We will estimate the relative size of the Jewish communities in towns and cities in Poland-Lithuania and Germany-Austria, as well as the aggregate size of the Jewish population:

2 AGAD, MK, L. XVIII, 19 (Małopolska 1602), 20 (województwa krakowskie i lubelskie 1616), 21 (województwo krakowskie 1620), 22 (województwo krakowskie 1629), 23 (starostwa krzeczowskie, krzepickie, nowotarskie i przedborskie 1636), 32 (starostwa soleckie i ryckie 1652), 33 (województwo sandomierskie 1629), 40 (starostwa lubelskie, łukowskie i urzędowskie 1652), 47 (starostwa krasnystawskie, chełmskie, bełskie, hrubieszowskie, lwowskie i gródeckie 1616), 73, k. 115-137v, 141v-143v, 150v-167v (województwa bełskie i ruskie 1628-1629), ASK, XLVI, 23 (starostwa lwowskie, rohatyńskie, halickie, drohobyckie, tłumackie, stryjskie, gródeckie i jaworowskie 1621), 46 (wielkorządy, starostwa krzeczowskie i niepołomickie 1615), 99 B (województwo sandomierskie 1616), 121 (starostwa bełskie, lwowskie, hrubieszowskie, gródeckie 1616), 152, k. 8-16v, 106-157v (starostwa błońskie, wyszogrodzkie i zakroczymskie 1630). 3 Wodziński (2010); Rosman (2011).

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1. Sources for population in Germany-Austria:

(a) Germania Judaica (esp. vol. III), which provides demographic information on about 1,000 towns with Jewish presence, up until the beginning of the 16th century.

(b) "Lexikon der jüdischen Gemeinden im deutschen Sprachraum" (2008) available online at: http://www.jüdische-gemeinden.de. It provides data for over 2.500 Jewish communities from early modern and modern period.

(c) The project: Maps of Jewish Communities and their Populations in Europe: 1750 – 1950: http://iijg.org/tools-and-technologies/maps-of-jewish-communities/

created by the International Institute for Jewish Genealogy and Paul Jacobi Center (National Library and Hebrew University in Jerusalem) which is based on the research done by Leitenberg (2008) and gives demographic data for 827 communities in different time frames: 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1930, 1950.

2. Sources for Poland-Lithuania for the period before 18th century:

(a) Documents used in (i) and (ii) which supply population data, e.g. random lists of inhabitants, lustrations, fiscal documents issued by the Jewish councils;

(b) tax rolls and fiscal documents of various kind, which we intend to collect for specific locations:

- for private towns, see for example Jewish communal payments in Słuck executed by Radziwił in years 1677-1700. [AGAD, 1/354/0/23/t.136;

- for royal cities, see for example tax registers for the city of Kazimierz (czopowe, szos, podymne, pogłówne, cło, kontrybucje) 1504-1794 (State Archive of Cracow (AMKr), sygn. K 718-836);

3. Sources for Poland-Lithuania from the 18th century onwards:

a) Sources and method used by Budzyński (2008).

We will follow the methodology of Budzyński, who combined the data from 3 poll tax registers of 1765 [published by Bastel (1891), Balaban (1909-1913), Kleczynski & Kluczycki (1898)], with the Jewish census (Mahler, 1946) and Austrian military statistics, and reconstructed the web of Jewish communities (146 kahal regions) in the area of eastern Galicia for the years of 1772-1785. Budzyński complemented his data with the official register of places produced by Austrian authorities in the 2nd half of the 18th century and with the general population numbers given by the Austrian censuses of 1786, 1790, 1795, 1799-1800, and produced a register and demographic data of 2174 places (2008).

b) Cadastral maps and tax registers produced by Austrian authorities by the end of the 18th century (partly published by Bukowski, Dybaś & Noga, 2012). Unpublished parts of the cadastral maps can still be found in the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv (Центральний державний історичний архів України, Львів).

c) Church registers:

http://www.j%C3%BCdische-gemeinden.de/http://iijg.org/tools-and-technologies/maps-of-jewish-communities/

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Jewish authorities were last efficient in producing statistical data. Still some information regarding Jewish population can be obtain by comparing Austrian censuses with extant documents produced by Roman Catholic parish offices for statistical purposes, such as:

(1) the books of Status Animarum ("lists of souls" usually prepared during Christmas visitations) which were obligatory since 1607 but the extant sources reach only 18th century. They include valuable information on population size and movements [e.g. Kumor (1967)];

(2) confession registers, which in PL were probably produced since the end of the 16th century but the surviving sources date back only to the 18th century and include the names of members of individual households, their age, and family relations valuable for study of general family structure (Kumor, 1994).

Greek Catholic Church carried census of its believers in 1758 and later in 1763 and 1765. The most detailed is the census of 1763 for the region of Lviv, while the other two include data valuable for general population estimates and family structure. Greek Church also produced confession registers, which survived since 1781 and list the household size and unlike Roman Catholic registers, they do note children below the age of confession. For the region of Eastern Galicia, the Greek Church produced some reliable sources which included also Jewish population [Budzyński, 2008, p. 116; 1991, pp.137-147] e.g. the register ordered by Szeptycki in 1767 for the land of Przemyśl [Budzyński, 1993, vol. 1, pp. 247-248].

During one of our preliminary research trips to Poland we started to cooperate with the Center for the Study of Demographic and Economic Structures in Premodern East-Central Europe (Bialystok), which among others specializes in locating, collecting and analyzing statistical data from primary archival sources. The center prepared the following map, which shows towns and villages in Eastern Galicia where Greek Catholic Status Animarum Lists have survived.4 Comparing this map with Budzynski's register of Jewish communities shows the Jewish settlements mentioned in Greek Church lists, and will serve us.

(d) Metrical books: including information on births, marriages and deaths survived from 1784 onward. Jews were additionally registered in the population books which collected the information from the so -called family booklets (1784) in which the head of each family was obligated to register any changes in status or size of his family (Buzek ,1903). Only fragmentary information survived and most reliable estimates can be made in regard to place and standard of living, occupation of the head of households, family size and general structure.5 We intend to use this data to complement the statistics provided by state organs.

(e) Austrian Military Conscription Lists:

reports were produced regularly listing men century conscription th19-rom 1777 till the mid Fof recruitment age and all other household members (Kumor, 1999). The original lists have not survived, but the summaries sent to Vienna from conscription districts are preserved in archives and were partially published mainly by Kumor (1971, 1978-1980, 1984).

4 Guzowski (2012) An inventory of census micro-data from the territory of Western Ukraine (Red Ruthenia, Eastern Galicia) before 1914 5 Schiper (1936, pp. 178-183).

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Others remain in archives, e.g. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, fond 146 (Namiestnictwo Galicyjskie), opis 4, sprawa 169; opis 85, sprawa 1239-1240; opis 7, sprawa 402; State Archive in Cracow (Wawel) Teki Schneidera 1803, 1809, 1812, 1819, 1836, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1848, 1853, 1855 i1858; AGAD, Zbiór Czołowskiego, rps. 93, 98-109.

as a starting point for relevant archival research.

(f) Censuses

In Poland-Lithuania, first state censuses were carried in the second half of the 18th century. 1777 was the first census of urban population, 1787 was the one-day census of the population of Warsaw, which registered all city dwellers with their names (Kozłowski, 1951). In 1789-1790 there was the first general fiscal-military census, which excluded only nobility and clergy, and registered total numbers of Christian and Jewish population. In 1808 and 1810 there was a census in the Duchy of Warsaw, which includes data on population numbers, its demographic, religious and occupational structure (Grossman, 1925). In the German territories, tables of births, deaths, and marriages were produced in 1806 and 1807, some of which survived and were published. They supply data on life and still births, sex of the newborn, and marital status of parents (Rzepkowski, 2005).

In 1818, the authorities of the Kingdom of Poland set a model for populations books. They were updated yearly and included information from church metrical records. They are a source of population numbers and natural movement. (Janczak, 1983, 1985, 1987). In 1827, there was a census of people and houses. Since the 1870's regional population reports became obligatory, and they were published in 40 volumes. First general census in Russian Empire and Polish Kingdom was done in 1897. The census surveyed sex, age, religion, marital status, place of birth, education and occupation. The results were published according to regions, and separately for Warsaw. In paper BEV we used the analysis of census by - Wasiutyński 1930; Guesnet 1998. There were also random local censuses, e.g. in Warsaw (1882), Piotrkow (1882) and Lodz (1911).

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For Galicia region, after a number of demographics surveys and military registers, the first modern censuses included information on the house number, names of all household members and their age, marital status, religion, profession and place of birth. They were conducted in 1857 and 1869 and published shortly after in:

-Bevölkerung und Viehstand von Ost- und West-Galizien nach der Zählung vom 31. October 1857, Wien 1859. available online: https://archive.org/details/statistischebers00aust -Bevölkerung und Viehstand von Galizien nach der Zählung vom 31 December 1869, Wien 1871.

The censuses served as a basis for the detailed register of places in Galicia was published in Wien in 1893 by the Central Statistic Committee. Recently, the censuses were studied thoroughly and their reliability was established among others – by Gąsowski (1981) and Burzyński (1984). Other demographic studies used different data preserved in censuses. For example, Zyblikiewicz (1999) wrote about women and their status in Cracow in 1880.

Regarding Jewish population only fragmentary data survived, e.g. a list of names of Jewish inhabitants of the city of Ternopil (with house and flat numbers, names, birth dates, place of origin and profession) from the census of 1910. Despite the fragmentary character of the surviving documents the census forms from Stanyslaviv (Ivano-Frankovsk) for the 1857 census and indexes from Stanyslaviv and Ternopil created later in the 19th and early 20th centuries may prove useful in the study of household structure. In preliminary BEV paper, we used the censuses as examined by Thon (1908) and Wróbel (1994). The proposed project requires direct analysis of censuses and registers, such as the first census in the reborn Polish Republic which was made in 1921 and the second and last census from the Second Polish Republic (1931).

(g) Virtual Shtetl (http://www.sztetl.org.pl). During our preliminary research trips, we started a cooperation with the Polin Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw, and the project Virtual Shtetl. The project offers a website with information about 1920 Polish towns with Jewish communities. Most of the articles include demographic data.

Question 3: Why did the Jews in central and eastern Europe demographically grow faster than the local non-Jewish populations from 1500 to 1800?

Question 3- Methodology:

Our groundbreaking contribution to the Jewish demographic puzzle in Poland -Lithuania in early modern times stems from the hypothesis that Jewish lower infant and child mortality was crucial factor for the higher Jewish population growth in Poland-Lithuania and Germany-Austria in comparison to the non-Jewish population prior to 1800. We will test this hypothesis in two phases and through a thorough examination of primary and secondary sources:

(i) we intend to find direct evidence on infant and child mortality among Jews and non-Jews in Poland-Lithuania and Germany-Austria prior to 1800 while analysing:

(a) The secondary literature: we will continue the survey we have already started in the BEV paper to gather all data available in secondary studies.

http://www.sztetl.org.pl/

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(b) Available primary sources of the following types:

(1) parish registers of births (liber baptizatorum/ natorum) include fragmentary data on Christians limited to specific parishes and thus allow to reconstruct local patterns and average birth and infant mortality rates, as done, for example, by Zielinska in her recent research on Toruń (2013), or by Kuklo in his study on family structure in 18th century Warsaw (2009). The registers are usually preserved in local archives, for example:

- State archive in Toruniu, Parafia Najświętszej Marii Panny w Toruniu, Liber baptizatorum, (sygn. AA 005-AA 012).

- State Archive in Warsaw, Roman Catholic Parish of Ascension of Our Lady in Brody, Liber Natorum 1610-1678.

- State Archive in Poznan, Evangelical Reformed Parish in Skoki, Catalogus Baptizatorum, 1680-1794. sig.3854/2.

Parish registers are useful also for data after 1800. Example of liber natorum from 1840:

(2) Church birth registers in 18th and 19th century. Relevant for Christians, and usually provided data according to a basic survey:

1 Father's address 2 Month, day and hour of birth 3 Cardinal number of son or daughter: from marriage or not 4 Month and day of baptism 5 Child's place of birth 6 Name given at baptism 7 Name, status and religion of the father 8 name, status and religion of the mother 9 Name, status and address of godparents 10 Name and position of the priest 11 remarks

(3) Documents of Civil Records Office (USC): relevant for both Jews and Christians, especially the register of births and deaths. They were surveyed together with metrical books by Laszuk (1998).

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(4) Seelenlisten ("lists of souls"), produced in Prussian territories from the 18th century. Among others, they noted the age of house dwellers and their religion and thus give information on both Christians and Jews.

For Jews only:

(5) Mohel notebooks: we would like to survey the extant mohel notebooks for the information on male births in specific communities.

(6) Mormons International Genealogical Index (IGI): offers a family history database and has microfilms of birth, marriage and death registers of Jews:

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(ii) We plan to complete the preliminary work we have begun (summarized in BEV 2016, section 6), on Jewish and non-Jewish parental “best practices” of infant and early child care, through:

(a) Analysing the relevant secondary historical literature discussing history of child-care in Polish and Jewish society in different periods (e.g., Katz 1959; Żołądź-Strzelczyk, 2002). (b) Studying the following types of primary sources relevant to Polish childcare norms and practices:

1. Polish medical treatises from pre-modern (e.g. Falimirz, 1534) and modern period. Some treatises are already available in modern editions while some are still preserved in the collection of old books (1810-1900) and in doctors' library (1901-1939) in Central Medical Library in Warsaw (GBL) 2. Pedagogical treatises from pre-modern and modern times (e.g. Skoczek, 1956; Gliczner-Skrzetuski, 1896) 3. pre-modern law treatises (e.g. Groicki, 1954) and modern codices and legal literature describing the legal status of children in Old and modern Poland (Balcerek, 1986); 4. ego documents: especially memoirs and letters left by nobles and burghers, as well as testaments of village population (e.g. Koźmian, 1858; Pasek, 1955) 5. sources on history of hospitals and orphanages (e.g. Podgórska -Klawe, 1975; Bartoszewicz, 1872)

(c) Study contemporary Jewish sources relevant to infant and child care:

1. Responsa gathered in Bar Ilan Project database

2. Rabbinical writings, ethical treatises and popular guides (e.g. Lev Tov, 1620)

3. Relevant rulings of Jewish authorities as documented in communal memory books (preserved in CAHJP and in ŹIH) and documents of Council of Four Lands (Bartal, 1990) and Council of Lithuania (Dubnov, 1925; Hundert, 1986, 1989).

4. Jewish ego documents, e.g. The Memoirs of Ber of Bolechow (1723-1805) and others.

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(d) compare Jewish norms and practices regarding infant and child care with those of the surrounding society and emphasize their advantages in the eyes of modern medicine;

(e) Confront our hypothesis and the results of our research with the famous Centuries of Childhood by Philippe Ariès, who argued that in Christian society, childhood in pre-modern Europe was not recognized as a distinct stage, with its own unique traits, and children were regarded as merely little adults.

Sources for Questions 4&5 – Methodology:

Question 4 Which were the main drivers of the remarkable economic prosperity of Polish-Lithuanian Jews between 1500 and 1800?

Question 5 From 1500 to 1800 Jewish communities in some western European countries were restricted to live in closed areas in towns---the ghettos---that prevented them from demographically growing and economically prospering. In contrast, in almost all Polish-Lithuanian locations Jews were not confined to ghettos and could negotiate the size of their settlements. What were the main economic reasons for the creation of ghettos in some places but not in others?

For Questions 4&5 we have the following goals and use types of sources as follows:

1. Our first goal is to compare the legal systems of property rights and the institutional settings that regulated the access of Jews and non-Jews to occupations, sectors, and markets. We intend to establish that the change can be viewed as an exogenous process ("natural experiment") that took place separately in Germany-Austria lands and Poland-Lithuania territory unrelated to the status and presence of Jews.

(i) For the reconstruction of the property rights system in Poland-Lithuania and its functioning with regard to Jews, we shall use the primary sources of following types:

(a) Royal and parliamentary legislation: For example, the newly edited Volumina Constitutionem covering the crucial period between 1493-1609 (Uruszczak et als., 1996-2005); Volumina legum. (published in different locations from 1859 till 1889); Statuty Kazimierza Wielkiego (Balzer, 1947); (b) Municipal legislation: e.g. Statuta civitatis Posnaniensis (Maisel, 1966); The Oldest Municipal Legislation (Wyrozumska, 1966); Diplomatic codex of Cracow 1257-1506 (Piekosiński, 1879-1882). (c) Legal codices: e.g. Law of the Land in Pomniki prawa polskiego (1958); Jus polonicum…. (Bandtke, 1831) (d) Court records reflecting the implementation and enforcement of laws and norms, as well as Jewish use of property rights. For example: Court Documents from Sandomierz 1395-1444 (Piekosiński, 1907); Documents form Lesser Poland (Kuraś & Sułkowska, 1962-1975), and many others. For Jewish appearance in court cases involving property rights we will also search in local archives, for example:

- in the State Archives of Krakow, APKr: Akta Grodzkie i Ziemskie and Varia (which include documents mentioning Jews and Jewish communities), Akta miasta Kazimierza 214-891, Akta miasta Kleparza 51-151;

- in the State Archives of Lublin: Judaica Lublinensia; (e) Jewish rulings regarding property rights by the Council of Four Lands (Halperin 1945–46; Bartal, 1999) the Council of Lithuania (Dubnow 1925), as well as property contracts mentioned in communal memory books (pinkasey kehilot), which are to be found in originals and microfilms in CAHJP (Teller 1998), as well as ŻIH.

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(ii) For the reconstruction of the property rights system in Germany-Austria we will:

(a) Summarize the vast secondary literature regarding the system: e.g. Zoepfl (1871), Thompson (1923), Nell (1967), Arnold (2004), Levy (1951), Bellomo (1995), Stein (1999), Harding (2002), Patzold (2012). (b) Summarize the secondary literature on Jewish legal status and property rights, e.g. Kisch (1970), Scherer (1901), McCagg (1989), Gotzmann and Wendehorst (2007), Battenberg (1979, 1987), Güde (1981), Stow (1992). (b) Use sources related to the system's functioning with regard to Jews: - secondary: e.g. Lotter (1989), Oberman (1994), Wenderhorst (2003). ‘ - primary: e.g. Dobozy (1999), Pribram (1918). We will use historical legislation, parliamentary records gathered in the ALEX: Historiche Rechts- und Gesetzestexte Online, a project of the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna which includes for example the collection of Austrian laws published from 1740 till 1780. The project offers also digital collections of historical legal texts from Germany, Hungary, and Czech Republic. Furthermore we will survey the Repertorium digitaler Quellen zur österreichischen Rechtsgeschichte in der Frühen Neuzeit [RepÖstRG) - a repertory created by Heino Speer with the Austrian legislation between 1500 and 1918 organized chronologically and territorially (Available on: http://repertorium.at/) and the Hungaricana portal, which provides digitized archival Hungarian sources, such as medieval charters, municipal documents from Budapest, royal letters and decrees, as well as the census from 1767. (c) Survey the literature on the establishment of ghettoes in Western Europe and their functioning, with a special emphasis on legislation: e.g. Dölemeyer and H. Mohnhaupt, 1996; Kracauer (1925/1927); Mayer (1966); Heyde (2005); Burger, (2016); Cooperman and Curiel (1990).

2. Our second goal is to study the implications of the above unique system of property rights on Jewish occupational structure/ economic outcome in two main areas:

(a) Jews in Western European ghettos: e.g. Po-chia Hsia and Lehmann (1995); Reuveni and Wobick-Segev (2011); Katz (1973); Lässig and Rürup (2017); Gromova, Heinert and Voigt (2015).

(b) Jewish occupational structure/economic outcome in Poland-Lithuania: e.g. Rosman (1990); Teller (2016); Goldberg (1999); Kazusek (2005); Littman (1984); Hundert (1987); Polonsky (2010).

We will divide data for the analysis of the model according to following categories for Jews and non-Jews: population by country, population and occupational distribution by city, and school attendance and literacy by city. The sources to compile the data are as follows:

i. Population by country We have already collected most data on Jewish and total populations for Germany-Austria and Poland-Lithuania from 1500 to 1800. What is crucially missing are the population data of other countries such as Hungary, Romania, Russia, Netherland, Italy, France, the Iberian Peninsula, and England. There are many studies on Jewish and total populations from 1500 to 1800 in western and eastern Europe. Our main secondary sources are: DellaPergola (1983), László (1966), Yehuda and Magos (1983), Bensimon and DellaPergola (1984).

ii. Population and occupational data by city In our preliminary work summarized in BEV (2006), we collected population data on Jews in some large cities in Poland-Lithuania and Germany-Austria. Now we need to significantly expand this dataset (i) by using existing and archival sources

http://alex.onb.ac.at/http://www.onb.at/http://repertorium.at/https://hungaricana.hu/

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and looking at cities by country of all sizes and by legal and property right structure and, then, (ii) by adding data on occupations. We will use the above mentioned royal and noble legislation, as well as municipal rulings and court records, to gather data on Jewish early modern occupational structure and complement the information from secondary literature (e.g., Shiper 1905, Kazusek 2005, Teller, 2005).

iii. Data on school attendance and literacy among Jews and non-Jews We will study school attendance by Jews and non-Jews in cities and in rural areas in different countries; we will estimate the quantity of printing books by language relative to the relevant population in Poland-Lithuania and Germany-Austria, as well as potentially other countries. We will also compare Jewish and non-Jewish educational systems in different places and periods, with a special focus on Poland-Lithuania and Germany-Austria. Secondary sources for that are: Litak (1973), Wiśniowski (1973), Wyczański (1974), Urban (1977), Baskin (1991), Perlmann (1997), DellaPergola (2001), Corrsin (1998), Sołtan (1999), Assaf, Etkes, and Gelman (2001), Stampfer (2010) and the forthcoming Adler and Polonsky (2017). Regarding primary sources we will use pedagogical treatises published in Poland in early modern and modern period and available lists of books from private libraries and bookstores. Regarding Jewish education we will study the communal documents as well as the policy of the Council of Four Lands in regard to printing license and education.

iv. Data and Information from the Council of Four Lands and the Shtetl: There are myriad of original documents produced by the council that we intend to study in order to document the importance of this institution in providing the Jews an economic advantage over the non-Jewish burghers. Ours is a completely novel approach for using Halpern (1945), Bartal (1999), Kaźmierczyk and Goldberg (2011). As for the Shtetl, it legally collapsed with the disintegration of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century (although it continued to practically function and flourish until the mid-19th century as documented by the very recent study of Petrovsky-Stern). The main secondary sources are Polonsky (2010) and Petrovsky-Stern (2015). For primary sources, we will cooperate with CAHJP and available websites, such as Virtual Shtetl and Jewish Galicia and Bukovina [ http://jgaliciabukovina.net/]

OBJECTIVE 2: JEWISH RELOCATIONS IN THE AGE OF THE GREAT MIGRATION, 1840-1930 --- PUSH OR PULL?

Question 6 What pushed or pulled the Jews to migrate away from eastern Europe from 1840 to 1930?

For Question 6 we shall use the following sources by data requirement:

i. Population We will use existing censuses and population data from secondary (.e.g. Tolts 2015) and primary sources on Jews and non-Jews in each urban center. We will strive to find information on flows by origin although there is a high risk that it will be not available. We will also analyze the excellent census of the Pale of Settlements of 1897 and some less reliable censuses that exist for eastern Europe, as well as many other sources of data for the 19th century on population by cities that record the numbers of Jews and total population. Publications of Bureau für

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Statistik der Juden contain statistical data concerning Jews as well as the general population from the 19th and early 20th century. The Bureau summarized 19th century census data in German and in other lands. The main publication of the Bureau, Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden (1905-1931). Detailed censuses were often conducted in in German lands - especially censuses in the German Reich every five years since 1871. These are available as Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich. American Jewish Year Book is another invaluable publication on Jewish statistics of the 19th and early 20th century. Its volumes contain much comparative statistical data including data on Jewish immigration to the United States. Thon’s work contains data on Jews and non-Jews in the 19th century Austrian lands including former Polish Galicia. Austrian census data (Österreichische Statistik) of the early 20th century. Some of these censuses are available online.

ii. Occupational Distribution Using the same sources, we will carefully record information on the occupational distribution of Jews and non-Jews in all cities. We will separate between white-collar and blue-collar jobs of Jews and non-Jews for each city. Sources:

iii. Legal and Institutional Settings For each urban center, we will document their legal system regarding property rights in productive assets and restrictions on access to occupations in order to identify whether equality of access and opportunities between Jews and non-Jews existed, as well as the degree of participation in industrial and commercial activities of Jews and non-Jews. The timing of changes in these legal setting is a key factor in our analysis.

iv. Economics We intend to measure aggregate economic performance to capture the variation of the industrialization stage of each region or city in the relevant country.

v. Demographics We will collect data on birth and death rates of Jews and non-Jews for each location based on country or regional aggregate information, as we have begun doing in our preliminary work. We need to significantly expand the data coverage to different locations across European and US locations.

vi. Costs of Migration We intend to use distance from the Jewish main locations as the measure of costs of travel for cities for which we have information on the home location of migrants.

OBJECTIVE 3: THE SUCCESS STORY OF AMERICAN JEWRY, 1880 TO TODAY

Question 7 What were and still are the engines of American Jewry’s remarkable and long-lasting economic prosperity and intellectual achievements?

For Question 7 we need the following data and the sources as we explain below.

The main sources are US censuses of 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, and 1950 to estimate the impact of early care of children born in the US on their economic prosperity. We would be

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able to distinguish between children born to Jews, other ethnic groups of immigrants, and natives using the same indicators as done by the studies reported above.

The data is from the public use sample of the 1910 United States Census. This is the 1910 Public Use Sample is a I-in-250 sample of the manuscript records of the 1910 United States Census of Population transcribed into machine-readable form. The data include responses to all census questions. For details on the sample, see Michael A. Strong, et al., User's Guide: Public Use Sample, 1910 United States Census of Population (Philadelphia, 1989). Identification: using Yiddish (“mother tongue of foreign-born”) as identifier for Jews. The Yiddish-speaking population does not include all Jewish immigrants, many of whom were likely to have reported a mother tongue other than Yiddish. Those reporting Yiddish as their mother tongue were invariably Jewish. Other ethnic group could be identified with the variable of “mother tongue of foreign-born”. Other Relevant variables available:

- total number of children ever born to married women - number of children surviving to the date of the census - year of birth - marital status - whether the child was born in the US - state (city) - length of residence - naturalization - wife’s ability to speak English - husband's ability to speak English - husband's occupation - home ownership - husband's employment - type of employment (employer, self-employed or employee). - mother’s labor force status - mother's literacy

The 1910 data could be matched with the 1930 and 1940 censuses using the matching procedure of Ferrie, J. P. (1996). Basically, the match is by name, age and state of birth.

For example, the data source for matching 1910 and 1930 is by using the index of digitized census records on Ancestry.com which cost 100$ for 6 month. The digitized census records available through Ancestry.com include only a limited selection of variables. In particular, only those items most useful for genealogical research were entered. Other variables are available from scans of the original, handwritten census records. To obtain the variables that available only from scans. We need to hire data entry clerks (RAs'). We will use 3 data entry clerks to digitize all other variables from scans of the original, handwritten census records. Two clerks will enter the records simultaneously, when clerks disagreed, a third clerk will be given the record to enter. We will apply the majority rule to decide which value to take. If all three clerks disagreed we take the value of the clerk with the highest record of agreement with other clerks.

We will need about 6000 RA hours (2000 observations) = 6000 x$25 = 150000$

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Selected List of References For an extensive and detailed bibliography of the secondary and primary sources we have surveyed for our preliminary work on which this research project is based, we refer to Botticini, Eckstein, and Vaturi (2017), which is available on the PI’s web page. Here we provide only a partial list. Selected primary sources (non-published): Jewish Community Registers of birth, marriages and deaths in Kórnik 1817-1847 (Akta Stanu Cywilnego Gminy Żydowskiej w Kórniku) http://szukajwarchiwach.pl/53/3579/0/?q=k%C3%B3rnik+XDSTOPz:[1800+TO+1900]&wynik=40&rpp=15&page=3#tabSerie Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych (Central Archive of Old Documents in Warsaw) (AGAD): Księgi sądowe warszawskie ziemskie i grodzkie nr 1, 2, 3 (including years 1421-1466); Słuck tax registers [1/354/0/23/t.136]; Zbiór Czołowskiego, rps. 93, 98-109. Księgi rady miejskiej z serii spraw spornych i niespornych (1447—1575): (SW) 1—7, 1591—1604; SW 12—15; SW 16. Warsaw municipal inventories 1601-1603 (SW542); 1758—1793 (SW 320—333). Protocols of city council 1541—1547, 1550 (WE 129—6 b). State Archive in Cracow (AMKr): Akta miasta Kazimierza sign. 214-891. Akta miasta Kleparza sign. 51-151. Księgi radzieckie sądowo-administracyjne (inskrypcje, sprawy sporne, protokoły i bruliony ksiąg, księgi burmistrzowskie) 1369-1774 (sygn. K 1-4, 7-214); Tax registers for the city of Kazimierz (czopowe, szos, podymne, pogłówne, cło, kontrybucje) 1504-1794 [sygn. K 718-836]. Teki Schneidera (Wawel) 1803, 1809, 1812, 1819, 1836, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1848, 1853, 1855 and 1858. Varia Archiwum Państwowe w Lublinie (APL): Judaica Lublinensia Archiwum Państwowe w Poznaniu (APP): Evangelical Reformed Parish in Skoki, Catalogus Baptizatorum, 1680-1794. sig.3854/2 Archiwum Państwowe w Toruniu, (APT): Parafia Najświętszej Marii Panny w Toruniu, Liber baptizatorum, (sygn. AA 005-AA 012). Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv: fond 146 (Namiestnictwo Galicyjskie), opis 4, sprawa 169; opis 85, sprawa 1239-1240; opis 7, sprawa 402.

http://szukajwarchiwach.pl/53/3579/0/?q=k%C3%B3rnik+XDSTOPz:%5b1800+TO+1900%5d&wynik=40&rpp=15&page=3#tabSeriehttp://szukajwarchiwach.pl/53/3579/0/?q=k%C3%B3rnik+XDSTOPz:%5b1800+TO+1900%5d&wynik=40&rpp=15&page=3#tabSerie

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Selected primary sources (published) Antiquissimi libri iudiciales terrae Cracouiensis, edited by B. Ulanowski. „Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki”. T. VIII, cz. 1-2. Kraków, 1884-1886. Bersohn, Mathias, ed. Dyplomatariusz dotyczący Żdyów w Dawnej Polsce na źródłach archiwalnych osnuty, 1388–1781. Warsaw, 1910. Bureau für Statistik der Juden, Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden (1905–1931). Falimirz, S. O ziołach i o mocy ich. Kraków, 1534. Galicja na józefińskiej wojskowej mapie topograficznej 1779-1783, t. 1, t. 4, edited by W. Bukowski, B. Dybaś, Z. Noga, Kraków: UP w Krakowie, IH PAN, 2012. Gliczner-Skrzetuski, E. Książki o wychowaniu dzieci barzo dobre, pożyteczne i potrzebne....Kraków, 1896. Groicki, B. Artykuły prawa majdeburskiego, edited by K. Koranyi. Warsaw, 1954. Ius Polonicum, codicibus veteribus manuscriptis et editionibus quibusque collatis, edited by Jerzy W. Bandtkie. Warsaw, 1831. Kaźmierczyk, Adam and Jacob Goldberg. Sejm Czterech Ziem. Źródła. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 2011. Kaźmierczyk, Adam (ed.) Żydzi Polscy 1648-1772. Źródła. Kraków, 2001. Kodeks dyplomatyczny miasta Krakowa 1257 – 1506. Cz. 1-3 edited by Franciszek Piekosiński. Kraków, 1879-1882. Kodeks dyplomatyczny Małopolski, t. I – IV, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński. Kraków, 1876-1905. Kodeks dyplomatyczny Polski. T. I-IV. Warszawa, 1847-1887. Koźmian, K. Pamiętniki obejmujące wspomnienia od roku 1780 do roku 1815. Poznań, 1858. Księga ławnicza miasta Starej Warszawy 1427-1453, edited by S. Ehrenkreutz. Warszawa, 1916. Księgi referendarii Koronnej z drugiej połowy XVIII wieku, vol. 1: 1768-1780, vol. 2: 1781-1794. edited by A Keckowa and W. Pałucki. Warsaw, 1955-1957. Krzyżanowski S. (ed.) Księgi ławnicze krakowskie 1365-1397. Kraków, 1904. Liczba głów żydowskich w Koronie z taryf z roku 1765. Edited by J. Kleczyński and F. Kluczycki. Kraków, 1898. Lustracja województwa krakowskiego 1789. Edited by A Falinowska-Gradowska and I. Rychlikowa. Wrocław-Warszawa, 1962.

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The Memoirs of Ber of Bolechow (1723-1805). Translated by Mark Wischnitzer. reprint Arno Press, 1973. Pasek J. CH. Pamiętniki, edited by R. Pollak. Warsaw, 1955. Piekosiński F. and J. Szujski (eds.) Najstarsze księgi i rachunki miasta Krakowa 1300—1400. Kraków, 1878. Piekosiński, F. Kodeks dyplomatyczny miasta Krakowa 1257-1506. Kraków, 1879-1882. Pinkas ha-Medina o Pinkas Vaad Ha-Kehilot Ha-Riszonot be-Medinat Lita, edited by Simon Dubnow. Berlin: Einot, 1925. Pinkas Vaad Arba Arazot, edited by Israel Halperin. Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik, 1945–46. Pinkas Vaad Arba Aratzot, re-edited by Israel Bartal, vol. 1, Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1990. Polskie statuty ziemskie w redakcji najstarszych druków, edited by Ludwik Łysiak and Stanisław Roman. Wrocław, Kraków: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1958. Pribram, A. Urkunden und Akten zur Geschichte der Juden in Wien. Vienna, 1918. The Saxon Mirror: A Sachsenspiegel of the Fourteenth Century. Translated by M. Dobozy. Philadelphia, 1999. Schorr, Moses. “Krakovskii svod evreiskikh statutov i privilegii.” Evreiskaya Starina 1(1909): 247–64; 2 (1910): 76–100, 223–245. Skoczek, Józef, Antoni Danysz and Edwin Jędrkiewicz. Wybór pism pedagogicznych Polski doby Odrodzenia. Wrocław: Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 1956. Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich Statistisches Jahrbuch für den Preussischen Staat. Berlin: Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Landesamts, 1903, 1904, 1906. Statuta civitatis Posnaniensis, edited by Witold Maisel. Wroclaw, 1966. Statuty Kazimierza Wielkiego, edited by Oskar Balzer. Poznań, 1947. Volumina Constitutionem, edited by Stanisaw Grodziski, Irena Dwornicka and Wacaw Uruszczak. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 1996-2005. Volumina Legum. Leges, statua, constitutiones et privilegia Regni Poloniae, Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae. Omniumque provinciarum annexarum, a commitiis visliciae anno 1347 celebratis usque ad ultima regni comitia - Published in different locations in 1859–1860. Available at: http://www.wbc.poznan.pl. Wspomnienia mieszczanina krakowskiego z lat 1768-1807. ed. W. Prokesch. Kraków, 1900.

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Wykaz szczegółowy miejscowości w Galicyi; nowe wydawnictwo na podstawie obliczeń spisu ludności z 31. Grudnia 1890: wydany przez C. K. Centralną Komisją Statystyczną. Wien, 1893. Yevreyskoye naseleniye Rossii po dannym perepesi 1897 goda. Petrograd: Kadima, 1917. Yevreiskoe Statisticheskoe Obshchestvo, Evreiskoe naselenie Rossii po dannym perepisi 1897 g. i po noveishim istochnikam. Petrograd: Kadima, 1917. Zapiski sądowe województwa sandomierskiego z lat 1395-1444. Terminy sądów ziemskich wojwództwa sandomierskiego z lat 1395-1420, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński. Kraków, 1907. Zbiór dokumentów małopolskich. Cz. 7, Dokumenty króla Władysława Jagiełły z lat 1418-1434, edited by Stanisław Kuraś and Irena Sułkowska-Kurasiowa. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1975. Secondary sources: Abramitzky, Ran, Leah Platt Boustan, and Katerine Eriksson. “A Nation of Immigrants: Assimilation and Economic Outcomes in the Age of Mass Migration.” Journal of Political Economy 122, no. 3 (2014): 467–517. Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review 91, no. 5 (2001): 1369–1401. Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York: Crown Publishers, 2012. Adler, Eliyana R. and Antony Polonsky (eds.) Jewish Education in Eastern Europe. Polin 30. Littman, 2017. Akhiezer, Golda. “Karaites.” In YIVO. Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe (2010) www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Karaites. Accessed July 31, 2017. Alesina, Alberto, and Paola Giuliano. “Culture and Institutions.” Journal of Economic Literature. 53 no. 4 (2015): 898-944. Alicke, Klaus-Dieter. Lexikon der jüdischen Gemeinden im deutschen Sprachraum: Bd. 1: Aachen-Groß-Bieberau, Bd. 2: Großbock-Ochtendung, Bd. 3 Ochtrup-Zwittau. Gütersloher: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 2008. Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie. Przewodnik po zespołach. I Archiwa dawnej Rzeczypospolitej. Warszawa, 1975. Ariès, Philippe. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Vintage, 1962. Arnold, Benjamin. Power and Property in Medieval Germany Economic and Social Change c.900-1300. Oxford University Press, 2004. Assaf, David, Immanuel Etkes, and Uriel Gelman. The Heder. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 2001.

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Botticini, Maristella, and Zvi Eckstein. The Chosen Few: How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70–1492. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Botticini, Maristella, Zvi Eckstein, and Anat Vaturi. "Nature or Nurture? Jewish Childcare and Population Groath in Eastern and Central Europ." Manuscript, IDC Herzliya, 2017. Budzyński, Zdzisław. Ludność pogranicza polsko-ruskiego w drugiej polowie XVIII wieku: Stan rozmieszczenie, struktura wyznaniowa i etniczna. 2 vols. Przemyśl and Rzeszów: Przyjaciół Nauk w Przemyślu, 1993. ———. Kresy południowo-wschodnie w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku. Przemyśl, 2008. Burger, Thorsten. "Die Frankfurter Stättigkeit als Element zur Normierung der Bedingungen jüdischer Existenz in den Jahren 1462 bis 1614." Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Juden 26: 2 (2016): 291-326. Burzyński, A. "Z rozważań nad ocenq austriackich powszechnych spisów ludności z lat 1869-1910." Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski 15 (1984): 61-64. Buzek, Józef. Wpływ polityki żydowskiej rządu austriackiego w latach 1777–1788 na wzrost zaludnienia żydowskiego w Galicyi. Kraków, 1903. Cała, Alina, Hanna Węgrzynek, and Gabriela Zalewska. Historia i kultura Żydów polskich. Słownik. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 2000. Chiswick, Barry R. “Differences in Education and Earnings Across Racial and Ethnic Groups: Tastes, Discrimination, and Investment in Child Quality.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 103 (1988): 571–97. ———. “The Occupational Attainment of American Jewry: 1990–2000.” Contemporary Jewry 27, no. 1 (2007): 80–111. ———. “The Economic Progress of American Jewry: From 18th Century Merchants to 21st Century Professionals.” In The Oxford Handbook of Judaism and Economics, edited by Aaron Levine, 625–45. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Chłapowski, Krzysztof and Jerzy Dygdała. "Prace edytorskie nad lustracjami dóbr królewskich XVI-XVIII w. po półwieczu." Studia Źródłoznawcze 43 (2005):161-171. Chłapowski, K. and H. Żytkowicz (eds.) Lustracje województw ruskiego, podolskiego i bełskiego 1564–1565, part 1. Warszawa – Łódź, 1992. Condran, Gretchen A., and Ellen A. Kramarow. “Child Mortality among Jewish Immigrants to the United States.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22, no. 2 (1991): 223–54.

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